French Indochina

French Indochina
French Indochina
Colonial protectorate federation

18871954

Flag

Anthem La Marsellaise

Green: French Indochina Dark gray: Other French possessions Darkest gray: French Republic Note: Thin white lines designate the subdivisions of French Indochina that now constitute1901)
Capital Saigon (1887-1902) Hanoi (19021939), (1945-1954) Da Lat (19391945) French, Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao Buddhism, Taoism, Confuscianism, Catholicism Colonial protectorate federation

Language(s) Religion Political structure

French Indochina

2
Governor-General Historical era -Established -Addition of Laos List of Governors-General New Imperialism October 17, 1887 October 3, 1893

-Independence of (North) Vietnam (proclaimed) September 2, 1945 -Independence of (South) Vietnam -Independence of Laos -Independence of Cambodia Area -1935 Population -1935 est. Density Currency 21,599,582 29.3/km2 (75.9/sqmi) French Indochinese piastre 737,000km2 (284,557sqmi) June 14, 1949 July 19, 1949 November 9, 1954

French Indochina (French: Indochine franaise; Khmer: , Vietnamese: ng Dng thuc Php, pronounced[om z tuk fp], frequently abbreviated to ng Php) was part of the French colonial empire in southeast Asia. A federation of the three Vietnamese regions, Tonkin (North), Annam (Central), and Cochinchina (South), as well as Cambodia, was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and Guangzhouwan in 1900. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939 until 1945, when it moved back to Hanoi. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by Vichy France and was under Japanese supervision until a brief period of full Japanese control between March and August of 1945. Beginning in May 1941, the Viet Minh, a communist army led by Ho Chi Minh, began a revolt against French rule known as the First Indochina War. In Saigon, the anti-Communist State of Vietnam, led by former Emperor Bo i, was granted independence in 1949. Following the Geneva Accord of 1954, the Viet Minh became the government of North Vietnam, although the Bo i government continued to rule in South Vietnam.

Indochina in 1891 (from Le Monde Illustr). 1. Panorama of Lac-Ka, French outpost in China. 2. Yun-nan, in the quay of Hanoi. 3. Flooded street of Hanoi. 4. Landing stage of Hanoi

French Indochina

First French interventions

FranceVietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes. At this time, Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the Mekong Delta, former territory of the Indianized kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471.[1] European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century. In 1787, Pigneau de Bhaine, a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organized French military volunteers to aid Nguyn nh in retaking lands his family lost to the Ty Sn. Pigneau died in Viet Nam, his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyn nh. France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; protecting the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country was often presented as a justification. For its part, the Nguyn Dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat; courtesans, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy. In 1858, the brief period of unification under the Nguyn Dynasty ended with a successful attack on Da Nang by French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly under the orders of Napoleon III. Diplomat Charles de Montigny's mission having failed, Genouilly's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries. His orders were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith.[2] In September, fourteen French gunships, 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish,[3] attacked the port of Tourane (present day Da Nang), causing significant damage and occupying the city. After a few months, Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses.[2]
Portrait of crown prince Nguyn Phc Cnh in France, 1787.

Sailing south, De Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 18 February 1859. On 13 April 1862, the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the territories of Bin Ha, Gia nh and Dinh Tuong to France. De Genouilly was criticized for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November, 1859, with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam, but not to try to obtain territorial gains.[2] However, French policy four years later saw a reversal; French territory in Viet Nam continued to accumulate. In 1862, France obtained concessions from Emperor T c, ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all of Cochinchina, the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864. In 1867 the provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vnh Long were added to French-controlled territory. In 1863, the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognized the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906).

French Indochina

Establishment of French Indochina

France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino-French war (18841885). French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese War. The federation lasted until 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, and Kings of Luang Prabang, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.

Vietnamese rebellions
French marine infantrymen in Tonkin, 1884

French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid-1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region. From 1885 to 1895, Phan nh Phng led a rebellion against the colonizing power. Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after World War I, but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French overseers.

Expansion of French Indochina (in blue).

French Indochina

Franco-Siamese war (1893)

Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco-Siamese War of 1893. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the Paknam naval incident, to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River. King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British, but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an Siamese army in the disputed territory of Laos in agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. 1893. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai-speaking Shan region of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France.

Further encroachments on Siam (19041907)

The French, however, continued to pressure Siam, and in 19061907 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied the western part of Chantaburi. In 1904, in order to get back Chantaburi Siam had to give Trat to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on March 23, 1906 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang, Siam Nakhon and Sisophon.

Occupation of Trat by French troops in 1904.

French Indochina

6 In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the Front Populaire administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom, Siam Reap, Siam Pang and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces.

Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang

On February 10, 1930, there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army's Yen Bai garrison. The Yn Bi mutiny was sponsored by the Vit Nam Quc Dn ng (VNQDD). The VNQDD was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Can Vuong monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century. The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority. The VNQDD had previously French Indochina in 1913. attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam.

French-Thai War (19401941)

During World War II, Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the French-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January, Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Koh Chang. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand.

Population
The Vietnamese, Lao and Khmer ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony's populations. Minority groups such as the Muong, Tay, Chams, and Jarai, were collectively known as Montagnards and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina. Ethnic Han Chinese were largely concentrated in major cities, especially in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce. Around 95% of French Indochina's population was rural in a 1913 estimate, although urbanization did slowly grow over the course of French rule.[4] The principal religion in French Indochina was Buddhism, with Mahayana Buddhism influenced by Confucianism more dominant in Vietnam, while Theravada Buddhism was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia. In addition, active Catholic missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10% of Tonkin's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule. Cao Dai's origins began during this period as well. Unlike Algeria, French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale. By 1940, only about 34,000 French civilians lived in French Indochina, along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers. The principal reasons why French settlement didn't grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa (which had a population of over 1 million French civilians) were because French Indochina was seen as a colonie d'exploitation conomique (economic colony) rather than a colonie de peuplement (settlement colony helping

French Indochina Metropolitan France from being overpopulated), and because Indochina was distant from France itself. During French colonial rule, the French language was the principal language of education, government, trade, and media and French was widely introduced to the general population. French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated. This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina (Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively), where French influence was most heavy, while Annam, Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education. Despite the dominance of French, local populations still largely spoke their native languages. After French rule ended, the French language was still largely used among the new governments (with the exception of North Vietnam) and French is still spoken in the region today by the educated and elderly and is sometimes used in administration in Laos and Cambodia.[5]

Economy
French Indochina was designated as a colonie d'exploitation (colony of economic interests) by the French government. Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near monopoly on the trade of opium, salt and rice alcohol. The trade of those three products formed about 44% of the colonial government's budget in 1920 but declined to 20% by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify. The colony's principal bank was the Banque de l'Indochine, established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony's currency, the Indochina piastre. Indochina was the second most invested-in French colony by 1940 after Algeria, with investments totaling up to 6.7 million Francs. Beginning in the 1930s, France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony. Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin (encompassing modern-day Vietnam) became a source of tea, rice, coffee, pepper, coal, zinc and tin while Cambodia became a center for rice and pepper crops. Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony, although timber was harvested at a small scale from there. At the turn of the 20th century, the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony, especially in Annam and Cochinchina. France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialized world. The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms such as Michelin. With the growing number of investments in the colony's mines and rubber, tea and coffee plantations, French Indochina began to industrialize as factories opened in the colony. These new factories produced textiles, cigarettes, beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire.

Infrastructure
When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France, the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony. Saigon became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivaled the British port of Singapore as the region's busiest commercial center. In fact, by 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire. In 1936, the Trans-Indochinois railway linking Hanoi and Saigon opened. Further improvements in the colony's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina. By 1939, it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by airplane from Paris to Saigon. Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921. French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of Beaux-Arts and added French-influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House and Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica. The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns. The most notable examples include Da Lat in southern Vietnam and Pakse in Laos.

French Indochina

World War II
In September 1940, during World War II, the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin with the invasion of French Indochina (or Vietnam Expedition). This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the French-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina. The Japanese launched the Second French Indochina Campaign. The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August.

First Indochina War

After the war, France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco-Siamese Treaty and attempted to reassert itself in the region, but came into conflict with the Viet Minh, a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists under French-educated dissident Ho Chi Minh. During World War II, the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945. American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell, privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina, (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek the entire Indochina to be put under Chinese rule. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!".[6] After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han sent by Chiang Kai-shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces, and remained there until 1946.[7] The Chinese used the VNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents.[8] Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946.[9][10][11][12] After persuading Emperor Bo i to abdicate in his favour, on September 2, 1945 President Ho declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. But before September's end, a force of British and French soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War. In 1950 Ho again declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was recognized by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union. Fighting lasted until May 1954, when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

French Indochina

Geneva Agreements
On April 27, 1954, the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements; supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw, they mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.[1] It also settled a number of outstanding disputes relating to the Korean War. It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. Neither the U.S. nor South Vietnam signed the Geneva Accords. South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords.

Indochina in 1954.

The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.

Notes
[1] Kahin, George McTurnin; Lewis, John W. (1967). The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam. Delta Books. [2] Tucker, Spencer C. (1999) (Google Book Search). Vietnam (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=WZry2NaH2_sC& pg=PA29). University Press of Kentucky. pp.29. ISBN0-8131-0966-3. . [3] Chapuis, Oscar (1995) (Google Book Search). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Jskyi00bspcC). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.195. ISBN0-313-29622-7. . [4] Le Vietnam compte lui seul cinquante quatre ethnies, prsentes au Muse Ethnographique de Hanoi. [5] David G. Marr (1984). Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 19201945 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=FkcZ_nGkW-oC& pg=PA145& dq=vietnamese+ alphabet+ literature& hl=en& ei=gngbTamwHYL98AaPrK3qDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=8& ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=vietnamese alphabet literature& f=false). University of California Press. p.145. ISBN0-520-05081-9. . Retrieved 2010-11-28. [6] Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985). The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=v5YlBtzklvQC& pg=PA235& dq=chiang+ kai-shek+ vietnam+ Under+ no+ circumstances& hl=en& ei=hI4OTZGwIcL98Aasn5iVDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=chiang kai-shek vietnam Under no circumstances& f=false). Random House, Inc.. p.235. ISBN0-345-30823-9. . Retrieved 2010-11-28. [7] Larry H. Addington (2000). America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iF3MG43x--0C& pg=PA30& dq=chiang+ kai-shek+ vietnam+ french+ concessions& hl=en& ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage& q=chiang kai-shek vietnam french concessions& f=false). Indiana University Press. p.30. ISBN0-253-21360-6. . Retrieved 2010-11-28. [8] Peter Neville (2007). Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=o1t8-EjWyrgC& pg=PA119& dq=chiang+ kai-shek+ vietnam+ french+ concessions& hl=en& ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=8& ved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=chiang kai-shek vietnam french concessions& f=false). Psychology Press. p.119. ISBN0-415-35848-5. . Retrieved 2010-11-28. [9] Van Nguyen Duong (2008). The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=pVNaoUu7veUC& pg=PA21& dq=chiang+ kai-shek+ vietnam+ french+ concessions& hl=en& ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=9& ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage& q=chiang kai-shek vietnam french concessions& f=false). McFarland. p.21. ISBN0-7864-3285-3. . Retrieved 2010-11-28. [10] Stein Tnnesson (2010). Vietnam 1946: how the war began (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1I4HOcmE4XQC& pg=PA41& dq=chiang+ kai-shek+ vietnam+ french+ concessions& hl=en& ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=chiang kai-shek vietnam french concessions& f=false). University of California Press. p.41. ISBN0-520-25602-6. . Retrieved 2010-11-28.

French Indochina
[11] Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990). The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=yQGqQ3LmExwC& pg=PA63& dq=chiang+ kai-shek+ vietnam+ french+ concessions& hl=en& ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=chiang kai-shek vietnam french concessions& f=false). Greenwood Publishing Group. p.63. ISBN0-275-93560-4. . Retrieved 2010-11-28. [12] "The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 - 1960" (http:/ / www. historyplace. com/ unitedstates/ vietnam/ index-1945. html). The History Place. 1999. . Retrieved 2010-12-28.

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References
Brocheux, Pierre, and Daniel Hemery. Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 18581954 (University of California Press; 2010) 490 pages; a history of French Indochina. Chandler, David (2007). A History of Cambodia (4th ed. ed.). Boulder, Colorado:: Westview Press. ISBN0-8133-4363-1. Duiker, William (1976). The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN0-8014-0951-9. Edwards, Penny (2007). Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 18601945. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN0-8248-2923-9. Evans, Grant (2002). A Short History of Laos. Crow's Nest, Australia: Allen and Unwin. ASIN:B000MBU21O. Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History of French colonialism in Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q. Marr, David (1971). Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 18851925. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-01813-3. Marr, David (1982). Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 19201945. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-04180-1. Marr, David (1995). Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-07833-0. McLeod, Mark (1991). The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 18621874. New York: Praeger. ISBN0-275-93562-0. Murray, Martin J. (1980). The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (18701940). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-04000-7. Osborne, Milton (1969). The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response (18591905). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ASIN:B000K13QGO. Perkins, Mandaley (2006). Hanoi, Adieu: A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina, Sydney, Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0-7322-8197-7, ISBN 0-7322-8197-0 Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997). A History of Laos. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-59235-6. Tarling, Nicholas (2001). Imperialism in Southeast Asia: "A Fleeting, Passing Phase". London and New York: Routledge. ISBN0-415-23289-9. Tully, John (2003). France on the Mekong: A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia, 18631953. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN0-7618-2431-6. Woodside, Alexander (1976). Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-20367-8. Zinoman, Peter (2001). The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 18621940. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-22412-4.

Article Sources and Contributors

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File:Early Nguyen Dynasty Flag.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Nguyen_Dynasty_Flag.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Orange Tuesday at en.wikipedia File:Flag of Republic of Cochinchina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Republic_of_Cochinchina.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Washiucho File:Flag of Cambodia under French protection.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cambodia_under_French_protection.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Cycn, Fry1989, Lexicon, Pixeltoo, Xiengyod, 1 anonymous edits File:Flag of French Laos.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_French_Laos.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Thommy File:Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_North_Vietnam_1945-1955.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Cycn, Denniss, Gurch, Homo lupus, Kauffner, MS05L, Madden, Mattes, Mikroblgeovn, Qgnt, Rocket000, Zscout370, 1 anonymous edits File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Avia, ChongDae, Conscious, Denniss, Editor at Large, Electron, Fry1989, Gryffindor, Homo lupus, Kauffner, Ludger1961, MS05L, Madden, Mattes, Multichill, Qgnt, ThomasPusch, Thorjoetunheim, Wrightbus, Zscout370, 24 anonymous edits File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Open Clip Art Library, first uploaded by Nightstallion; redraw the towers of Angkor Wat by User:Xiengyod. File:Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Laos_(1952-1975).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Thommy File:Flag of French Indochina.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_French_Indochina.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:StephensSmith File:French indochina map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:French_indochina_map.png License: Public Domain Contributors: InTheRevolution2, VoodooIsland Image:Colonies of the second French colonial empire.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Colonies_of_the_second_French_colonial_empire.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: M. G. Scott Image:Prince Canh MEP.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prince_Canh_MEP.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: PHGCOM File:FrenchMarsouinsIndochina1888.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FrenchMarsouinsIndochina1888.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: T L Miles, World Imaging File:French Indochina expansion.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:French_Indochina_expansion.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: PHGCOM File:Siamese Army in Laos 1893.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siamese_Army_in_Laos_1893.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnRo0002, Mattes, Takeaway, World Imaging File:OccupationOfTrat1904.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OccupationOfTrat1904.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Le Petit Journal - N (Quatrime de couverture) du 26 Fvrier 1905 File:Indochine franaise (1913).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indochine_franaise_(1913).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BrokenSphere, Ephraim33, Votolom File:Indochina 1954.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indochina_1954.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Gryffindor, Look2See1, Man vyi, Sundgauvien38, Timeshifter, W!B:, W.wolny, 1 anonymous edits

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