Unit 20 Surveying

Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law. An alternative definition, per the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points and/or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points and/or details. Furthermore, as alluded above, a particular type of surveying known as land surveying (also per ACSM) is the detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries. It involves the reestablishment of cadastral surveys and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence, as well as certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats/maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. (After Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia)
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 Vocabulary
above = deasupra accomplish (v.) = a nfptui, a realiza accurately = cu precizie angle = unghi as alluded above = aa cum s-a sugerat mai sus beneath = sub by gathering information = prin strngerea de informaii communications = comunicaii construction layout survey = msurtorile referitoare la amplasarea unei construcii definition = definire depict (v.) = a descrie establish (v.) = a stabili furthermore = mai mult chiar governmental purpose = scop guvernamental in order to = ca s, pentru a in the field of = n domeniul in the support of = n sprijinul involve (v.) = a implica judicial survey = msurtoare n scop juridic land map = hart a pmntului land ownership = proprietatea asupra pmntului land surveying = msurarea topometric a pmntului law = drept legal boundary = limit legal mapping = cartare measurements in the field = msurtori n teren of nearly every form of = a aproape oricrei forme de on = pe precision measurement = msurtoare de precizie research (v.) = a cerceta since the beginning of recorded history = de la nceputul istoriei scrise space delineation = delimitarea spaiilor surveying = efectuarea de relevee surveyor = geodez, topometru usable = utilizabil()
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 Exercises
1. True or false?
Statement True False

Land surveying is the study or inspection of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries. Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history. Surveying is the technique and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. Surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law. 2. Group the following words relating to buildings and other large structures that people build, as in the model. abbey amphitheatre arena assembly hall auditorium ballpark basilica bullring cathedral centre chapel church cinema cloister coliseum community centre conservatory convent dormitory enclosed hall high-rise hippodrome library megalith monastery monument mosque mound multi-story nunnery obelisk open pagoda parsonage racetrack sanctuary school schoolhouse shrine stadium synagogue tabernacle temple theatre university ziggurat
Words referring to buildings made to remind people of something or someone of different kinds used for meetings used for schools used for watching games and shows used in religion

abbey
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3. Match the following. 1. engineering 2. geometry 3. law 4. mathematics 5. physics 6. trigonometry a. the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends b. the body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community c. the branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles d. the mathematics of the properties, measurement, and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids e. the science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two f. the study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities

4. Supply the written ing form of the verbs between brackets. Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, (allow) users to zoom in or zoom out respectively (mean) to increase or decrease the scale sometimes by (replace) one map with another of different scale, centred where possible on the same point. In-car satellite navigation systems are computerised maps with route-(plan) and advice facilities which monitor the users position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientists point of view, (zoom) in entails one or a combination of: (replace) the map by a more detailed one; (enlarge) the same map without (enlarge) the pixels, hence (show) more detail by (remove) less information compared to the less detailed version; enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged, replaced by rectangles of pixels; no additional detail is shown, but, (depend) on the quality of ones vision, possibly more detail can be seen; if a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separate, but (overlap) instead - this does not apply for an LCD, but may apply for a cathode ray tube then (replace) a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is interpolation.
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5. Arrange the adverbs in the sentences below in the right order. He enjoys his coffee in the morning / usually / on the porch. Mel prepares usually / the dinner. They are awake at half past six / generally. They are travelling by train / next week / to London. They children played all the afternoon/ happily / in the garden. They returned with their friends / at ten oclock / to their flat.

6. Put the verbs between brackets in the Present or Past Conditional in the Main Clause and Past or Perfect Subjunctive in the If Clause. up. it. She (come) to see you if she (not be) ill. 7. Fill in the blanks with the suitable link words in the box below. all in all by contrast for instance however in addition in effect in relation to more commonly nevertheless Property rights are rights over things enforceable against other persons., contractual rights are rights enforceable against particular persons. property rights may arise from a contract, so there is an overlap between the two systems of rights. the sale of land, for example, two sets of legal relationships exist alongside one another: the personal right to sue for damages on the contract, and the proprietary right exercisable over the thing. A separate distinction is evident where rights granted are insufficiently substantial to confer on the non-owner a definable interest right in the thing. The clearest
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He (not do ) it if you (not help) him. He (win) the competition, if he (prepared) more for it. I (be) glad if you (come) to visit me. If he (come) on time, he (not miss) the train. If I (be) you, I (consider) the matter seriously. If I (know) you (to come) , I (stay) at home. If she (be ) present, I (tell) her what I think about her. If the translation (be) easy, I (have) few words to look If you (work) hard at your English, soon you (can) speak

example of these rights is the license. , even if licenses are created by a binding contract, they do not give rise to proprietary interests. , property rights are also distinguished from personal rights. all contemporary societies acknowledge this basic ontological and ethical distinction. In the past, groups lacking political power have often been disqualified from the benefits of property. In an extreme form this has meant that persons have become objects of property right, legally things, or chattels. , marginalised groups have been denied legal rights to own property. These include Jews in England and married women in Western societies until the late 19th century. The dividing line between personal rights and property rights is not always easy to draw. , is ones reputation property which can be commercially exploited by affording property rights to it? , the dividing line between personal rights and property rights is not always easy to draw.

Lets Laugh!
A man from the city is out ploughing his field and gets his tractor stuck in the wet ground. A farmer driving by stops his truck and walks to the fence to call over the city feller. You need a mule to plough such wet ground. he says. Where can I buy one? he is asked. Well, I just happened to have one for 100 dollars. he says. Ill take him, says the other man as he counts out the money. I cant bring him over today. I dont work on Sunday. morrow OK? Sure. The next day the truck pulls up and the old farmer gets out. He says, Sorry, bad news. I went out after breakfast and the mule was dead. The city feller says Just give me my money back then. Cant, spent it already! Well ... unload the mule then. What ya gonna do with him? Raffle him off! Naw, ya cant raffle off a dead mule! Just watch me! Us city fellers know a few tricks. One month goes by and the city feller and farmer run into each other at the barber shop. What did ya do with that dead mule? Raffled him off, sold 100 tickets at two dollars each and made 98 dollars profit. Didnt anyone complain? Just one guy so I gave him his two dollars back!

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