9-13

9-34 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given in Table A-17. Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
T1
2 1

300K 1 r

u1
r1

214.07kJ/kg 621.2 77.65 T2 u2 673.1 K 491.2 kJ/kg 1705 kPa

P
3

r2

r1

r1

1 621.2 8 P2
1 2

750 kJ/kg

4 1

P2 2 T2

P1 1 T1

T2 P1 T1

673.1 K 8 95 kPa 300 K

Process 2-3: = constant heat addition.

q 23,in P3 T3
3

u3

u2

u3 P3

u2 T3 T2 P2

q 23,in

491.2 750 1241.2 kJ/kg

T3
r3

1539 K
6.588

P2 2 T2

1539 K 1705 kPa 673.1 K T4 u4

3898 kPa

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

r4 1 2 r3

r3

8 6.588

52.70

774.5 K 571.69 kJ/kg

Process 4-1: = constant heat rejection.

qout u4 u1 571.69 214.07 357.62 kJ / kg

wnet,out (c) (d)

th

q in q in

q out

750 357.62

392.4 kJ/kg

wnet,out RT1 P1
2

392.4 kJ/kg 750 kJ/kg

52.3% 0.906m 3 /kg

0.287kPa m 3 /kg K 300K 95kPa

max

max

min

r w net,out
1 (1

MEP

wnet,out
1 2

392.4 kJ/kg 0.906 m /kg 1 1/8

3

1/ r)

kPa m 3 kJ

495.0 kPa

9-14

9-35 EES Problem 9-34 is reconsidered. The effect of the compression ratio on the net work output and thermal efficiency is to be investigated. Also, T-s and P- diagrams for the cycle are to be plotted. Analysis Using EES, the problem is solved as follows: "Input Data" T[1]=300 [K] P[1]=95 [kPa] q_23 = 750 [kJ/kg] {r_comp = 8} "Process 1-2 is isentropic compression" s[1]=entropy(air,T=T[1],P=P[1]) s[2]=s[1] T[2]=temperature(air, s=s[2], P=P[2]) P[2]*v[2]/T[2]=P[1]*v[1]/T[1] P[1]*v[1]=R*T[1] R=0.287 [kJ/kg-K] V[2] = V[1]/ r_comp "Conservation of energy for process 1 to 2" q_12 - w_12 = DELTAu_12 q_12 =0"isentropic process" DELTAu_12=intenergy(air,T=T[2])-intenergy(air,T=T[1]) "Process 2-3 is constant volume heat addition" v[3]=v[2] s[3]=entropy(air, T=T[3], P=P[3]) P[3]*v[3]=R*T[3] "Conservation of energy for process 2 to 3" q_23 - w_23 = DELTAu_23 w_23 =0"constant volume process" DELTAu_23=intenergy(air,T=T[3])-intenergy(air,T=T[2]) "Process 3-4 is isentropic expansion" s[4]=s[3] s[4]=entropy(air,T=T[4],P=P[4]) P[4]*v[4]=R*T[4] "Conservation of energy for process 3 to 4" q_34 -w_34 = DELTAu_34 q_34 =0"isentropic process" DELTAu_34=intenergy(air,T=T[4])-intenergy(air,T=T[3]) "Process 4-1 is constant volume heat rejection" V[4] = V[1] "Conservation of energy for process 4 to 1" q_41 - w_41 = DELTAu_41 w_41 =0 "constant volume process" DELTAu_41=intenergy(air,T=T[1])-intenergy(air,T=T[4]) q_in_total=q_23 q_out_total = -q_41 w_net = w_12+w_23+w_34+w_41 Eta_th=w_net/q_in_total*100 "Thermal efficiency, in percent" "The mean effective pressure is:" MEP = w_net/(V[1]-V[2])"[kPa]"

9-15

rcomp 5 6 7 8 9 10

th

43.78 47.29 50.08 52.36 54.28 55.93

MEP [kPa] 452.9 469.6 483.5 495.2 505.3 514.2 Air

wnet [kJ/kg] 328.4 354.7 375.6 392.7 407.1 419.5

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

1 200 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

s [kJ/kg-K]
Air
3 2 10
3
300 K

10 4

s 4 = 3 3 = 6.424 kJ/kg-K

4 10 2

s 2 = s 1 = 5.716 kJ/kg-K

1500 K

10 1 10 -2

10 -1

10 0

10 1

10 2

v [m /kg]

9-16
420

400

] g k / J k [

380

t e n

360

340

320 5

10

rcomp
520 510 500

] a P k [ P E M

490 480 470 460 450 5 6 7 8 9 10

rcomp
56 54 52

h t

50 48 46 44 42 5 6 7 8 9 10

rcomp

9-17

9-36 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, c = 0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2). Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
k 1

T2 P2 2 T2

T1 P1 1 T1

1 2

300K 8 P2
1 2

0.4

689 K 8 689 K 95 kPa 300 K 1745 kPa

P
3

T2 P1 T1

750 kJ/kg

4 1

Process 2-3: = constant heat addition. q 23,in 750 kJ/kg T3 P3 3 T3 u3 u 2 1734 K P3 T3 P2 T2

0.4

c v T3 T2 689 K 1734 K 1745 kPa 689 K

0.718 kJ/kg K T3

P2 2 T2
k 1

4392 kPa

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion. T4 T3

3 4

1734 K

1 8

755 K

Process 4-1: = constant heat rejection. q out wnet,out (c) (d)

th

u4

u1 q in

c T4 q out

T1

0.718 kJ/kg K 755 300 K 423 kJ/kg

327 kJ/kg

750 327

wnet,out q in
1

423kJ/kg 750kJ/kg

56.4% 0.906 m 3 /kg

RT1 P1
2

0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K 300 K 95 kPa

max

max

min

r wnet,out
1 (1

MEP

wnet,out
1 2

423 kJ/kg 0.906 m /kg 1 1/8

3

1/ r)

kPa m 3 kJ

534 kPa

9-18

9-37 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 9.5. The highest pressure and temperature in the cycle, the amount of heat transferred, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, c = 0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2). Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
k 1

T2 P2 2 T2

T1 P1 1 T1

1 2

308 K 9.5 P2
1 2

0.4

757.9 K 9.5 757.9 K 100 kPa 308 K 2338 kPa

T2 P1 T1

Qin
2

Qout

4 1

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

k 1

T3

T4

4 3

800 K 9.5

0.4

1969 K

Process 2-3: = constant heat addition. P3 3 T3 (b) m Qin Qout Wnet

th

P2 2 T2

P3

T3 P2 T2

1969 K 2338 kPa 757.9 K 6.788 10

4

6072 kPa kg
0.590 kJ 0.240 kJ

P1 1 RT1 m u3 m(u 4 Qin Wnet,out Qin

100 kPa 0.0006 m 3 0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K 308 K u2 u1 ) Qout mc T3 T2 mc T4 T1

6.788 10 4 kg 0.718 kJ/kg K 1969 757.9 K 6.788 10

4

(c) Process 4-1: = constant heat rejection. kg 0.718 kJ/kg K 800 308 K 0.590 0.240 0.350 kJ 59.4%

0.350 kJ 0.590 kJ
max

(d)

min

MEP

r Wnet,out
1 2

Wnet,out
1 (1

0.350 kJ 0.0006 m 3 1 1/9.5

1 / r)

kPa m 3 kJ

652 kPa