Unit 1: Independence Movements in Latin America Background to the Latin American Wars for Independence, 1791-1824 Peninsulares o Powerful

l noble families back in Spain o Strong connections to monarchy o Governors, bishops, generals, judges, and tax collectors o 100% Europeans Creoles o Decedents of Europeans who had settled permanently in the New world o Owned plantations, ranches, mines, businesses, lawyers and doctors o 7/8 European o polite society, well educated, and deeply resented the peninsulares Mad at exclusive jobs and high taxes that went back to spain Only trade with mother country o Wanted to sever ties with mother country, run the independent state, and expel the peninsulares Masses o Dark skinned people: Mestizos, European and Indian, black, Mulattos, European and black, Zambos, African and Indian o Labors on plantations, mines, and ranches, domestic servants, small peasants farmers, slaves

Toussaint LOuverture and the Haitian Revolution 1789- Most valuable French oversea colony was Saint-Domingue o August 26- National assembly passed the declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen- Article 1 VS Article 17 August 14 1791- Maroons had voodoo service and someone got possessed by a spirit and proclaimed a revolution was about to occur o 21st-Saint-Domingue erupted in flames- slave rebellion Toussaint LOuverture became leader- father captured, broomstick, master taught him how to read and right, free when slave revolt broke out LOuverture= the opening French sent 6000 soldier that could not stop the revolution 1793- French abolish slavery in Saint- Domingue o August 23-Emancipation proclamation o September 19- British invade White plantation owners signed a secrete agreement with Britain that it could be a British colony if slavery was restored TLO joined French side because Britain has slavery

Appointed officer- fought guerrilla style Later Brigadier General 1798 TLO forced British forces out of Saint-Domingue 1801- TLO wrote a constitution which abolished slavery and required all men 14 -55 to be in state militia o Named himself governor for life January 1802- 12000 French men sent to Haiti o France won and captured TLO o TLO second in command Jean-Jacques Dessalines lead a victorious guerrilla war against France January 1 1804- Declare independence o Name changed to republic of Haiti o Most successful slave revolution in history

Mexico Gains Independence from Spain, 1810- 1821 1810- Creoles were jealous of the peninsulares and frustrated that they did not get as much control 1808- napoleon invaded Spain and the creoles saw a perfect opportunity to start planning 1810- father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16 was going to be captured for his plotting of the revolution so he decided to start a revolt with the masses o The masses attacked both peninsulares and creoles o The revolt was out of control o As they were heading to Mexico city they met the Spanish army and quickly retreated o Hidalgo was executed July 30 1811 by firing squad o His head was put on display 1815- father Morelos had 7 goals (independence, abolition of slavery, equality of Mexicans, abolition of torture, land redistribution, Catholicism is only religion) for a revolution and the Spanish caught him and he was executed o After his death Vicente Guerrero could not win independence from Spain 1820- Lieutenant Augustin de Iturbide changed the loyalty of soldiers from Spain to Mexico and convinced Guerrero to stop fighting in return for helping the poor, met with creole elites, and catholic bishops and got their support and he would become the revolutionary leader o Created a unified Mexican opposition against Spain and kicked them out o August 24 1821 declared independence

South America Gains Independence from Spain and Portugal

1807- Simon Bolivar was in Spain when Napoleon invaded so he went to Venezuela to liberate it but his revolution was put down 1810- Revolution broke out in Argentina and Jose de San Martin took part o Leader in 1814 1812- Bolivar captured Caracaras but was forced to flee again 1816- Martin declares independence for Argentina and Uruguay 1817- Martin Chile 1817- Bolivar finally defeated the Spanish in Venezuela 1818- Martin Declares republic of Chile 1819- Defeated Spanish in Colombia o Unified Venezuela and Colombia under the Republic of Colombia 1820- Martin faced stiff Spanish resistance in Peru o Needed help from bolivar 1822- Ecuador added by Bolivar 1822-Bolivar comes with revolutionary forces 1824- Martin resigned his position in Peru 1825- Bolivar archives Peru independence 1889- Brazil becomes a republic