CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT 1.

1 INTRODUCTION

Waste Management Operations are basically operations involved in managing waste products such as domestic and industrial waste but before this operation can be carried out without hazards, safety which is the primary measure for remediation and which is of great importance is first considered before anything, That is where the need for environ mental impact assessment (EIA) which is mostly common in the knowledge of geoscientists and environmental scientists can be applied. In data gathering of the EIA one would consider the kind of hazards to be e n countered in his/her field but in the thermal desorption unit, hazards that could be observed are hazards which include the physical, chemical, biological, and radioactive. The geoscientist or environmental scientist will have to create measures on ways to tackle such hazards in order to help prevent chaos and fatalities that may occur in the area of field activities in the thermal desorption unit. Generally the work of the geoscientist is typically and basically on the field of operation which also entails of knowing the equipments and their uses. 1.2 BACKGROUND

A Thermal desorption unit treats contaminated feedstock such as soil, sludge, sediments or debris by heating the feedstock directly or indirectly. The heating process separates the contaminants from the feedstock by volatilizing them. This part of the process takes place in the primary treatment unit (PTU) and usually does not destroy the molecular structure of the contaminant.
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To meet the size and moisture requirements for effective heat transfer, feedstock is manipulated by pre-treatment equipment before entering the PTU. Treated feedstock is transferred to a stockpile area and tested for residual contamination. Depending on the site requirements, treated feedstock will be further treated, disposed of off-site, or used to backfill site excavations. Volatilized contaminants are removed from the primary treatment unit in the offgas stream and are destroyed or eliminated using air pollution controls (e.g., afterburners, bag houses, scrubbers, carbon adsorption units).

1.3

Types of Thermal Desorption Units

Thermal de sorption u nits are commonly divided into high temperature and low temperature units. Low temperature units operate between 200oF and 600oF and are used to treat halogenated and non-halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and petroleum hydrocarbons. High temperature units operate between 600oF and 1,000oF and are used to treat VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, coal tar wastes, creosote, paint wastes, and mixed wastes.

The configuration of a unitincluding the primary treatment unit, pre-treatment equipment and air pollution controlswill vary according to the contaminants and the type of material being treated. The unit may be operated under a vacuum and/or low oxygen conditions to lower heat requirements and reduce the likelihood of forming dioxins, furans, and flammable conditions. Thermal desorption units can also be grouped into three process types: directlyheated units, indirectly-heated units, and in-situ units. The process type is based
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on the primary treatment unit used in the system. Directly- heated units use a fuel burner (internal or external to the primary treatment unit), a fluidized bed, or an irradiation source to heat the contaminated feedstock or the air/gas coming in contact with the feedstock. Indirectly-heated units use a fuel burner to heat a transfer medium, which heats a surface (generally metal) that comes in contact with the contaminated feedstock. In-situ units heat contaminated soil in place using vertical wells installed in the ground and filled with steam, hot air or a mechanical heater.

Directly-heated and indirectly-heated desorption systems use pre-treatment and material handling systems to size and condition feedstock prior to entering the PTU. Equipment like vibrating screens, rock crushers, hammer mills, shredders and mixers are used to screen, separate, and size the feedstock. Conditioning generally refers to removing excess water. Equipment like drying beds, belt filter presses, centrifuges, and blending equipment can be used to dewater and condition feedstock. Material handling equipment is used to move feedstock into, though, and out of the entire treatment system. Material handling equipment can include feed hoppers, augers, and conveyors. All three systems require air pollution control devices to remove contaminants from the water and air emitted. Dust and particulate can be controlled with cyclones, bag houses, or venturi scrubbers. Small amounts of acid vapour might require scrubbing. Residual organic compounds can be condensed and/or captured in activated carbon adsorption units or oxidized in a thermal oxidizer or afterburner.

Directly-heated desorption systems: Common primary treatment units for this type of system include rotary kilns (dryers), aggregate dryers, and conveyor furnaces. In each of these units, contaminated feedstock enters a heating chamber and is heated (flame or hot air/gas) while passing through. Both the rotary and aggregate units agitate the feedstock by revolving, and most have internal mechanisms (flights) that lift and move the feedstock. Conveyor furnaces use a conveyor or belt to move the material through the unit while exposing it to heated air/gas. Directly heated desorption systems can be used for both low and high temperature applications.

Indirectly-heateddesorption systems: Common primary treatment units for this type of system are rotary kilns (dryers) and thermal screws. Indirectly-heated rotary kilns are similar to their directly heated counterparts, but the surface of the heating chamber drum is heated rather than the chamber itself. The thermal screw has hollow augers that are filled with hot oil, molten salt or steam, and are used to mix, move and heat the feedstock. Indirect heating produces a lower volume of off-gas, resulting in lower loading for the off-gas treatment and air pollution control systems. Indirectly-heated desorption systems can be used for both low- and high-temperature applications, although thermal screw systems are typically limited to low temperature applications.

In-situ steam extraction: This technology is most applicable for contaminants near the surface, where vacuum extraction is less effective. With this type of system, vertical wells are installed with heaters or are injected with steam or hot air to heat contaminated soil in place and volatilize contaminants. The volatiles
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are collected under vacuum in a shroud at the surface; some removal of semi volatiles may also take place.

Residual Material and Waste Streams The operation of thermal desorption units can create different residual streams: treated material, oversized material rejected during pre-treatment, condensed contaminants and water, dust from particulate control system, clean off-gas, and Spent carbon (if used).

Several of these streams may be recycled or reused in the process. For example, systems often recycle contaminant free condensed water and use it to suppress dust emitted from the treated feedstock exiting the system. Scrubber purge water that has been treated in a site wastewater treatment facility (if available) may also be used to suppress dust or can be discarded into the sewer. Often, the concentrated condensed organic contaminants are containerized for further treatment and recovery. The dust collected from a bag house or cyclone can be mixed with the contaminated feedstock for conditioning. Alternatively, this dust can be mixed with the treated feedstock and backfilled onsite if it is free of contaminants. Spent carbon can be recycled by the supplier or other processor. Finally, the clean off-gas is released to the atmosphere.

1.4

THE THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT OPERATIONS

In the thermal desorption unit, certain operations are carried out. The flow chart below illustrates the basic operations in a typical thermal oil recovery unit.

Fig. 1 Flow chart of Thermal oil Recovery Unit

Arrival process Arrival of oil based drilled cuttings in air tight sealed skips (cuttings boxes)

 Weighing and offloading of the skips contents into designated storage pits assigned to client. On-site laboratory analysis of drilled cuttings (i.e. qualitative analysis specific gravity, oil, water and solid content) Analysis report to control room for treatment parameters.

Transferring analyzed cuttings into feed pits for treatment and oil recovery. The Drum process With the help of an excavator the cuttings are feed into the vibrating hopper (this has a grating which does not allow larger particles to enter the drum), and conveyed into the pre-heated rotating drum by a controlled auger system. All vapor generated from the rotating drum are transferred to the quench, while the solids (which is in the form of ash and dust) are conveyed to the pug mill.

1.5

The generated vapour cooling process

The vapour which enters the quench is then cooled by means of sprays flashing cooled water. The condensed vapour in the quench thus enters into the weir tank for separation. Any uncondensed vapour from the quench enters into the scrubber where the same cooling and condensation process takes place. The condensed vapour still goes into the weir tank. Further condensation for any uncondensed vapour in the scrubber enters the condenser. Here cold water stream from the cooling tower flows in pipes and condenses any vapour. The liquid generated here is sent to the weir tank. Any remaining vapour is sent to the thermal oxidizer for oxidation.

1.6

Thermal quench

The thermal quench also helps to separation process but usually done with a lot of heat and vapour

1.7

The weir tank separation The weir tank is divided into two major compartments namely the clean and dirty side. All condensed vapor from the various vapor cooling process enter into the dirty side. The condensed vapor contains oil, water and dust particles. By the principle separation of immiscible liquids, three layers are formed. Oil on top, water in the middle and dust sludge at the base of the tank. The weir tank also has various baffles (i.e. weir) of different heights. As the fluid level rises, oil at the top overflows into the oil compartment area inside the weir tank, then to the oil sump tank. From the base of the weir tank to a particular height, there is a weir. Water at the middle now flows to the clean side of the tank. As the water level increases, any oil in the clean side flows over to the CPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor), where oil is separated from water. The oil flows to the oil sump tank while the water flows to the water sump tank. An automated centrifugal pump is connected to the clean side that transfers water to the heat exchangers for cooling. At the base of the tank (outside) is a variable speed monopump that transfers all the oil laden dust particles to the centrifuge. The centrifuge separates the liquid from the solids. All the solids are collected into a skip

beneath the centrifuge, while the liquid enters into the clean side of the weir tank.

Fig 2.Weir tank 1.8 The heat exchanger and cooling tower process

Water from the clean side of the weir tank is transferred to the heat exchanger for cooling. The fresh water tank supplies water to the cooling tower were the water becomes cold. This cold water flows into the heat exchanger and the condenser only. The cold water loses its coldness and is sent back to the cooling tower. The cooled water is thus used as sprays for the quench, scrubber and pug mill respectively.

Fig 9: Heat exchanger

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CHAPTER TWO The Oil Recovery Process Contents of the oil sump tank are transferred by an automated pump to the Primary Holding tanks (P1 and P2). The two tanks are connected only at the top. As the level in P1 rises, only volumes at the top flow into P2. This is to ensure that water does not find its way. From the P2 tank, volumes flow into the main tanks also from the top (The M1, M2, M3 tanks). The base of the tanks is drained periodically to check for water content. In the event of water available, these are pumped to the dirty side of the weir tank. Volumes received so far have been minimal.

2.1

The water sump process

Water in the water sump tank is transferred by an automated pump to the water recovered tank. This is pumped to the pug mill which provides sprays for the dust generated from the drum.

2.2

The Auger and Pug mill process

As earlier mentioned, all the heated ash and dust are transferred out of the rotating drum, by means of sealed augers into the pug mill. The sprays in the pug mill reduce the rising of dust particles to the environment. The wetted ash flows into the ash pit, where it is scooped by an excavator to the appropriate ash stacking area.

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2.3

Feed Hopper

This is a semi-automatic feeding system which has the capacity to hold mud and sends it into the thermal plant for processing 2.4 Scrubber

The scrubber systems are diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and gases from industrial exhaust streams.

2.5

Induced Draft Fan and Condenser

The induced draft fan helps to suck the flue gases coming out of the furnace. While the condenser is a device used to condense vapour into liquid.

2.6

Flame Arrestors

The flame arrestors are used to stop the spread of an open fire, to limit the spread of an explosive event that has occurred and also to protect potentially explosive mixtures form igniting. And are commonly used on fuel storage tanks, fuel gas pipelines

2.7

Thermal Oxidizer

The thermal oxidizer is a process unit for air pollution control in many chemical plants that decomposes hazardous gases at high temperature and releases them into the atmosphere.

2.8

Cooling Tower

The cooling tower is a waste removal device used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
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2.9

Ash Discharge System

The ash discharge system is a system that has to do with ash been discharged from the processing of mud by the help of the augers.

2.10 Centrifuge This is a piece of equipment used for separation of mud from base oil and water and removal of impurities. 2.11 Settling Tank This tank is used for storing products by the seperation process centrifuge such as water gotten from the processing of mud. 2.12 Storage Tank This tank is used for storing base oil gotten from the processing of mud, control room air compressor 2.13 Control Room Where operations of the thermal mud processing plant are been controlled and monitored. 2.14 Air Compressor This is a device that converts power usually form an electric or diesel engine into kinetic Energy by compressing and pressurizing air which on command, can be released in quick burst.

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CHAPTER THREE HARZARD AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN A THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT)

3.0

Hazard Analysis

Principal unique hazards associated with low/high-temperature in thermal d e sorption, methods for control, and control points are described below

A. PHYSICAL HAZARD 3.1 Noise Hazards

T h e thermal Desorption treatment units exposes workers to elevated noise levels in the work area from the operation of air blowers, pumps, induced draft fans, high energy venture scrubbers, fuel injection ports, and the ignition of fuels within the combustion chamber. Noise may interfere with safe and effective communications. Control Controls for noise hazards include: Train workers in the use of hearing protection and establish a hearing protection program. Use hearing protection with appropriate NRR hearing protectors selected to eliminate the noise hazard without overprotecting, thus potentially preventing necessary voice communications. Use personal electronic communications devices, such as a dual ear headset with speaker microphone, to overcome ambient noise. The device reduces ambient

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noise levels while enhancing communication. Hearing protection and headset combinations are available commercially and should be used where needed. Establish vibration and noise-free areas during operations to provide breaks from the vibration and noise, which can cause fatigue and inattention.

3.2

Flammable/Combustible Fuels

Thermal desorption usually requires storage of flammable or combustible fuels used to fire the thermal desorber (e.g., kerosene, waste fuels).Hazards associated with fuels include the potential for on-site spills or release of material. The release may cause worker exposure to the vapours generated, or a fire hazard may exist if the material is ignited.

Control Controls for flammable/combustible fuels include: Use appropriate tanks, equipped with pressure-relief devices and bermed to help prevent release of material Ventilate the area adequately to help prevent the accumulation of flammable vapours. Authorize only trained and experienced personnel to work on the system. Use lock-out and tag-out procedures on all electrical systems during repair or maintenance.

3.3

Ignition of Saturated Soils

During excavation of waste materials with low flash points, saturated soils may be ignited by sparks generated when the blade of the dozer or crawler contacts rocks
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or other objects under unusual or extraordinary conditions. If the soil will be crushed prior to feeding into the desorption unit, waste materials with higher than expected Btu values may ignite during the crushing/sorting process. Control Controls for ignition of saturated soils include: Apply water periodically to the soils (before and during crushing). Equip soil-handling equipment with non-sparking buckets or blades when highly flammable excavation materials are suspected.

3.4

Electrocution

Because desorption treatment units operate electrical systems outdoors, workers may be exposed to electrocution hazards if the electrical equipment comes in contact with water or subunits are not properly grounded. Control Controls for electrocution include: Verify that drawings indicate the hazardous area classifications. Use controls, wiring, and equipment with adequate ground-fault protection. Perform all electrical work in accordance with applicable codes and under the supervision of a state licensed master electrician. Never allow the use of ungrounded, temporary wiring during small maintenance work on the units, or grounded, temporary wiring in contact with water, wet, or damp surfaces that is not approved for those applications.

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3.5

Thermal Desorber Operation.

Workers may be exposed to toxic waste chemicals or exhaust gases via inhalation exposures if high-Btu waste material is fed into the thermal desorber at a rate that exceeds its design capacity. The heat and excessive exhaust gases may overpressurize the system, resulting in a release of both combustion gases and unburned or partially burned waste material vapours into work areas. Control Controls for incinerator operation include: Use experienced operators and supervisors. Audit and apply proper quality assurance/quality control QA/QC to assure work is done as designed. Operate the system and waste material within design parameters.

3.6

Thermal Desorption System Design

The thermal desorption process can be one piece of equipment with several exhaust gas treatment units in a treatment train following the thermal desorption unit. There may be exhaust gas conditioning equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators, bag houses, vapour scrubbers, and catalytic converters. Each piece of equipment has its own associated hazards; one example is the ever-present hazard of confined space entries to workers required to enter units for maintenance or repair. The Environmental protection agency (EPA) regulates the basic design requirements for thermal desorbers. Both the manufacturers and Environmental protection agency (EPA) specify design requirements to eliminate contaminant releases that may cause personnel or public exposures, and are also specified for assuring safe operation and maintenance.
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Control Controls for the thermal desorber system designs include: Design toxic and exhaust emission control to address all the individual subsystems in the overall system. Design the thermal desorber process according to Environmental protection Agency (EPA) and manufacturer requirements.

3.7

Thermal Hazards

The thermal desorption process uses high temperatures to heat treated materials and subunit equipment. The equipment, gasses generated, and processed

materials may expose workers to possible thermal burn hazards.

Control Controls for burns include: Design the thermal desorber and post-desorber treatment units to maximize ease of operation, physical cleaning, and maintenance to include adequately sized and easily accessible doors and ports where entry is required. Perform manufacturer recommended shutdown and cool-down procedures prior to working on, around, or entering the units. Use penetrating temperature probes to measure that internal temperature of ash accumulation are ambient prior to entry into thermal treatment units to work. Develop and follow confined space entry permit and procedures and rigorously apply requirements. Verify function, and use manufacturers temperature safety control systems.
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 Post signs warning of high temperatures. Use safety barriers to isolate critical sections of the equipment. Train workers in hazards, use heat resistant gloves and protective gear, and permit maintenance by workers only after process equipment has cooled to ambient temperatures.

3.8

Transfer Systems

Transfer systems such as screw conveyors or augers expose workers to injury if limbs or clothing are caught in the system. Control Controls for transfer systems include: Enclose or otherwise guard transfer system pinch points such as belts, pulleys, and conveyor end points or material transfer points to the maximum extent possible. Install emergency shutoff controls at multiple critical locations and include the shutoff control locations and operation in all worker training. Enforce lock-out/tag-out procedures rigorously. Train workers in identification of pinch points in the system.

3.9

Piping System Leaks

Workers may be exposed via the inhalation exposure route to volatile organic compounds VOCs, such as toluene, if leaks occur in the piping system. Control Controls for leaks in the piping system include:

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 Appropriately size the system to maintain negative pressure (e.g. ducts and piping) at the maximum expected operating pressure. Avoid or minimize fugitive emission hazards by designing appropriate pressure control and relief systems. Install and test fuel systems according to requirement, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, Installation of Oil Burning Equipment.

3.10 Respirable Quartz Depending on soil type of the material thermally treated, exposure to respirable quartz may be a hazard. A geologist has to confirm the presence of quartz in feed materials (i.e., determine if soil type is likely to be rich in quartz). As an aid in determining respirable quartz exposure potential, The Standard Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils followed by analysis of the fines by X-ray diffraction to determine crystalline quartz content. Control Controls for respirable quartz include: By the elimination of airborne dust sources that penetrate workspaces, utilizing appropriate engineering controls. Construct water mist systems or implement local exhaust ventilation. Wet the soil periodically with water or amended water to minimize generation of airborne dust. Train workers on inhalation hazards of silica laden dust. Where engineering controls fail, provide appropriate respirators, medical screening, and associated employee training on use and limitations of respiratory protection, e.g., air-purifying respirators equipped with N, R or P100particulate air

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filters. Verify appropriate use of respiratory protective equipment in identified hazardous work areas.

ELECTROCUTION HARZARDS Workers exposed to electrocution hazards when working around electrical utilities such as overhead power lines or underground cables with material handling equipment; or if electrical equipment on the thermal desorption units contact water or are not properly grounded.

Control Controls for electrocution include: Verify the location of overhead power lines, either existing or proposed, in the pre-design phase through contacting local utilities. Verify the location of and do not disturb energized underground utilities during subsurface and excavation activities. Use adequate ground-fault protection. Never allow the use of ungrounded, temporary wiring for minor maintenance work on the units, or wiring not approved for contact with water, or on wet or damp surfaces.

Traffic Hazards During field activities, equipment and workers may come close to moving vehicular and equipment traffic. In addition the general public may be exposed to traffic hazards and the potential for accidents. Control Controls for traffic hazards include:
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 Position controllers and spotters at critical points in the traffic flow to safely direct it. Post warning signs according to the criteria of the Department of Transportation Manual on Uniform Traffic Devices for Streets and High-ways. Develop a traffic management plan before remediation activities begin to help prevent accidents involving site equipment.

Heated Surfaces Workers may be exposed to infrared radiation hazards associated with working in the vicinity of thermal desorbing treatment units. The exposure, depending on the temperature of the equipment, length of exposure, and other variables may increase the risk of cataracts. Control. Controls for heated surfaces include: Minimize worker exposure time on or near hot operating equipment surfaces. Use eye protection with the appropriate shade safety glass or reflective full body radiation n (radiant heat) protective suits if prolonged work near the radiant heat surface or source is required.

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CHAPTER FOUR CHEMICAL HAZARDS Waste Material Exposure (Excavation and Transport). Workers may be exposed to chemicals during excavation, transport, or handling of contaminated materials. Dry soils may generate airborne dusts contaminated with toxic materials, including and in addition to those contaminants being treated (e.g., respirable quartz, pesticides, etc.). Control Controls for waste material exposure include: Train the workers in the hazards, engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and good personal hygiene practices to reduce potential exposure. Routinely wet material and dirt/gravel travel routes to prevent airborne dust generation. Cover all excavated material during transport. Use appropriate respiratory protective equipment as determined from the result of adequate air monitoring, e.g., air-purifying respirators with N, R orP100 filters for particulates; organic vapour cartridges for organic vapours and some acid gases, or combination filter/cartridges for dual protection.

4.1

Process and Waste Products

During operation of the thermal desorption unit, workers may be exposed to contaminants or thermal desorption chemicals and other by-product or

conditions such as oxygen deficient inert gases, methane, HS, CO, airborne toxic metals, metal acetates, mercury, lead, and chlorine. Subunits within the system that utilize bulk chemical or sludge additives in conjunction with exhaust gas wet scrubbers, pre-clarifier mixing tanks, filter press pre-coat tanks, or surge tanks,
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may present significant exposure potentials, both when replenishing the chemicals and when performing routine maintenance on the units. Control Controls for waste products include: Train all workers involved in both the operation and maintenance of the thermal desorption system. Training shall include hazards related to the generation,

transport, and treatment of by-products, and bulk chemical additives. Characterize and classify wastes to be treated prior to desorption. Feed only those waste materials compatible with the process into the unit. Design off-gas treatment to control generation and release of toxic materials. Design engineering controls for the system to prevent or minimize the generation or release of toxic materials into the breathing zone of the workers. Engineering controls could include negative air throughout the treatment system, dust misting systems at strategic points throughout the system, real time monitors with alarms, and contaminant-specific monitoring badges. Locate, install, and maintain emergency fire fighting equipment, and eyewash and emergency showers at critical points throughout the system. Assess workplace and identify appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes an evaluation of contaminants, treatment by products, and processrelated hazards. Use approved PPE, such as thermal protective gear, safety

glasses, face shields, protective gloves, air-supplied respirators or air-purifying respirators with appropriate filters/cartridges and air emissions controls

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4.2

Exhaust Vapours

Workers may be exposed by inhalation during the thermal desorption process. Because some chemical contaminants, such as fuel oils, arenot completely destroyed in the process, they may be discharged by the exhauststack and in certain atmospheric conditions may affect the work area. Control Controls for exhaust vapours include: Gather exhaust vapours for further processing in an off-gas treatment unit (e.g., vapour carbon beds, incinerators, thermal oxidizers, or gas scrubbingtowers). Fugitive emissions are possible if systems are not designed to address these issues. Verify that systems are operating at designed operating pressures, less thanatmospheric pressures, to eliminate fugitive emissions.

4.3

Toxic Dust/Respirable Quartz Hazard

Depending on soil types, exposure to respirable quartz may be ahazard during the excavation and soil-handling phase of the process. A geology staff would need to confirm the presence of a respirable quartz hazard (e.g., todetermine if soil types are likely to be rich in respirable quartz). Control. Controls for respirable quartz include: Wet the soil periodically with water or amended water to minimize worker exposure. Use respiratory protection, such as an air-purifying respirator equipped withN, R or P100 particulate air filters.

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CHAPTER FIVE RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS. 5.1 Radioactive Devices.

Fire and smoke detection devices and other process monitors and switches may contain radioactive devices potentially exposing workers through lack of identification or mishandling. Control Controls for inadvertent handling or exposure to radioactive devices include: Workers should be prevented from and warned against tampering with the devices. The location of the devices should be recorded so as to safely retrieve and dispose of them in case of a system failure and equipment replacement.

5.2

Biological Hazards.

Opportunistic Insects and Animals. For all sites but especially in cooler climates, opportunistic insects or animals can nest in and around warm process equipment. Vermin, insect and arthropod control measures should be considered in any design. Control. Controls of opportunistic insect and animals include: Electrical cabinets and other infrequently opened enclosures should be opened carefully and checked for black widow and brown recluse spiders, and evidence of rodents. As rodents can cause damage to electrical cables, all wiring should be inspected regularly.

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Ensure all storage is off the ground, palette, and kept dry. Damp areas attract scorpions, rodents, and the snakes that eat them. .Design ceiling corners and other high areas to discourage nesting by swallows, pigeons, and other birds. Birds are carriers of diseases, especially in their

droppings, which can foul cranes and process equipment.

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CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION This Seminar has provided me with the opportunity to know much of the theories as well as familiarization with waste management recycle equipment and machine and as such I wish to thank the school for providing such thing as seminar to enlighten and broaden our knowledge on the necessary things that we should know as potential geologists.

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REFERENCES Suflita, J.M (1994).Metabolic principles for the anaerobic Bioremediation of contaminant associated with the consumption of fossil fuels. Environmental biotechnology Morgan, P(1991).Biotechnology and oil spills, society of chemistry industry Biotech Conference. Oil and gas journal, June 1983 p35. Institute of petroleum Analysis of soil samples from Denmark Physical and chemical oil degradation. Berwick,P.G(1983) physical and chemical adherence to hydrocarbons. Widdel F. (1994) Utilization of hydrocarbons of Anaerobic bacteria. Environmental Biotechnology Eco US Task on biotechnology research. Atkinson, B. and Mavituna. F. (1991) Microbial hydrocarbon degradation of xenobiotics. Dewwess clan environmental hazard on thermal Desorption and E.9 remediation process. Grau P. Dohanyos, M and chudoba,J.(1975).kinetics of multi component substrate removal activities by activated sludge. Marks R.E. Field, S.D Wojtanowicz, A. k. and Bruteck G. A. (1992).Biological treatment of petrochemical waste.

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