Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 2/19/09

Review Questions pg. 275

1. Reading Focus
a. What were the key obstacles to Italian unity?
i. The settlements reached in 1815 at the Vienna Congress had restored
Austrian domination over the Italian peninsula but had left Italy
completely fragmented. The Congress had divided the territory
among a number of European nations and the victors of the
Napoleonic Wars. The nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded
Young Italy, a secret society to constitute Italy as one, free,
independent nation. But, French forces soon toppled it. Mazzini
spent much of his life in exile. Nationalist attempts to expel Austrian
forces from Northern Italy were repeatedly crushed.
b. What roles did Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi play in the
struggle for Italy?
i. Count Camillo Cavour was made Victor Emmanuel’s prime minister.
The man favored liberal goals. Once in office, Cavour moved first to
reform Sardinia’s economy. He improved the agriculture, had
railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.
Cavour’s long term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and
annex its provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Cavour led Sardinia
and Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war, and won.
He later provoked another war and defeated Austria and annexed
Lombardy. Giuseppe was a long time nationalist, and an ally of
Mazzini that was ready for action. He did not hesitate to accept aid
from Cavour. Garibaldi’s forces won control of Sicily and marched
triumphantly towards Naples. Italy acquired Venetia after the Austro-
Prussian war and then later gained Rome.
c. What challenges faced the new nation of Italy?
i. There were great divisions between the north and the south. The
north was richer and had more cities than the south. The north
flourished as centers of business and culture. The south on the other
hand, was rural and poor. Hostility between Italy and the Roman
Catholic Church further divided the nation. Only a small number of
men had the right to vote in the lower house of the two house
legislature. Radicals struggled against a conservative government.
The population explosion created tensions.
2. Identify
a. Giuseppe Mazzini
i. The nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a
secret society to constitute Italy as one, free, independent nation.
Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French
forces soon toppled it. Mazzini spent much of his life in exile.
b. Risorgimento
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 2/19/09

i. Italian nationalist movement. After 1848, leadership of the

Risorgimento passed to the kingdom of Sardinia. Its constitutional
monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states to his own,
thereby increasing his power.
c. Victor Emmanuel II
i. After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento passed to the kingdom of
Sardinia. Its constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to
join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. He made
his prime minister Cavour.
d. Camillio Cavour
i. A shrewd and ruthless politician that was made prime minister of
Victor Emmanuel II. The man favored liberal goals. Once in office,
Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia’s economy. He improved the
agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by
supporting free trade. Cavour’s long term goal was to end Austrian
power in Italy and annex its provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
Cavour led Sardinia and Britain and France against Russia in the
Crimean war, and won. He later provoked another war and defeated
Austria and annexed Lombardy.
e. Giuseppe Garibaldi
i. Giuseppe was a long time nationalist, and an ally of Mazzini that
was ready for action. He did not hesitate to accept aid from Cavour.
Garibaldi’s forces won control of Sicily and marched triumphantly
towards Naples.
3. Define
a. Anarchist
i. People who want to abolish all government
b. Emigration
i. Movement away from his/her country