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_SS ^AIBA SSAZf OK S o^, AnTIO CMUS

0^/ttti^

SCIFIO

'

dFIilCANUS

7/v//^Vy^

THE

ROMAN HISTORY
F R O

THE
of

FOUNDATION
Tp

ROME

THE

BATTLE
To
the

of

ACTIUM:
I S,

THA T

End

of

tlie

COMMONWEALTH.
I

By
Royal
College,

Mr.
and

R O L L

N,

Late Principal of the

Belles-Lettres.

Vnin)irfity

of Paris, Profeffor of Eloquence In the

Royal Academy of Infcriptions and

Fellonu of the

Tranflated from the

French.

VOL.

V.

THE THIRD EDITION.

ILLUSTRx^TED

WITH MAPS AND

COPPER-PLATES.

LONDON,
Printed for

Clark* J. Rivington, R. Baldwin, Hawes and Collins, R. Horsfield, W. John st on, W. Owen, T. Caslon, S. Crowder, B. Law, Z.Stuart, Robinsom and RQBERTi, and Newbery and Car wan.
MDCGLXVJir,

r.

Contents

of Vol. V,
XXII.
I.

BOOK
S

E C

T.

TTP

the report which the commijfwners returnedfront Greece make in the Senate concerning Nabis^ ^antius is left at liberty to a5l as he floould judge expedient. The

war with Nabis is

fiimmoned
to

refolved in the ajfembly of the allies

Corinlh by ^intius.
it.

He

approaches Sparta
allies into

in order to form the Jiege of

Taking of Gythium by
Condi-

^dntins's brother,
his opinion,
tions propofed to
ineffectual^

^lintius brings over the

to

which was
that

grant Nabis peace.

tyrant.

An

interviezv proving

gour.

Nabis fubmiis.
its liberty,

^lintius prejjes the ftege of Sparta with viPeace is granted him. Argos

recovers

^uintius prejides there at the

allies

Ne-

7ncean games.

Difcontent of the

concerning the

treaty concluded
winter.,

with the tyrant,

^iintius, during the

Fine fpeech of ^lintius in the affembly of the allii s at Corinth. The Roman flaves difperfed throughout Greece are rejlored to
^iiitius.

regulates the affairs of Greece.

He makes

the

Roman garrifon

evacuate the

and Dcmetrias. He rtgulat^s the affairs of Theffaly. ^intius returns to Rome, and receives the honour of a triumph. Affairs of Gaul. Gocdfuccefs of the two Confuls. triumph is granted to one of them, and refufed to the other. New defeats of the Gauls. New war with that People. The Conful Minucius delivered from extreme danger by the
citadel cf Corinth.^

Chalcis,

bravery of the Numidians. Furious animofity of ths Ligurians, Victory and triumph of the Conful Naft<. a
over the Boii.

Affairs of Spain.

Romans

in Hifpania Citerior.

Blow given the Cato fets out J or Spai?>.

Defcription of Emppria.

Cald'sftratagem.

Hegaima
on

vSiory over the Spaniards.

He

difar?ns all the States

CONTENTS.
on thhjide of the Iherus^ And demolijhes all the ivalls of He goes to 'Turdetania to Praife of Cato. the cities. Cato's trium-ph^ 2 the aid of the Prator.
Sedl. 11.
Contefls in

Rome

concerning the

law Oppia.

Speech of the Conful Cato in favour of that law. Speech It is abolifloed. of the 'tribune Valerius againft the law.

Sacred Spring.
the games.

DiJlinguifJjed places for the Senators in

Rumour

occafianed by the difiinSlion of places

granted
ufury.

to the Senators in the floews.

Regulation againfi
Antiochus King of

Ambnffy of the Rhodians

to

Syria.

Anfwer of

the

Roman

commijfioners to the

Am-

Embaffy of the Romans to that baffadors of Antiochus. Return of the ten commifjiomrs to Rome. They Prince.

fhewy that it is neceffary to prepare for a war with AnHannibal becomes fufpefed by the Romans. tiochus.
Ambaffadors fent from Rome quits Carthage and efcapes.
Ephefus.
to

Carthage.

Hannibal

He

goes to Antiochus at

Hannibal.

Difcourfe of a philofopher in the prefence of Conference between ^intius and the Am-

bajfadors of Antiochus.,

takes meafures

which was ineffeBual. Antiochus with Hannibal for the fuccefs of the war Conteji between Mafiniffa and thi with the Romans.
Carthaginians
left

undetermined by the

Roman

deputies.

Luflriim ckfed. Strong caballing for the

credit of ^lintius carries it againft that

Confulfhip.

The

of Scipio Afri-

canus,

34

Seft-.

The JEtoliatts fend Ambaffadors to Nabis, and Antiochus, to induce them to take arras Nabis begins the war. Roman againfi the Romans.
III.

Philips

Ambaffadors

to Antiochus.

Converfation between Scipio

and Hannibal. and then with

council upon the
ters into

Interview of Villius with the King., Antiochus holds a great his minifier.

Hannibal enand is fa-vourably heard. Return of the Ambaffadors to Rome. Expedition of Philop^men Deputies fent into Greece. Thoas is fern by the AEtolians to Anagainft Naples. tiocbus.^ and preffs hm to come to Greece, ^dntius
an
ecclairciffement

war with

the Romans.

with

Antiochus.,

wide-

CONTENTS.
they continue more attached General ajjemhly of the Mtolians, in which^ notwithftanding the remonfirances of ^inlius, Antiochus is calhd in to deliver Greece. Per;

MndecelvSs the Magneftans

to the

than ever

Romans.

fidious enterprize

Death of
to Greece.
nibal.

the tyrant Nabis.

of the Mtolians againft three cities. Antiocous meditates going

Thoas makes him conceive jealoufy of Han-

Antiochus goes to Europe, Speech of that Prince in the afj'embly of the j^toUans. He is declared Generalijftmc.

He

makes an ineffetlual atiempt upon Chalcism

Ach^ans Speech of Antiochus'' s AmSpeech of the Ambaffador of the Italians, ^anc'ius's anfwer. 'The Ach^eans declare againji AntioAJfemb'y of the
bdffidors.

chus.

tf all Eubaa,

That Prince makes himfelf mafter of Chalcis and 6

BOOK
Stft.

XXIII.

I. Religious preparations for the war "^ith Antiochus. Military preparations for the fame. Departure of the The Senate'' s anfwer to the Conful Aciliusfor Greece.

Ambaffadors of Philip., Ptolomy^ Mifiniffa^ and the Carthaginian, who came to offer the Romans aid. An-

war at Demerias. Finefpeech Antiochus of Hannibal^ which is followed in nothing. takes fome cities of Theffalia. He marries a young woman of Chalets., andpaffes the whole winter in feajiing.
tiochus holds a council of

The Conful Acilius arrives in Greece. Many cities furrender to him. Antiochus^ dejlitute of all aid, retires into the freight of Thermopylae. Confiderable vi5fory
gained by the Conful Acilius ov^r King Antiochus in the Cato had a great fh are in this pafs of Thermopylae victory. Antiochus retires to Chalcis., and from thence
.

to

Ephefus.

Rome.

Acilius

Cato carries the news of the vioiory to endeavours ineffectually to bring over

the jEtolians by gentle methods.

He

befteges

Heraclea^
Philip be-

and

takes

it

after above a

montFs

reftftance.

Jieges the city of

Lamia.

It furrenders .
to

Heraclea determines the Mtolians

The taking of demand peace. The

difguji them.

bard

conditions prefcribed by the

Cwful^

Aci-

CONTENTS.
B<hius.

Death of the Prator without having obtained peace. Paulus jEmilitis gains a great battle over the

Lufttanians in Spain.
Ccnforjhip.

Warm

cont^Jl

in refpe5l to the

Amynander is reinfiated in his kingdom by The news of the approaching arrival of the /Etolians.
Confuls occajions

gnat

conjlernation amongfi the

Mtoli-

The Ccnful Fulvius arrives in Greece. He forms thefiege of Jmbracia, which rnakes a vigorous defence. The Mtolians demand and at length obtain peace. AmThe Mtolian Ambaffadors fet cut hracia furrenders. The treaty of 'peace is ratified there. The for Rome.
ens.

Conful ManJius makes

war

againfi the Gallo-Grecians.

He

arrives in their country ^

and exhorts

his foldiers to

Two^ of the three bodies of the Gauls Olympus. The Romans attack and demount retire to approaches Ancyra, to atThe there. Conful feat them
do their duty well.
tack the third body of the Gauls.

Extraordinary a^ion
Second victory over the

cf a female
Cauls.
ercifed

Gaulifio prifoner.

Manlius returns to Ephefus. Cenfcrfhip exwith abundance of lenity. The Conful Fulvius takes Samos by affault^ and reduces the while ifland of

Cephalenia.

New

Confuls.

Eclipfe cf the fun.

Em-

laffyfrom the flat es of Afia to Manlius. Embaffes from Conditions of Antiochiis., the Gauls, and Ariarathes.
the treaty concluded between the
tiochus.

Reman

People and

An-

Reflexions upon Antiochus.

Unfortunate death

Decrees and regulations in refpel to the cf that Prince. Manlius returns to Europe.^ Kings and cities of Afia. and leads back his army into Greece^ 16/
Seft.
ans.
II.

Two Romans
Liguria given
to

delivered up to the Carthagini-

ijince.

the two Confuls for their proFulvius accufed by the Ambracians at the folliDecree of the Senate in citation of the Conful Almilius.

favour of the Ambracians. Departure of the Confuls. Manlius demands a triumph.^ which is difputed with him
ly the commifficmrs of the Senate.
fioners agairfl
Scipio
.

Speech of the commif-

Triumph decreed to Manlius. Manlius isfummoned before the People. Africanus GrievScipio.,

ances of the Tribunes againjt Scipio Africanus.

CONTENTS.
injlead of anfwering

with him
tories.

to the tapitol^

them carries the whole njfembly to thank the gods for his vic'Ti.

He

retires to Lintern'um.

Semprenius Grac-

chus,
legiies.

Scipio's

enemy^ declares for him againfl his ccU

Reflexions of Livy upon P. Scipio. Diiferent accounts of hijiorians concerning Scipio. Scipid's daughter propofed concerning the married to Gracchus.

Law

fums cf money
prifon.

received from Antiochus.

L. Scipio fen-

ordered to Speech of Scipio Najica in his favour. Gracchus prevent L. Scipio from being imprifoned. The ale and

tencedfor embezzling the public money.

He is

fmall value of Scipio' s

Se6t.
III.

eft ate

jufiify him^

^7

Defcription of the country of the LigurianSy

the perpetual enemies of the Romans. 'They arefubje^ied by the fjoo Confuls. Jufiice done the Galli Cenomanes.

Regulation in refpe5i to the Latin Allies. M. Fuhius demand^ a triumph, and obtains it notwithfianding the

Tribune of the People. Strange and abominable fanaticifm of the Bacchanalians dif covered, and Marcius is furprized, beaten^ punifhed, at Rome.
oppofition of a

and put
Spain.

to flight by

the Ligurians.

Better fuccefs in

Origin of the war with Philip's grievances in refpeh to the Romans, Perfeus. He prepares for renewing the war. Upon the complaints

Combat of Athletes.

of feveral States againfl Philip,

miffioners into their countries,

Rome

fends three com-

who, after having heard the feveral parties, make regulations. Good fuccefs in Spain^ and in Uguria. Return of the commiffioners from Greece to- Rome. The Senate fends deputies

mw

thither.

Philip caufes the principal perfons of Maronaa to be affaffnated. He fends his younger fn Demetrius
to

Rome,
Very

22

Sedb. IV.

warm

difpute concerning the

CenforfJoip.

chofen Cenfor notwithfianding the violent oppofition of the Nobility. L. Valerius is his coilegue. Cato
is

Cato

nominates his coilegue

Prime of the

Senate.

He

degrades

Cato's efforts againjt luxury. L. ^intius Flaminius. Gauls who pafs the Alps into Italy. They build a town^ Complaints againfl Philip which the Romans oppofe.

brought

CONTENTS.
brought
to

Rome.

Demetrius his f'^n^

who

is

there,

ts

fent back into Macedonia with the Ambajjadors. Death Gauls driven out of It al)\ of three illuftrious Generals.

where they are

defirous to fettle.

New

colonies.

Dif-

ferent rumours upon the return of Demetrius into MaceHe gives his brother great difqiiiet^ and his fadonia.

ther

much

jealoufy.

Violent

and

cruel proceedings of

Philips upon the information of falfe witneffes fuborned by Perfeus, puts He himfelf dies of grief Perfeus Demetrius to death. Difpute between the Carthaginians and fuccceds him.

Philip in refpe^l to his fubje5ls.

Succefsful expedition againjt the Ligurians. Mafiniffa. The tomb of Confiderable defeat of the Celtiberians. the earth. in gilt at Rome, Jiatue Numa found Firfi 'The Ligurians afk peace.

Hofiages rejlored to the Car-

The Ligurians called Apuani are tranfThe Celtiberians are defeated by ported into Samnium. cades they had laid for him. FulviuSy in the very ambuf FulviuSy crowned with glory , returns to Rome. Expethaginians.
dition

Complaints againjt of the Confuls in Liguria. Great number of poifoners Gentius King of Illyricum.

condemned.

Fulvius
Conful.

triumphs
Firfi

over tbe

Celtiberians.,

and two
Seft.

is elected

law

called Annalis.

Games

celebrated by the Conful Fulvius.

Cenfors^

who had

Reconciliation of the long been declared enemies ^ 249

hal

V. Chara^ers of., and comparifon between^ Hanni" and Scipio Africanus, 278

BOOK
Affairs of Spain^

XXV.
297
298

War

of

Iftria.,

Expeditions in Liguria
Affairs of Sardinia and Corficay
Affairs that happened at Rome.,
Sc(5t. I.

303

309
3
1

Dejign formed by Philip to tranf plant the Ba-

Jiarna into the country of the Dardamans^ bordering upon

CONTENTS.
upon Macedonia.
Ambaffadors from
beginnings^

Eomans.
-

The

latter confirm the treaty

Perfms to the made with Phiqualities

lip his father.

Good

and virtuous

of

Perf us.

Amb-^ffadors from the Dardanians to

Rome

Ambafjadors from Peyfeus to Report of the Roman Ambaffadors at their Carthage. Eumenes comes to Rome to return from Macedonia.
concerning the Bajtcrna.

exhort the
Prince's

Senate

to

the

war with

Perfeus.

That

That Prince ill-received. Ambaffadors The Senate^ after fuborns murtherers to kill Eumenes. having declared the crimes of Perfeus, prepare for the
war, and
fadors.
caufe
it to

be declared againjt

him by Ambaf-

Gentiuf becomes fufpeBed by the Romans. Difpofition of the kingdoms and free fiat es., in refpe5l to the

Romans and
with
ple.
is

Perfeus in the

war of Macedonia.
The
levies

War
made

declared in form againft Perfeus.

are

extraordinary

application.

Difpute concerning

the Centurions.

Speech of an old Centurion to the PeoPerfeus''s Ambaffadors referred to the Conful, who

Romans

Ambaffadors from the foon to repair to Macedonia. Interview of Perfeus and the to their allies.
Ambaffadors.

Truce granted Perfeus, in order new A??ibaJfadors to Rome. Commotions in Bceotia, Almofl the whole province declares for the Romans. Succours fupplied by the Achaian league. The
to his fending

Roman

Rhodians

fit out

Embaffies of "Deputies cenfured by the antient Senators.

Perfeus

a confiderable fleet to join the Romans, Stratagem of the to Rhodes.

The AmbafItaly.,

fadors of Perfeus receive orders to quit

Rome and

347
Se6t. II. Departure of the ConfulLicinius. a council., in which the war is refolyed.
his troops.,

Perfeus holds

He

ajfembles

and flops Eumenes joins

and harangues them. He takes the field, in Theffaly. The Conful moves thither alfo.
the Conful.

Slight fkirmifij.

Aolion of

the cavalry, in which Perfeus has the advantage.

The
the

Conful makes his troops

night, to poft

paf

the river Peneus in the

them

in fafety.

Perfeus perceives

errors he has committed.

^nans.

Grief andjhame of the RoHe Jc^ and triumph of Perfeus and his army.
fends

CONTENTS.
fends to

Upon his anfwefy Conful. Want of prudence in he prepares again for the war. Petfeus, 'The Greeks applaud the viBory of that Prince. Taking of Haliartus. The two armies^ after fomeflight expeditions^ retire Hnto winter-quarters. Epirus deLivy^s opinion concerning clares againft the Romans.
prodigies.

demand peace of the

Expedition of Perfeus againft Illyricum. SorThe Romans are received did avarice of that Prince,

The Conful Marcius into Stratus inftead of Perfeus. Succours prepared by the advances towards Macedonia.

Achxans for the

ways of

Conful.

Perfeus pofts bodies of troops

in the pafes of the mountains.

incredible difficulty.
to

phants are made

mountains.
Ach.eans.

Marcius marches through in which the eledefend from thefteep declivity of the

Manner

Polybius

tells-

the Conful the offers of the

He fets

out on his return to Achaia.

Ex-

treme terror of the King on the approach of the enemy. The Conful enters Macedonia. Various expeditions. RePrufias and the Rhoditurn of Polybius into Achaia.

fend JmbaJJadors to Rome in favour of Perfeus, The Senate's anfwer to the infolent difcourfe of the RhoLetters of the Conful Marcius to the Senate. dians. Onefimus a Macedonian Noblemen goes over to the Roiins

mans,
Se<5t.

^ji
General concern at
election

III.

Rome

in

refpeoi to

the apis ele5i-

proaching

of Confuls.

Paulus jEmilius

Wife precautions of ed Conful with Licinius Craffus. The Paulus jEmilius. Embaffy from Egypt to Rome. Commiffioners returned from Macedonia^ give an account of the armies by fea the Generals is haftened.
tention in

The departure of the forces. AtSpeech of chufmg the Legionary Tribunes.

and
land.

Number of

Paulus Mniilius

to the People before his departure.

Pre-

parations of Perfeus againft the Romans. Different embaffies of that Prince to Gentius, the Rhodians, Eumenes^ and Antiochus.
Perfeus^ through his avarice,

deprives himfelf of the powerful aid of the Ba/larn^, Avarice and perfidy of Perfeus in refpei to Gentius.

Rapid conqueft of Illyricum by the Frator Anicius. PerPaultu JEmilius reinflates feus incamps advantageoufly,
difci-

CONTENTS.
djfcipUne in his army.

where

it

was wanting.
arrives,

He difcovers water in. a place News of the vi^ory gamed in

Illyriciim

^he Ambajfadors of the Rhodians

Paulus ^milius deliberates upon arrive in the camp. attacking He fends Scipio NaPerfeus. the manner of
fica with a great detachment to feize Pythium. He cmufes Perfeus by flight Jkirmifoes upon the banks of the Scipio feizes Pythium^ and remains in pofjefEnipeus. fion of the pafs.

Perfeus quits
to

the Enipeus^

and ad-

vances towards Pydna, refolved

lus foretells

venture a battle there.

Paulus Mmilius wifely defers engaging. Sulpicius Calan eclipfe of the Moon to the Romans, Pau-. lus Mmilius explains his reafons for deferring the battle,

^he

battle is at laji fought.

Perfeus

is

defeated andpul

to flight,

402

Scd. IV. Perfeus flies from Pella to AmphipoUs, and from thence into the ifland of Samothracia. The Conful Perfeus* s letter ta marches inpurfuit of that Prince.
'The Roman fleet anchors at SamoPaulus Mmilius. thracia, Evander of Crete is accufed and cited before The King caufes him to be killed. He conthe judges.

trives to efcape

and

is

betrayed by Oroandes.

He furto be car-

renders himfelf to O^avius,

ried to the Conful.

who

caufes

him

End of the war and of the kingdom Fate of that kingdom. News of the vi^lory of Paulus Mmilius brought to Rome. CcmmifJioners appointed for Macedonia andBlyriciim Regulations in refpeSl to thfe two new conquefts. Anicius, educed Epirus^ returns into Illyricum. after having Promulgation 0* the new regulati n^ concern ng I lyrictim. Paulus Mmilius viflts the cities of Greece. He returns into Macedonia He ftihs tke affuirs of thai: province :n concert with the comnvffio crs. T'^ung Scipio txercifes himfef in hunting. Paulus Mmilius gives magnificent gamts at Amphipo'is. His noule dfintercftednefs Epp us plunaeied. Paulus Aimilius. arrives at Rome., and after him Anicius ana Otiavius. 'J be
ef Macedonia.
-,

fpeaks mildly to him. the young Romans.

Paulus Mmilius receives him ajtd Difcourfe of Paulus Mmilius to

Senate decrees thtm a iriumph.

Thefokiers of Pauls

Mmi-

CONTENTS.
y^milius, at the injiigation of Galba^ combine toprcjeni Speech of Servilius in favour of Paulus his triumph.

uEmilius.
confent.

triumph

is

granted him with unanimous

the one before

He

lofes two of hisfons^

and the

Hisfpeech to the People. Perwith his fon Alexander. 'Trikept is under guard a feus umph of OSiavius and Anicius. T'he fon of Cotys is ft
&t liberty^

other after his triumph,

4^^

BOOK
Seft.
I.

XXVI.
They

Ambo.ffadoTs feni by the Senate into Egypt.

their
all

go out of
difcourfe.,

wdy to who had

to

In confequence of their declared for Perfeus agamji the

Rhodes.

Romans

are put

death.

Haughtincfs of Pcpilius

Anfwer of King Antiochus. Return of the Ambaffadors Embaffies of the Kings of Syria and Egypt to Rome. to Rome. Mcfgaba^ fon of Maftniffa^ comes Ambaffador

Rome. Honours paid to

to

He

is

received there very honourably.

his brother Mifagenes.

The Freedmen

are all reduced into afmgle Tribe.

lus to

Embaffy of Atta-

Rome.

He

hearkens to

the wife remonfirances

of Slratius his phyfician. 1.he Rhodians are ill received Harangue of their Ambaffadors. Cato deat Rome. clares in favour of the Rhodians. The Senate''s anfwer.

The
lus

dians.

of Rome is at length granted to the RhoLamentable complaints of the JEtolia^s to PauThey do not obtain.jujiice. The credit Mmllius.
alliance

and

infolence cf the partifans cf

Rome

increafe extremely.

JJnjufl

and

cruel -policy of the

Romans.

fufpeled of having favoured Perfeus., are fen t to

banifljed-t

and

difperfed into different

The Achaians, Rome, The Achaicities.

in favour cf the
exiles

ans fend fever al deputations to exiles, but always ineffetlually.

Rome
The

are at

lafi

Great friendjhip befent home to their own country. Meannefs of tween Scipio the younger and PoJybius.
foul of Piufias.

End

of hivyshifiory,

464

Sed.

Rome. The Senate pre^ Rome. Pruftas by his vents Eumenes jrom AtAmbaffadors accufes Eumenes before the Senate.
II.

Different embaffies at

entering

tqlus

CONTENTS.
talus

and Athen^m jufi'ify

their brother

Etimems.

im-

prudent condii^ of Sulpicius in Afia againfi Eumenes. Alliance renezved with Ariarethes Philopater, Cenfor-^
Jfiip

of
dial.

Paulas JEmilius

and of Marcius Philippus.

Sun

chus Epiphanes.

of AntioDemetrius demands in vain per mi Jfon Murther of 05iaof the Senate to return into Syria. vius. Demetrius efcapes from Rome, and is univerfally acknowledged King. Si chiefs and death of Paulus jEmilius \ his funeral \ and praife. Love of poverty of T'ubero, a?id his wife the daughter of Paulus AEmilius, Generous and noble ufe which Scipio yEmilianus, the

'Troubles in Syria after the death

fon of Paulus yEmilius, makes cf his riches on various

Tubero compared with Scipio Mmilianus, Najtca prevails upon the People to have a Theatre aloccajions.
tnoft finifhed, demoliJJjed.

cree for

Deand rhetoriciars from Rome. Einbajj'y cf Carneades to Rome. Two Confuls abdicate upon account of the want of fane religious forws in their ele^ion. Tribune of the People puniJJjed for hav.ng failed in refpe^l to the Pontifex Maximus. Wars with- the Dalmatians and fome flat es of the Ligurians. The Dalmatians are defeated by Eigulus and Na/ica. The Majfyliajjs are revenged by the Romans on the Oxibians and Deceates. Affairs of Macedonia. Andrifcus, who called hi fnfelf the fon of Perbanifhing philofophers
feus, feizes Macedonia.

Affairs of Rome.

and fen t
cedonia,

to

Rome.

He is at length defeated, taken, Two new impojtors rife up in Ma452

and are defeated,

Third Punic War.

Se6l. III. Origin

and occafion of the third Punic war. favour to the Carthaginians in their differences with Mafiniffa. War between Mafinijfa and the Carthaginians. Great anxiety and fear of the Carthaginians in refpeSt to the Romans. Rome deliberates, whether war fhall be declared againfi Carthage. It is refohed. Alarm of the Carthaginians. They fend Deputies to Rome. Hard conditions propofed to them-. They accept them. They fend three hundred their

Romefhews

little

cf

principal citizens as hofifges.

They deliver up

all their

arm:.

Contents.
Tbey are at length told that they mufi quit Car^ Grief and horror of the Deputies. Defpair and fury of Carthage, when that news is made puhlick there. Reflexion upon the conduct of the Romans. Generous efforts of Carthage
arms.
thage^ 'which will be demolijhed.
to prepare for the fiege. Invocation of the tutelar gods of Carthage to quit it, and the form of devoting that Carthage befieged by the tzvo Confuls. city. Scipio diftinguifhes himfelf above all the other officers. Death of

Mafiniffa.

^he new Conful

Scipio,

continues

the fiege

with

great languor.
Jhip,
is

fiands only for the Mdileele5ied Conful, arid charged with the war of

who

Africa.

He arrives

in Africa

and

delivers

Mancinus
amongfi

from great danger.

the troops.

He

re-efiablifhes difcipline

He

carries on the fiegc

with vigour.

De-

Jfdrubal's barbarous cruelty. fer iption of Carthage. Sea-fight. Scipio^ during the winter, attacks and takes
fiege continued.
cufo

Nepheris^ a place in the neighbourhood of Carthage. The Ihe ciiy at lejtgth furrenders. Afdrubal

fur renders.

His wife

kills

her children, and throws

Scipio'' s

herjelf

with them

into the flames.

compaffion on

Noble life which he makes feeing the ruin of Carthage. cf thefpcils of that city. Joy which the news of the
fent into Africa.

taking of Carthage occafions at Rome. Ten Commiffioners Scipio reDefiru^ion of Carthage.

turns to Rome, and receives the honour of a triumph.

Carthage

re-eflablifhed,

514

Se6b. IV. Trouble excited in Achaia.

declares

The Achaian League hacedamon. Bcsotiajoins the AchaMetellus defeats the army of the Achaians. ians. He makes himfelf mafier of Thebes and Megara. The Conful Mummius arrives before Corinth. The befieged rafhly give battle, and are defeated. The city of Corinth is taken, burnt, and entirely deflroyed. Achaia is reduced into a Roman province. Great plunder is taken at Corinth^ Paint ingi of great value. Difinterefiednefs cf Mummius.

war

againfl

Thc.t Conful sfimplicity.

Polybius's zeal for the honour

of Philopamen.

His

difinterefiednefs.

He

ejiablifhes

order and tranquillity in Achaia.

Triumphs of Metellus

and Mummiusy

THE

4.6

THE

ROMAN HISTORY,
FROM THE

FOUNDATION
TO THE

of

ROME
I

A T T L E
BOOK
THE

of

A C T

tr

M.

TWENTY-SECOND.

"^HIS book

contains about the {p^ce of fix years, from the 555th to the ^6 id It principally treats of the of Rome.

war with Nabis

tyrant of Sparta, the care of Quintius in regulating the affairs of Greece, the war with the Gauls, the military exploits

of Cato in Spain, the difpute excited at Rome upon the occafion of the law Oppia, and the preparations and beginnings of the war with Antiochus,

Vol. V.

SECT.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

SECT.
Upon
left

I.

the report

Greece make in

which the commtjfioners returned from. the Senate ccnctrning Nabis^ ^intius is

at liherty to

a^
is

as he Jhould judge expedit7tt.

'The

iVar with Nahis

fummoned
Sparta
in

to

refohed in the ajfembly of the allies He approaches Corinth by ^ii}2tiiis.

to

order

form

the Jiege

Gythiiim bv ^nntius^s brother,

the allies into his cpihion^
peace.

Taking of of it. ^intiiis brings over

to

which was

grant Nabis

Conditions propofed to that tyrant.

An

inter-'

view proving ineffc^fual, ^intius prejjes the fiege cf Peace is granted Sparta with vigour. J^abis fubmits.
him.

Argos recovers

its

liberty,

^lintius prefides

Difcontent of the allies ^lin-^ concerning the treaty concluded with the i\rant. tins, during the winter.^ regulates the affairs cf Greece.
there at the
I'ine fpcech of Sluintius in the

Nemaan

games.

affembly of the allies at

Corinth.

The Roman flaves

difperfed throughout Greece

He makes the Roman garri* are reflored to ^intius. fens evacuate the citadel of Corinth^ Chalcis, and DeHe regulates the affairs of Theffaly. ^inrnetrias. tius returns to Rome, and receives the honour of a tri-umph.
Confuls.

Affairs OF Gaul.

A triumph

is

granted

to cne of them,,

Good fuccefs of the two andre-

fufed to the other.

New

defeats of the Gauls.

New

war with

that People.

The Conful Mimtcius

.

delivered

frcm extreme danger

by the bravery of the Numidians. Furious anlmofity of the Ugurians Vi^ory and triumph, Affairs of of the Conful Nafica ever the Boii. Spain. Blow given the Romans in Hifpania Citerior.

Cato fets out for Spain.

Catd's ftratagem.
fjiards.

He

Defcription of Emporia. gains a vi^loiy over the Spa-

difanns all the States on this fide of the iberus, and dcmolifhes all the walls of the cities. PraifeHe goes to Turdetania to the aid of the cf Cato.

He

Pr^ior.

Cato's triumph.

L. Va-

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
L. Valerius Flaccus.

Confuls.

3
A.R.
557*

M. roRcius Lato.

155.

THE
in

war with Nabis may be confidered as a fc- ^^'""'.jj quel of that with Philip, which had jufc before 45.' been terminated. I place it here, to avoid breaking

upon what

relates to Qiiintius.

who had been fent into Greece, being returned to Rome, gave an account to the Senate of what concerned the peace concluded v/ith Philip. After which they informed the Senate, " that they v/ere upon the point of having another no lefs important war to fuftain againfh Antiochus King of Syria-, and that the y^Ktolians, a reftlefs people, full of ill-will to the Romans, were inclined to take arms againft them, and to join Antiochus." I Ihall defer fpeaking of the circumfcances that induced this v;ar, for the fake of throv/ins; all the events that relate to it together, and {hewing them in one point of view. The commiiTioners added, " That Greece nurtured a dangerous enemy in her own bofom in the perfon of Nabis, then tyrant of Sparta and who would foon become fo of all Greece, if he could ; a tyrant, infamous for his avarice and cruelty, and who equalled all that antient times had ever feen of moft horrid in that kind." After having long difcufied, v/hether there v/as fufficient foundation for immediately declaring war againft him, or whether they fhould content themfelves to leave Qiiintius at liberty to aft, in that refpe6l, as he fliould judge moft expedient for the good of the ComAmonwealth j the latter was refolved, and the whole was referred to his difcreten commilTioners,
-,

The

tion.

All the people of Greece enjoyed in perfedl tran- ^'^^'. ^^ of peace and liberty, and in that ^^' ftate no lefs admired the temperance, juftice, and moderation of the Roman viclor, than they had before admired his valour and intrepidity in war. Things
quillity the bleftings

were

4
A.R.
557.

VALERIUS, POllCIUS,
were
^' i95>

Confuls.

in this fituation, when Quintius received the decree from Rome, by which he was permitted to Upon this, he called an declare war againft Nabis. Corinth, and after having exthe allies at of aiTembly " You fee, matter in queflion the to them plained " (faid he) that the biifmefs of the prefent delibera" tion regards only you. The queftion is to refolve
,

*'

whether Argos, a

city equally^ antient

and

illuftri-

" oils, fhall enjoy its liberty lik^ dhe other cities, or " whether we Ihall leave it in the hands of the ty" rant of Sparta, who has pofleifed himfelf of it. The " Romans have no intereft in this affair, except that " the flavery of a fmgle city might deprive them
" of the glory of having entirely delivered Greece " from bondage. You have therefore to deliberate " upon what is to be done and your refolutions Ihall
:

" determine my conduct."

The opinions of The i^tolians only

tax

the aiTembly were not dubious. could not forbear venting their

difcontcnt againfc the

Romans, and went fo far as to them with breach of faith, becaufe they retained

Chalcis and Demetrias^ at the very time they boailed of having given liberty to all Greece. They were no lefs warm againft all the reft of the allies, efpecially the Athenians, whom they reproached with having become, from the zealous defenders of liberty which they antiently were, the abjeft flatterers of the Roman power. The allies, exafperated at fuch difcourle, demanded that they might alfo be delivered from the robberies of the iEtolians, who were Greeks only by the language, but true Barbarians by their manners

and

difpofition.

As
to
,

tius obliged
affair

them

the difpute grew warm, Quinconfine themfelves folely to the

propofed and it was unanimoufly refolved, that war ihould be declared againft Nabis tyrant of Sparta, if he refufed to reftore Argos to its antient liberty ; and each promifed to fend fpeedy aids j which was
faithfully executed.

Ariftenes,

"

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

Ariftenes, General of the Achaeans, joined Qiiin- ^^^- 557. tius near * Clsonas, with ten thoufand foot and a ,5'^.

thoiifand

horfe.
foot,

hundred
horfe.

Philip, on his fide, fent fifteen and the ThefTalonians four hundred
alfo

Quintius's brother arrived

with a

fleet

of forty galleys, which were joined by thofe of the Rhodians and King Eumenes. A great number of Lacedaemonian exiles repaired to the camp of the Romans, in hopes of recovering their country. They had Agefipolis at their head, to whom the kingdom of Sparta appertained by right. Whilft he was an infant he had been expelled by the tyrant Lycurgus after the death of Cieomenes. Their firft delign was to open the campaign by the ^'^. fiege of Argos but Quintius thought it more expe- _29.'
:

dient to

march

directly againft the tyrant.

fortify Sparta well,

The

latter

having furroundpallifade, and rampart and he had caufed a thoufand chofen troops to be brought from Crete, which he added to a thoufand more before in his fervice. He had befides thefe three thoufand ftrangers in his pay, and ten thoufand troops of the country, without including the Helots. Nabis at the fame time took meafures to fccure Having caufqd himfelf againft inteftine commotions. the People to affemble without arms, and having pofted his armed guards around the place, he declared, " that the prefent conjunflure obliging him to ufe extraordinary precautions for his own fafety, he was going to feize and confine a certain number of citizens. That he chofe rather to prevent thofe, whom he fufpefted, from betraying him, than to punifh their treafon. That when he fhould have repulfed the enemy without, from whom he had not much to fear, if things v,^ere quiet within, he would releafe thofe prifoners." He nominated about fourfcore of the principal youth of Sparta, confined them in a fecure place, and the next night caufed them all to be but,

had taken care to ed it with a folfe,

A city

of Argolis in Peloponnefus,

chered.

6
A- R. 557chered.
'

VALERIUS, PORCIUS, Confuls; He alfo caufed abundance of the Helots

in

to

,f,'^..

be put to death

the villages,

of inclining to go over to the fpread terror on all fides, he prepared for a vigorous defence, being fully determined not to quit the city in the prelent emotion it was in, and not to hazard a battle v/ith troops much fuperior to his in number, Qiiintius havmg advanced as far as the Eurotas, which runs aim.oft under the walls of the city, whilft he was intrenching his camp, Nabis detached his foAs the Romans did not reign troops againft him. fally, hitherto not having been oppofed in expedl this v.-ere they at firft march, put into fome diforder their but, fuUained b-y the aid that arrived immicdiately, they fcon reinftated themlelves, and repulfed the
:

who were fufpefted enemy. Having thus

enemy

quite into the city.

in order

next day, C)iiintius having marched his troops of battle along the river and city, when the rear-guard had paiTed, Nabis made his foreign troops The Romans then faced about, and the charge it. aftion became very rude on both fides but at length the foreigners were broke, and put to flight. The Ach^ans, v/ho knew the country, purfued them vi:

The

goroufly, and made a great .flaughter. Qiiintius camped near Amycla?, and after having ravaged

inall

the fine country around the city, he returned to incamp on the banks of the Eurotas, and from thence

^i^-.
_ XXXIV.

ruined the valleys at the bottom of Mount Taggetus, and the country near the fca. At the fame time, the Proconful's brother, who commanded the Roman fleet, fornied the fiege of * Gythium, at that time a very ft rong and im^portant place. The fleets of Eumenes and the Rhodians arrived very happily i for the befleged defended themfelves with The Proconful alfo marched thither at great bravery. the head of four thoufand men. At length, after a long and vigorous refiftance, the place furrendered.
* This city was the port of the LacedoEmonians.

The

7 taking of Gythium alarmed the tyrant. He A. R. 557. ^' fent an herald to Quintius to demand an interview, ^^^' " Befides many other reafons, Liv. which was granted. which Nabis urged in his favour, he infilled flrono-lv ^''^'^''^' 3^ upon the almoft recent alliance, which the Romans, and Quintius himfelf, had made with him in the war an alliance, upon which he relied the againft Philip as Rom.ans the declared themfelves faithful and more, religious obfervers of treaties, which, they boafted, they never infringed. That on his fide, there had nothing been changed fince the treaty that he was the fame he had always been before, and that he had given the Romans no caufe of complaint and reproach." This reafoning was conclufive ; and to fpeak truth, Quintius had nothing folid to obje6t to it. Accordingly, in his anfwer, he only expatiated in loofe indefinite complaints, and reproached him with his avarice, cruelty, and tyranny. But was he lefs avaricious, cruel, and tyrannical, at the time of making the treaty ? Nothing was concluded in this firft in-

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

The

terview.

next day Nabis agreed to evacuate the city of as the Romans infifted upon it ; and alfo to deliver up the prifoners and deferters to them. He defired Quintius, if he had any other demands to make, that he would reduce them to writing, in order that he might deliberate upon them with his friends. Qiiintius having agreed to that, held a council with " Molt of them were for continuing the the allies. war with Nabis, which could not be glorioufly terminated, without extirpating the tyrant, or at leafi: that otherwife it could not be faid, that the tyranny liberty had been reftored to Greece. That the Romans could make no agreement with Nabis, without folemnly acknowledging him, and authorizing his " He ufurpation." Quintius was inclined to peace. apprehended, that the war with Sparta might be fpun out in length. That during that time the war with Antiochus might break out on a Hidden, in v/hich cafej the whole forces both of the Romans and alliea

The

Argos,

'

^^*

3^.

B 4

would

8
iV-

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

R- 557- would be neccflary for oppofing fo powerful an cncAnt.c. j^y'> Thcfe were the reafons he alledged to determine Perhaps private motives an accommodation. to them

united with thofe of the public.

that a

He

apprehended,

new Conful might have Greece for his province, and com.eto deprive him of the glory of terminating
vi6lory.

anenterprize, he had lb far advanced, by acompleat

the

Seeing that his reafons made little impreflion upor^ allies, he feemed to give into their opinion, and " Well thereby brought them all over to his own.

"

then, laid he, let us behege Sparta, as

you judge

" it proper, and let us fpare nothing that may con" duce to the fuccefs of our enterprize. As you " know, that fieges frequently take up more time " than one would dehre, let us make difpofitions for " taking up our winter-quarters, if it be neceflary
*'

this refolution is v/orthy

your valour.

have a

fuf-

"
*'
*'

ficient

number of troops
greater their

for the fuccefs of the fiege:

" but the

{hall

number, the more occafion wc

"
**

" "
*'

*' ^'

"
'

have for provifions and convoys. The winter, which approaches, fhews us nothing but a naked You fee country, and leaves us without forage. of what extent the city is, and conlequently how many rams, catapulted, and other machines of all kinds will be wanting. Let each write to his city, that they order fupply us abundantly, and may in It is for our honour foon with all that is necelTary. to pufh the fiege vigoroufly, and it will be Ihameful, after having undertaken, to be obliged to quit
it."

Each then

reflecting

to them, difcerned abundance

upon the propofal made of difficulties, which

they had not forefeen, and perceived how ill the proposal I hey were going to make to their cities would be received, when private perfons Ihould fee themielves obliged to contribute to the expences of the war. Accordingly, immediately changing opinion, they left it to the Roman General to aft as he lliould think

mod

for the gr

of

his

own Commonwealth, and

Quintiu^

that of the

allies.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

9
A. R. 557.
'

QLiintius then havino- held a council, to

which he

called only the principal officers of the army, fettled

^^'^^

with him the conditions of peace, that might be of- Liv. fered the tyrant. The principal were " That in ^^^^'^' lefs than ten days he ihould evacuate Argos, and all the other cities in Argolis, where he had garrifons. That he fhould reftore to the maritime cities all the galleys he had taken from them, and fhould retain That he only two barks of fixteen oars for himfelf. jfliould reftore to the cities in alliance with the Roman
:

35^

People all their prifoners, deferters, and flaves. That he fliould alio reftore to the banifhed Lacedaemonians their wives and children, who fhould be willing to follow them, however, v/ithouc compelling them to do fo. That he fhould give five hoftagcs, fuch as the Roman General fliould chufe, of Vv^hich number his fon fliould be one. That he fhould aftually pay an hundred talents, (an hundred thoufand crowns) and afterwards fifty annually during eight years. That a truce of fix months ihould be granted him, that each fide might fend tQ Rome, and the treaty be ratified there."

None

of thefe

articles pleafed the tyrant,

but he was

furprized, and thought himfelf fortunate, that they

had not mentioned the return of the exiles. This treaty, when the particularsof it were made known in Thofe who had the city, occafioned univerfal difguft. married the wives of the exiles, flaves made free by the tyrant, and the foldiers themfelves loudly murmured againft them. Accordingly peace was no longer talked of, and the war was begun again.
Quintius then intended to puili the fiege vigoroufly, and began by examining the ficuation and condition of the city. Sparta had long been without walls, and would have no other fortification but the valour of her * It was only fince tyrants had ruled there, citizens.
fortified

a little more than an hundred years fince Sparta had been with walls, firft when Callander, one of Alexander's fuccefibrs attacked feveral cities of Greece and afterwards when it v/as attacked Isy Demetrius, and then by Pyrrhus. And laftly, Nabis had added

* It

was

new

fortificat)ns tQ

it,

Justin. Pausak.

that

lo
A. R.
357'

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
that walls had
;
:

Confuls.

,95.

been built and that only in places which were open and of eafy accefs all the reft was defended by its natural firuation, and by bodies of troops pofled there. As Qiiintius's army was very riumerous (it amounted to above fifty thoufand men, becaufe he had drawn together all the troops both of fea and land; he refolved to extend his forces around the city, and to attack it at the fame time on all iides, in order to fpread terror, and to make the beAccordinglieged incapable of looking about them. ly, the attack being made the fame inftant on all fides, and the danger being the fame every where, the tyrant neither knew what choice to make, what orders to give, nor whether to fend fuccours, and was quite out of his wits. The Laced.Tmonians fuftained the attack of the befiegers, who had entered the city, for fome time as long as they fought in defiles and narrow ways. Their darts and javelins however had little effed, becaufe being in very clofe order, they had net room to difcharge them with vigour. The Romans continually gaining ground, on a fudden found themfelves overwhelmed with ftones and tiles, difcharged upon them from the tops of the houfes. But having placed their bucklers upon their heads they advanced in that manner, called the Tortoife, and neither darts nor tiles When they arrived in Gould hurt them in the leaft. the broader ftreets, the Lacedsem.onians not being able to fuftain their charge, nor fband before them fied, and retired to the higheft and fteepeft places. ISIabis, believing the city taken, fought in great perplexity how, and on v.'hat fide, he might efcape. Pythagoras, one of the principal officers of his army, He caufed the buildings neareft the faved the city. walls to be fet on fire. The houfes v/ere prefently in the flames gained ground every moment, and a blaze the fmvoke alone was capable of flopping the enemy, by. blinding and rendering them incapable of adling. The Romans were overv/helmcd, not only with a fliower of tiles and .ilojies> but with the fall of burning
:

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
For which
diately
firft,

Confuls.

ii
^.R.
557.
'

ing planks and beams, which feparated every moment. reafon thofe who were ftill without the city, and were preparing to enter it, removed imme-

,5,*^.

and thole who had entered the flames they faw behind them lliould clofe up all ways out, retired as foon as Qiiintius in this unexpe6ted diforder, caufed pofllble. the retreat to be founded ; and after having feen himfelf in a manner mafter of the place, was reduced to lead back his troops into the camp. The three following days, he took advantage of the terror he had fpread throughout the city, fometimes by making new attacks, and fometimes by clofmg up different places, to deprive the befieged of all ifiues and hopes of efpaping. Nabis feeing himfelf without refource, fent f^ythagoras to Quintius, to treat of an accommodation. The Proconful at firft refufed to hear him, and ordered him to quit the camp. But the fuppliant falling upon his knees, and referring the fate of Nabis to the difcretion of the Romans, at length obtained a truce for his mafter upon the fame terms, as had been before prefcribed him. The money was paid down diredtly, and the hoftages put into

from the walls

apprehending,

left

xi:xiv.4*.

Quintius's hands.

During all thefe movements, the Argives, who upon the advices they had received from time to time,
already concluded that Sparta was taken, re-eftabli(lied their liberty themfelves, and drove out their garrifon.

ibid.

Quintius, after having granted Nabis peace, and taken leave of Eumenes, the Rhodians and his brother, who returned to their fleets, repaired to Argos, which he found in incredible traniports of joy. The celebration of the Ncmsan games, which could not be performed at the cuftomary time on account of the troubles occafioned by the war, had been deferred till the arrival of the Roman General and his army. It v/as he, as we have related above, who did the honours, and diftributed the prizes of them ; or rather was himfelf the fiiew. The Argives particularly could not take their eyes ofl' him, who had undertaken this

war

12
A.R.
"
557.
'

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
warexprefsly for them,

Confuls.

who had

delivered

them from

a cruel and jQiameful flavery, andjuft before reinftated them in their antient liberty, the fweets of which

L'lv.

^'^^^^

they tailed with a more lively lenfe, as they had long been deprived of it. The Achseans faw with fenfible pleafure the city of 4-*Argos reunited with their league, and reftored to all But a tyrant fupported in the its antient privileges. middle of Greece, and flavery, though in a manner retrenched in Laced^emon, from whence it was always
in a condition to

make

itfelf feared,

left a dilquiet

in

the minds of men that abated the common joy. As to the iEtolians, it may be faid, that the peace

From that fliamegranted Nabis was their triumph. ful treaty, for fo they called it, they exclaimed againfl: the Romans every where. They obferved, that in the war with Philip, they had not laid down their arms, nor defifted from purfuing that prince with the utmoft vigour, till they had obliged him to abandon all the cities of Greece. That upon this occafion the tyrant was fuffered to retain the peaceable poflefllon of Sparta,

whilft the lawful

King (they meant Agefipolis)

who had
illuilrious

ferved

under the Proconful, and fo many citizens of Sparta, were condemned to pafs

the reft of their lives in miferable banifhment. In a word, that the Roman People had made themfelves the guards and protestors of the tyrant. The ^tolians in thefe complaints, which were not without foundation, confined themfelves to the advantages of liberty only but in great affairs, everything is to be confidered, and perfons muft be contented with what can be executed with fuccefs, without taking in all things at once. And this was Quintius's difpofition, as we fnall fee from his own condu6t in
:

the fcquel.
jbid.48.
piur. in

whence he had

^IT'

Quintius returned from Argos to Elatea, from fet out for this war with Sparta. have related before, at the end of the preceding volume, that he pafTed the whole winter in rendering juflice to the Stares, in reconciling the cities to each

We

other,

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
other, in appeafing enmity

Confuls.

i^

between principal citizens, A.R. 557, and in re-eflablifhing good order every where, which ^^'^' were the true fruits of peace, the mofl; glorious of employments for the vicftor, and a certain proof, that the war had been undertaken only from juil and reafonable motives. In the beginning of the fpring, Qiiintius repaired lj^. ibid, to Corinth, where he had called a general aflembly of 4S 50,

He reprefented in it, that Rome had the cities. complied with joy and pafTion v/ith the intreaties of Greece, which had implored her aid, and had made an alliance with her, of which he hoped there was no reaPie ran over in few words the acflions fon to repent. and enterprizes of the Roman Generals, who had preceded him, and repeated his ov/n with a modefly, that much exalted their merit. He was heard with general applaufe, except when he came to fpeak of Nabis, on which the allembly, by a gentle murmur, exprefTed their furprize and grief, that the deliverer of Greece had left in the bofom of fo illuflrious a city as Sparta a tyrant, not only infupportable to his country, but formidable to all the other cities and ftates. Quintius, who was not ignorant of the people's difpofition in regard to him upon that head, thought it incumbent upon him to give an account of his condudt " He owned that no conditions were in few words. to be hearkened to v\/ith the tyrant, if that could have been done without hazarding the entire ruin of Sparta. But, there being room to fear, that the ruin of Nabis might be attended with that of fo confiderable a city, it had feemed more prudent to leave the tyrant weakened, and not in a condition to hurt, than to hazard perhaps feeing the city deftroyed by too violent remedies, and the very endeavours employed to five it. " He added to what he had faid of the paft, that he was preparing to fet out for Italy, and to carry back the whole army. That, in lefs than ten days they would hear, that the garrifons of Demetrias andChalcis were withdrawn ; and that he was going befc re their eyes to give up the citadel of Corinth to the Achseans.
all

That

14
A. R.
55f'
*

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
That they would thereby
of
faith,

Confuls.

fee

jj"^.

the

Romans

or the i^tolians

which were moft worthy and whether ;

the latter had reafon for fpreading abroad, that the Greeks could not do worfe than to confide their liberty to the Roman People, and that they had only changed the yoke by receiving the Romans for mailers, inflead of the Macedonians. But that it was well known, the iEtolians did not pique themfelves upon prudence or
difcretion either in their adions or difcourfe.

" That as to what regarded the other fcates, he recommended it to them to judge of their friends by actions,

and not words ; and to diftinguifh aright bethofethey ought to trufl, and thofe againft whom tween ought to be upon their guard. they He exhorted

them

to

make

a moderate ufe of their liberty

in re-

prefenting to them,

That kept within due bounds,

:

that it was falutary to private perfons as well as cities without fuch moderation, it became injurious to others, and pernicious to thofe who abufed it. That tlie principal perfons of the cities, the different orders of which they are compofed, and the cities themfelves in general, fhould make it their care to preferve a perfect union between them. That as long as they fhould continue united, neither King nor tyrant could do any thing againft them. That difcord and fedition would open a way for all kinds of clanger and calamity, becaufe the party which Hiould find icfelf weaked; v/ithin, would feek fupport without, and chufe rather to call in ftrangers to their aid, than to give way to their fellow-citizens.

" He concluded his difcourfe, by conjuring them with goodnefs and tendernefs to maintain and preferve by their wife condu6l the liberty, for which they were indebted to foreign arms ; and to convince the Roman People, that in making them free, they had not placed
their prote(5lion

and fervices amifs."

v/as received as that

This advice

of a father.

On

hearing him fpeak in this manner, they all wept with joy, and Qiiintius himfelf could not refrain from tears. gentle murmur expreffed the fentiments of thQ

15 A.R. They looked airembly. upon one 557,. whole another, the full of admiration of what they had juft heard, and ''^"'^*f" exhorted each other to retain deep in their memories and hearts counfels, which they ought to revere as
oracles.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

defired

Quintius then having caufed filence to be made, Liy. them to make an exad enquiry after iuch Ro- ^.s-ljn, man citizens as might remain (laves in Greece, and

them to him in ThefTaly in the fpace of two months. He reprefented to them, that it v/ould be v^ry unbecoming in them to leave thofe in llaveiy, to whom they were indebted for their liberty. The whole aifembly cried out with applaufe, and thanked Qiiintius for having been pleafcd to apprize them of The number of theic fo juft and indifpenfible a duty. They had been taken by Hanflaves was very great. nibal in the Panic war, and as the Romans would noi: ranfom them, they had been fold. It coft Achaia only an hundred talents, that is, an hundred thoufand crowns, to reimburfe mafters for the prices of flaves, for each of which were paid five hundred Denarii, that is, about twelve pounds ten fnillings. The number The in confequence amounted to tv/elve liundred. number of the reft may be judged in proportion. The affembly was not broke up, when the garrifon ibi<t was leen comuig down from the citadel, and then marching out of the city. Qiiintius followed it immediately, and retired amidft the univerfal acclamations of the Greeks, who called him their preferver and deliverer, and made a thoufand prayers and vows to heaven for his happinefs.
to fend

He

alio

drew off the garrifons from, Chakis and ii,j^

Demetrias, and was received at both places v/ith the fame applauies. From thence he went to ThelTaly, with defign, not only to reinftate the. liberty of the cities of that country, but to re-eftablilh a fupportable form of government, after the confufion and diforder that had fo long prevailed in them. For it was not only the misfortunes of the times, and the tyranny of Kings, which had occaiioned thofe trouI

ble

16
^^'

VALERIUS, PORCIUS, tonMs.

but their naturally turbulent and there havinp^ never been amongft them, from their origin to the times of which we are fpeaking, and even to that when Livy wrote, any
;

A.R. 557.bles amongfl: them

relllefs dilpofition

AfTembly in each city, or States-general of the v/hole nation, that had not been embroiled by the
particular

Livxxxiv.
35.

He made the eftates tumults of parties and feditions. of particulars his principal rule in the choice of judges, and in forming a Senate convinced, that one of the mod efficacious methods for reinftating good order amongft that people, was to depofite authority and power in the hands of thofe, who, by their circum* fiances and fortunes, had the moft interefl irt main-= taining the peace and tranquillity of the nation. Nabis did not long enjoy the peace, which had been granted him. Some years after, having broke the treaty he had made with the Romans, the Achaeans, to whom Flamininus on his fetting out for Rome, had recommended to keep a watchful eye over that tyrant, attacked him under the command of Philopnsmen, and after having defeated him in a battle,
:

Some obliged him to fhut himlelf up in his city. time after, Alexamenes, under pretence of bringing him an aid of ^tolians, killed him treacheroufly* Philopsemen repairing thither immediately after, obliged Sparta to enter into the Ach^an league. fhall treat thefe fadts in the fequel with fomething

We

greater extent.
Ibid. 52.

Qiiintius

having
to

fettled

the

affairs

of ThefTalia^
Italy,

crofTed Epirus

Oricum, embarked for

and

arrived at

Rome, whither all his troops The Senate gave him audience without
,

repaired alfo.
the city, ac-

and after he had given an exa6t cording to cuflom account of all he had done, the Senators v/ith unanimous confent, decreed him the honour of a triumph, which he had fo well deferved. The ceremony continued three days ; during which the precious fpoils he had taken in the war with the King of Macedonia were exhibited to view. Demetrius fon of Philip, and Armenes fon of Nabis, were amongfl the
hoflages.

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
hoftages,

Confuls.

17
'^^557'"

and ferved to adorn the viftor's triumph. But its greatcfl ornament were the Roman citizens delivered from ilavery, who followed the chariot with their heads fhaved in token of the liberty they had He caufed twenty-five Denarii to be lately regained. diftributed to each of his foldiers (about twelve fhilling5 and fixpence) twice as much to the centurions, and thrice to the horfe. take the liberty I have already faid, that I fhould either of deferring or anticipating certain fa6ts, with-^^ out confining myfelf to relate year by year what pafTed, avoid interrupting the thread of our hifiri order to tory too much, and to fhew various events under the fame point of view. The dates, which are always in the margent, make it eafy to bring the things that happened at the fame time into the order in which
they pafled.
grefTed.
I

"g"

return therefore from

whence

I di*

C. Cornelius Cethegus, Q. ^^ MiNucius RuFus.

A.r.
^"^'

555.
^'

197.

Thefe two Confuls had Gaul for their province. Liv.xxxii. After having difcharged the ufual duties of religion, *9 3 they both fet out for their command. Cornelius

marched

direftly againfl

the Infubrians,

who were

adually under arms with the Csnomani their allies. Brixia was the capital of the latter, and Milan of the
inclining to the left, marchand advancing on the fide of Genoa, firli attacked the Ligurians. He fucceeded entirely, and reduced all the States on this fide of the Po, except the Boii, and Iluates ; the firft of v/hom were Gauls, and the other Ligurians. Fifteen towns are faid to have furrehdered to him, with twenty thoufand of their inhabitants. From thence the Confui marched his legions into the territory of the * Boii. Not long before his arrival, the Boii had pafTed the Po with their army, and had joined the Csenoinfubrians,

Q^Minucius
fea,

ed towards the

* Bononia was their capital,

now

called Bologna,
.

Vol. V.

mani

iS
A.R.
555.

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
mani and Infubrians
^^*

Confuls.

^"*" ^' their forces.

to oppofe the Confuls with all But, when they were informed that one of them was ruining their country, they returned to In the mean time the Infubrians and C^edefend it.

nomani incamped upon the banks of the

cio
,

river

Min-

and the Conful Cornelius about five thoufand That Conful having brought paces below them. over the Caenomani, prevailed upon them to remain It was fought, and the Inneuter during the battle. It is faid, that they fubrians were entirely defeated. left thirty-five thoufand men upon the Ipot, and that fix thouland were taken, with an hundred and thirty The cibnfigns, and above two hundred carriages. ties of the Caenomani, who had joined m the revolt

of the Infubrians, fubmitted to the vidors. The Boii, who had returned home, having received advice of the entire defeat of the Infubrians, did not dare to v-enture a battle with Minucius, and difperfed Upon advice of into the towns of their country. this, the Iluates, a people of Liguria, fubmitted,

The Confuls without attempting a vain refiftance. It was informed the Senate of their good fuccefs. decreed, that the temples fhould be open three days too-ether, and that during that time thankfgivings Ihould be paid to the Gods for all thefe advantages, which were confidered as a fenfible effedl of their protection.
Liv.xxxil.
2. 23-

the Confuls returned to Rome, the Senate gave them audience in the temple of Bellona. They jointly demanded, that the Senate would grant them

When

a triumph for the advantages they had gained over Upon which the enemies of the Commonwealth. of the People Tribunes declared, that the two of permit them to make their demand not would they it not being reafonable, that the fame in common reward fhould be granted for fervices that did not
-,

Notwithftanding all alledged in equally deferve it. favour of Minucius by Cornelius, who did not fear leficning his own glory by dividing it with his collegue, after long debates they were obliged to
.-

make
their

19 Cornelius was granted a A. R. 555. triumph for having defeated the Infubrians and CasJ^^^, nomani but as for Minucius, he could not obtain But he made himfelf the fame honour of the Senate. amends in triumphing by his own authority on the Alban mountain, after the example of fome other Generals, whofe cafe had been the fame with his.
their

FURIUS, MARCELLUS,
feparately.

Confuls.

demands
:

L. FURIUS PuRPUREO.

A.R-5s6.
"

M. Claudius Marcellus.
The
Gauls, except the C^enomani, were far from

ic^*6.

being entirely fubjefted, or totally conquered.

They

again found employment for the new Confuls. In a attacked by the Boii, loft firfl battle, Marcellus, He foon made himfelf amends three thoufand men. Having pafled the Po, he led his for that lofs. troops into the territory of Coma, v/here the Infubrians were incamped with the inhabitants of the country, whom they had made to take arms. battle was fought, in which, if we may believe an hiilorian (Valerius of iVntium) Marcellus killed above forty thoufand of the enem.y, took five hundred enfigns, four hundred and thirty-two carriages, and a great number of gold chains,, of which he offered a confi-

the

derable weight to Jupiter Capitolinus. The fame day camp of the Gauls was ftcrmed and plundered. Some days after the city of Coma was taken, and twenty-eight forts furrendered prefently after.

The two

Confuls having united their forces, en-

tered the country of the Ligurians, whither the Boii fecond battle was fought, in which, followed them.

fays Livy,

is highly capable of exalting valour. For the Romans, incenfed that the Gauls (hould perpetually harrafs them by their revolts, and regarding viftory lefs than revenge, abandoned themfelves to their refentment in fuch a manner, that they fcarce left a fmgle man of the enemy, to carry home the news of their defeat. it

fully appeared, that anger

When

20
A.R.
556.

FURIUS, MARCELLUS,
"When advice of
arrived at
thefe fucceffes
^

Confnls.

Aiit^c.
190.

y_.y.

xxxiv.
Jhid
4-7.
4-6

in the Conluls letSenate decreed thanklin the temples during three givings to all Soon after Marcellus returned to Rome, where days. a triumph was decreed him over the Infubrians and He left his collegue the th inhabitants of Coma. hopes of triumphing over the Boii. The next ye.ir the Conful Valerius Flaccus alfo gained a viftory over the Boii. Scipio Africanus was Conful for the fecond time

Rome, the Gods

the

feem," to have thought it below enemies fo unworthy of his fword. He left to Ti. Sempronius his collegue the too eafy It glory of conquering the Infubrians and the Boii. however coft him very dear. They at firft attacked him in his camp with great vigour, and he loft abundance of men in repulfmg them ; but at length he put them to flight, and cut them to pieces. Eleven thoufand Gauls, and five thoufand Rom.ans fell in' the field of battle. The war with the Gauls and Ligurians was in refin the year 558.

He

him

to defcend to

peel to the

Romans become

in a

manner anniverfary

broke out with more violence, and occafioned more terror in the year upon which we are now entering, the i;59th of Rome, than it had done before. On: the news that fifteen thoufand Ligurians had entered the country of Placentia, and put all to lire and fword, having advanced as far as the v/alls of the colony, and to the banks of the Po, and that the Boii after their example were upon the point of taking arms, the Senate declared, " that there was a Tumult." This was a form of words, that implied the importance of the war, and was ufed particularly in relped: to the On this Gauls, as I have already obferved elfev/here.. declaration all exemptions ceafed, and it v.'as lawful to make fuch citizens take arms as were exempted from them in common wars. XIv.xxxv. The hopes of plunder brought new troops to the K~Gauls every day, and above forty thoufand men were abeady aiTembled round Pifa. The arriv:d of the Conful
but
it

FURIUS, MARCELLUS,

Confuls.

21

Conful Minucius with his army faved the city. The A. R. 556. enemy immediately removed their camp to the other "^"^g^' fide of the Arno, and the Conful followed them the next day, and incamped at a thoufand paces from them. He defended the lands of the allies from his poll, by falling upon the troops fent out by the enemy but he avoided coming to a battle to ravage them with them., as they defired, not relying fufficiently upon his troops, which were new raifed, and drawn together from different parts. The other Conful L. Cornelius Merula, marching on the confines of Liguria, had led his army into the .country of the Boii, where he adled againft thofe people quite in a different manner than his collegue did
:

againft the

Ligurians.

He

offered the Boii

battle,

which they did not dare

tion.

to accept,

chufmg

rather to

hazard a general acdeftroyed the whole country with fire and fvvord, quitted it, and marched towards Modena. The Boii followed him v/ithout noife
fee their lands laid wafte than to

The Conful having

through which he was where they expeded to furprize him. But the Conful having difcovered their defign, and avoided the ambufcade they had laid for him, he marched againft them, and obliged them to come to a battle. The Boii were at It was long and bloody. length put to the rout, and cut to pieces. Fourteen thoufand of them were left on the fpot near eleven hundred were taken prifoners, with two hundred and twelve enfigns, and fixty-three chariots. The Romans paid dear enough for this vidory. They loft five thoufand men, citizens and allies, amongft v/hom were feveral officers of diftinftion. Towards the end of the year the troops of the Com- Lh\ monwealth were twice expofed to great danger in Li-'*" guria. Firft the enemy attacked the camp of the Romans, and were very near making themfclves mafters of it and fome few days after the Conful having entered a defile, the Ligurians feized the way through which he was to pafs out of it. Minucius feeing the

and

in the nio-ht feized a defile

neceffarily to pafs,

ibM,

way

It

FURIUS, MARCELLUS,
'

Confuls.

A. R- 55<5.way clofed

^^\

up before him, prepared to return back : but part of their troops had alio flit t up that, by which he had entered which put the troops in mind of the ambufcades at Caudium, and prefented an image of them to their eyes. The Conful had about eight hundred Numidians amongll the auxiliary troops of his army. The ofncer, who commanded them, c^me to him, and offered him to open a pafTage addthrough the enemy, and to preferve the army ing, that he had a certain means for that effe6t. Minucius gave him the higheft praifes, and promifed to reward i'o important a fervice as it deferved. The Numidians immediately mounted their horfes, and began to gallop up to tiie polls of the Ligurians, however without making any attack. At firfl fight, nothing feemed more contemptible than this cavalry. Both the men and horfes v/ere little and lean. The horfemen had no belts, and were armed only with javelins. The horfes had no bridles, and ran in a diforderly manner, with their necks and heads low and ftretched out. To augment this contemptible appearance, they
:
,

fell off their horfes

with defign, making themfelves a

and expofmg themfelves to the laughter of the enemy. Moil of the Ligurians, who at firfl kept dn their guard in their polls, in readinels to defend themfelves in cafe of being attacked, threw down their arms, and only looked with folded arms upon
fight,

However the Numia fight, that made them laugh. dians continued galloping up on every fide, then flying back the fame way they came, advancing however by degrees towards the end of the defile, as if againfl
their
will, and ran away v/ith by their horfes. At length fpurring them on full fpeed, they forced the Ligurians to open, and give them pafTage. They then fet fire to the firfl houfes that came in their way, and afterwards to the firft town they came to, and to

feveral others in like manner, killins; all that fell into

The Ligurians, from the place where they were incamped, firft perceived the fmoke of their fires J and prefently after heard the cries of the untheir hands.

happy

FURIUS, MARCELLUS,
happy
the towns and villages
dians,

Confuls.
in A. R.

23
55,6.

creatures they were burning and maflacring and at length the old people ;

"^^^

and children, that had efcaped the fury of theNumicame and fpread terror and difmay throughout Molt of the Ligurians, upon this, the whole camp. without either taking counfel, or waiting orders from any body, ran each his own way to defend their faIn few hours the camp was abanmilies and eftates. doned ; and the Conful delivered from the danger, continued his march, and arrived where he firft intended.

The year following (560) the fame Minucius gained LIv.xxxv, a confiderably important victory over the Ligurians. ^^:^ And their country was foon after laid in ruins by the Conful Quintius whilfl on another fide his collegue Domitius reduced part of the Boii into fubjedlion. The inveteracy of the Ligurians againfl the Romany ^"^' had fomething like madnefs in it. They had (in the 38. year 561) fet an army on foot upon the principle they called " the Sacred Law," by which thefoldiers engaged under the moft dreadful oaths never to depart from the battle except vi6lorious. They came on a fudden during the night to attack the camp of the Proconful Minucius. That General kept his troops under arms till day, taking great care tliat the enemy fhould not force any part of his intrenchments, in v/hich he kept clofe. As foon as day appeared, he made a fally upon them through tv/o gates at once. But he did not repulfe the Ligurians by this firit effort, as he had hoped. They difputed the victory above two hours. At length, exhaufted by the fatigue of the battle and long duty, they were not able to refift frefh troops, that continually fucceeded each other ; and fear effacing the remembrance of their oaths, they at length turned their backs. On their fide four thoufand men were killed ; and the Romans loil three hundred. About two months after the Conful P. Cornelius Scipio, firnamed Nafica, gained a great battle againft the army of the Boii, and made himielf mailer of their
: .

C 4

camp.

24
A. R.
*

FURIUS, MARCELLUS,
556.

Confuls.

^^'q^'

The Conful obliged them to give him hofdeprived them of half their territory, lit and tages, order that the Roman People might fend colonies into He foon after fet out for it if they thought proper. Rome, after having difmifled his ariTiy, and affigned them a day for their return to the city, in order to triumph with him. For he did not doubt, but a triumph would be granted him which however met with The day after his more difficulty than he imagined. arrival, he fummoned an afiembly of the Senate in and after having given an acthe temple of Bellona count of the victory he had gained, he demanded perP. Semprcnius miffion to enter the city in triumph. Blicfus, Tribune of the People, " acknowledged, that he highly deferved that honour-, but added, that he was not for having it granted him immediately. That he had been a little too hafty in difmifllng his That they might army, and in returning to Rome. have done the Commonwealth great fervice by marching into Liguria, and that it would be very proper to fend back the Conful and his legions thither, in order
camp.
:

to the entire redu6lion of the Ligurians.

it

That then would be the proper time to grant him a triumph." The Conful replied, " that the lots had not given
his
in a

him Liguria, but the country of the Boii, for province. That he had overcome that People

pitched battle, had taken their camp, and two days That it after reduced the whole nation to furrender. was over them he afl<;ed to triumph, and not over the Ligurians. That for the reft, they ought not to wonder, that the viftorious army, having no longer any enemies in the province, was returned to P^ome to honour their General's triumph. That to fend it back again, as the Tribune propofed, would be a difgrace it undoubtedly did not deferve, no more than himThat as to what perfonally regarded him, he feif. thought himfelf too much honoured for his whole life by the glorious tcftimony of the Senate in his favour, when they chofe him as the moft worthy man f the Commonwealth, to receive the Mother of the

Gods.

25 A.R.ss^* though thofe of Conful Gods. That that and Triumpher were not added to it, would fuffice "Js.^* to make his name famous throughout all ages." Remonftrances fo reafonable engaged the whole Senate in his favour, and even induced the Tribune to defift from his oppofition. Accordingly he triumphed over the Boii in a more honourable manner for himfelf, than if he had found no difficulty upon that head. After having ran over the affairs of Gaul and Li- lIv. xxxI. guria, I now proceed to thole of Spain. It cannot so* be faid that there abfolutely was no war there, during the four years that Philip principally employed the Roman arms, as Cn. Cornelius, who had been fent thither in 552, in the year ^6, of which we are going
title

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
only,

Confuls.

But

to fpeak, obtained an ovation for his fuccefles in Spain. thofe wars had been little confiderable, as we may

of Livy. of peace had been concluded with Philip, the joy that happy event occafioned, was interrupted by the bad news received from Spain. It formed two provinces Hifpania Citerior, which (as I have faid) was on this fide the Iberus, and Hifpania Ulterior, on the other fide of that river. Advice came, " that the Prstor C, Sempronius Tuditanus had been defeated in Hifpania Citerior ; that his army had been defeated and put to flight ; and that feveral perfons of diftinftion had been killed in that adion. That Tuditanus himfelf had been carried off from the field of battle dangeroufly wounded, and had died fome few days after."
^conjedlure
filence

from the

Soon

after the treaty

Liv.
^^^^^'^'
^'

L. Valerius Flaccus.

A. r.

557,

M. PORCIUS CaTO.
had Hifpania Citerior for his province. Beit, a famous contefb arofe concerning the law Oppia, in which he had a great fhare. I Ihall fpeak of it in the fequel, after I have related
C?ito

Ant. c.
195.

fore he fet out for

his military expeditions.

After

^6
A. 1^.557.
A5it. c.
*

VALERIUS, PbRfclUS,

Confuls.

Liv.

xxxiv,

After this difpute had been terminated, Cato (^t Qut v/ith twenty-five galleys, of which the allies furnifhed five, and repaired to the Port of* Luna, where Having caufed j^e ]^ad ordered his army to afTemble. all the veffels along the coaft, of whatever kind they were, to be drawn together, he embarked his foldiers in them, and commanded them to follow him to
the port Pyrenasus, from whence it v/as his defign to advance diredlly againft the enemy, with his whole
fleet.

He

arrived at

his troops,
Ibid. 9.

-j- Emporia, where he landed except thofe for the fea-fervice.

all

Emporia was two cities, feparated by a wall, one of which was inhabited by Greeks originally of Phocsea, as well as the Maflilians, and the other by SpaIt is furprizing, that foreigners, expofed on niards. the one fide to incurfions from the fea, and on the other to the attacks of the Spaniards, a fierce and warlike nation, fhould be capable of fupporting themfelves fo long upon that coaft, and of preferving thei^ This wonderful effetSt is only to be afcribed liberty. to vigilance and difcipline, which nothing fupports more amongft the weak, than the fear of being furprized by neighbours more powerful than themfelves. The part of the wall on the fide of the country was very well fortified, liaving but one gate, the guard of which was confided to one of the magiftrates, who During the night, one third of the never quitted it. citizens were always pofted upon the walls for their
defence.

And they difcharged this duty, in which they relieved each other, not out of form and in obedience to the law, but with as much care, vigilance, and exactnefs, as if the enemy had been at the gates. They admitted no Spaniard into their city, and quitted and with great precaution ; but they it but feldom were at entire liberty to do fo by fea. As to the gate on the fide of the Spanifti city, they never went out of that except in great numbers ; which ufually
In the gulf of Specia on the coaft of Genoa. \ Now Ampounas, a city of Spain in Catalonia.

were

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Gonfuls.

27
'

were that third of the inhabitants who e;iiarded the walls A.R. 557.\ Ant O The reafons that induced thern to j^' , during the night.

The Spaniards, little quit the place were as follows. accuftomed to navigation, were highly fond of trading with this People, and to buy of them the foreio-n
goods, which they imported in their fhips ; felling them in their turn the produd of the country which they could fpare from their own occafions. This mutual dependance on each other, ga^/e the Greeks The protedion of entrance into the Spanifli city. the Romans, whofe amity they cultivated with no lefs zeal than the Maffilians, though they were not fo powerful as them, contributed alfo to their fecurity. And it was for this reafon, they then received the Conful and his army with abundance of ardour

and joy.

M. Helvius, who had defeated the Celtiberians in Liv. Hifpania Ulterior, and taken the city of * Illiturgis, '^^^iv, ^* at his return to Rome received the honour of an ovation and Q. Minucius, who had commanded in Hifpania Citerior, was honoured with a triumph. Whilft the Conful was incamped at no great diftance ^^''^' from Emporia, Ambaffadors came to him from theprontin. Prince of the Illergetes, in company with his fon, ^v* 7. " to demand aid of him againft the rebels, without which they were not able to refift them. They reprefented to him, that five thoufand men fufliced for defending their country, and that the enemy would no fooner fee them appear, than they would retire." Cato replied, " that he was much affeded with the danger, and anxiety of that Prince but, havino- fo great a number of enemies around him with whom he was every day upon the point of coming to blows, he could not, without manifeil danger, weaken his
,

deputies, after hearing themfelves at the Conful's feet, " conjuring him not to abandon their country
it."

army by dividing
this

The

difcourfe, proflrated

A city of

Spain in Andalufia.

28
A.R.
\nt. ^^'
'

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
5S7. in ~

Confuls.
:

^95

the fad fituation to which it was reduced for what would become of them, if they were rejefted by the Roman People ? That they had no allies befides them, That they might nor any other refource in the world. have preferved themlelves from the calamity that menaced them., if they could have departed from their engagements, and taken up arms with the reft. But
that they had conternaied the threats of their neighbours from the hope that the Romans would be pow-

erful

enough

to defend them.

That,

if,

contrary to

their expedtations, they fhould fee themfeives abandoned, and the Conful inexorable to their prayers,

they called Gods and men to witnefs, that it was againft their will they entered into the revolt of the other States of Spain ; and that if it was their neceflity to perifh, at lean: they fhould not perifh alone." Cato difmiffed them that day without any anfwer. Two cares equally affedting difturbed his repofe during He was unwilling to abandon his the whole night. allies, and at the fame time was defirous not to divide his troops. He faw great inconveniences in both : but he came to a refolution. He anfwered the deputies the next day, that though he apprehended weakening himfelf by lending his troops to others, however he had more regard to the danger that threatened He them, than to the fituation he was in himfelf. commanded the third part of the foldlers of each cohort to prepare provifions, and to carry them on and the Captains of the vefTels to be board the fhips Having given in readinefs to fet out in three days. thefe orders, he dihr>ified two of the Ambafiadors to give the King of the Illergetes advice of them, and kept the fon of that Prince with him, whom he treated with great amity, and made him great prefents. He did not let the Ambafiadors fet out, till they had feen
-,

the foldiers embarked.

All this was only ftratagem and feint, Cato, not being able really to fupply the allies with the reinforcement of troops they depianded, had conceived this

method

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
method of
givinpr

Confuls.
at leaft.

29
*

them hopes of them

He A.R. 557.
"'"

knew, that often, efpeGially^ in war, appearances produce the fame effects as reality, and that the idea only of an aid, though not yet received, but upon which
there
are

^'

195.

reafons

entirely

to rely, fuffices to infpire

And accordingly this news confidence and boldnefs. being fpread as certain throughout the country, convinced not only the lilergetes, but alfo the enemy, that upon the Romans were upon the point of arriving which the rebels retired immediately. As the feafon admitted taking the field and afling, Uv. Cato marched and incamped at a thoufand paces from ^^^'^
,

and from thence, leaving always part of guard his camp, he fent the reft to plunder the enemy's country, fometimes in one part, and fometimes in another. They adted fo well, that the
;

Emporia

his foldiers to

Spaniards did not dare to quit their fortreffes.

When

he was fufHciently afTured of the difpofition of his people, and of that of the enemy, he alTembled his troops, and told them " That hitherto they had confined
:

themfelves to plundering the

enemy

-,

that the queftion

them, and to inrich themfelves not only with the product of their lands, but with the fpoils of their cities. That it was a difgrace for the Romans to have the poffcfTion of a country difputed with them, of which they were fo lately mafters. That it was neceflary to recover it fword in hand, and
to fight

now was

to force a people,

who knew

better

how

to

revolt

with temerity, than to fuftain a war with conftancy, to refume the yoke they had thrown off." Seeing them full of ardor, he declared, that the next night he would lead them to the enemy's camp. In the mean time, he ordered them to take nourifhment and
repofe.

After having confulted the aufpices, he fet out at midnight to feize the poft he had in view before the
* Sociis fpem pro re oftentandam cenfcrt. Scepe vana pro veris, in bello, valuiffe ; & credentera fe aliquid auxilii habere, perinde a que haberet, ipsa fiducia, 3i iperando atque audendo fervatiim.

maxime

Liv.

enemy

2
A. R. 557' Ant. C.
195.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

enemy Ihould perceive it, and made his troops march beyond and behind the enemy's camp. His defign, as he told his foldiers, was to reduce them to the neceflity of conquering, leaving them no other refource but their courage. When day appeared, after having
drav/n

up

his troops in battle,

he detached three co-

horts to the foot of the enemy's intrenchments.

Thofe

Barbarians, amazed to fee the Roman army behind them, ran to their arms. The three cohorts immediately retired, as they

had received orders,

to

engage

the Spaniards, by that difiembled flight, to quit their And this accordingly happened. intrenchments. Whilft they were in motion in order to form themfelves
in

up

tinie to draw upon them before they He firil made the cavalry of could poft themfelves. both wings advance againft them. But that of the right being prefently repulfed and put to flight, had put the infantry itfelf into fome diforder. The Coniul upon that ordered two chofen cohorts to move behind the right wing of the enemy, and to fliew themfelves at their backs, before the infantry on both fides came to blows. The Spaniards were at firft terrified by this motion, feeing themfelves attacked at the fame

order of battle, Cato, in the beft manner,

who had had

fell

but they made a vigourtime both in front and rear After having difcharged their darts and ous defence. javelins, they came to clofe fight, and the battle began again with new ardor. Cato pei^ceiving that his
;

troops began to grow weary, made fome referved cohorts advance to fuftain and encourage them. As they were entirely frefh foldiers, and waited the fignal with impatience, they had a great advantage over troops exhaufl:ed by the fatigues of a battle, which

had already continued a great while. Accordingly, drawn up in the form of a wedge, they broke into the Spaniards, made them give way, and at length entirely routed them fo that being difperfed about the country, they endeavoured to regain their camp. Cato feeing them in fuch diforder, ordered the lecond legion, which he had left in the ccrp de reftrve^
;

to

VALERIUS, PORCiyS,
to

Confuls.

^t

and alTault the enemy's camp. The a.r. 557 vidorious troops had already began the attack. The '^"^" ^* Conful, who was attentive to every thing, feeing the enemy lefs numerous at the gate than on his left, haftened thither at the head of the Principes and HaThofe who defended that ftati of the fecond legion. gate could not refill the vigour with which it was attacked ; and the reft, feeing the Romans had entered their lines, and were upon the point of making themfelves matters of their camp, began to throw down their arms and enfigns, and to fly to the oppofite gates But as they were too narrow to in order to efcape. give paflage to the throng that crowded to them, the foldiers of the fecond legion fell upon them, and made a great (laughter, whilft the reft plundered the camp. Livy tells us, that an hiftorian (Valerius of Antium) affirms, that above forty thoufand Spaniards were kilBut the fame Livy, in more than led in this battle. one place, accufes that writer of being apt to exaggerate, and even to falfify ; and * Cato, who certainly could not be fufpedted of leiTening his advantages, contented himfelf with faying, that abundance of the enemy were killed, without mentioning their number. The States, after this vidory, came from many parts to fubmit to the Romans and when Cato arrived at Tarraco, all that part of Spain fituated on this fide of the Iberus, and therefore called Citerior with refpe<51: to Italy, feemed entirely fubjedted. Their bodies were fo, but not their minds ; which Liv. appeared from the repeated revolts of fome States, xxxiv. which after having fubmitted, relumed their arms as a'pp^ de foon as the Conful was removed. Cato, apprehending Bell. Hifp. that others might do the fame, chofe to diiarm all the *^''* Spaniards that inhabited on this fide of the Iberus. Thofe fierce nations, to whom to live without the ufe of arms, was not to live, were fo much affcdied with that affront, that many of them killed themfelves upon

march

direftly

-,

jCato

ipfe,

haud fane detxeftatur laudem fuarura, &c,

it.

32
A. R.
557.it.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
The
to
pei-ate refolution,
cities

Confuls.

Ant. c.
'^^'

Conful, having received advice of this deffummoned the Senators of all the

an affembly, and told them, " It is more for your mterell than ours, that you Ihould remain *' quiet under us, as your revolts ^ve always been *' attended with more calamity to your own people, " than difficulty to our armies. The only means I " have to prevent your defe6tions, is to make it im-

"

*"
*'

you to take arms. My defign is to ufe the moft gentle method for reducing you to that " happy necellity. And you ought to affiil me in this
poffible for

ready to follow fuch as Seefhall give ing that they continued filent " I giv-e you," added As they gave he, " fome days to refleft upon this." affembly, iecond he refolved for him no anfwer in a them, according to appearance, keeping himfe-lf j and, couriers all to the cities fent of the he in fufpence, inftrud;ed on the fame were hour of the who country, from the letters Conful into deliver the fame day to magiflrates. and They elders contained the hands of orders to demolilh all their fortifications that inftant, with menaces to make all flaves, who did not obey diThe uncertainty of each city, whether the redlly. had been given to the reft, or related only orders like the impoffibility of holding a council, and itfelf, to together, determined them to obey, concerting and and the order was executed the fame day by moft of As foon as Cato received advice of this^ the States. he marched to reduce the reft of the rebels, which he

"

with your counfels.

am

" you

me

in preference to all other."

:
,

cafily effected.

..

In the difpofition to revolt, that prevailed throughout the whole nation, becaufe after having tafted the' fweets of liberty, all fubjeclion v/as become infupportable to them, Cato thought himfelf obHged, even for the good of the province, to depriv^" them of all re^nd it was evident, fource or means of refiftance, that the leaft delay would be attended with a general on this occafion appeared of what value infurrection the
:

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
the ability of a General
is.

Confiils.

35
'

Conful, whofe ca- A.R.557. j"' pacity equalled his refolution and courage, faw and examined every thing with his own eyes, and was entirely attentive to important enterprizes, without negHe did not content himfelf lecting the leafl affiiirs. with meditating what v/as to be done, and giving orders accordingly to his fubaltern oflicers he executed the greateft part of his projefts in perfon. There was not a fmgle man in the whole army upon whom he impofed more pains and fatigue than upon himfelf, always taking the moil arduous part of the fervice for own fhare. He piqued himfelf upon not giving place to the meaneft of his foldiers in frugality, labour, and duty. To conclude, he had nothing in the army pe:

The

culiar to himfelf,
reft,

except

The

and that diftinguilhed him from the and command. Praetor P. Manlius, who had been fent with LIv.
ojffice

C5to to aid him in the fervice, made war againft the '^^cxiv. *' Turdetani, who, fuftained by ten thoufand Celtiberi- '^' He wrote in ans, gave him employment enough. confequence to the Conful, and demanded aid of him. Cato marched immediately to him. Not being able to bring the enemy to a battle, he advanced into a country, which had not yet felt the calamities of war, and put every thing in it to fire and Iword. After fome other expeditions, having left the greateft part of his army with the Pr;ttor, he kept only feven cohorts with himfelf, with which he returned towards the Iberus, where he again rubje(5ted fome States who had taken up arms in his abfence. Cato, at his return to Rome, received the honour ^j^j^.g^ of a triumph. This was in. the' 55 8th year of Rom.e. The following years there were fome infurre6lions in Spain, but nothing very conliderable pa'fled in effedt.
* In Confule ea vis animi atque ingenii fuit, ut omnia maxima minimaque per fe adiret, atque ageret nee cogitaret modo imperaretque quce. in rem efll-iit, fed plenique ipfe per fe tranfigeret nee in
:

gravius ieveriufque quam in femetipfam imperinm exercerct 5 parfimonia, Sc vigiliis & labore, cum ultimis militum certaret, necquicquam in exercitu fuo prscipui, prseter honorem atque iraperium, haberet.

quemquam omnium

Vol. V.

SECT."

2-lr

SECT.
Contejis in

II.

Rome concerning the law Oppia. Speech of the Speech of the 'TriConful Cato in favour of that law. bune Valmus againft the law. It is alolifhed. Sacred
Spring.

games.

Rumour cccafumd

Difiinguifhed places for the Senators in the hy the d'lfiinulion of places

granted
ufury.

to the Senators in the fhtws.

Regulation againjl

Amhaffy of the Rhodians to Antiochus King of Syria. Anfwer of the Roman commiffioners to the Amhaffadors of Antiochus. Embaffy of the Romans to Return of the ten commifjiomrs to Rome. that Frince. They Jhew^ that it is neceffary to prepare for a war with Antiochus. Hannibal becomes fufpeiied by the Romans. Ambaffadors ftnt from Rome to Carthage. He goes to AnHannibal quits Carthage and efcapes. tiochus at Ephefus. Difcourfe of a philofopher in the prefence of Hannibal. Conference between ^dntius

and

the Ambaffadors of Antiochus.^ which was ineffecAntiochus takes meafures with Hannibal jor the tual.

fuccefs of the
Maffir.iffa

war with the Romans. Contefi bttween and the Carthaginians left undetermined by
deputies.

the

Roman

Luftrum
Tie

clojed.

Strong cabal-

ling for the Corfulfjip.

it

credit of

^intius

carries

againfl that of Scipio Africanus.

K. 557. A- T> Ant. U.

L. Valerius Flaccus. M. PORCIUS CaTO.

T HAVE
**

conteft, that

deferred Ipeaking liitlierto of the famous arofe in the Confuliliip of Cato in

1:^'-

2XX1V.

and ornaments of the Roman which that Conful had a great fhare. In the interval between two important wars, of which the one (with Philip) was fcarce terminated, and the other (vv^ith Antiochus) upon the point of breaking out, a quarrel happened at Rome concerning a thing inconfiderable enough in itfelf, but which however was the occafion of great feuds. M. Funrefpeft to the jev/eis
in

ladies,

danius

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

3^

danius and L. Valerius Tribunes of the People, pro- A. R. 557. ^' It had been ^"** poled the abrogation of the law Oppia. ^^^* eftabliHied in the Confulfhip of Q^ Fabius and Ti. Sempronius, when the war with Hannibal was at its greateft height, and foon after the battle of Cann;E,

Commonwealth. By this law the Rowere prohibited " to ufe above half an ounce of gold in their drefs ; to wear habits of different colours i and to be carried either in Rome, or a thoufand paces round it, in chariots drawn by horfes, except on the occafion of public facrifices.** Two other Tribunes of the People, of the family of Junius Brutus, took upon themfelves the defence of the law, and declared that it Ihould not be abofo fatal to the

man

ladies

lilhed.

For the honour of

fent queflion,
it is

the ladies in refpedt to the pre-

proper to remember, that from the earlieil times they had been highly zealous for the public good, and little attached to their jewels, as they had carried in all their gold and ornaments to the public treafury to be nfed for the accomplilhment of a vow made by Camillus on the occafion of the The Senate did not fuffer fo pious taking of Veii. and generous a liberality to go unrewarded, and granted the ladies permilTion to be carried to the facrifices in the more difcinguifhed and honourable kind of chariot, pilento and on all other occafions, whether on
;

j-

feftivals or not, in the

more common

chariot, carpento.

It

is

a matter of furprize,

that in the fpeeches

which
relates

we
fo

are going to repeat, that this fa6t,

which

to them, fliould not be mentioned. very probable, that the law Oppia, the institution of which is not related by Livy in its place, had remained without execution as to the firfl article which regards the gold as fome years after the battle of Cannae, when the funds of the Commonwealth
It
is
-,

much

were entirely deficient, and all the gold and filver of the citizens were brought into the public treafury, the ladies had an ounce of gold allowed each of them to be ufed in their ornament^. Confequently they were

not

36
A. R.
557-

VALEPJUS, PORCIUS,
by the law Oppia.
1

Confuls.

not reduced at that time to the half ounce prefcribed

^"^' ^'

Having made

thefe obfervations,

I,;v.

xxxiv.
***

proceed to relate the fa<5l. Many of the principal perfons of the city joined the Tribunes in this difpute, fome in favour of the law, and fome againft it. The Capitol was filled with multitudes of the populace, who were divided in opiThe ladies convinced that nion as well as the rich. themfelves to the common they ought not to conhne were lo fenaffair wherein they rules of decency in an themfelves in difperied interefted, perfonally fibly and to the Fothe avenues bcfieged all and the ilrcets, rum, intreating all thofe who palled, to permit the ladies, at a time when the Commonv/ealth was refumincc its former (late, and the fortunes of individuals were increafmg every day, to refume alfo their antient They went fo far as to addrefs the Conornaments. fuls, Prastors, and other magiftrates, and to conjure them to favour their caufe. M. Porcius Cato, one of the Confuls, inexorable and deaf to their prayers, fpoke thus in favour of the " Romans, if law, that it w^as propofed to abolifli.

" every one of us had known how to preferve his " authority in his own houfe, and to make his wife " pay him due refpecl:, we fliould not be at this time " fo much at a iofs to keep them within the bounds " of their duty. But, bccaufe v/e have fuffered them
*'

to give us the law at

heme, that imperious

fex
;

is

for

" impofing it upon us even in the Forum and af" ter having got the better of each of us in particular,
''

they

ai-e

now

in

hopes of overcoming us

all

toge-

" ther, and in a body. Do we not know, that there " is nothing more dangerous, tlian to fufFer the wo" men to hold private afiemblics, and to form in" trigues and cabals together. What then is become " of that antient modefly and referve that pi-evailed " amongft the fex ? As for me, I dccl?ire it was not
*'

without blufning, that

palled through thefe crowds

" of vv^omen to get to the Forum. If I had not been *' more prevented by the refpecl i have for each of them

"

in

37 " in particular, than for them all in general, and had A.R. 557. ^^' " not been defirous to fpare them the fliame of a Con" fui's expoftuiations, I flioiild certainly have afked " them Are you not afliamed, ladies, to run in this ^' manner from ftreet to ftreet, to block up the " ways and pafTages, and to addrefs requefts, and
'
:

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

" make your court to men who are not your hufbands ? " The very favour in queftion could you not have " afl<:ed in private at home of your hufbands ? Are *' you then more liberal of carelfes in public than in

"

private,

and to ftrangers, than to thofe to whom alone

" you owe both your love, and the marks that denote " it. But, to exprels myfelf better, you fliould only *' be informed at home of what pafTes here, and of '^ what laws are annulled or eftabiillied, if you confined
*'

yourfelves within the bounds v/hich modefty prefcribes

"

your lex

Our

anceltors did not permit the

" women to tranfaft any affair even of a private kind, " without being authorized and always kept them
;

" in fubjeftion to their fathers, brothers, or hufbands. " And now, if the Gods do not order it otherwife, " we fhall foon admit thein to fliare in the government
^'

*'

of the f]:ate " Do not believe, Romaics, that their fole end is to recov^er the advantages of which the law Oppia
!

" hath deprived them.

<"
*'
**
**

They

afpire at a liberty, or,

to fpeak

'**

more juftly, at a licence without bounds. You know by how many lav;s, as by fo many curbs, our anccfbors fubje6led them to their hufbands ; and how much difhculty we ilill have, notwithHanding thofe ties, to keep them within their duty

and obedience. If they once attain to break through .them one after another, it will not be pof*' fible for you to fupport them. As foon as they " fhall become your equals, they will believe they *' have a right to govern you. " But, fome body may fay, all they demand is, " that no new fervitude be impoled upon them it is " not from juftice that they defire to be exempted, (^' but from a llavery unjuflly irapofed upon them.
*'
*.*
:

'*

No,

38
A.R. 557."
Ant.c.
395tc
jj^

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
No, Romans:
|-hat.

Confuls.

" " " " " " "

lity

of

their pretenfions do not terminate In forcing you to abolilh a law, the utiwhich you have experienced fo many
all

years, they are for ftriking at

the

reft.
all
;

There

and all is that is propofed in eftablifliing fome new one is, that it may be beneficial to the greater part of the citizens, and to the Commonwealth in general. If thofe to v/hom the law is difagreeable, are al*' lowed to caufe it to be annulled to what purpoie " would the people make inftitutions, that were to " be cancelled by thofe againft whom they were

no law equally

commodious

to

-,

" made ? " But

?'

after all,

what

is

the important affair then,

at prefent,

that alarms the ladies fo

much
as
if

and which

*'

makes them run about

the

they were in defpair,

" and almoft

*'

thruft themfelves into the affemblies of

Roman

People

Do

they

come

to afk us to

" ranfom
*'

their

fathers, hufbands, children, or bro-

thers, become the prifoners of Hannibal ? Thanks " to the Gods, the Commonwealth is fafe from thefe " calamities, and we have reafon to believe it will " be fo for ever. But however, when that was the " cafe, you were deaf to their prayers, how legiti" m.ate foever in their foundation. If it be not ten" dernefs for their families, it is perhaps through a
*'

^'

motive of religion that they affemble to receive the mother of the Gods, jull arrived from Peffinus " in Phrygia ? For, in a word, I lliould be glad that *' they could give fome fpecious reafon for their in,

*' *' *' *'

furre(5lion.

Romans.

We

Let us hear what they fay themfelves, demand, fay they, that we may be
;

fuffered to appear before

gold and purple

to ride through the city,

" ftivals and other days, in " and trampling under foot the law, that reftrains " our pride j in a word, that bounds may be fet no
* Nulla lex fatis commodo omnibus k in fummaiii prodeft.
eft
;

your eyes, glittering with on feour chariots, as in triumph,

id

modo

quseritur,

fi

ma-

jori parti,

^'

longer

VALERIUS, FORCIUS,
longer either to

Confuls.

59

And
tend.

it is

to this,

or our luxury. A. R. 557. properly fpeaking, their requefts '^"jrf*

our expences,

"

have * often complained to you of the luxuiy of the women and that of the men, as well magiYou have often heard ftrates as private perfons. me lay, that the Commonwealth was fick of two oppofite diftempers, avarice and luxury ; fcourges which have fubverted the greateft empires. The flate becomes more flourifhing every day ; it contiit hath already exnually makes new acquifitions tended its fway into Greece and Afia, opulent countries, that abound with all that can attraft we have already poffelled ourfelves the paffions of the riches of Kings. But it is this very opulence, that alarms me, and makes me tremble for the Commonwealth. I am afraid, that the fpoils of the vanquillied will be fatal to us, and that having
I
:

feized lb

much

riches,

them.

Believe

me,

we Jhall become flaves to Romans, when Marcellus

brought fo many exquifite ftatues into this city from Syracufe, he introduced dangerous enemies. I hear nothing now but People admiring the ornaments of Corinth and Athens, and deriding the earthen ftatues of our Gods, placed in the front of the temples of Rome. As for my part, I prefer thofe Gods, fach as they are, to thofe of foreign for they have hitherto been favourable to nations us, and I hope always will, as long as we leave them in their places, and do not think of fubflitut:

ing others to them.

*'

" Cineas

In the time of our fathers, King Pyrrhus direc5ced his AmbafiTador to make prefents, not only

* Sxpe me qiiserentem de fasmlnaiiim, fepe de virorum, nee de privatoium moGo, fed etiam magiftratuum lumplibus audiftis diver;

luxuria, clviLatem laborare fifque duobvis viiils; avaritia qua? peilfs omnia magna Iniperia everteiunt. lic ego, quo inelior ltiorque in dies forturia reipiibiic;c elt, imperiumqiie crefcit, 'p.m in
:

&

Gi-Ecciam Aiianique tranfcendiinus, omaibus libidinum illcccbris replctas, & regiasetiam attreftamr.s gazas. eo plus horreoj ne lUte magis res nos operir.t, quanj xioi alas.

'

to

^^o

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls;

A.R. 557." to our men, but our

^^^'^^'
195-

women, in order to engage " them in his interefts. The law Oppiawas not then " in being againft the luxury and levity of the fex. ' However, not one of them accepted the proffered
*'
**

gifts.

What reafon can be affigned for fo generous refufal ? The fame which our anceilors had for
:

*'
**

not making a law upon this head

Becaufe there

was no kind of luxury to re ft rain. As Difeafes " muft be known, before proper remedies are fought " for them fo vices mufc arife before laws are made " to check their growth. At a time when the ladies *' refufed the gold and purple offered them, there *' was no occafion for laws, ao-ainft the abufe of them. " Things are much changed.' If Cineas were to re" turn now with his prefents, he would find the wo;

''

men in the pubhc places entirely ready to receive " them. ^' As for me, there are paHlons of which I cannot " well comprehend the caufe. For, as I fhould not " wonder, that a lady fliould think it a kind of dif" grace, and felt fome indignation, if fhe were prohit'

" what fnould

*'

fo I cannot fee, bited v/hat were allowed to others give pain to any one in particular
,

in a law,

which makes no difference between them

and ornaments.
It
is

"
*
*'
''

in refpecL to their drefs

a vi-

cious and reproachable fuame, to blufh either for a prudent ceconomy, or for poverty itfelf. But the

law fpares you

the equality

this
it

fhame,

in

taking upon

itfelf,

" by
"

" "
"
*'
*^

" " "

^'

between the rich and poor, your not wearing the ornaments and pomp, which are not feen in your drefs. " This is exaftly that equality, fays a rich lady, that Why am not I diflinguifhed from I cannot bear. others by the gold and purple, v/hich I am in acondition to difplay in my attire ? Vv^hy is the poverty of others concealed under the fl^adovv of this law, fo that the fimplicity of their appearance may be attributedto the prohibition, and not to the v/ant of means. Are you defirous, Romans, to excite an emulation of luxury betv/een your wives, which v/ould induce
efcablifhes
.

'

the

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
" " " " "
*'

Confuls.

41

the rich to provide themfelves with jewels and or- A.R. 557. naments that others cannot attain ; and the poor to ^^'^'
efforts above their fortunes, to avoid the contempt, which lb evident a difference would draw upon them. Certainly, as loon as they once begin to think That fhameful, that is not fo. Vice, which is the only thing they ought to blulli at, will ceafe She who hath money to give them confufion. enough of her own, will adorn herfelf at her own and fhe who hath not, will afl^ it of her expence Unhappy the hufband, who either grants hufband. or refufes her ; when he Ihall his wife her requeft fee her receive from another, what he was unwilling Do we not already fee them, to give her himfelf. publickly and without fcruple, make requefls to men, who are not their hufbands ; and earneftly follicit favourable fuffi^ages, which they even obtain of fome, whilil themfelves are inexorable in what regards their families ? Refleft well upon this. As foon as the law Ihall fet no bounds to the expences of your wives, it will not be pofTible for you ever to do fo yourfelves. And do not imagine, Romans, that things will remain upon the fame foot, as they were before the eftablidiment of the law. * It is better for a criminal not to be accufed, than to be acquitted and we may fay alfo of luxury, that if it had. not been attacked at all, it would have been more fupportable and lefs excefTive, than it will be for the future, like fome wild beaft, whom chains have only enraged, and which, when lo6fe, becomes in eff'eft more furious than it was before. opinion is, Romans, that you lliould let the law Oppia fubfiil in all its force. Whatever you
:
-,

make

"
"

" " "

*'

" " "

*'

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " My " " may refolve, I hope the Gods will make " good and glory of the Commonwealth."
:

it

for the

The Tribunes

then

who had

affirmed,

that they

would oppofe the attempt of

their collegues,

having
:

* Et hominem improbam non accufari tutius eft, quam abfolvi & luxurla non mota tolerabilior eflet, quam erit nunc, iplis vinculis, ii^cut fera beiti^j irritata deinde eiiiifla.

feconded

42
A. R.
j"^*

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
557.

Confuls.

Seconded Cato's difcourfe with fome arguments of the like nature ; L. Valerius anfwered their objedions " If only private perfons with the following fpeech. " had appeared either againft or for the propofal we " have made to the People, I fhould have contented " myfelf with the reafons on both fides, have been " filent, and quietly left the decifion to your fuffrages. *' But as the Conful hath attacked it, a perfon highly " worthy in liis private capacity, and to oppofe us, *' hath not only ufed his authority, which alone would " have been of no fmall weight, but alfo an elaborate " difcourre of fufficient length, I find myfelf obliged " to anfvver him. " And after all, he has exercifed his vehemence " much more to cenfure the condu6t of the ladies, " than to refute our propoial. He hath ufed the " odious terms, intrigue, cabal, and infurredlion, in " fpeaking of the follicitation and intreaties which the *' ladies employ to induce you at this time, when we *' are entirely at peace, and the Commmonwealth hap" py and flourifliing, to abolifh a law made againft " them in the moft unhappy conjunftures of adanger" ous and bloody war but we * knov/ M. Cato to ' be an orator, not only of great force, but fometimes ^' even harfti and exceflive in his exprefTions, though " at bottom his genius and difpofition are gentle and <" humane. For indeed, what have the ladies done " of extraordinary or amazing, when in a caufe that " concerns them, they have appeared in publick to " follicit their judges Is this the firft time, that " they have been feen to appear in great numbers ? ^' I fnall ufe againft you, Cato, only your own books
:
.''

*'

-f f

DeOriginibiis.

You

tell

us in

them

yourfelf, that

and always for the good of f- the Commonwealth. I fnall quote no examples: " they are known by all the world, and you cannot
they have often done
fo,

* Et M. Catonem oratorem non folum gravem, fed interdum ctiam trucem efl'e fcimus omnes, cum ingenio fit mitis. f It is an hiftory compofed by Cato, the firft books of which treated of the origin and foundation of every city in Italy.

" deny

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
" deny
*'

Confuls.

4j
will fay, A. R. 557' ^"^*

that.

But

in all thefe

cafes,

you

their

"
*'

fuffices for
is

I know it ; but it motives were different. me to fhew, that their prefent behaviour,

^'

imputed to them as a crime, is no new what have they done after all ? -f We " muft certainly be very nice and captious, if we take " offence at the requefts of the moft illuftrious ladies " of the city, when even thofe of ilaves are heard by
thing.

" which

And

*'

their mafters with patience.

I come now to the fad in queftion, in refpefl to " which the Conful has affirmed, firfl that no law " ought to be abolifhed ; and fecondly, that the law " Oppia, inftituted againil the luxury of the women, ** is of all laws that which ought by no means to have '* any change made in it. " To reafon right on this head, we muft diftinguifh
'*

"

two kinds of

laws.

Some have been

inftituted not

" for a time but for ever, and for their perpetual and " general utility. Thefe ought never to be annulled, " unlefs experience fhews, that they are defeftive, or " are rendered ineifeftual by fome change in the ftate. " There are others, to which recourfe has been only " had in certain conjun6lures, and on particular oc*'

cafions
tal

the latter are, to ufe the exprelTion,

mor-

" "
*'

" " " " " " " " " "

and ought to be void, when the reafons that made them neceftary, fubfift no lono-er, War often eftabliflies laws, v/hich had been made during peace, and peace fuch as war had eiven birth to ; as a ftiip is differently managed during calms, and during ftorms. " The date of the law Oppia is too recent not to be known by all the world ; every body knows its antiquity to be not of above twenty years. If, before this law, the ladies lived during fo great a feries of years without any reproach; ought we to apprehend that after it is annulled, they will abandon themfelves to licentioufnefs and irregularity ? I agree, that if this law had been inftituted to re-

and

tranfitory,

f Superbas medius fidius aures habemus, fi cum domim fervorum hoii faftidiant preces, nos rogari ab hoiieftis foeminis indignamur.

" form

44
A^R;557Ant. C.
195.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

" form the lux,ury of the ladies, we might fear, that " after it Ihould be cancelled, they might give them" felves up to it with ftiil lefs referve than before. '' But the very circumilances, in which it was paffed, *' evidently Ihew what gave occafion for it. Hanni" bal was then in the heart of Italy. Vi6torious from *' Cannse, he had already reduced Tarentum, Arpi,,

" and
"
*'

"
'^

"
*'

" "
*'

" " "

*'

" " " "

*'

Capua. He threatened to befiege Rome with triumphant army. Our allies had abandoned had neither foldiers to recruit our armies, us. mariners to man our fleet, nor money to pay pur In a word, we were in want of all things. troops. All the citizens carried their gold and filver into the public treafury. That of widov>^s and wards was likewife employed for the occafions of the ftate. Can we imagine, that in fuch a time of calamity, the ladies could give themfelves up to a luxury Who do,es not that required a law to reform it. fee, that it was the vvants and mifery of the publie, which by obliging all private perfons to devote their fortunes to the prelTing neceilities of the Hate, gave birth to this law, to be in force only as long as the reafons for its being eftabliflied fhould rehis

We

quire.

" And

fhall all orders

of the State, and even every

individual, experience the profperity of the

Com-

"
*'

" "
<*

" "
"
**

"
"

monv/ealth ; and our women be the only perfons excluded from Hearing in the fruits of the public peace and tranquillity ? wear purple in the great offices and priefthoods our children are adomed with it we permit the magiftrates of the colonies and municipal cities to wear it ; befides many other officers of a ftill lower rank and fhall the Roman ladies be the only part of us, to whom purple habits are prohibited ? May we make furniture of it, and fhall our wives not be allowed to make a mantle of it .^ " Again, in refpeft to purple which fades and confumes, I conceive there might be a pretext, unjyft no doubt, but however fpecious, with which

We

'

"the

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
**

Confuls.

45

" " " And the permiflion of the ufe of that precious " metal to the ladies is fo far from being pernicious, " that it is a refource for families, and even for the " State, as you have already experienced upon very *' many occafions. " M. Cato fays, that no particular lady has any " room to be jealous, as long as others are not more *' fuperbly dreffed than herfeif. I own it but they " are all touched with indignation, when they fee the " wives of the Latines adorned with ornaments pro" hibited to them when they fee them glittering with " purple and gold, and carried in pomp through the
: :

the rigour of your refufal might be palliated. But A. R. 557. even this pretext is defeftive in refped to gold, ^^I'r^' upon which, excepting the falhion, nothing is loft.

*'
*'

"
*'
*'

whilft they follow on foot, as they were inferiors in the cities of Latium, and not in Rome, where the fuprcmacy of power and If fo degrading a diftin6lion is caempire refides. mortifying men, what imprefiion do you pable of
city in their chariots,
if
it muft make on women, who have lefs force mind, and who are extremely fenfible to the of flighteft fubjefts of chagrin, " They cannot exercife the magiftracies or priefthoods the advantage of conquering, overcoming, and difplaying the fpoils of the enemxy to the eyes of the citizens, is not for their fex. Neatnefs, drefs, ornament, are their portion and this is what conftitutes their joy and glory thefe are their riches and treafure, and if I may fay fo, their little doWherefore ftiould they be envied meftic empire.
:
:

" think
^'

"
"

"

" "
"
*'

" "

this

(light fatisfa6lion

"
*'

"
" " "
''

do you apprehend from them ? Though the law Oppia fhail be abolillied, will it not ftill be at your difcretion to retrench what you think fit ? Will they depend lefs upon you as wives, daughters, and fifters ? As long as their relations live, they continue in fubjedlion and they themfelves deteft the liberty which they obtain by the death of their hufbands and fathers. They had " much
after all, v^hat
;

" But

46
A.R.557.
Ant. c.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
" much
((

Confuls.

rather, that their

i-{^^j^

ornaments fhould depend

Qj^ yQ^,^

Qj^

^^Q j^^_

^^^

Qj^ y^yj,

^-^^^^^

yQ^j
,

" ought to treat them as companions, not " and delire, that they fhould confider you

as ilaves as

affec-

"
*'

L"iv.

xxxiv.

8.

tionate fathers and tender hufbands, rather than as imperious mafters. " I have not forgot the odious terms of fedition " and revolt j ufed by the Conful, fpeaking of the " concourfe of the ladies in the city. Would not " thefe expreflions give us room to believe, that they " would at this time, as the incenfed People did for" merly, feize the facred mountain, or mount Aven" tine r Women are born for fubje6lion, and they *' do not feek to fhake off the yoke. This is a rea" fon why we fhould endeavour to foften it, and to " treat them with the more moderation, as they are " lefs in a condition to refill our power." After the lav/ had been thus fpoken for and againft j.}^js j_|ay^ f}^g next, the ladies were feen difperfmg themfelves in Hill greater crowds in public. They went all in a body and befieged the houfes of the Tribunes, who oppofed the change they lb much defired, and gave them no reft, till they promifed to defift and then the law Oppia was repealed by the fuffrages of all the Tribes which happened, as we have already faid, twenty years after it had been inftituted. Cato, as foon as this affair was concluded, fet out for Spain, and there made war with the fuccefs we have related above. I fhould now proceed to the war of the Romans with xVntiochus, which will from this time be our great objeft, and which certainly merits our whole atBut firft I iliall here relate fome fads detention. tached from tiie reft of our hiftory, v/hich I have omitted hitherto, to avoid interrupting the feries of our
,

narration.
Ibid. 44.

Under

the Confuls

M.

Porcius andL. Valerius, the

the Sacred Spring had been ob/; There had been fome deserved as we have related. The next year fect in- the manner things had paiTed.

57th year of

Rome,

it

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
it

Confuls.

47

557. was renewed. By the Sacred Spring is the cattle brought forth in the months of March ^j"*:',^* and April. The Cenlbrs Sex. i^lius Partus and C. Cornelius Liv. Cethegus nominated the Conful P. Scipio Prince of ''^^^''' '^ the Senate, who had already obtained that honour under the preceding Cenlbrs. Thefe Cenlbrs alio acquired great efteem from the Senate by the order they save the Curule ^diles to affiorn the Senators diftinguifhed places at the Shews, at whicli they had hitherto been prefent mingled with the People. It was in the Roman Games celebrated the 558th year of Rome, that the Senate was prefent for the firfk time at thefe fhews feparated from the People. This diflinftion, like all other innovations, gave occafion for much difcourfe, and was approved or condemned at Rom.e according to the different manner in which People were affei5ted Vv'ith it. Some fay, " That at length a privilege was granted to the mofi auguft order of the Commonwealth, which had long been it due." Others on the contrary declared, " that honour was done the Senate at the expence of the People. That all differences made between the orders of the Commonwealth were fo many attempts againft unity and That during five hundred and fifty-eight liberty. years the citizens had been prefent at the Shews conWhat new reafon could founded v/ith each other. the Senators either have for fhunning the company of

underflood a.r.

all

the private citizens, or the rich for not fitting

down

was a new fpecies of pride and haughtinefs, of which there was no example in any other Republic." And laftly it is faid, that Scipio Africanus him.felf repented the having fupported this innovation with the authority of the Confuiihip. * So true it is, that all changes are odious in States, and that People always choofe rather to adhere to their

by the poor

That

it

antient cuiloms,
*
ufiis

unlefs

they difcover
eft
:

fome evident
veterlbas,
nifi

Adeo

nihil

motum

evidenter arguit,

ftari

ex antiquo, pr3babile malunt. Liv,

quae

abufe

48
'

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 557-abufe in them, Cicero alfo obferves, that not only -f the wifefl and beft inclined citizens of Rome difap,^^*^ proved this ftep of Scipio, but that he often blamed himfelf for it ; and there is great reaibn to believe that it did not a little contribute to alienate the affection of the People from him, and to change their favour, which hitherto had declared for him in fo diftinguiflied a manner, into a kind of hatred and averfion. Liv. XXXV. difordcr that was become very notorious, at the ^' fame time engaged the attention of the public. Ufury had multiplied the debts of the citizens in an exceflive manner, t Laws had been made at different times to keep it within bounds. But avarice had found the fecret to elude them, in obligins: thofe who had occafion for money to give bonds for the fums lent them in the name of allies, who were not fubjedt to the Ufury, being become unreilrained laws of Rome. by this fraud, crulhed debtors with impunity. After enquiry had been made into proper remedies for this evil, it was at length decreed that the allies Ihould come and declare the fums they had lent from a certain fixed time, v/ith permiffion to try the difputes they might have with their creditors, either according to the Roman law, or that of the Latines, at their option. The Roman laws were more rigorous, than thofe of the But, thefe declarations having Latines, againft ufury. fhewn to what exceffes fraud had carried the debts of the citizens, M. Sempronius, one of the Tribunes of the People, propofed and caufed a law to be paffed, which decreed, that the allies fhould conform, in refpe(5l to loans of money to the Romans, to the laws in

force at
fevere
t
Ille,

Rome.
fay,

Tacitus had reafon to

regulations,

that notwithllanding the

which were made from time to

erant,

ut dicitur, non ^o'.um a fapientiffimis hominibus, qui turn verum etiam a feipfo accufatus eft, quod cum Conful elfet cum Ti. _ .. Longo ^_ pailus eft turn primum a popular! ccnfelTu fenatorja fuid'ellia feparari. Fragm. Orat.pro C. Cornelio.
J
J,
,

X Thefe laws are fpoken of elfewhere.

time

CORNEIJUS, MINUCIUS,

Confuls.

49

time * againft ufury, avarice, wonderfully fruitful in ^^-^.557. ^* refources, always found new means to evade the ri- ^"'^' gour of the laws. In confequence, the year after the
regulation we have jull fpoke of was decreed, many ufurers had great fines laid upon them. have obferved in the confulfliip of C. Marcius

We

and Cn. Manlius

intereft

II. the 398th year of Rome, that the of money lent was fixed at one per cenL per

annumy unciariumfcenus: and ten years after athalf,y??;;;/This feems difficult to believe liovv^ciarium fo'.nus. ever, this is the fenfe of thefe Latin terms, according to the moft learned interpreters. The war of Macedonia had ended very opportunely for the Romans, who otherwife would have had two powerful enemies, Philip and Antiochus, upon their hands at the fame time. For it was evident, that Rome would foon be obliged to enter into a war with the King of Syria, who made new conquefts every day in Afia, and was preparing to enter Europe, with the refolution to affift Philip, who ftill defended himfelf, and to prevent him from being crulhed by the
;

Romans.

C.Cornelius.
Q^iVllNUCIUS.

-^^555157.

The Rhodians, on this occafion, gave the Roman People a fhining proof of their fidelity, and zeal for the general good of Greece. For, without being terrified by the formidable war, which fo bold a ftep might draw upon them, they fent AmbalTadors^ to Antiochus as far as Nephelis, a promontory of Cilicia, to declare to him, that if he advanced any farther, they would put to fea againfl him with their fleet ; not that they had any caufe of enmity againft him, but to prevent him from joining Philip, and that he fhould not oppofe the defign of the Romans to reinftate the liberty of Greece. Though the commiflion
* Mulds plebifcitis obviam itum fraud ibus : quastotiensrepreiTaE, ^liras per artes rurfum orie^antur. Tacit. Aunal. vi. i6.

Li^.
xxxiii. 20.

Vol. V.

with

50
A. R.
555. v/ith

FURIUS, MARCEI.LUS,
which

Confuls.

197.

thefe Ambaflaciors were charged was highly to exafperate a Monarch fo powerful as nature of a Antiochus, he ftifled the emotions of his rage, and " That he would fend his Ambafladors told them orders to renew the alliances which with Rhodes, to his anceiliors and himfelf had made with that Com:

and to affure it that neither itfelf nor its had any thing to apprehend from a Prince, who had no defign againft them and that as to the Romans, it was evident, that he had no defire to break with them, from the embaffy he had lately fet to them, and the obliging and honourable anfwers returned to him by the Senate." For, indeed, the Ambafladors of whom he fpoke, were lately returned from Rome, where they had met with the moft favourable reception, and had been treated on their departure with all pofllble marks of amity and good-will. In which the Romans, according to the ufual rules of policy, had aded conformably to the prefent ftate of for they were ftill uncertain concerning their affairs the fuccefs of the war in Macedonia.
inonwealth,
allies
;
:

A.R.

556.

Ant. C.
^96'

T T-n L- -T'URIUS rURPUREO.

M. Claudius Marcellus.
"When that war was terminated, the Romans affumed a new ftile. In the audience, which Quintius
and the ten commifTioners of the Senate gave feveral Ambafladors of the Kings and Repubhcks, thofe of Antiochus were introduced firfl. And upon their only giving them words to no effeft, as they had done at Rome, they v/ere told, not in ambiguous terms, as before, when they had Philip to fear, but in the clearefl and mofl exprefs manner, " that he mufl abandon the cities of Greece and Afia, which had been in the polfefTion of Philip, or Ptolomy, and mufl leave thofe which were free in tranquillity. That, in particular, neither himfelf, nor his armies, mufl enter Europe.'* When the affembly was difmiffed, three of thofe commifTioners fet out for the court of Antiochus.

^'^...
'

35..

That

FURiUS, MAfeCELLUS,

Confiils.

rA
*

That Prince had perfevered in his views. The ^.R. 55*S-' ".^g. three commilTioners and a deputy fent from Rome, found him at Lyfimachia, the principal city of the Liv. '^9' Thracian * Cherfonefus, employed in rebuilding it. ^^''"'Thev were attended by fome deputies from the Polyb. In the firft interviews which ^'''"7^9> Grecian cities of Afia. the Romans had with the King, every thing, pallrd in App. de But bell. Syr. formalities, and reciprocal profeflions of amity. ^^ P" very affairs, things had a treat of to came when they

different afpeft.

L. Cornelius, who fpoke, demanded, " That Antiochus fhould reRore to Ptoiomy ail the that he fliould evacities he had ufurped from him belonged to Philip, and v/hich had thofe all cuate which he had furprized whilft the King of Macedonia was employed againU the Romans it not being juft that he fhould reap the fruits of a war, which had that caufed the latter fo many fatigues and dangers he fhould leave the Grecian cities of Afia that enjoyed He added, that the Romans their liberty at peace. were much furprized, that Antiochus had entered Europe with two numerous land and fea armies, and enterthat he was repairing the city of Lyfimachia prizes, which could have no purpofe but to attack
:
,

them.';

Antiochus anfwered all this article by article. Firft, Ptoiomy was going to be his fon-in-law, and that he fhould have fatisfaftion, whtn the marriage, which was already concluded, took effect. That as to the Grecian cities, which demanded to retain their liberty, it was from him, and not from the P.omanSi As to Lyfimachia, he faid that tliey were to hold it. he rebuilt it for a place of refidence for his fon-Seleucus that Thrace, and the Cherlbneilis, which was a part of it, were his that they had been conquered from Lyfimachus by Seleucus Nicator, one of his anceflors, and that he came thither as to his own inheriAs to Afia, and the cities he had taken from tance. Philip, he did not know by what title the Romans

"

A Peninfula of Romania in Turky in

Europe.

2*

pre-

52
A. R.
556.

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
c.

Confuls.

An^

tended to difpute the poffefTion of them with him, 'pj^^j. j^g defired them to intermeddle no more in the atfairs of Afia, than he did in thofe of Italy." The Romans having demanded, that the deputies from Smyrna and Lampfaciis fhould be introduced, They fpoke in fo free a manner they had audience. as highly exafperated Antiochus, and he cried out in a pafiion, that he did not refer thofe affairs to the arbitration of the Romans, but accepted the Rhodians The alTembly feparated in diforder none for judges. of the parties being fatisfied, and every thing tending
;

to an

open rupture. L. Valerius Flaccus-.

AR. 557. A C.
lit.

195.

M.

PORCIUS.

Liv.

xxxiu. 44.

^j

"^^*

the ten commifiioners, fent to regulate the q Greece, returned to Rome, and had given an account of their commifTion, they informed the Senate, " that they muft expedl and prepare for a new war, ftill more dangerous than that they had That Antiochus had entered Eulately terminated. That upon a rope with a ftrong fea and land-army. falfe report of Ptolomy's death, he had already {et out to feize Egypt, without which Greece would at That the this time have been the theatre of war. >Etolians, a reftlefs people, and very ill-inclined to. Rome, would not continue long in peace." Another affair no lefs ferious engrofTed the Romans,. and gave them jufl caufe of apprehenfion it regarded Hannibal. He had continued quiet at Carthage during fix years from the conclufion of the peace with,
2^^^^- j.g
:

When

Romans, and had filled the firfl offices in the State. During that time he had undertaken, and effeded, a
the

reformation in the adminiftration of juflice and the Peace and civil affairs were become a new revenues. for him, in which he fhewed talents not a6lion fcene of which have made. us hitherto admire thofe, to inferior fuch as argued him one of thofe and ; war iiim in born to excel in all things. The geniufles, fupcxior par*

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,
particulars of thefe
fa<5ls

Confuls.
in the firft

53

may be feen

volume ^.R.

557.

of

the Antient Hiftory.

,^.^

This double reformation introduced in the government, occafioned great outcries againft Hannibal. " His enemies wrote to the principal perfons, and
their friends, at

Rome

perpetually, that he held fecret

:

Antiochus King of Syria that he often received couriers from him, and that that Prince had underhand fent trufly perfons to him to concert meafures for carrying on the war he meditated. * That he was of a fierce, infuperable difpofition, like thofe That he wild beafts that it is impofllble to tame. complained, that Carthage was enervated in idlenefs, and in a manner dozed in inadlion. That only the found of arms could rouze them from their ilupefaction, and reftore them to their antient vigour." Thefe difcourfes were hearkened to at Rome and what had paffed in the laft war, of which he had been almoft the fole author and promoter, made them very prointelligence with
,

bable.

ftrongly oppofed the violent refolu- Liv. ^ 4-** fome were for taking upon this head repre- ^'^^"** fenting, that it was below the dignity of the Roman People to lend their name to the hatred and accufations of Hannibal's enemies, to fupport their unjufb prejudices with their authority, and inveterately to purfue him in the bofom of his country, as if it had not fufficed for the Romans to have overcome him in the field fword in hand. Notwithftanding remonftranf* ces fo wife and fo full of humanity, the Senate nominated three deputies, and infl:ru6ted them to carry their complaints to Carthage, and to demand, that Hannibal Ihould be delivered up to them. When ^^^jj they arrived there, though they covered their voyage with a different pretext, Hannibal perceived, that he only was aimed at. He ufed frequently to

Scipio always

tions

mitcfcere, fic iramitera, implacabiMarcefcere otio lituque civitatem, queri eum, & inertia fopiri [this word has been fupplied for operis, whiclx conveyed no [enfe] nee, fine armorum fonitu, excitarj polFe. Liv.
leii^ejus viri

* Ut feras quafdam

nunquam

animum

efle.

faj^

'54

VALERIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuis,

A.R.

557-fay, that the Romans had given the Carthaginians Ant. c. p^o^e to make Avar upon him alone, which would

end only with his life. He therefore refolved to comand after having taken all the ply with the times meafures neceffary to liis retreat, he appeared great part of the day in the public place, to avoid giving any fufpicion. In the evening, he quitted the city with two domeilicks, who knew nothing of his defign, arrived on the coaft of the fea, and efcaped in a veflel, which he had caufed to be provided iecretly, * deploring the fate of his country more than his own. The Roman Ambaffadors being introduced into the Senate of Carthage, repreiented, " that they were well informed at Rome, that it was principally at Hannibal's follicitation, Philip had made war upon That the fame Hannibal incefthe Roman People. fantly fent letters and couriers to Antiochus with the fame view, and that he would never reft till he had kindled the flames of war throughout the univerfe. Tliey added, that if the Carthaginians defired to convince the Roman People, that the public council had no ftarc in all thefe intrigues, they ought not to fuffer them to pafs with impunity." The Carthaginians anfwered, without hefitating, that they were difpofed to do ail that the Romans fiioiikl think juft and reafon,

able.
_ .^

xxxiii.4S.

in their power. He Tyre, the fcundrefs of Carthage, where he v/as received as into another county. After having ftayed there fome days, he fet out for Antioch, which the King had lately quitted after whom he went to Ephefus. The arrival of a General of fuch merit and reputation' gave him great pleafure, and did not a little contribute to determine him in refped; to the war afor hitherto he had alway feemed gainft the Romans Lincertain a.nd fluiluating in refpeft to the choice he ihould take.

But Hannibal was no longer

at

landed

Sscpius patris,

quam

fuos eventus miferat\is,

Liv.

Gronovius

has fubftituted fuos to fiwruin.

In

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
It

Confuls.

ss
557*
'

was

in this city that

aphilofopher, whopafled for-^-R-

ipeaker in Afia, called Phormio, had the ^^^^ imprudence to talk a great while in the prefence of cic. de Hannibal upon the duties of a General of an army, ^^^^^"/'S' and upon the rules of the art military. The whole As the audience was charmed with his eloquence. Carthaginian Captain was prefTed to give his opinion, offended at the arrogance of a philoibpher, v/ho had taken upon him to give lefTons upon the fubjedof war * " I have (faid he) feen many doating to Hannibal " old men in my life, but never faw fo great a dotard
the
fineft
:

"

as

Phormio before."
L. Cornelius. O. "^ MiNUCIUS.
a. r.
559.

^"^' ^
193.

On the fide of Antiochus and the Romans, great lj^, preparations were made for an approaching war. Am- xxxiv. baffadors came to Rome from all the States of Greece, a great part of Afia Minor, and from feveral Kings.
an immediate and favourable audience of but, as the affair of Antiochus required much difcuflion, it was referred to Quintius and the ten commifTioners, fome of whom had already conferred with the King either in Afia, or at the city of Lyfimachia. The difpute was warm on both fides. The King's
the Senate
:

37.

They had

AmbafTadors, on the propofals made to them by Quindeclared, " that they were ftrangely furprized, that their mailer having fent them folely to make an alliance with the Romans, they fhould take upon them to give him the law, and to prefcribe to him v/hat cities he fhould keep, and what abandon. That they might aft in that manner with Philip, v/hom they had granted peace, after having defeated him, and not with Antiochus, with whom they had never been at war/'
tius,
* Refpondifie fertnr multos fe d'-liros fenes fepe vidiile rsagis quam Phornilo deliraret, vidifie uemiaem.
:

fed qui

4.

Quintius,

^6
A. R.
559.

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
Qiiintius, far

Confuls.
his firfl
:

from abating any thing of

"93.^

propofals, explained himfelf more precifely, and faid *' That he had two things to propofe to them, without

one of which they might inform the King, that he muft not expedt the amity of the Romans. The firft is, that if he would not have us intermeddle with what regards Afia, he muft on his fide abfolutely renounce Europe. The fecond, that if he refufes to keep within the bounds of Afia, and is determined to extend his fway into Europe, he ought not to think it ftrange,
that the

Romans

believe themfelves alfo in the right

they have already in Afia, and even to make new ones there." Hegefianax, who fpoke for the King, replied, " That there was an enormous difference between depriving Antiochus of the cities of Thrace and the Cherfonefus, which his anceftors had pofltfl^ed in right of conqueft, and excluding the Romans from entering Afia, where they had never pofl!efl~ed an inch of That the King, their mafter, was defirous to land. make an alliance with the Romans, that might do him honour, and not a treaty that might refled Ihame upto retain the friends

on

him.'*

concert with his Collegues, after much replies, gave his final anfwer to the King's Ambafiadors, " That the Romans perfifted in the refolurion tliey had taken of giving liberty to the Grecian cities of Afia, as they had done to thofe of Europe that they fhould confider, whether this

Quintius,

in

difcourfe and

many

They anfwered, " that condition fuited Antiochus." they neither had the will nor the power to accept any condition, that tended to depriving Antiochus of any part of his dominions." The conference ended without any thing being concluded. The next day, Quintius introduced all the Ambaffadors of Greece and Afia into the Senate, and after having informed them of all that had pafiTed on both fides in the conference, he diredled each of them to " that the Roman People tell thofe who fent them,
were determined to defend
their liberty

againft

An-

tiochus

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,

ConfLils.

^*j

tiochus with the lame zeal and courag-e, as they had "'* evidenced againft Philip, and that he was in hopes to 193. do it with the fame fuccefs." The AmbafTadors of Antiochus conjured the Senate, " to precipitate nothing in an affair of that importance ; to give the King time to refledl and to do fo themfelves on their fide, before they proceeded to a refolution, which would diiturb the tranquillity of the univerfe." Noand the fame AmbafTadors thing was yet determined were deputed to the King as had conferred with him at Lyfimachia, namely, Sulpicius, Villius, and ^lius. They were fcarce fet out, when Carthaginian Am- LIv. bafladors arrived at Rome, and informed the Senate ^^^i^- ^ that Antiochus, at Hannibal's inftigation, was certainly making preparations for a war. This news gave the Romans fome difquiet, and made them apprehend, that the Carthaginians alfo, allured by the example of their principal citizen, might refume arms. Hannibal, as has been faid already, had retired to Antiochus. That Prince received him with abundance of kindnefs and diftinflion, exprelTed all poffible efleem for him, and did him all manner of honours as a Captain of lingular merit, who by hiscounfels, and reputation only, might be of great fervice to him in the defign he meditated. Hannibal's opinion then, in which he always perfilled, was, " that it was necelTary
,

A. R. 559.

to carry the war into Italy. That by that m.eans the enemy's country would furnifn them with troops and provifions. That if that country was left in peace, and the Romans fuffered to make war abroad, there was no State, nor King, capable of withftanding them. In a word, that Rome could only be conquered in Rome itfelf." He allied only an hundred galleys, ten thoufand foot, and a thoufand horfe. He declared, " that with this fleet he would firft go to Africa, where he was in hopes of engaging the Carthaginians to join him ; and that if he did notfucceed, he would go diredlly to Italy, where he Ihould find means to ^ive the Romans employment enough. That it was
necelTary,

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
193.

Confuls.

Ali-559- neceflary, that the King fhould go to Europe with Ant. C. the reft of his troops, and that he Ihould ftop in fome

part of Greece, without going thither yet, and always keeping himfelf in a readinefs to go, thereby to give the Romans continual alarms." The King relifhed

Liv.

>XX1V
61.

projed extremely at firft ; and it was indifputa* biy the beft choice he could make. Hannibal believed it necelTary to prejudice and prepare the friends he had at Carthage, in order to make them the readier to come into his views. Eefides that letters are little fafe, they are not fufficiently explanatory, nor do not enter enough into particulars. He therefore fent a trufty perfon, and gave him his inftructions. His name was Arifton, a native of Tyre. He was no fooner arrived at Carthage, than the reafon of his coming was fufpected. Spies were placed upon him, he was watched, and at laft meaiures were taken to feize him. But he prevented them, and efcaped in the night, after having caufed to be affixed over the very chair, where the magiftrate fat every day, a v/riting in which were thefe words The orders with which Arisin large charaders
this
:

TON WAS CHARGED, WERE NOT TO APPLY TO ANV CITIZEN IN Pi^RTICULAR, BUT TO THE SENATORS IN GENERAL. The Senate judgcd it proper to fend Ambaffadors to Rome, to inform the Confuls and Senate,
of v/hat had pafTed on this cccafion, and at the fame time to complain of the injuries the Commonwealth of Carthage had received from Mafmiffa. That Prince had alfo fent Ambafladors to Rome. Accordingly the Senate, after having heard the reafons of both parties, nominated deputies, at the head of whom was Scipio Africanus, to terminate the affair upon the fpot. The qucftion was concerning a coun-i try called Emporia, fituated round the fmallcr Syrtis. The city of That country was extremely fertile.
Leptis alone paid the Carthaginians a talent (a thouThe deputies refand crowns) as a tribute daily. turned without having decided any thing, undoubtedly confidering, that neutrality as more fuitable to
the^

Ibid. 62.

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
affairs,

Confds.

59

than a determination, A-R-559. the prefent fituation of difcontented have one fide or the which could not but ^l\^' Wherefore then did the Senate make themother.
felves arbitrators

of the difference, and

?

why

did they

affume the quality of judges

no honour.

That

iliuftrious

Such a policy does them body began to adhere

of the State, and it became them not to be fo fcrupulous in that had been in earlier times. Cethegus, one of the tv/o Cenfors, lIv.xxxv, The number of the citizens 9. clofed the Luftrum. were found to amount to an hundred, or more pro^ bably to two hundred and forty-three thoufand feven hundred and four. This fame year the ardour of the candidates for Uv ibid attaining the Confuifhip was greater and more excef- 10. The moll diftinguifhed and moll five than ever. powerful perfons of the two orders flood for it. But thofe who drew upon themfelves the mod attention of the citizens, where L. Qi-iintius Flamininus, who had commanded the fleet in Greece, and P. Cornelius Scipio Nafica the fon of Cneus, who had done fuch They were both Patricians by great aftions in Spain. birth. What divided the fuffrages mofl, was the credit and flivour of their * brothers, {fratres) the two Scipio African us had greatefl Generals of their time. acquired a more ihining degree of glory, but for that reafon more expofed to envy ; the reputation of Ouintius was more recent, and he had triumphed this year.
intereft

with contrary to the a cuftom with point, as they C. Cornelius

little fincerity

to the rules of ilrid juftice,

when

To which we may add, that the firfl had always been in the fight of the citizens during ten years, which familiarity ufually leffens the confideration people have for great men, as Cicero obferves in his ora-f

* Scipio was onlj'' coufingcrman to Scipio Nafica the candidate. Coufm-germans were called in Latin, Fratres Patrueles, and own brothers, Fratres Germani. f Ifta noftra affiduitns, fervi, nefcis quantum interdum afferat ho-

minibus

faltidii,

quantum

fatietatis

Utrique
-

noltrum defiderium

pihil obfuifiet.

Pro Mur. 21.

tiont

6o
A.R.
\nt.
559.

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
r
tion for Murasna.

Confuls.

153.

Befides which, fince his havinj? " conquered Hanniba], the People had conferred a fecond Confullhip, and the Cenforfhip, upon him. laft reafon, which however Livy pafies over in filence, might have greatly alienated the Plebeians againft him, was the new cuflom introduced in his fecond Confullhip, and authorized by him, of giving diftinguilhed places to the Senators in the fhews. The favour, and credit of Quintius had ftill the force of novelty ; time, to ufe the exprefTion, not having faded its bloom and luflre. Since his triumph he had neither afked any thing, nor received any reward. He obferved to the People that he follicited, not for a coufin, but a brother, who had been Lieutenant and fecond in the war fo glorioufly terminated, and who had a6led againft the enemies of the Commonwealth ty fea, and at the fame time that he on his fide had afted againft them by land. For thefe reafons the preference was given to an unworthy perfon, as will appear in the fequel, over a competitor, who was prefented by Scipio Africanus his coufin-german, and by the whole family of the Scipios, in an affembly held Jby a Conful of the Cornelian houfe, of which the Scipios were a branch j .and who befides had the glorious recommendation of the whole Senate, who in appointing him to receive the mother of the Gods into the city, had declared him the moft worthy man of the Commonwealth. Scipio Africanus could not even obtain the office of Plebeian Conful for C. Laslius, whom he alfo fupported with his recommendation. Qiiintius had Cn. JDomitius iEnpbarbus for collegua

SECT.

6I

SECT.
The JStolians fend Ambaffadors
mans.

III.

to

Nahis, Philipy and

Antiochus, to induce them to take arms againji the

Ro-

Nahis

begins the

war.

Ro?nan Ambaffadors to

Antiochtis.

Converfation between Scipio and HannibaL

Interview of Villius with the King, and then with his Antiochus holds a great council upon the war minifier.

Hannibal enters into an e eclair ciffeand i% favourably heard. Return the to Rome, Deputies fent into Greece, Ambaffadon cf Expedition of Philopamen againji Nabis. Thoas is fent ly the Mtolians to Antiochus, and prefj'es him to come to Greece, ^lintius imdeceives the Magneftans \ they continue more attached than ever to the Romans^ (General affembly of the Mtolians, in which, notwithfianding the remonfirances cf ^intius, Antiochus is
tnent ivith Antiochus,

with the Romans.

called in to deliver Greece.

Mtolians againfi three

Nabis.

cities.

Perfidious entcrprize of ths Death of the tyrant

to Greece.

Antiochus meditates going

Thoas

wakes him conceive jealoufy cf Hannibal.

goes to Europe.
.

Antiochus.

Speech cf that Prince in the affembly,

He is declared Generaliffimo. He of the Mtolians. makes an ineffe^ual attempt upon Chalcis. Affembly cf
the Axchaans.

Speech of Antiochus's Ambaffadors. Speech of the Ambaffadors of the Mtolians. ^intius's anfwer. The Ach<ans declare againji Antiochtis. That

Prince makes himfelf mafter of Chalcis and of all Eubcea.

TD

OME at

that time had

no greater enemies than

A. R. 559.
-^"t^- ^'

the i^tolians. Thoas, v/ho was then their liipreme magiftrate, inceflantly animated them, by reprefent-

ljv'^I'xv,
13.

ing with heat and paffion the contempt the Romans had conceived for them, fmce the viflory gained over Philip, in which the i^tolians had however had a great Ihare. His remonfirances had the defired efFed. In a general affembly held at Naupaftus, Damocritus was deputed to Nabis, Nicander to Philip, and Dic;:archus

ti

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,

Confuis.

A. R. 559-C2earchus Thoas's
'^'J^;^' 193'

brother to Antiochus, with partibut all tending to the fanne end, that is to engage them all, though by different motives, to declare againft the
cular inftrudtions to each of thofe Princes,

Romans.

The

firft

reprcfented to the tyrant of Sparta, " that

the Romans had entirely maimed his power by depriving him of the maritime cities, as it was from

them he had his fliips, troops, and feamen. That fhut up in a manner within his walls, he had the grief
to fee
at

the Achasans

reign

throughout Peloponnefus.
occafion as offered
his

That he would never have fuch an

prefent for recovering

That former power. the Romans had no army in Greece ; that he might eafily feize Gythium, which was very commodious ; and that the taking of fuch a city as that would not feem an occafion of fufficient importance for tranfporting the Roman legions into Greece." Nicander had flill ftronger motives for animating Philip, who had been reduced from a much more exalted flate, and from whom more had been taken " Befides this he enlarged than from the tyrant. upon the antient glory of the Kings of Macedonia, and the Univerfe conquered by their arms. He added^ that there was no rifcjue in the choice he propofed to him. That he did not aOc him to declare hirnfelf before Antiochus v/as arrived in Greece with his army^ " And if you alone, continued he, without the aid of *' Antiochus, have with your own forces fuftained war " againfb the Romans and ^tolians united together^ " how will the Romans refift you now, when you have " Antiochus and the iEtolians for allies ?" He did not forget the circumftance of Hannibal, the native enemy of the Romans, and who had killed them more Generals and foldiers than they now had left." " He Dicsearchus moved Antiochus another way. above all infmuated, that in the war againft Philip the Romans had the advantage of the defeat of that Prince, but that the honour of the vi6tory had been entirely
due to the vEtolians.

That they alone had opened them

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,

Confuls.
A. K.

6?
559^
1" ^'*

them an entrance into Greece, and that they had enabled them to defeat the enemy by lending them their

\nt. ^'^^'

He made a long enumeration of the infantry forces. and cavalry with which they fhould fuppiy him, as well as of the fortrefles and fca-ports of which they were maflers. As to Philip and Nabis, who v/ere not prefcnt to gainfay him, he declared as boldly as if he had been commifTioned by them, that they were refolved to join him, and to take the firft occafion that fhould offer to recover what they had loft in the preceding war." Such were the endeavours of the ^tolians, to excite enemies on all fides agair.ft Rom.e. The two Kings however did not proceed to do any thing at that time, and he who afterwards entered into their party deter-

193.

mined

to
to

do

fo flowly.

Nabis, he fent immediately to all the mari- Liv.xxxv. time places, to induce them to revolt. He bi-ought^^' over many of the principal perfons by prefents, and fecretly made away with thofe whom he found inflexiQuintius, on leaving bly attached to the Romans. Greece, had diredled the Achaans to be upon their guard for the defence of the meantime cities. They immediately fent deputies to the tyrant, to put him in mind of the treaty, which he had made with the Romans, and to exhort him not to break a peace, he had demanded and defired with fo much ardour. At the fame time they fent aid to Gythium, v/hich the tyrant had already befieged, and Ambaffadors to Rome to give an account of all that palTed. Antiochus did not declare yet, but he took meafures fecretly for the great defjgn he m.editated. I have faid before that the Romaans had fent Sulpicius, ^lius, and Villius, as Ambaffadors to that Prince. They were ordered to go firft to Eumenes. Accordingly they repaired to Pergamus, the capital of his kingdom. They found him extremely defirous, that war fhould be declared againft Antiochi-;, becaufe concluding his overthrow inevitable, he was in hopes of deriving great advantages from it.
Sulpi-

As

64
A.R.
559.

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,

Confuls.

^^^' ^'

Sulpicius, being left fick at Pergamus, Villius, who had been informed, that Antiochus was carrying on a war in Pifidia, repaired to Ephefus, where he found He had many converfations with him, Hannibal. in which he endeavoured, but ineffe(5lually, to perfuade him, that he had nothing to fear from the Romans. But he fucceeded better, in cafe that was his defign, in rendering him fufpedted to the King. In making the Carthaginian frequent vifits, and profeffmg great amity for him, he gave Antiochus a diftruft

of him,

as v/e

fnall

foon have occafion to obAfri-

ferve.
Liv.xxxv.
ts*

Livy

cites hiftorians, Vv^ho related, that Scipio

canus was one of thefe AmbafTadors, and that it was he, who had the converfations with Hannibal, of which He gives us one of them, after I have juft fpoke. circumflantially enough, and tells us, thefe authors, " that Scipio having ail<.ed Hannibal, whom he judged, t1iat they ought juftly to confider as the greateft of Generals," the Carthaginian replied, " Alexander " the Great becaufe with a fmall number of Mace*' donians he had defeated armies of innumerable
,

much eafe, as if he had only travelled for his pleafure." " And whom," continued Scipio, " do you rank next Alexander .?'* " Pyrrhus," faid Hannibal. " It was he, who firfl: " taught the art of incamping and chufmg pofts well, *' and of placing bodies of troops in fuch a manner " as to be always capable of fuftaining each other on *' occafion. Befides which, no man ever had fo much ** addrcfs as that Prince in conciliating People to his " interefts which talent he poffefled in fo high a de*' gree, that entirely ftranger as he was, the ftates of *' Italy preferred his government to that of the Ro" mans, who had fo long held the firft: rank in their " country." " Laflly," refumed Scipio, " I defire tc^ " know to whom you give the third place. Why " that," replied Hannibal, " I think I may venture
tremities of the Univerfe with as
*'
-,

" "

troops,

and had led

his vi6lorious foldiers to the ex-

"

to give myfelf.".

" Yourfeif,"

faid Scipio fmiling

" And

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
*^

Confuls.

65

" boldly have placed myfelf above Alexander and

^'

And what would you have faid if jou had conquered ^^- ss?' me ?" " In that cafe," faid Hannibal, '' I fliould ^^J'.^'*
Pyrrhus, and
all

" have any knowledge."

this fubtle anfwer,

the great captains of whom we * Scipio was ftruck with

a refined praife

which conveyed

he

For Hannibal feemed in it to give did not expert. him the preference to all others, and to leave him apart as a General, with whom none were comparable. Livy does not give us this converfation as certain j and
there are reafons to fufped
Villius
it.

went from Ephefus to Apamea, whither Liv. xxxr. Antiochus repaired after having terminated the war ^5 '7 Their interview pafTed in difputes with the Pifidians. little different from thofe which the King's Ambaffadors had before with Quintius at Rome. Thefe conferences were interrupted by the news that Prince received at this time of his eldefl fon's death, who was univerfally regretted. Villius, to avoid importunity at a time of mourning and fadnefs, returned to Pergamus, where he found Sulpicius perfeftly recovered. The King fent for them foon after. They had a conference with his minifter, which terminated in reciprocal complaints, after which they returned to Rome, without having concluded any thing. As foon as they were gone, Antiochus held a great Llv. Ibid. 'council upon the prefent affairs, in which they emu- ^''' ^^*
lated each other in

exclaiming againft the Romans,

knowing That

to be a certain

means

for

" Some enlarged court to the Prince. haughtinefs of their demands, and thought that they jfhould prefume to impofe laws
greateft

making their upon the

it

ftrange,

upon the

quered Nabis

more
it

as if they had to do with a connay, they had treated the ktter with favour, having left him mafter and fovereign in
:

King of Afia,

Lacedsem.on

his country, whilfl:

they feeem.ed to think

in tlie

wrong

that

Smyrna and Lampfacus fhould be

* Et perplexum Punico aftu refponfum & improvifum afTentationis genus Scipionem moviue, quod egrege fc imperatorern velut inelUmabilem Iccieviiret,

Vol. V.

pof-

66
^g'
^'

CORNELIUS, MINUCIUS,
cities

Confuls.

A. R. 559- pofTeflTion of Antiochus.

Others affirmed, that thofe were of too fmall importance for fo great a Monarch, and were not worth his taking arms for but that injuitice always covered their prefervation its ambitious pretenfions at firll with fimple and modeft demands, which it foon carried into the greatefb Alexander of Acarnraiia, whom the hope exceffes." of a better fortune had induced to quit the court of Philip after the ioffes of that Prince, to go to that of Antiochus, over whom he had gained an entire afAs if the queftion had cendant, was of this council. been to deliberate not whether war was to be made or not, but where and how it was to be made, " he afilired the King of certain viclory if he went to Europe, and eftabliflied himfelf in fome part of He faid with an air of affurance that the Greece. iEtolians, who pofTelTed the centre of it, would de:

Romans. That at the two would make allPeloponnefus take arms againft them ; and on the other, that Philip ftill more difcontented, and like thofe animals which chains render more furious, would not fail That there to arm alio, on the firft fignal of war. was no time to lofe, and that the decifive point was to
clare the
firft

againft the

extremities, Nabis, on one fide,

He feize advantageous pofts, and to fecure allies. added, that it was neceflary to fend Hannibal forthwith to Carthage, in order to embarrafs and employ
the
L'lv.xxxv.
'^'

Romans."

Hannibal, whom his converfations with Villius had rendered fufpecled to the King, was not called to this He had before perceived on many other occouncil. the King was grov/n very cool in refpe6t that cafions, did not exprcfs the fame confidence in and to him, came to an explanation with him, in which He him. he freely fpokc his thoughts. Mentioning the earlieft years of his youth, when he had fworn eternal enmity " It is to the Romans upon the altars of the Gods " that oath," faid he, " that hatred, that hath kept " me in arms during thirty-fix years, that hath driven ^ me out of my country in time of peace, and hath
:

^[

obliged

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Confuls.

tf

obliged me to feek an afylum in your dominions. A. R. 55^. If you fruftrate my hopes, through the fame hatred ^"^' ^' which will never expire but with my life, I will go wlierever there are forces and arms to excite enemies
againft the

Romans.

P'or this reafori I advife

fuch
at

of your

friends,

who make

their court to

you

expence, to invent fome other fubje6l for their calumnies. I hate the Romans, and am hated by them. I call the manes of my father Amilcar and As long as you intend the Gods to witnefs this. to make war with them, you may place Hannibal in the number and at the head of your friends. If any reafon fhould incline you to peace, you mull take the counfel of others, not of me." Antiochus, moved with this difcourfe, feemed to reftore Hannibal to all his friendfliip and confidence.

my

L. QUINTIUS.

A.R.560.
jpa.

Cn. Uomitius.

The ambalTadors that had been feiit to the King Liv.xxxvi being returned to Rome, it was evident from their re- ^o. port of their commilTion, that a war with Antiochus was to be expeifled but they did not judge that there was yet fufficient reafon to arm againft him. The cafe was not the fame in refpecl to Nabis the tyrant of Sparta, who had openly broken the treaty, and who was actually attacking all the maritime cities of LacoThe Prstor Atilius was fent to Greece with a nia. fleet to defend the allies. As Antiochus had not yet declared himfelf, the two ibid* Confuls had orders to repair to their province^ and went into the country of the Boii, which they feparately ravaged. The Pr^tors had alfo good fuccefs
:

in Spain.

The wars which then employed the arms of the ibid. Com.monwealth gave the Senators lefs difquiet, than that which they faw ready to break out on the fide of Antiochus. Upon the different rumours that fpread
concerning
his defigns,

2J1

they took different precautions

01*

68
A. R.
"
"

QU INTIUS,
560.
'.

DOMITIUS,

Gonfuk.

for the fecurity of the

might attack
fairs

it.

Commonwealth wherever he They judged it alfo neceffary to fend,

four deputies into Greece, to obferve the ftate of afupon the fpot, to take care of the interells of the allies, and to continue them in their amity and at-

tachment for the Romans. T. Qiiintius was of tliis number, and at the head of the reft. Nabis in the mean time attacked Gythium with all Liv.xxxv. ao-ainft fs 3p- his forces, and, inrao;ed the Achsans for havO O
-*

1 int. lil

'

Philop.
363, 5S4,

ing fent the befieged aid, he ravaged their country to

At that time the famous Philobe revenged of them. their General, of whom I have fpoke more at large in the Antient Hiftory. They fent him againft Nabls-, whom he at firft attacked with his fleet but as he had little experience in naval affairs, he was He foon had his revenge by land, and defeated. gained a vi6tory over Nabis, which however did not prevent him from making himfelfmafter of Gythium. Philopasmen, with defign to force Nabis to quit his enterprize againft Gythium, which he did not know the tyrant had taken already, advanced tov/ards Sparta

p^men was

itfelf,

as to befiege

it.

Nabis imn"vediateiy flew to th

aid of his country.

A fecond battle much more bloody

and fo great a number ; of the Lacedaemonians were either killed or taken in it, that the tyrant had fcarce the fourth part of his army He had retired during the battle into the city. left. Philopiemen, leeing that he fliut himfelf up in it^
than the former was fought

and not believing himfelf

in

a condition to befiege

it

in form,pafled the thirty follov/ing days in ravaging the lands of Laconia. .Having thus reduced him to tlie laft extremities, he retired home with great glory, and in a manner triumphant. During this expedition of the Achjeans againft Nabis, the /Etolians had fent an embafly to Antiochus, Thoas the principal to exl\ort him to enter Greece. of thole deputies reprefented to him, " that tlie Romans, having withdrawn their army from Greece, had without defence that he could not have a Iet1: it more favourable gccafion for feizing it that he would
; :

find

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,
find every thing difpofed to receive

Confuls;
:

6g
560'

him

and that he A.R.

^

had only to

fliew himfelf to maice himfelf mafter of the

'

This foothing pifture, which they gave country." gave him of the affairs of Greece, (truck him extremely, and fcarce left him the Icaft doubt in refped to the refolution he lliould take. Quintius, in paiTing through Greece with the other liv.xxxv, deputies, had found all the dates in a very good dif- z^, v-' pofition except the Magnefians, who had been alienated from the Romans by the fpreading of a report, that they were determined to deliver up the city of Demetrias to Philip, which belonged to the Magnefians. Qiiintius had occafion for all his eloquence and all his addrefs to remove the falfe prejudices they had conceived upon that head and he happily fucceeded. Eurylochus, the author of thefe feditious reports, not believing himfelf fafe in the country, tgok refuge amongft the ^Etolians. Thoas, who held the firft rank in ^tolia, and who ibid. 33. iiad been fent to Antiochus, was returned, and had brought Menippus with him, whom the King had fent as his AmbalTador to the i?Ltolians. Before the o-eneral alfemfely was called, thofe two perfons had taken pains in concert to prepare and prejudice the People, by enlarging emphatically upon the King's armies by fea and land, his numerous troops of infantry and cavalry, the elephants which he had fent for from India, and efpecially (which was a powerful motive with the multitude) the immenfe fums of gold, v/hich the King would bring along with him, fufficlent to buy even the
,

Romans

themfelves.

Quintius was punctually informed of all that was faid and paffed in jlitolia. Though every thing feenied iiefperate on chat nde, however, that he might have nothing to reproach himfelf, and to place the T^Ltolians {till more in the wrong, he judged it proper to fend fooTie deputies from the Allies to the affembly, to put the -^tolians in mind of their alliance with the Romans, and to be on the fpot freely to anfv/er what the AmbafTador of Antiochus might advance.

He

70
A. R.
560.
'

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,
He chamed the whom the dignity
ftates.

Confuls.

J92.

Athenians with this commifTion, of their city and their antient amity with the ^tolians qualified better than any of the other

there was an

Thoas opened the affembly with informing it that AmbafTador arrived from King Antiochus. He was made to enter. He began with faying, " that the people of it might juftly have been defired by
:

Greece and Afia, that Antiochus had interfered Iboner in their affairs, and whilft Philip's power ftill fubfifted that by that means each flate had retained its rights, and the whole had not fallen under the Roman yoke. But at prefent, faid he, if you put the defigns you have formed in execution, Antiochus, with the afliftance of the Gods, will be able to reinftate the affairs of Greece in their antient fplendor, in whatever bad fituation they are at prefent."

The Athenians, v/ho had audience next, " without faying a word of the King, confined themfelves to putting the i^itolians in mind of their alliance with the Romans, and of the fervices Quintius had rendered
all Greece, * conjuring them not to precipitate any thing in an affair of fuch importance as that actually That bold refolutions, taken with heat in quefcion. and vivacity, might at firft fight have an agreeable that the difficulties of them would afterwards afped; be feen in the execution, and that they feldom were
:

happy in the event. That the Roman Ambaffadors, and Quintius amongft them, were not far off. That whilft every thing remained undecided, it feemed more wife to try the method of a conference with antient allies, in order to have what they conceived their due reftoi:ed, than precipitately to involve Europe and Afia in a war, which could not but have fatal
confequences." The multitude, always fond of novelty, were entirely for Antiochus, and were even againft admitting
*

Ne temere

Confilia calida,
triftia effs,

earn (Grseciam) celeritate nimia confilicrum everterent. & audacia prima ipecie Iseta^ traiStatu dura, eventu

the

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Confuls.

71

The oldelt and wifefl A.R. 560. the Romans into the affembly. had occafion for their whole credit to prevail, that -^"^^' Quintius they might be aflced to be prefent in it. repaired thither, lefs with the hope of making impreflions upon people fo much prejudiced, than to convince ail the world, that the ZEtolians were the fole authors of the war upon the point of breaking out, and that the Romans only engaged in it againil " He began their will, and reduced by neceflity. them mind of the times putting in when the ^toby
into an alliance with the Romans touched the different occafions in which they failed in their engagements ; and, after having faid fom.ething of what actually was the reafon or pretext for difputes, he confined himfelf to obferving, that if they conceived they had any juft matter of complaint, it feemed much more reafonable for them to make their remonftrances to the Senate, who were always ready to hear them, than out of wantonnefs and caprice to ftir up a war between the Romans and Antiochus, which would involve the Univerfe, and infallibly occafion the ruin of thofe who fnould have
lians

entered

(lightly

promoted

it."

event proved the truth of his reprefentations, but they were ineffe6lual at that time. Thoas, and thofe of his faftion, were heard favourably, and prevailed v/ithout delay, and even in the prefence of the Romans, that Antiochus fhould be called in by a decree to deliver Greece, and to be the arbiter be-

The

tween the ^^tolians and the Romans. Upon Quintius's demanding a copy of this decree, Damocrituf, who was then magiftrate, forgot himfelf fo far as to anfwer a man of fo eftimable a chara61:er with infolence, " that he had many other affairs upon his hands at prefent, and that in a fliort time he fliould go in perfon to carry that decree to Italy, and to incamp upon the banks of the Tiber." So great a degree of infatuation and phrenzy had then feized'the whole nation, and even the principal magiflrates of

F 4

the

;2
A. R.
j6o.

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,
!

Confuls.

Quintius and the other Ambaffadors the i^tolians Corinth. to returned ^ll'J^' Liv.xxxv. The iEtolians, till Antiochus arrived, and at the
34-

&

37'

fame time not

all

to feem to rely folely

upon

polTible meafures

on

their

fide to

his aid, took change the pre-

fent fituation of Greece.

jn each
ftate

the principal

Every body agreed, that perfons, and particularly

the worthieft men, were in the intereft of jhe Romans, and thought themfelves happy in being their allies ;

but that the multitude, and thofe who were not fatisfied with their prefent condition, were fond of a change. The jEtolians therefore, delpairing of fuccefs by the nicthod of perfuafion, refolved to have recourfe to and they were fo bold in ilratagem and furprize one and the fame day to form three allonifhing dethefe were to fcize Demetrias, Chalcis, and figno Three of the principal citizens Sparta, at once. were feverally appointed to execute thefe expeditions. Piocles fct out for Demetrias, and by the afilltance of Eurylochus's faftion, who was then an exile, and at that time appeared at the head of the troops Diodes had brought with him, he made himfelf mailer of the
,

place.

Thoas had not the fame

fuccefs at Chalcis.

Thofe

who were
tlie

at

the head of the

tlie

Roman

party, and at

fame time of

city,

having apprehended the

defign of the /Etolians, kept thernfelves fo well upon their guard, that it was impofiible to furprize them.
'

fbid. 35.

attempt againft Sparta was much more diffiqueftion was to furprize the moft fufpicious of all mankind. Nabis had long follicited aid
cult.

The

The

from the

^Etolians. Alexamenes was placed at the head of a thoufand foot. To thefe thirty horfe were added, the flower of the youth, whom the magifcrates commanded punftually to obey the orders of their leader, v/hatfoever they might be. Alexamenes was received by the tyrant with great joy. Some days after, going abroad together into the country, the horfe, in confequence of the orders they had received,
"

'

fbll

73 Thus penflied A.R. 560. upon Nabis, and killed him. Nabis by treachery. Providence often makes ufe of "'j^
fell
'

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Confuls.

one bad man to puniih another. The crime of Alexamenes did not long pafs unpunifhed. His firft care was to regain the city immediately, in order to feize Whilft the palace, and the riches of the tyrant. himfelf and his troops were folely employed in this, he was killed himfelf by the citizens, who in the tumult had taken arms for their own defence. Whilft the ^Etolians were making all thefe mo-Llv.xxxv. He 4-^' 4-3 tions, Antiochus was preparing to enter Greece. was at a lofs how to behave in refpecl to Hannibal. After the ecclairciflement, of which we have fpoke, which had, as it feems, ftifled all his fufpicions, he had determined to give him the command of part of But his fleet to go to Africa, and raife troops there. what havock does not flattery make in the courts and minds of Princes The ^tolian Thoas ufed this method for removing Hannibal, whofe credit with the King gave him umbrage. Firft, he highly extolled the pov/er of the ^tolians, who had made themfelves mafters of Demetrias ; and after having dazzled and deceived many of the Greeks by the hyperbolical accounts he had given of the forces of Antiochus, he ufed the fame artifice and the fame falfity to fwell the He gave him to hopes and courage of the King. underftand that he was called in by all the ftates, and that they ftiould no fooner perceive his fleet at fea, than they would all run with ardour to receive him. He afterwards undertook to dilTuade that Prince from his defign of fending Hannibal to Africa, by reprefenting to him, " that it was not confiftent with prudence to divide his fleet, and ftill lefs to give the command of it to Hannibal. That he was an exile ;ind a Carthaginian, to whom his fortune and genius might fuggeft a thoufand difl^erent proje6ts in a day. That befides, the very reputation itfelf which he had acquired in war, was too great for a meer lieutenant. That the King himfelf ought to appear fole Chief, to be General, and attradl the eyes and attention of the whc^e
!

74
A. R.
5^0'

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,
:

Confbls.

J92.

whole army upon himfelf alone whereas, if Hanwas employed, that ftranger only would have * There are no the glory of every good fuccefs.'* fpirits, fays Livy, more fufceptible of jealoufy, than thofe who have not a greatnefs of foul equal to their becaufe in that cafe all merit bebirth and degree comes odious to them, as fomething foreign, in which And this appeared evidently on they have no fhare. This Prince had been taken by the prefent occafion. fentiment of jealoufy, which is the his blind fide, fign and defed: of little minds, extinguifhed all other thoughts and reflexions in him. He no longer fet any value upon, or made any ufe of, Hannibal. The event fully avenged the latter, and demonftrated what a misfortune it is for a Prince to open his heart to the mean fuggeftions of envy, and his ears to the poifoned
f^ibal
:

difcourfe of flatterers.
Liv.xxxv.

s-

embarked with forty decked decked, and two hundred other veffels laden v/ith all kinds of provifions and machines of war. He arrived firft at Demetrias, where he landed ten thoufand foot, five hundred horfe, and fix elephants, Thefe forces would hardly have fufficed, only to feize a defenceiefs country, and were far from being capable of fuftaining the weight of the Roman power. As foon as the ^tolians were informed of arrival of Antiochus, they aflfembled their whole the
Antiochus
at length

{hips, fixty not

nation, and paflTed a decree by which they invited

him
the

to repair to their afl^embly.

Upon

receiving

it,

Lamia, where it was held. He was received there by an infinite multitude of people, v/ho

King went
filled

to

the air with acclamations, clapped their hands,

to
all

and gave themfelves up

Ibid. 44-

the tranfports

that

ufually exprefs extraordinary joy.

without

he was introduced into the aflfembly not throng being fo great, " he began by excufing himfelf for coming with fewer
difficulty, the
Nulla ingenia tarn prona ad invidiam funt, qnam eonim, qui genus & fertunam fuam animis non arquant quia virtutem, 5c (or rather ut) bonum alienum cderunt,
:

When

troops

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Confuls.

75

troops than had been expefled, intimating that fuch A- R. 560. ^' ardour was a proof of his zeal for their interefts, as at ^"^,'

the firft fignal they had given him, he had kt out, notwithftanding the bad feafon, and without waiting but that their expectill all things were in readinefs That as foon as the tation Ihould foon be anfwered.
:

feafon fhould be proper for navigating, they (hould fee Greece covered with arms, men, horfes, and all

the fea-coafts blocked up with galleys. That he would fpare neither expence, pains, nor danger, really to deliver Greece, and for giving the ^tolians the firft

rank in it. That with his numerous armies, convoys of all forts would arrive from Afia that all they had to do was to fupply his army at prefent with whatever was neceffary." * This difcourfe was more proper to dazzle the audience by pompous profelTions, than to perfuade them with an air of truth. After having fpoke thus the King withdrew. Such a beginning could not pleafe much ; and ac- Llv. xxxv, cordingly the wifeft faw plainly, that Antiochus, in-'''^* ftead of an effedive and prefent aid as he had promifed, gave them almoft only very uncertain words, and diftant and fliil more doubtful hopes. Sentiments in confequence were divided. Pheneas, who was then Prstor, was for having them only take Antiochus for mediator and arbitrator between them and the Romans, and not as Chief of the war but Thoas carried the fuffrages, and caufed him to be declared GeneraThirty of the principal perfons of the Stats liffimo. were given him as a council, to deliberate with them, when he ihould judge it expedient. The firft matter confulted between the King and the ibid. 4.S, JEtolians, was to know by what expedition it was ne-47ceflTary to begin. It was judged proper that a new attempt ftiould be made upon Chalcis, and it was believed that to reduce that place required no great preparation nor efforts, and that it fufficed to ufe expedi;

* Plus in oratione dignltati, quam,

J.

fidei,

erat.

Tacit. Annal.
tion.

II.

76
A.R.560. tion.
'^[' ^'

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,
They
time, but not with

Confuls.

therefore repaired thither without lofs of

many

troops.

Was

the

King

ig-

norant, that in war the firft fuccelTes determine the repute of arms for the fequel ? When they were near

the city, he let the principal perfons of the ^tolians confer with the magiflrates of Chalcis, who came out to meet them. '^ The /Etolians
into an
alliance

warmly exhorted them to enter with Antiochus, but without renouncing that of the Romans. They faid that Prince was come to Greece not to make war in it, but adually to deliver it, and not in mere words, as the Romans had done. That nothing could be more for the intereft of the States of Greece, than to be in alliance at the fame time with the two powers, becaufe the one would always defend them againft the other, and in confequence mutually keep each other in awe. That they might fee, in cafe they did not take this refolution, to what they expofed themfelves, the aid of the Romans being remote, and the King prefent
and
at their gates."

Miiflion, one of the

principal perfons of Chalcis,

for the

anfwered

" That he could not conje6lure

deliverance of whom Antiochus had quitted his kingdom, and had come to Greece. That lie knew no cicy, that had received a Roman garrifon, that paid any tribute to Rome, or complained of being oppreffed. That as for the Chaicidians, they had no occafion for a delivei'er, becaufe they were free ; nor for any defender, as they lived at peaceunder the protedlion of That they refufcd neither the amity of the Romans. but that that Prince the King nor of the ^^toiians and they could not give them a greater proof of theii* That they amity than to quit their iile, and retire. were fully determined, not only not to receive them into their city, but not to make any alliance with them except in concert with the Romans.'* When this anfwer was reported to the King, who had remained on the iliore near his {hips, he chofe to return for the prefent to Demeirias, not having 6 brought
:

OyiNTlUS, DOMITIUS,

Confirls.

77
'

brouslit a fufficient number of troops with him to at- A. R. 560. ^ So weak and ill-concerted tack the place by force. I9Z.
'

a ftep did

him no honour, and was no good omen

for

th^ future. They then turned a different way, and endeavours Liv.xxxv, *** were ufed to bring over fome of the States of Greece,.

The latter gave the and efpecially the Achfeans. Ambaffadors of Antiochus and the iEtolians audience at iEge, where their affembly was held in the prefence of Quintius, Ambaffador from the Romans. The Ambaffador of Antiochus fpoke firft. * He l^id. was a vain man, as thofe generally are who live in the courts of Princes, and fubfift by their favour who fancied himfelf a fine fpeaker, and affumed an emphaHe faid, " That there tical and diftatorial tone. was an innumerable body of cavalry paffing the Hellefpont to enter Europe, confiding partly of cuiraffiers, and partly of archers, who from their horfes, and even flying, difcharged their darts turning about. To this cavalry, which alone was capable of overwhelming all the forces of Europe joined together, he added an infantry ftill more numerous and formidable Dahas, Medes, Elym^ans and Cadufians, names unknown and terrible. He affirmed, that there were not ports in Greece capable of containing his fleet, of which the right wing was compofed of Tyrians and Sidonians, and the left of Aradians and the Sidetse of Pamphylia, nations incontefi:ably the moil fkilful and expert of all others in naval aflairs. That it was to no purpofe to mention the immenfe fums the King was capable of furnifliing for this war all the world knowing that the kingdoms of Afia had always abounded in gold. That the other preparations of war might be judged of in the fame proportion. That confequently the Romans would not now have to do with a P!iilip, or an Hannibal, the latter a private citizen of Carthage, the other confined within the narrow
;
:

* Is, lit plerique quos opes regise alunt, vaniloquus, rafque inani ibnitii rerborum compleverst. L;v,

maria, ter-

bounds

78
A. R.
560.
'

QpINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Confuls.

JJJ2.

bounds of his kino-dom of Macedonia : but with the potent monarch of all Afia, and part of Europe, That however, though he was come from the extremities of the eaft for the deliverance of Greece, he required nothing of the Achseans contrary to the
faith they believed they

friends and
their

allies.

owed the Romans, their prior That he did not aflc them to join

arms with his, but folely that they fhould remain neuter, without declaring for either one fide or
the other."
Li V. XXXV.
*^'

Archidamus, AmbafTador from the .Sitolians, feconded this difcourfe, " adding, that the fafeft and moll prudent choice the Achseans could take, was to continue mere fpeftators of the war, and to wait the event in peace, without having any Ihare in it, and without running any rifque." Then growing warm by degrees, he vented reproaches and injurious terms againft the Romans in general, and perfonally againll " He treated them as ingrates, who had Qtiintius. forgot that they were indebted to the courage of the
iEtolians, not only for the viftory gained over Philip, but for the fafety of their army and General. For in a word, what funflion of a General had Quintius difcharged in the battle ? That he had feen him employed in this battle only in confulting the aufpices, facrificing viftims, and making vows, as if he adled in quality of an augur and prieft ; whilft himfelf had expofed his perfon and life to the darts of the enemy to defend and preferve him.'* " That he well perceived, Qiiintius replied to this whom Archidamus had fought to plcafe by his difThat convinced as he was of the perfect courfe. knowledge which the Achsans had of the charadler of the ^tolians, who made all their bravery confifl in words and not in a6lions, he had been at no pain about their efteem, but had thought only of being of fome weight with the King's Ambafladors, and by that if any could their means with the King himfelf have been ignorant of the motives which had formed the alliance between Antiochus and the .^tolians, the
: :

Ibid. 49.

dif-

79 s^o-^^^ Ambaflador's evidently them, fhewed the of clircourfe that nothing had palled from both but lies and boails. j^^. That by making a parade of forces which they had not, they mutually deceived and fluilned each other the iEtolians with falfe promifes and empty hopes on one fide boldly advancing, as you havejuft heard, that they and they alone defeated Philip, and preferved the llomans, and that they fhould draw over and the King, all the States of Greece to their party on .the other, affirming that he was going to make innumerable armies of horfe and foot march, and to cover the fea with his fleets." " This," fays Qiiintius, " puts me in miind of an entertainment given me by " a friend at Chalcis, who was a very polite man, " and one that well knev/ how to make his guefts *' welcome. Surprized at the quantity and variety of the diflies that were ferved up, we afked him, " where he could poiTibly get fo much game in the " month of June ? This perfon, who was not vain" glorious like thefe people, informed us laughing, " that in reality all this feeming game was only pork " differently feafoned, and ferved with different fauces. *' The thing is the fame with refped: to the King's " troops, of which fo much has been boafted,andwhofe " numbers have been magnified by great names. Da" hse, Medes, Cadufians, and Elymsans, all thefe *' are but one and the fame people, that is to fay, Sy*' rians and befides a nation of flaves, rather than fol" diers, fo bafe and ferviie are their fouls. Can I " not reprefCnt to you, Ach^ans, all the motions and " expeditions of this great King, who now repairs to " the afTembly of the TEtolians to beg an aid of pro" vifions^ and money and then prefents himfelf be; " fore Chalcis, from whence he is obliged fhamefully *' to retire, after having viev/ed the port of Aulis and " the Euripus as the whole fruit of this extraordi'* nary expedition Antiochus hath injudicioufly relied " upon the empty promifes of the ^Etolians j and " the latter, in their turn, have fuffered themfelves to be dazzled by the boafts of Antiochus and his
:
-,

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Conruls.

*'

-,

.''

"

minifters.

8o
A. R.
560.

QUINTIUS, DOMITIUS,

Gonilils.

minlllers. This ought to teach you, Achsaris^' " fuffer yourfelves to be furprized by their ar^^ "^^ ^Tqz?
'*

tifices,

and to confide entirely

in

the faith of the

triaL

" Romans, of which you have fo often made " I am am^azed, that people venture to tell you,
*<

that

the beft you can do,

is

is

to continue neuter.

a certain means ; but it is the vi6lor." The deliberation of the aflembly of the Ach^ans Liv.xxxv. s' was neither long nor doubtful. The refult was, that
*'

"

This to become the prey of

Ibid. 51.

war fhould be declared againft Antiochus and the j3itolians. According to Quintius's advice, they made five hundred men of the auxiliary troops fet out immediately for Chalcis, and as many for the Piraeus. Antiochus was informed by his AmbafTadors of his bad fuccefs in the aflembly of the Achseans. To

make
greater

himfclf

againft Chalcis,

amends, he made and approached

a
it

with

new attempt a much

body of troops than the

firft

time.

The

fac-

tion contrary to the Romans prevailed, and the city opened its gates to him. The other cities of the ifland foon did the fame ; and he made himfelf mafter of
all

Euboea (now

called Negropont).

He

conceived

it a great matter, to have began the firft campaign by the conqueft and reduftion of fo confiderable an

ifland.

But what conqueft

is

that,
?

where the viftor

has no

enemy

to

oppofe him

BOOK

8i

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
THE

TWENTY-THIRD,

/ g AHIS book contains the fpace of three

a
"*"

years, 561, 562,

563.

It contains

the

war of the Romans with Antiochus, terminated by the conqueft of Alia Minor, which acquired L. Scipio the furname of Afiaticus.

SECT.
Religious preparations for the
tary preparations for the fame.

I.

war with

Antiochus.

Mili^

ful Acilius for Greece. Amhaffadors of Philips Ptolomy^ MafinlfJ'a^ and the Carthaginians^ who came to offer the Romans aid.

Departure of the Con'The Senate^ s anfwer to the

Antiochus holds a council of war at Demetrias. Speech of Hannibal^ which is followed in nothing.
tiochus takes fo7ne
cities

Fine

An-

He marries a of Theffalia. young woman of Chalcis^ andpaffes the whole winter in feajlin^. The Conful Acilius arrives in Greece. Man^ cities furrender to him. Antiochus^ defiitute vf all aid,
retires into the fir ait

of 'Thermopyl^.

ConfiderahU vic-

tory gained hy the Conful Acilius over

King Antiochus

in

the pafs
victory.

ofthermopyU.

Cato had a great fhare in this

Antiochus retires to Chalcis, and from thence

to

Ephefus.

Cato carries the

news of the

victory to

Rome,

Achilius endeavours ineffectually to bring over

Vol. V,

tht

82

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
the jEtolians hy gentle methods.

Confuls.
befieges

He

Heraclea^
Philip be-

and takes
fteges

it

after above a month's refijlance.

the city of

Lamia.

It furrendcrs.

'The taking

of Heracka determines the yEtolia72s to demand peace. 5 he hard conditions frefcribed by the Conful^ difguft them. Jcilius forms the ftege of NaupaBus. ^iiitius faves that city^ which was upon the point of being reduced,
jimbaffadors

from Philip

to

Rome.

Hannibal awakens

Antiochus from the fecuriiy in which he continued at Vi^ory at fea gained by Livius^ Admiral of Ephefus. the Roman feet over that of Antiochus.^ near the port
^

of Corycus. ed Confuls.

L. Cornelius

Scipio

andC. Lalius are ele^-

"^Ant c.'*
191'

P- Cornelius Scipio Nasica.

Manius Acilius Glabrio.

tk
I.

liv.

S foon

as the

Confuls had taken poflefiion of their

xxxvi.

jT^
of

office, the Senate ordered them to facrifice victims of the great kind in the principal temples, and to implore the Gods to grant the Senate and People

Rome

their proteftion in the

new war they were up-

on the point of undertaking. The aufpices declared that the entrails of thofe vidlims foretold only happy
events, that this war would terminate in viftory, and extend the bounds of the empire farther than ever they had been before. The war in confequence was decreed againft Antiochus by the Senate and People. The Confuls having drawn lots for their provinces, Greece fell to Acilius, and Italy to Cornelius ; and of the Praetors, Flifpania Ulterior fell to L. iEmilius Paulus, of whom we fhall fpeak in the fequel with more extent. He commanded therein quality of Proconful ; for which reafon Plutarch obferves, he had Public prayers were decreed during twelve Liftors. two years and folemn vows were made to celebrate the great games in honour of Jupiter during ten days, if the event of the war was favourable, and to make What a otferings in all the temples of the Gods. difgrace would fo religious, though blind, a paganifm
:

Plat, in

^^\ ^mil.

be

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
piety and religion
J
,
I

Confuls.
R.

83
5<^i-

be t6 fuch Chriftian Generals as could be afhamed of A.

!

Ant. c.
j^,^
*

Neither was any thing omitted on the fide of human Liv. The Prsetor C. Livius, to whom the command '^^^^'' care. of the fleet had fallen, had orders to go to Greece as foon as poffible, with thirty fhips, which he kept in readinefs, and to unite them with thofe which he was Six deputies were fent into to receive from Atilius. Africa, three to Carthage, and three to Numidia, to procure corn to be tranlported into Greece, for which The fame precauthe Roman People were to pay. tions were taken in Sicily and Sardinia. The care and preparations for this v/ar engrofTed every body ib much, that the Conful P. Cornelius forbade by a decree all Senators and Magiftrates of the * fecond clafs to remove above one day's journey from Rome. alfo at the fame time prohibited more than four Senators to be abfent from the city at once. The Conful Acilius, to be wanting in nothing to the ceremonies prefcribed, applied to the F^Eciales, by order of the Senate, to know whether the war was to be declared by word of mouth to Antiochus, or it fufficed to apply to fome one of his cities ; and whether it was ne-

Hd

war feparately againft the T^toliansi firft point, that the thing was to the fecond, that the i^tolians had deindifferent clared war themfelves by the hoitilities they had comcefTary to declare

The

anfwer was, to the

;

mitted.

The Conful
for every thing,

Acilius, after having

made

provifion

and appointed the fifteenth of May for the rendezvous of hia troops at Brundufium, fet out fome days before from Rome. At the fame time, Ambaffadors from Philip King of Macedonia, and Pcolomy King of Egypt, arrived
at Rome, whither they came to offer the Roman troops money and provifions for the war they were going to

jbja.

4.,

begin.
*

Thofe of Ptolomy brought before-hand a

:

The

Prsetors

magiftrates of the firft clafs were the Cenfors, Confuls, and thofe of the fecondj the -ffidiles, Queftors, and Tribdn^s.

thoufand

84
Ant. c.
JQI,

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
^^j^^ q- fiiver.

Confuls.

A. R. 56i.thoufand pounds of gold in weight, and twenty thou-

Liv.

Thoie two Fiinzes were thanked for and zeal but their prefents were not And as both offered to enter iEtoiia with accepted. all their forces, in order to make a diverfion in favour of the Commonwealth, the Senate expreffed their graAs to titude to Ptolomy, but declined the offer. Philip, his AmbaiTkdors were anfwered, that the Senate and People of Rome fliould be obliged to him, if he would fecond the Conful Acilius well. Ambaffadors alfo arrived from the Carthaginians, and King Mafinifla. The former promifed that their State fliould tranfport to the Conful's army five hundred thoufand bufliels of barley, and probably a greater number of bufhels of wheat but that is omitted in They defired alfo that half this the text of Livy. grain might be fent to Rome, and that the Senate would be pleafed to accept of it as a prefent. They added, that Carthage would fit out a fleet, and man it at their ov/n expence, and would pay down direftly all the fum.s to the Roman People, that they were to difcharge at different terms and in many years. The Ambaffadors of Mafmiffa declared, that their mafler would caufe five hundred thoufand bufhels of wheat to be tranfported to the army in Greece, with three hundred tlioufand of barley and to Rome three hundred thoufand bufhels of wheat and two hundred thoufand of barley and that he would fend five hundred horfe and twenty elephants to the Conful Acilius. As to the grain, both were anfv/ered, that the Romans would accept of it only upon condition of paying the The Carthaginians were thanked for their value. fleet, but only the fhips were accepted, which they were to furnifh in virtue of the treaty ; and they were told, that only the fums they were to pay would be received, and that as they became due. Antiochus in the mean time, after having follicited
their generofity
,
,
-,

-,

xxxvi.

6.

many

cities,

either

by

his

envoys, or in perfon, to
to deliberate

enter into alliance with him, repaired to Demetrias,

v/hither he

had called a great alTembly,

upon

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

8$
561.
*

upon the operations of the campaign, which was upon A.R.

Flannibal, who had not the point of being opened. been admitted to council during a long time, was called in to this. The firft point brought upon the carpet, related to the ThelTalians.

*j^

know whether
ed, Hannibal,

gentle

The queftion was to means or force fhould be ufed

for fubjedling them.

fpeech,

As opinions were much dividwho was defired to give his, made a by which he led the King, and all who were
was
their fole fubjefl,

prefent in this council, from the occafion of this fmgle

point, which
into the general
LiV.
^

plan of the war.

"

" been

" " given you the fame counfel concerning thofe States, *' which This I now do in refpc6l to the ThelTalians. " counfel is, that previouily to every thing we fhould
fpare no pains to bring Philip and the Macedonians " into our party upon any terms whatfoever. For, " as to the other States, v/eak as they are in themfelves, who doubts, though they fhould join us, but t^ they would go over again to the Romans, as foon as they fee their army in Greece ? How much more advantageous therefore is it for us, to engage Philip in our alliance, who having once declared, cannot go back " Befides which, if Philip joins us, will the Romans be able to refill us, whilfl we oppofe them with the fame forces, which gave them the victory over that Prince, I mean the ^tolians and Athamantes, to whofe courage, every body knows, they were indebted for all their fuccelTes againll Philip. That Prince fupported the v/hole weight of the war at that time alone whereas at prefent the two greateft Kings of the Univerfe, with all the forces of Alia and Europe, will ad againlt a fingle People, who in the time of our fathers were fcarce capably of making head againft the King of Epirus only : and you know what the power of Pyrrhus was,
.''

fince our coming to Greece, (faid he) I had confulted when the queftion was concerning Eubcea, the Achseans and Bfeotia, I fliould have
If,

'^''^^'- ^

"

*'

CQiu

86

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

A.R.561." compared with ours. For I do not mention the Ant. C. tt various fuccefies of the v/ar I made againfl them : 191. " thofe are not unknown to you. " But, fomebody may fay, is there any probability *' that PhiHp will enter into our league ? Two things " give qie reafon to hope fo. Firft, our com.mon in-^ *' terefts, that are the fame on both fides, and really
*'

infepar^ble,
?iliiances

which
:

is

the

ftrongeft tie of treaties,

" and
*'

fecondly, your dilcourfe, iEtolians,

For you
bafiador,
certain

are not ignorant, that

Thoas your

Am-

"
*'
*'

who

is

prefent, has always

affirmed as a

fadt to

whomfoever would hear him, that

*'

Philip was incenfed to the highcft degree, that the Romans, under the falfe appearance of a peace,
the

' had impofed

" But
*'
** *'
if,

yoke of

real ilavery

upon him.
fhall

for reafons

unknown

to us, he

" have changed

his fentiments,

and we

fhould not be

able to perfuade him to join us, at Ifaft let us ufe precautions to prevent him from joining the enemy. Your Ton Seleucus," faid Hannibal, addrefllng him:

to the King,

" is at * Lyfimachia order Kim to crofs Thrace with his troops, and to ravage the frontier The neceflity of defending his own of Macedonia. *' country, will not fuffer Philip to march to the aid *' of the Romans. " And this, great King, is what I think in refpedt As to what concerns the general plan of to Philip. " the war, you know what have always been my
"^*

*'

fentiments.

If

had

been

heard

at

firft,

the

" Romans had not now received advice at a grea^ " diftance of the taking of Chalcis and the fort of the
^'

Euripus, but would have feen Tufcany and Liguria in flames, and, which is fcill more terrible to them ^' than any thing, they would have feen Hannibal in " the heart of Italy. I am therefore of opinion, that '* you fliould caufe all your forces both by fea and " land to come hither, with a great number of tranf^^ ports laden v/ith provifions. For, though we are
*'

A city of the Tbracian Cherfonefus.

**

here

87 " here but few in number with refpe6t to the war we A.R. 561 " are undertaking, we are however too many for the " J^^j^
'

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

**

fmall quantity of provifions the country can fupply.

" When you have united all your forces, you will " fend part of your fleet to Corey ra (Corfu) in order " to prevent the Romans from having a free paflage " by fea. You will alfo fend another to the coail of " Italy next Sardinia and Africa. You will advance " yourfclves to the fea-coaft of Illyricum next Epirus, " from whence you v/ill be at hand either to defend " Greece, or even to go to Italy, if your affairs make " it necelTary. Thefe are my thoughts. I am not " perhaps very able in any other v/ar but I muft " certainly have learnt from my good and bad fuc*' cefTes, in what manner it is neceifary to make " war with the Romans. I can do no more than " give you my counfels, and offer you my fervices. " May the Gods give fuccefs to the refolution you " Ihall take, whatfoever it be." The afiembly could not at that inftant but approve Hannibal's opinion and it was really the only advice
;
,

that could be given Antiochus in the prefent fituation

of affairs.

He however followed
fst

making Polyxenidas

it in nothing, except out for Aha, to bring his

fleet and troops from thence. As to all the reit of Hannibal's plan, the King's courtiers and flatterers diflliaded him againft it, as they had done before, by reprefenting to him, " that he could not fail of victory that if he followed Hannibal's fcheme, that captain would have the v/hole glory of it, as he had
:

it. That it was necelTary the King fliould have the whole glory of fuccelTes and in order to that, that himfelf fliould form another plan, without regard to that of the Carthaginian." What advice was this, to reject a good plan becaufe it was another's! Nero was reproached with this wrong turn of mind, * who, in order to feem not to want counfel, always

formed

-,

Ne

aliense fententiae

indigens videretur, iadiyerfeac deterlora

lo.

tr^^nllbat.

Tacit. Annal. xv.

G4

chofe

88

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.
'

A.R. s^i'chofe to aft contrary to that given him, at the hazard y o Ant" C* of chufing the worfc. And here we fee in what manJ j^ ner the bed counfels become inefFe6lual, and the greateft empires are ruined. God in order to this hath only to fuffer bad advice to prevail in the deliberations of
Princes.
Liv.

xxxvi.

King, having joined his troops with thofe of made himfelf mafter ofPheriE, andof fome ?^io. other cities in ThefTaiia. He was obliged to raife the fiege of LariJTa, Baebius the Roman Praetor having fent timely aid to it. Antiochus retired to Demetrias. Ibid. ir. From thence he repaired to Chalcis, where he fell excefTively in love with the daughter of the perfon, in Though that Prince was alwhofe houfe he refided. moft fifty years old, his paffion for that young maid, who was not twenty, was fo violent, that he refolved to marry her. At firft he made others fpeak to her father, and then did fo himfelf, of his defign to be his That private perfon was not v;iliing to fon-in-law. -contraft an alliance fo much above his condition. But he at laft complied with the repeated inftances of that Prince. Antiochus then celebrated his nuptials with all the pomp and profufion, as if he had been in the moft profound peace. Forgetting the two great enterprizes he had formed, the war againft the Pi.omans, and the deliverance of Greece, he palled all the reft of the winter in diverfions andfeaftingqn the occafion of his marriage. This tafte for pleafures was eafily transferred from the King to all the officers and the whole army, and occafioned military difcipline to be univerfally neglected. He did not awake from the ftupefadtion into which this voluptuoufnefs had thrown him, till he was informed that the Conful Acilius was advancing by long marches againft him in Thefthe
allies,

The

faly.
Ib;d. 14.

The Conful had pafled the fea v/ith twenty thoufand foot, two thoufand horfe, and fifteen elephants. He ordered the legionary Tribunes, whofe capacity he knew, to lead the infantry to Larifla, whilft he marched with his cava]ry to join Philip, who was already 4.

CORNELIUS, ACILTUS,
On

Confuls.

89

already in aftion ; and, after having forced feveral A.R. 561, pods in Theflalia in concert with the Roman Pr^tor ^^\^
Bzebius, befieged Limnjea.
his

arrival the city

furrendered.
to deliberate

The Conful
there
his

v/ent afterwards to LarifTa,

upon the operations of the camftay there, Philip

paign.

During Athamania.

fnbjeded
at

all

Acilius continued
principally to refrefh
their

during

fome days
after

LarifTa, Liv.

his cavalry after the fatigues

of

^^'^^'''

voyage and long march

^^'

their

landing,

When he found, that this little repofe had reftored the whole vigour and courage of his army, he began As he advanced, Pharfalus, ScotufTa, his march.
Pherse, and many other cities of ThefTalia furrendered to him with the garrifons Antiochus had left in them. During thefe expeditions, Antiochus was at Chalcis. There, perceiving that of all the advantages he expefted from the Greeks, nothing remained except thepleafures he had enjoyed in that city during an whole winter, and the nuptials he had contraded with fo little decency he began to complain on one fide of the empty promifes of the i^tolians, and the impudent want of faith of Thoas ; and on the other to admire Hannibal, not only as a great General, but as a man of confummate wifdom, who forefaw with certainty all that was to happen. And indeed he plainly perceived with his own eyes the accomplifhment of all Hannibal had foretold him, when he advifed him hot to rely either upon the promifes of the ^tolians, or upon the fidelity of the States that fhould fubmit to him in the abfence of the Romans. However, not to ruin a proje6t he had rafhly engaged in
-,

^^'^^'

^s-

by voluntary indolence, he
lians his allies, to

fent direftions to the

their

^to-

youth take arms. He marched ten thoufand foot and five hundred horfe to the rendezvous. He found the i^iitolians there in lefs numbers than ever. When he complained to the principal perfons of the country, that they were come with only an handful of their people, they replied,

make

all

that

90
A. R.
561. ^''^' ^'

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
that they
as

Confuls,

utmoft endeavours to bring could but that they could not prevail either by their authority or promifes upon the youth, who had obftinately refufed to lift. Upon this, deftitute both of the aid of his own fubjedts who were not in hade to quit Afia, and of that he expeded to find in Greece upon the promifeof his This allies, he retired into the flrait of Thermopylae. is a chain of mountains which divides Greece in the midft, as the Apennines do Italy from Well to Eaft. At the eaftern extremity of thefe mountains is mount 06la, of which the higheft fummit v/as called Callidrome ; at the foot of which, in the valley that was bounded by the Maliac gulf, is a way not above fixty paces broad. This is the only route through which an army could pafs, fuppofing it had no obitacle. It is. for this reafon thefe defiles are called Pyl^, that is Gates J and by others Thermopylae, on account of the hot baths which are there. This place is famous for the valour with which the Lacedaemonians defended it under Leonidas, or rather caufed themfelves to be
their

had ufed

many with them

as they

killed in generoufly fighting the Perfians.

Liy^ xxxvi.

Pi^^iu
Cat.
34-3.

^'^.
in^T."'

Antiochus incamped in the fame place, but not He alfo fortified with the fame intrepid refolution. ^^^ defile with feveral works, and clofed the entrance with a double foffe, a double palifade, and even a wall in fome places, which the abundance of ftones he

3698.

found upon the fpot made it eafy to ere6t. Antiochus believed at nrft that he had fufficiently fecured himfelf by feizing the pafs of Thermopyls, and fortifyBelieving therefore that the ing it as he had done.

Romans could never force him in this poft, he fent four thoufand ^^tolians (which were all the troops .^tolia had fupplied) half to guard Heraclea, and the other Hypata, which was not very far from it. Thefe four thoufand men having joined foon after, Ihut themBut the King no fooner faw felves up in Heraclea. the Romans approach, than he was feized with terror.

He knew, that the Perfians had found ways in thefe mountains that brought them over the heads of the Lace-

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

91
alfo A. R. 56*1
'

I^acedsemonians, and that very lately Philip had been furrounded by the Romans in fuch defiles near He therefore fent a courier to the the river Aous, four thoufand ^tolians with orders to feize the tops of the mountains, to prevent the Romans from findOnly two thoufand obeying any pafiage that way.

\^\^

The ed and feized the eminences in three divifions. Conful, before the battle, thought it neceffary to exThe officers and foldiers of his army hort his troops. were almofl: the fame that had fought againft Philip. He animated them in few words by the remembrance of the famous victory they had gained over that King, who was far more warlike and experienced in battles than Antiochus, and who, foftened by the pleafures and luxury of his late m.arriage, imagined that war was to be made as nuptials were celebrated. He afterwards ordered them to take reft and refreihment. Acilius had ufed one precaution, which was the Knowing that the principal caufe of his vidory. .^tolians had feized the tops of the mountains, he detached M. Porcius Cato and L. Valerius Flaccus, *
two thoufand chofen and to drive them from their pofts. The next day, at fun-rife, he gave the fignal, and drew up his troops in battle, forming his front very narrow, according to the nature of the place. Antiochus did the fame as foon as he faw the
confular-lieutenants, each with

men,

to attack the iEtolians,

Roman

At firft his foldiers, placed works, eafily fuftained the enemy, who made all manner of efforts to break them on fome fide, and the better as they were feconded very advantageoufly by thofe who from above continually poured with their flings a fliower of ftones and leaden bullets upon the Romans, at the fame time But afterdifcharging darts and javelins upon them. wards feeing themfelves prefixed by a great number of Romans, who advanced continually, and whom they
enfigns appear. before and around the
ftjUy as a

* Plutarch, Appian, and Cicero legionaiy Tribune.

%,

that Cato ferved at that time

'

could

92
A. R.
561,
'

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
,

Confuls.

^'j'j^

could no longer refift, they retreated into their mand covered with their rampart, which trenchments was then before them, they formed a fecond with their lances Vv?hich they prefented to the enemy. ManyRomans, who advanced too rallily, were ran through,

and remained upon the fpot. The Conful would either have been obliged to abandon the enterprize, or would have loft abundance of men, if Cato, after having
driven the -^tolians from the fummit called Callidrome, and killed the greateft part of them whom he had found aileep, had not fhewn himfelf with his troops tipon the part of the hill which commanded the enemy's camp. He had undergone inexpreffible ^ains and dangers in gaining the top of that mountain, paf~ fing over impracticable rocks, and ways on the fide of Flaccus had not the fame fucdreadful precipices. cefs, and, notwithftanding his utmoft efforts, could not reach a poft guarded by another body of -^tolians. The foldiers of Antiochus, feeing Cato's troops hitherto only at a diftance, imagined they were iEtolians, who, having feen the two armies engaged, were comBut, when they could ing to the aid of their Allies. diftinguilli by their approach the enfigns and arms of the Romans, they were all feized with terror, and moft of them threw down their arms, and fled. Antiochus, wounded in the mouth with a ftone, that had beat out his teeth, was obliged by the pain to face about. After his retreat^ no part of his army had the courage It was now only a flight, but to face the Romans. extremely diflicult for the conquered, becaufe on one lide were only deep moraflfes, and on the other fteep rocks, which prevented them almoft entirely from making off either on the right or the left. The Romans, who v,'ere endeavouring to purfue them, found
alfo exceeding difficult, firft in effcdl of the trenches and palifades, and then of the narrownefs of the valley through which they were to pafs, but elpecially of the elephants which Antiochus had placed in

that

his rear-guard, which fliopped the foot, and ftill more the horfe, that were more frightened at the figlit of thofe

CDRNELIUS, ACILIUS,
tliofe

Confuls.

^^
*

and din of A. R. ^st, the battle. They alfo loll time in plundering the ^"*- ^ ^ camp of the enemy. However they pufhed that day and having killed or taken a as far as * Scarphia great number not only of men and horfes, but alfo of elephants, they returned to their camp. When the action was over, the Conful took Cato ftill heated and out of breath in his arms, held him there a great vv?hiie, and in the prefence of the v/hole army cried out, in tranfports of joy, that neither himfeif, nor the Roman People, could ever reward his Cato, who aded on this fervices as they deferved. occafion as lieutenant, or more probably as only a legionary Tribune, had been Conful, and at the head of the armies in Spain, where he had highly diftinguifhed himfelf, as we have related above but he did not believe it degrading himfelf to accept a fubordinate employment for the fervi^e of the State 5 and this was cuftomary amongft the Romans. The Conful had made his cavalry fet out towards the end of the night in purfuit of the enemy, and followed them with the legions as foon as day appeared. Antiochus, who was a great way before him, having fied continually with precipitation till he arrived at f Elatea, drew together the remains of the battle and flight in that city, from whence he retired to Chalcis, not having with him above five hundred men of his whole army at mod. He did not flay there till the Conful came up, but departing immediately anchored in the port of J Tenos, and from thence went to Ephefus. As foon as Acilius appeared before Chalcis, the gates were opened to him. All the other

enormous

beafts, than at all the noife

cities of Eubcea furrendered without being fummoned; and the Conful having in a very few days reconquered the whole ifland, without ufing violence to any one whatfoever, led back his army to Thermopylae, much

*
f

A fmall

A city of Locris in the neighbourhood A confiderable city of Phocis.

ifland,

of Therinopylas.
_^

one of the Cyclades*

more

94
A.R.
561.

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
more
*

ConfuU^

commendable

for the

moderation he Ihewecl
itfelf.

Ant. C.
J91.

after the viftory, than for the vicftory

thence he fent Cato to carry the news of this fuccefs to Rome, mentioning in ftrong terms in his difpatches the confiderable fhare he had in it. It is noble, in a General, to do another's merit juftice iri this manner, and not to give jeaioufy any place in The arrival of Cato at Rome occafioned his heart. greater joy in the city, as the event of a war the with a King fo powerful, and of fuch great reputaPublic prayers tion, had been much apprehended. and facrifices by way of thankfgiving were decreed during three days. During the time of the battle, ten galleys from one
part and three from another, which came to aid the King, and were arrived in Greece, having been informed of his defeat, returned to Ephefus. Other

From

with confiderable convoys for Antiochus, had ftrait near the ifland of Andros. Atilius, who commanded the Roman fleet, having attacked them, funk part of them, and took the reft^
veffels,

already pafTed the

except thofe which were

in the rear,

that

made

off,

and returned
Liv.

to Afia.

Though

the yEtolians, by their violent and infolent

xxxv. 22.

conduft, had rendered themfelves unworthy of all favour, Acilius however endeavoured to bring them Before he formed the over again by gentle methods. fiege of Heraclea, he reprefented to thofe within the place, " that experience at leafl might fhew them^ how little they could rely upon Antiochus: that it was ftill time enough to have recourfe to the clemency of the Roman People. That they were not the only

People who had been wanting in their fidelity to Allies from whom they had received fo many favours but others had at leaft condemned their blindnefs and ingratitude immediately after the defeat and flight of the King, by whofe follicitations and promifes they
:

Multo mcdeftia poft viftoriam, quara ipia viftoria laudabilion Liv.

ha<l

p^ had been feduced. That though the ^EtoHans were A. R.56i" the moft culpable, as they had not been brought over ^^^^' ^' ^^' by that Prince, but had called him in themfelves, and had not only fliared in the war, as Allies of Antiochus, but ought to be confidered as the authors of however, if they could refolve to repent by deliit vering up Heraclea to the Romans, they need not defpair of favour and fafety." Thefe remonftrances were inefFedual, and the Con- lw. ^^^"^'^^ '^^* ful feeing, that it was neceffary to proceed to force, ^^' formed the fiege of that place with all his forces. Heraclea was a very ftrong place, of great extent, and in a condition to make a long and vigorous defence. The Conful, having caufed the Baliftae, Catapulte, and all the other machines of war, of which he had provided a great number, to play, caufed the city to be attacked at the fame time in four different parts. The befieged defended themfelves with a courage, or They immediately rather fury, not to be expreffed. reinftated the parts of the wall which had been beaten
:

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

down

they

made frequent
fuftain,

was hard to
defpair.

They

fallies with a fury that it becaufe they fought like men in burnt in an inftant moft of the ma-

employed againft them. The attack was continued in this manner during twenty-four days togechines
ther,
It

without interruption night or day. eafy to judge, that the ftrength of the garrifon, which was not very numerous in comparifon with the Romans, muft be exhaufted by fo violent and conThe Conful formed a new plan. tinued a fatigue. He made the attack ceafe about midnight, and did not renew it till the next morning about nine. The .^tolians, not doubting but this muft proceed from wearinefs, and that the befiegers v/ere as much tired with fatigues as themfelves, took advantage of the repofe given them, and retired at the fame time as the
is

did. This palTed for fome time. But the Conful, having made his troops retreat as ufual about midnight, three hours after caufed the town to be attacked at three-places, only, pofting at a fourth fide a

Romans

body

56
A. R.
561.

CORNELIUS, AGILIUS, Confuk

thef
-^'^fT'G^'^

body of troops with orders to continue quiet till the fignal for ading fhould be given. ^Tg'u'
this

Oh

of the iEtolians who were alleep were not awakened without difficulty ; and thofe who were awake ran on all fides where the noife called At break of day, upon the Conful's fignal, them. the affault was made on that fide of the city which had not been attacked till then, and from which the befieged had for that reafon drawn off their troops.
attack, thofe

The place was carried that moment, and the iEtolians took refuge precipitately in the citadel. The city was plundered, lefs from the motive of hatred and re.venge, than to make the foldicrs amends, who hitherto had not been permitted to plunder any of the The citadel, which was cities that had been taken. in want of provifions, could not hold out long, and the garrifon furrendered at the firll attack. Amono-ft the prifoners was Damocritus one of the principal perfons of the nation, who, in the beginning of the war, had anfwered Quintius, " That he in perfon " would carry the decree, by which the ^i^tolians " had lately called in Antiochus, to Italy." The
Romans, who remembered this infolent anfwer, conceived in effedt of it the more joy on account of their
vi6lory.
Liv.

xxxvi. 25. fiege

the fame time that the Conful had began the of Heraclea, King Philip, in concert with him, had undertaken that of Lamia, which was but iQven This nearnefs of the two bemiles from Heraclea. fieged cities, the one by the Romans, the other by the Macedonians, gave birth fo a lively emulation between the two people, each doing their utmoft to Philip found fupport the honour of their nation. much greater difficulties at Lamia than he had expetted. The Macedonians carried on a mine with infinite pains in a flifF and ftony ground, in which they met with fach hard rocks, as blunted their tools The King, without its being poffible to cut them. finding this work go on fo flow, endeavoured to induce the inhabitants, by conferences with the principal

At

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

97
PleA.
that
R. 56r.
'

c'ipal of them, to put Was convinced, that if Heraclea was taken

the city into his hands.

firll,

^^^[^

they would chufe rather to furrender to the Romans, than to him ; and that the Conful would honour himfelfwith the conqueil of this place, and make it a merit with the inhabitants to have cauled the IVlaccHe reafoned right for donians to raife the fiege. as foon as the Conful had taken Heraclea, he fent to
:

tell

Philip

to

raife

the fiege

declaring,

*'

that

it

was but

juft,

that the

Romans, who had been

at the

**

trouble of fighting the i^Ztolians, iliould reap the He Was obliged to comply. fruits of the vidory." Prince could not but be highly fenfible of fuch an

affront.

The

'

place fome time after farrendered to

the

Romans.
^

days before the taking of Heraclea, the ^to- Liv. aflembled at Hypata lent Ambalfadors to Anti- ^^^'^^' ^^' ochus, of which number were Nicander and Thoas. They were ordered to defire that Prince, firft, to return in perfon to Greece with a new fleet and army fecondly, if he had any reafon to the contrary, to They reprefentecl to fend them troops and money. him, " that it was for his honour, and his faith required, that he fliould not abandon his allies in their necelTity that befides, his own fafety, and that of his dominions made it neceffary, that he fhould keep the Romans fo employed in Greece, that they fhould neither have time nor power entirely to deftroy the ^tolians, in order to enter Afia afterwards with all Thefe reafons, which were unanfwertheir forces." able, made an impreffion upon the King. In confequence he immediately gave the AmbaiTadors the money they wanted for fuftaining the war, and promifed to fend them the fea and land-forces they afl^ed foon after. He kept Thoas with him, v/ho itayed voluntarily, to follicit the promifed aids in perfon. But the lofs of Heraclea entirely difcouraged and deftroycd the hopes of the ^tolians and fome few ibkl days after the departure of the Ambaffadors, of whom ^'-'"-9* we have juft fpoke, renouncing the war abfolutely. Vol, V, thr/
lians
:
:
,

Some

98
A.R.
561.

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. c.

they fent others to the Conful to demand peace. They J3g^j^ j-Q harangue him, when that General flopping them fliort, told them that he had fomething elfe ta do than to hear them ; and granting them a truce of ten days, fent them back to Hypata with L. Valerius Fiaecus, to whom he ordered them to explain their When reafons, as they would have done to himlelf. they arrived there, the principal perfons of the nation held a council at Flaccus's houfe, to enquire with him in what manner they were to treat v/ith the Conful.

They

liances

feem.ed inclined to put him in mind of the alwhich they had contrafled with the Roman

people, and the lervices they had done the Common" Fiaecus advifed them not to mention treaHe added, that ties wJiich themfelvcs had broken. their fafety depending not upon the goodnefs of their caufe, but upon the clemency of the Roman People,
wealth.

make, v/as to confefs their pardon for it. That if they afted as fuppliantSy he would be a mediator for them with the Conful, and in the Rom.an Senate, to which it would According be neceilary alfo to fend AmbaiTadors. they Fiaecus, ail concluded, advice of that to the themfelves, to to lave was means abandon only the themfelvcs to the faith ^nd humanity of the Romans.
the befl choice they could
faults

and

to alii

They

flattered themfelves, that this confidence

in

would

point of honour, and make them unand they fewilling to treat fuppliants with rigour credy retained at heart the defign and hope of taking advantage O of the favourable occafions which fortune

pique them

might

prcfent.'*

they were before the Conful Pheneas, the made a long and pathetic difcourfe, with tlie hope of appeafmg the Vidor's wrath, and concluded v/ith faying, " that theiEtolians abanchief of the embaiTy

When

doned THEIR PERSONS AND ALL THAT WERE THEIRS TO TKE HUMANITY AND FAITH OF THE ROJWANS. Tlie iEtolians did not comprehend the whole extent of what tlie Rbmans underllood by abandoning THEMSELVES TO THE FAITH Of ANY ONE. They probably

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
:

Confuls.

99

bably repeated the words dictated to them by Vale- A. R. 561. in which there would have been a fraud, on the ^l^^\^' rius 191. In the fide of the latter, entirely to be condemned. fenfe of the Romans, this exprefiion fignified to abandon themfelves to the faith of the pcrfon to whom they fpoke v/ithout referve, without exception, and fo ablblutely, that he might after that without any other formality, difpofe of their fortunes, perfons, and even In a word, it was furrendering at lives themfelves.
difcretion.

When

Pheneas had pronounced thefe

" Confider v/hat you fiy maturely," faid the Conful, " and whether your refoiution to fubmit in " this manner be well formed." Pheneas Ihewed him the decree, in which thofe terms were repeated word for word, as he had uttered them. " As it is fo," faid the Conful, " I demand that " you deliver up to me without delay your citizen " Dica^archus, and Msenetas of Epirus" (who had entered Naupailus with troops, and had made the inhabitants take arms) " with Amynander and the " principal perfons of the Atham'antes, by whofe " counfel you revolted againfl us." Pheneas fcarce ftayed till the Conful had fpol^ thefe words. Then replying v/ith v/armth, " We gave ourfelves up to " you," faid he, " as friends, not as flaves j and I " am convinced, that it is for v/ant of refiecling upon " the cufcoms of the Greeks, that you require things of " us abfolutely contrary to them." " I do not regard,'* anfwered the Conful, " whether I feem to the ^Sitoli" ans to a6t contrary to the cuiloms of the Greeks " it fuffices for me to ufe m.y authority according to " the cufloms of the Romans, over a people who " come to fubmit according to their own decree, and *' v.hom I had already fubje6led by arms. For which " reafon, if you do not infcantly obey, I fliall direilly *' put you in prifon." And he immediately ordered chains to be brought, and made his Lidors furround
words
:

them.

On

thefe menaces,
fpiric,

loil all

Pheneas and the other ^^tolians and they began to be fenfible of their

condi*

100
A.R.
"
'^^

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
5^1.

Confuls.

condition.
*'

Pheneas
:

faid,

"
it

that himfelf and the other

mult obey the Conwas neceffary to afiemble *' the nation to pafs a decree. That in order to do fo " he demanded a truce of ten days." The Conful granted it at the requeft of Flaccus ; and the deputies returned to Hypata. Pheneas there, having related to thofe who formed the council the Conful's demands, and the danger to which himfelf and his coUegues had been expofed, the affembly could not refrain from groaning on the fad fituation of the ]Ex.olians, but they concluded no lefs in effeft for obedience, and immediately fummoned the whole nation. When the whole alTembled People were apprized of the matter in queflion, they were fo much incenfed at the Conful's haughtinefs and rigour, that, had they been at peace, their rage would have been capable of
plainly that they
fill's

" ^tolians faw

orders

but that

making them take arms.

With the indignation occafioned by the feverity of thefe orders, united the rigour of executing them. could they in parti-

How

up the perfon of King Amynander to the Romans? They^ere in this difpofition, when Nicander returned from his embaffy to Syria, and
cular deliver

by informing them, that Antiochus was making preparations to renew the war Avith more vigour than ever ; and the fums fent with him by that Prince were good vouchIn confequence the negotiation on foot ers of this. had no effefl. It cannot be denied but the infolence and perfidy of the ^tolians, and their violent hatred for Rome, But the Condeferved the moft fevere treatment. ful's condu6l, full of haughtinefs, and founded upon a pretended confent and terms of which the lEiolians did not underftand the force, is very ftrange, and feems extremely foreign to the Roman characflattered the multitude with vain hopes,
ter.
Liv.
_

xxxvi. 3^'

Acilius, being informed, that the afiembly of p^^a refufed the peace, and that the ^tolians

Hy-

joined their

forces at

Naupadus

to

fuftain the

had whole weight

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

loi
561
*

weight of the war m that place, determined to follow A.R. them thither. After havmg undergone incredible tatigLies in the defiles of the mountains he had to pafs, where a fmall number of troops might have flopped him, he at length arrived before the city, and formed the fiege of it, which did not coft him lefs pains, labours and works than that of Heraclea. At the fame time Philip, by the Conful's permif- Liv. fion, made war on his fide, and with advantao-e. He '^^'^vi. took Demetrias, Dolopia, Aperantia, and lome cities

'^

32,

of Perrhasbia.
Quintius,

who had been

at

the afTembly of the

ibid.

34.,

Ach^ans, and had engaged them to furrender Za- 3S' cynthus to the Romans, went afterwards to Naupactus, which was reduced to the laft extremity. The Romans had now battered it with great vigour during two months and if they had taken it by force, its ruin would infallibly have been followed by that of all ^tolia. Quintius had all manner of reafon to be
:

difTatisfied with the ^tolians, who had alone endeavoured to deprive him of the glorious title of Deliverer of Greece, and had defpifed his counfels, when forefeeing all that had lately happened, he had endeavoured to difTuade them from fo frantick an enterprize. However, convinced that it was for his honour not to fuffer any of the States of a country, whofe liberty he Jiad reftored, to be deflroyed, he began by walking round the walls, in order to make the ^tolians obferve him. The report that Quintius was in fight immediately fpread throughout the whole city. The people that inftant ran from all parts to the walls. Thofe unfortunate citizens, holding out their hands towards Quintius, and calling him by his name, all wept, and implored his aid with great cries. Qjuin-tius, moved with their condition, fo much as even to fhed tears, made a fign to them with his hand that it was not in his power to extricate them out of the danger that menaced them. He afterwards waited upon the Conful and entered " Manius," faid he, into a converfation v/ith him.

" Qon'c

102'

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
'

Confuls.

A.R. 56i. don't you fee the confcquences of all this, or fore*' feeing them, do you believe that they are indiffej^j^ " rent with refpeft to the good of the Common" wealth r" The Conful, furprized with this queftion, the fenfe of which he did not comprehend, dcfired him'
to explain himfelf
Qiiintius,

more clearly. " How !" refumed " don't you perceive, that after having de" feated Antiochus, you lofe time in befieging two " cities, your Confullhip being upon the point of ex*' piring whereas Philip, who was not prefent at the
:

conquered not only cities, but Athamania, Aperantia, Dolo*' pia, and Perrhsebia. And hov/ever, it is of much *' lefs importance to us to weaken the i^tolians, *' than to prevent the extraordinary growth of Philip's p6wer." The Conful owned the folidity of thefe refledions. But he was afhamed to raife the fiege of a city he had attacked during two months. He left Qiiintius to The z&. in this affair as he fliould think expedient. latter having approached the walls a fecond time, the cries of the inhabitants were renev/ed, and he was again earneitly implored to take pity of the nation. He bade them fend fome deputies to him. Pheneas and the principal perfons came out and threw thembattle, has already
alfo,
^'

"

provinces

as

felves

at

his

feet.

Seeing them in
^'

that

pofture

" Your misfortune," faid he, " of anger and revenge in me.
**

fuppreffcs all fenfe

You

fee the accom-'^

plifnment of all that I foretold to you ; and you have *' not the confolation to be able to fay, that you have '' not deferved what you fuffer. But deftincd as I am, *' to defend and preferve Greece, ingratitude fhali not " fei afide my inclination to do good. Send deputies " to the Conful, to obtain a truce from him, which " will give you time to fend to Rome, to make your *' fubmnTion to the Senate. I will intercede for you, " and be your advocate with the Confdl." They followed Qiiintius's counfel in every thing. Tlie Conful granted them a truce, raifed the fiege, and marched
his

army

into Phocis.

What

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
!

Confuls.

joj

What a difference is here between the condud of A. P^. 561. Acilius and that of Qiiintius This ftrong contTail be- "j'/j ^' tween tvv-o Generals in refpeft to the fame people,
fhevv us how advantageous goodnefs, lenity, and clemency, even in refped: to thofc who have rendered themiclves moil unworthy of them, are in the condu6t

of great aiiairs. King Philip fent AmbaiTadors to Rome, to con- Ljv. gratulate the Romans upon the good fuccefs of this"^'^vi. campaign, and to oifer prefents and facrilices to the"^'
.

Gods
Ion,

in the Capitql.

They

v/ere received diere with

great marks of confideration, and Demetrius, Philip's who was kept at Rome, as an hoftage, was put into their hands. This ended in Greece the war made there by the Confui Manius Acilius againit Antiochus

King of

Syria.

have fpoke elfewhere of the victory of Scipio Nafica, Aciiius's coUegue, over the Boii, and of that
Conful's triumoh. Antiochus, after his defeat, remained quiet at ibid. 3S, Ephefus, relying upon the word of his courtiers and+' +^flatterers, that he had nothing to fear from the Romans, and that they had no thoughts of coming to Afia. In this manner does the Divine Providence abandon the Princes it has determined to humble and
J.

We

call

down, to

their

own

indolence.

at this time was in confiderable credit

Hannibal, who Vv^ith him, was

this lethar-

the only one capable of rouzing gic ftupefadiion.

him from

He
all

plainly told him,

flatter

" that he

was much

in the wrono- to

hopes as he did, and to

difcourfes void of

fufi'er

himfelf with vain himfelf to be lulled by

reafon and probability.

That

he had certain advice, that Rome had fome time fince made a new fleet and General fet out from her ports. That it would coft her lefs to go from Greece to Afia, than from Italy to Greece. That he would very foon have the Romans to fight both by fea and land in Afia and for Afia ; and that he muft either refolve to renounce empire, or to defend himfelf in arms againft an enemy, who afpired at nothing lefs than to make them4

104

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
-

Confuls.

A.R. s6i.thetnfelves mafters of the univerfe," The King then Ant. ^^ * "^' conceived ail the danger he was in. He fent orders. 191 to hafcen the march of the troops from the Eaft, which

were not yet arrived. He caufed, his fleet to be equipped, embarked on board it, and went to the Cherfonefus. He there fortified Lyfimachia, Seftus, Abydos, and the other places in the neighbourhood, to prevent the Romans from entering Afia through theHellefpont.
l;-/.

C. Livius,
_^

commander of

the

Roman

fleet,

had

fet

xxxvi.

4245-

When he ar>^ with fifty large Ihips. j-]ved at Corfu, he was informed that the Conful and (for Antiochus were incamped near Thermopylae He made hafte the battle had not yet been fought.)
Q^t;

from

Rome

therefore to the Piraeus, where the

Roman
fix

fleet

com-r

manded by
large
lliips,

Atilius lay.
to

It confiiled

of five and twenty

furnifhed

v;hich adding the

by

the Carthaginians, Livius^s fleet confifted of fourfcore large lliips of v/ar, without including a very great

number of fmaller velfels. He departed without lofs of time, and arrived at Delos, where they were delayed fome days by contrary winds. During this interval Antiochus had been driven out of Greece by the Conful, and he was then in the Hellefpont, when the Roman fleet was in the road of DePolyxenidas, ildmiral of that Prince's fleet, los. having given him advice of this, Antiochus immediately returned to Ephefus, and held a council to deliberate whether it were proper to try the fortune of a Polyxenidas was of opinion, " that battle by lea.
it

v/as neceffary to

attack the

enemy

before the fleet

of Eumenes, and the galleys of the Rhodians had That by this means, they would be joined them. almoft equal to the Romans in number, but much fuperior by the fwiftncfs of their ihips, and the variety of fupport. That the Roman veffels, through the grois manner in which they were built, moved heavily ; befides which, coming fo far into an enemy's country, whereas thofe of the they were laden with provifions That they King carried only foldiers and arms. lhoul4 8
;

105 have the additional advantage of knowing the A.R. 561. "'^' fcas, lands and winds, the ignorance of which only J9I. was capable of occafioning great diforders amonglt
jfhould
*

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

Polyxcjiidas, in giving this counfel, the enemy." had the greater weight, as he was to put it in execution.

They employed two

days

in preparations,

and on

the third Polyxenidas fet out with an hundred fhips, of which feventy had decks, and the reft were open, and
arrived at* Fhoc^a.
fent in this a61ion,

As the King was aot to be prewhen he was informed, that the

enemy's

fleet

approached, he retired to Magnefia near

Sipylus, to put his land-forces in a condition to adt. The fleet advanced as far as Cyflbntum, a port of the Erythrsans, as to a poft where it waited, tlie enemy

with more advantag-e. When the north v/inds, which had kept the Romans at Delos many days, were abated, they continued their courfe, and arrived b-fore Phoc^ea, which fubmitted immediately. Eumenes, with twenty-four

and fome few open vefll?ls, joined the which v/as preparing to give the enemy battle. From thence fettingout with about an hundred and five decked fhips, and about fifty without decks, they were at firft driven by the north winds,

decked

fhips,
fleet

Roman

there,

that.blew upon their quarter j fo that to avoid beinowrecked, they v/ere obliged to place themfelves in a line behind one another, and to move on in a long file. When the violence of thofe winds was a little abated, they endeavoured to gain the port of Corycus above CyfTontum. Polyxenidas, who fought only an occufion for fighting, rejoiced on being informed, that tne Romans were coming to meet him. In confequence he drew up his fleet in battle, extended the left wing towards the main fea, ordered his Lieutenants to draw up the right towards the land ; and in that order advanced The Romans feeing his in a line againft the enemy.
*

A city of Afia Minor.

difpo-

io6

CORNELIUS, ACILiUS,

Confuls.

A. R. 561. t^ifpofition, furled their fails, lowered their mafts, and Ant. C. at tne fame time tliat they made their lliips ready for J9.

fighting, waited the

coming up of

thofe behind them.

in

They had drawn up about

formed
for
their rig-ht v/ing

thirty

front, v/hich
left

and to

p-ive the

room

forming, hoifting the fmall fails, they advanced towards the main fea, ordering thofe that followed to keep their prows againft the enemy's right wing drawn up along the coaft. Eumenes was in the But as fojDn as he judged by the noife rear-guard. he heard, that the tv/o fleets were upon the point of charging, he made his fhips advance with all pofilble
expedition.

When

they were within a nearer view of each other,

were detached from the fleet of Antiochus, and advanced againil two Carthaginian galleys, which were a-head of thofe of the Romans. As the match v/as not equal, two of Antiochus's fhips furrounded one of the Carthaginian ; and flrlt broke all
three fnips
its

oars, then
having?;

boarded
beat

after

The fended it. taken by the enemy, flieered off to rejoin the reft of the fleet, before the three Syrian Ihips lliould come to furround it. Livius, inraged at this fight, advanced in the AdAt the fame miral galley, on board of which he was. time, the two, which had taken the Carthaginian fnip, came on to meet him, in hopes of gaining the fame advantage over him. Livius, to make his galley more fteady, ordered the mariners to low^r the oars on both fides into the fea, to grapple the fhips of tlie enemy with their Corvi, and to come board and board with them, in order to fight clofe and hand to hand. He exhorted them to remember that they were Romans, and not to confider thofe vile flaves of Eaftern Kings as men. At this time a fingle fhio was feen to attack and take two with more eafe than two had taken one fome moments before.

hand, and took it thofe v/ho deone that remained, feeing the other
it

fv/ord

in

down and

killed

The

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
The
tv/o fleets

Confuls.

107
561.
'^

had already charged on all the fhips nniverfally mingled had rendered the battle Eumenes, who arrived laft and after the begeneral. ginning of the a6lion, having obfcrved the diforder, which Li viiis had occafioned in the enemy's left wing, fell upon their right, which ftill defended itfelf with equal advantage. The defeat of the Syrians began on the left wing. When Polyxenidas faw the fuperiority which the Roman foldiers had over his in valour, he caufed the fmall fails to be hoifted, and fled Vv'ith precipitation. The right wing, after having fuilained the attack of

fides, and A.R.

'^

Eumenes
Admiral.

for

fome timx, did not delay following the

feconded by Eir.Tsenes, purfqed them vigoroufly with the help of their oars, in hopes to come up with their rear. But at length, finding that the fliips of the defeated, which were much lighter, had greatly the advantage of theirs, laden with provifions and machines, they flopped, after having taken thirteen galleys with their crews of foldi-

The Romans,

and feamen, and funk ten. The Romans loft only That, which had been taken at the beginning of the battle by the two that had inverted it. Polyxenidas continued flying, till he faw himfelf in the port of Ephefus. The Romans fliayed that day at Cyflx^ntum, from whence the fleet of Antiochus had fet out to meet them ; and the next day they put to fea again to o-o In the middle of their courfe in queft of the enemy. they met Ave and twenty Rhodian galleys, under the comm.and of Faufiilratus. With this reinforcement, they advanced quite to Ephefus, and drew up in battle in the mouth of the port itfelf. But as the enemy made no motion, contented with that confefllon of their weaknefs, they retired. Eumenes and the Rhodians returned home. As to Livius, he fl:cered for Chios, where he landed the next day. He continued there fome days, to give his crews reft, and then repaired to Phocasa. Having left four galleys of five benches of oars there to guard the city, he failed with the fleet to Canes. There, as
ers

winter

loB
A. R.
5^/ -winter
'

CORNELIUS, ACILIUS,
clofed

Confuls.

"gi^ Liv.

approached, he drew his fhips on fhore and inthem within a folTe and palifade. Towards the end of the year the afTembly at Rome
Scipio and C. Lslius Confuls, hope that they would terminate the war with Sywhich was then the great objed of the attention

xxxvi.

45-

eledled L. Cornelius
in the
ria,

of the Romans.

SECT.
The y^tolian Amhajfadjrs are
cbtaintd peace.

11.

difmijfed without

having
to be

Scipio Africanus

caufes

Greece

given his
proper.

brother as his province,

^he Senate leave

the Conful at liberty to go to Afia^ if he jhould judge it Cornel? us fets out from Rome. The Senate
caufe a new fleet to be built. Return of their Amhaffadors.

in Greece.

Anxiety of the Mtolians. The new Conful arrives After tnany rcfufals^ he at laji grants the
to
Afia.,

Mtolians a truce of fix months Rome. The Conful fets out for

fend Ambaffadors to after having firjl

That Prince receives him founded Philip's difpofition. and his army with royal magwficence. Great preparations

of Antiochus^ efpecially to fit out a new fleet. Livius puts to fea^ goes to the Hellefpont^ and takes Sejlos. Polyxenidas^ having deceived Paujijlratus^ entirely defeats

the

Rhodian

fleet.

Livius abandons the

out

Jiege of Abydcs.

anew ficet. The two unitedfleets approach Ephefus^ and cannot bring the enemy to a battle. Mmilius Regillus takes upon him the command in the room of Livius. Sehucus bcfieges Pergamus. Eumsnes^ and foon after the Romans and
The Rhodians fit
Rhodians come
ally.

to the

aid of that

city.

Antiochus fends
caufe

propofals ofpeace to the Pralor Mmilius^ but ineffe^lu-

The Achaans, commanded by Diophanes^

the Jiege of Pergamus to be raifed. AntiDchus''s fleets ccmmandfd partly by Hannibal., is defeated by the Rhodians.

Antiochus endeavours

to

engage Pruftas in his

party.

He

is

determined

to

join the

Romans

by letters

from

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

ic<

Sea-fight between the Praetor Mmlfro?n the Sclpios. lius and Polyxenidas near Myonnefus^ in which the Sy-

rians are def

L. Cornelius Scipio.
C. L^LIUS.

a.r.

562,

Ant. C,
190,

THE new
firft

Confuls having entered upon office, the^^^- .. care of the Senate, after having fatisfied the^^''^"*^* duties of religion, was to examine the affair of the
that

Their AmbafTadors -earneftly demanded, ^tolians. be terminated before the time of the it Ihould truce which had been granted them fhould expire ; in which they were fupported by the credit of Qiiintius, who was then returned from Greece to Rome. As
they relied much more upon the Senate's clemency than upon the goodnefs of their caufe, they chofe to demand grace for their recent faults, in confideration For the refb, as long as they of their paft fervices. continued in the chamber of audience, they had much to fuffer from the clofe quellions, which the Senators in emulation of each other put to them, in order to extort from them a'confeflion of their inconftancy and infidelity, rather than to hear their excufes and apoWhen they left it, opinions were much dilogies. vided concerning the manner in which they ought to The remembrance of their injurious and be treated. violent behaviour had almoft extinguifhed all fenfe of compaflion in the minds of the Senate. They were confidered, not as common enemies, but as wild and
untraclable favages.

At length, after the affair had been debated for feveral days with abundance of warmth, the refult of the deliberation was, that without either granting or refufing them peace, it fhouid be left to their option either to abandon themfelves to the difcretion of the Senate, or to pay the Roman People a * thoufand talents, and to engage to have About no other friends or enemies but theirs. They made i5'=olcarneft inftances to be informed upon what articles the
Senate defircd that they Oiould
rc-fer

themfelves to
their

no
A. R.
56Z.

CORNELIirS, Ly^LIUS,
their difcretion
:

Confuls.

Ant. C.
190.

but no pofitive anfwer was given them. In confequence they were difmifled without having obtained the peace they came to demand, and

had orders
fifteen.
^'v..

to quit

the city that d.aj, and

Italy

in

The provinces to be afilgned the Confuls were the Both dehred Greece next fubjedt of deliberation. and the Senate having ordered them to draw lots, or to agree between thcmfelves, Laslius, who was in great credit with that body, fiid that it was more decent to leave that choice to the prudence of the Senate, than to refer it to the caprice of chance. L. Scipio replied, that he would confider of it; and having conferred with his brotlier, who told him he might boldly refer it to the Senate, he declared that he accepted Lselius's The cafe was new, or, at leaft, time had propofal.
examples of it in the minds of the a long contefl about it, when Scipio Africanus rifmg up, faid, " that if they would" grant his brother the province of Greece, he would ferve under him in quality of his Lieutenant." This declaration v/as received with the applaufe of the whole affembly, and inflantly put* an end to the difGreece was decreed to Scipio, and Italy to pute. They were L^lius, with almofl unanimous confent. highly pkafed with trying whether the counfels of vanquifhed Hannibal would be more faiutary to Antiochus, than thole of Scipio his conqueror to the Conful and his legions. The Prsetors afterwards drew lots for their province, and the command of the fleet fell to L. TEmilius Regillus. Cornelius, who was to command in Greece, was left at liberty to go to Afia, if he fliould judge that Twenty the good of the Commonwealth required it. Ihips of war, with all their equipage, were given to the Praetor Regillus ; to which he had orders to add a thoufand feamen, and two thoufand foot to be raifcd by himfelf, and with thefe forces to go to Afia, where C. Livius was to refign the command of the
entirely effaced

Senate,

who expeded

Ibid.

2.

fleet to

him.

The

CORNELIUS, L/ELIUS,
The Conful
affairs that

Confuls.

Cornelius, after having terminated the A, R. 561. ' at Rome, and had made all the J^^^ neceirary preparations, quitted the city in the military Liv. ^^^^'"' robe, according to cuitom, carrying with him, be-

kept him

fides eight thouiand m^n whom he had levied by order of the Senate, about five thoufand volunteers, who having compleated their time of lervice under Gcipio

Africanus, entered at this time with joy into a

new

engagement under

his brother's enfigns..

Senate commiiTioned L. Aurunculejus to build of five benches of oars, and twenty of three, becaufeit was rumoured, that Antiochus, after the naval battle he had loft, was fitting out a much more confiderable fleet than the firfl. Jn the beginning of this year forty-three i^tolians
thirty galleys

The

of principal rank arrived at Rome, amongft whom were Damocritus and his brother, guarded by two cohorts, which Manius Acilius had exprefly detached, and on their arrival were thrown into prifon. Thefe were prilbners of war. In the mean time the yEtolians waited the return of The anfvver their AmbaiTadors with great anxiety. they brought back, and which put an end to all hope of peace, threw the ^tolian People into the utmoft the danger, with confternation. Ji-^ftly afraid of which they were menaced from the Romans, they .feized mount Corax, to fhut up the pafs againft their army. For they did not doubt but in the beginning of the fpring they v/ould return to befiege Naupadtus.
.expeft,

ibid. 3,4.

But Acilius furprized them by a projedt they did not and attacked * Lamia, which probably had
It at firfl
it

revolted.

made

a very vigorous defence,

but

was obliged to furrender. From thence" he v/ent to attack -f AmphifTa, whofe inhabitants behaved with great courage. Breaches were already made in feveral places, when Acilius received advice, that his fuccefTor was landed
at

length

^^'^^- ^>7'.

A city of Theffaly in

Phtliiotis.

f Acity of Locris,
at

112
A. R. 562 at
^'
'

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
ApoUonia
*,

Confuls.

and that he was

crofiincr

Epirus and

190

He brought with him ThelTalia in order to join him. When thirteen thoufand foot and five hundred horfe.
he arrived at the gulf of -f Malia, he fent to fummon the inhabitants of Hypata to furrender their city to They anfwered, that they could do nothing him. except by a decree of the general afiembly of the
j^tolians.

Then, not to ftop at the fie-ge of Hypata before AmphilTa had furrendcrcd, he marched before the latter city, having made his brother Scipio Africanus
fet

out before him.

On

their approach, the in-

habitants had
fidered as

which they conimpregnable. The Conful had incamped fix miles from thence, when Ambaflladors from the Athenians, after having before applied to his brother, came to him to implore S.ipio Afrihis clemency in behalf of the j^tolians. canus had given them a fufficiently favourable anThat fuperior genius, whofe views were alfwer. ways great and extenfive, and who only fought an honourable pretext for abandoning the war of ^tolia, in order to turn the whole force of the Commonwealth
retired into the citadel,

and Afia, had direfted the Atheendeavour to prevail upon the Romans, but to incline the ^tolians themfelves to preand the .^tolians had fent a nufer peace to war merous embafiy from Kypata to demand peace. Africanus, by his difcourfe, increafcd the hope they had Ele told them, " That when he had of obtaining it. commanded firfl in Spain, and afterwards in Africa, of many nations he had fubjeded to the Roman People, there was not one, to whom he had not given more proofs of clemency and benevolence, than of The affair courafye and ability in the art of war." feemed to wear a good afpeft but when the Ambafi^adors were introduced to the Conful, he gave them, no doubt conformably to his orders, the fame
againft Antiochus
nians, not only to
: :

*
f

A fea-port town of Macedonia.

The
gulf of Malia
is

in Phthiotis,

which

is

part of Theflalia.

anfwer

CORNELIUS, LmUVS,

Confuls.

113

anfwer as the Senate had at Rome, and which had A. R. 56*. driven them from thence. The ^tolians, flruck '^'^*' ^* with a rigour, for which the interceffion of the Athenians and the favourable reception of Scipio Africanus had not prepared them, replied, that they were going to give an account of their commiflion to thofe who had fent them. When they returned to Hypata, the heads of the nation were highly embarrafTed. For they were not in a condition to furnilh the thoufand talents demanded of them, and were afraid, if they furrendered at difcretion, that tiie Romans might believe they had a right to inflicft puniihment upon, and difpofe of^

They therefore fent back the fame their perfons. Ambafladors to the Conful and his brother Africanus, to implore them, if they fincerely intended to grang them peace, and not to deceive them with vain hopes, either that they would abate them part of the fum^ which they demanded, or permit them, in furrendering, to add a claufe for the exemption of their perfons. The Conful was inexorable. They were reduced to iEched^mus, the moft confiderable of the defpair. Athenian Ambaffadors, did not lofe all hopes as they did. He advifed them to aik a truce of fix months in order to fend new Ambaffadors to Rome, reprefenting to them, that the advantage of time might produce great changes in affairs. The truce was Perhaps -d^ched^mus gave them this granted them. counfel in concert with the Conful and his brother Africanus, to whom it was of the higheil imp'ortance not to be detained in Greece by the war of ^tolia. The fiege of Amphiffa was immediately raifed, and
army fumed his route for R.ome. There was no farther obflacle
Acilius having refigned his
defires of the Conful

to the Conful, re-

He

to the defigns and LW. immediately meditated up- ^^^vif.

7.

on repairing

to Theffaly, in order to crofs Pvlacedo-

nia and Thrace, and from thence to go to Alia. But his brother made him refleft on the ftate of affairs. ' I highly approve," faid he to him, " the route

Vol, V.

" you

114
A.R.
5S3.cc
"90*^'

CORNELIUS, L/ELIUS,

Confuls.

you intend to take: but your fafety entirely de" pcnds upon the difpofition of King Philip. For, " if he continues faithful to us, he will open the " ways himfelf, and fupply our army with the pro** vifions of all kinds, o? which it will have occafion " for fo long a march. But if he fnould abandon us, " you would be expofed to great dangers in pafling " through Thrace. For which reafon I advife you, " before you engage in this delign, to found that " Prince upon it. The moil afTured means of know" ing his real fentimcnts, is to fend a courier to him, " who will furprize him by arriving unexpeftedly." Ti, Semproni s Giacchus, a young Roman, full of ardour and vivacity, was charged with this comHe fet out from AmphiHa, and with the miffion. horfes which were laid in readinefs on his route, his expedition was fo prodigious, that on the third day he The King was at table, and even in arrived at Peila. his cups, when Gracchus was prefented to him. This was to the courier a fign, that he meditated no defigns That Prince receivto the prejudice of the Romans. ed him very graciouily and the next day, fhewcd him the convoys which he kept in readinefs for the Roman army, and gave him all poffible afTurances, that the bridges were laid over the rivers, and the
-,

ways made

eafy

and practicable.

The

courier return-

ed, v/ith the fame diligence as he came, to carry this good news to the Conful, whom he met at * Thau-

maci.
Uv.

The army
to give
in

xxxvn.7. entered

full of confidence and joy immediately Macedonia^ where every thing was in readinefs

Philip received them marks of good-will that could be expe<5led from the moft zealous and faithful ally. He fupplied them witli a truly royal generofity with all refrefhments, and necefiary aids, -f In the feafls,
a

them

good

reception.

effeft

with

all

the

A city of

Tlieffalia.

f MrJta in eo & dexteritas Sz humanitas vifa, que commend ibilia apud Africanum erant verum licut ad ca;tcra egrerjiura, ita a comiLiv. tate, quaE fine luxuria eflet, non alienum.
;

which

CORNEIJUS, Li^LIUS,
which he gave the Conful,
cipal

Confuls.

115
^- ^- s^^.
"^o.*"'

Roman
air,

oiiiceft,

and the prinhe behaved wich an eafy and

his brother,

graceful

merit witli Scipio Airicanus. For that great man, who excelled in all things, vvas no enemy to a certain dignity of manners and a noits

that had

ble generofity, provided

it

did not degenerate into

Afi'icanns
in
this

luxury.

The
place,
is

praife
alio

Livy gives Scipio

much

in

favour of Philip.
the

He

enter-

tained at that time in his palace

:

mod

iliuilrious

of mankmd then in being a ConUil of the Roman People, and at the fame time at the head of their and what was ilill greater, Scipio Africanus, armies
-,

brother. Profufion feems pardonable on thefe occafions.

the Confui's

is

common,
There
v/as

and none

in Philip's

reception of his

guells.

He

entertained

King, and with a magnix^cence that fuited their dignity and his own, but which had nothing exceffivc in it, nor that argued pomp and oftentation ; and which v/as infinitely heightened by obliging manners, and an attention in introducing with tafce, and according to the occafion, whatever could be apjreeable to his guefts. Multa in eo d xteritas humaniia]
like a great

did him more honour in the fenfe of Scipio, and rendered Phiio more eftimable to him, than the moil fumptuous profufions could have done. This fine tafte on both fides, v/hich is uncommon in Princes and great perfons, is a good model for thofe of that high rank. But it requirej no fmall courage and force of mind, a very refined
vija.

Thele perfonal

qualities

of true greatnefs, and an highly fuperior mer.t not to be carried av/ay by the torrent of example, and a mode become univerfal. King, hov/ever, ought to be fenfible, that it is for him to give the law, and not to receive it ; and Pliny juflly obferves *, that the condu6t of Princes infallibly becomes the rule of their fubjects, who, in order to ad:
fenfe
in all things,

* Vita Princinis cenfura eft, eaque peroetna. Au banc dirigimiir, ad banc convertimur ; nee tam imperio nobis opui eft, (juam exemplo. Plin. ia Panegyr. Traj. I

aright,

ii6
A. R.
562.

CORNELIUS, L.^LIUS,
aright, do not Hand Q^ good examples.
in

Confuls.

need of edicts and decrees, but

Ant. C.

The

Confiil

and

his brother, in

acknowledgment

of the noble and generous manner with which Philip had received the army, according to the power they had received, remitted the reft of the money he was to pay, in the name of the R.oman People. Philip feemed to make it a duty and pieafure to accompany the Roman arm.y, and to fupply it with all that was necefTary, not only in Macedonia, but as His experience of the fuperiority of far as Thrace. the Roman forces to his own, and his inability to throw off the yoke of obedience and fubjeftion, always grating to a King, obliged him to conciliate a People, upon whom from thenceforth his. fate depended ; and it was prudent in him to do That with a good grace, which he v/as in fome fenfe obliged to For, at bottom, it muft have been hard for him do. not to retain a lively reientment againft the Romans in effecl: of the ftate to which they had reduced him. Kings are not apt to habituate dependance upon, and to bear fubjeftion to others, without great reluctance.
j^j^,

xxxvii.

2.

Antiochus, after the naval battle which he had near Corycus, having had the whole winter to prepare for fuftaining the weight of the Roman arms both by fea and land, had particularly applied himfelf to fitting out a new fleet, for fear of being enHe had occafion tirely deprived of power by fea. for an extraordinary number of fhips in order to make head againft the enemy. For this reafon he had lent Hannibal into Syria, to fetch the jfhips of the Phoenicians ; and had ordered Polyxenidas to refit the olS ones he had already, and to caufe new ones to be built ; conceiving that the remembrance of his defeat would render him more careful and attentive to acquit As for himfelf, he himfelf well of that commilTion. pafTed the winter in Phrygia, fending his orders on all fides for drawing all his forces together. He had left liis fon Seleucus in /Eolis with an army, to awe the
loil

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
who

Conluls.

ny

For they were follicited both by A.R. kCz. tlie maritime cities. '^" Eumenes, who reigned at Pergamus, and by the Ro- ^'"''^' I90.
mans,
held

The

Rhodians, to

Phoc^a and Erythrnsa. make amende for the

fault they

l-.v.
y-'-

had committed the preceding campaign by arriving too late, fent about the vernal Equinox the iamc; Paufillratus to the aid of the Romans, at the head of a Livius, who had fleet confifting of thirty-fix fhips. wintered at CanjE, as we have faid, was departed from thence with thirty fhips, and the feven galleys of four benches of oars, which Eumenes had brought, and was advancing towards the Hellefpont, to favour the
paflage of the Conful's troops into Alia.
Ihips
in

.x;-:\u.

before Abydos, and went with

He left ten the reft of the

fleet to befiege Seftos,

which is on the oppofite fhore had began the attack fvvord in hand, when the Priefts of Cybcle the mother of the Gods, in their facerdotal robes, with frantic geftures
Europe.

The

foLIiers

according to their cuftom, appeared at the gates, crying out that they were the minifters of Cybele, and came by order of that Goddefs to intreat the Romans to fpare a city that was under her proteflion. The attack was fufpended, and a moment after the Senate, at the head of all the magiftrates, came to furrender The fleet moved from thence to the city to Livius. Abydos. Livius firft founded the difpofition of the inhabitants, endeavouring to make them furrender voluntarily but feeing them decermined to defend themfdves, he refolved to employ force. Whilft thefe things palfed in the Hellefpont, Poly- j-^ij, xenidas. Admiral of the royal fleet, who was a RI:o- n. dian exile, received advice, that the fquadron of his countrymen was fet out from the ifland, and that Pau:

^^^

ple,

who commanded it, in haranguing the Peohad fpoke of him with haughtinefs and contempt. Stung by this injury, and actuated by the deflre of
fiftratus,

revenge, he refolved to make Paufiftratus repent his bravadoes. He fent a man to him, known to them both, with orders to tell him, that Polyxenidas was
capable,
if

he would confent to
I

it,

of doing him, and

tile

118
A.R.
s^^-

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
-,

Confuls.

Aut. C.
190.

and that Paufifbratus, the Rhodians, a great fcrvice in his turn, coukl rcirxftate i^olyxenidas in his country,
lie promifed to
tions,

moke none of the neceffary preparaand to deliver up the King's whole fleet to Pauand for fo fiilratus, or at leaft the gieateit part of it important a lervice he afked no other recompence than Paufiftratus judged permifiion to return to Rhodes. the afl'air of too great confequence to be reje6led with contempt, or to be believed too lightly. Couriers paiTcd between them, without periuading Paufiftratus, till Polyxenidas, in prefence of the Rhodian agent, bad v/rote, figned, and fealed with his own leal a letter confided to him, by which he allured Paufiflratus, So that he would perform v/hat he had promifed. The difformal an engagement difpelled ail doubts. fembled negligence, which Polyxenidas made appear in the equipment of his fleet, fully convinced Paufiilratus, and made him fall into a real negligence. Polyxenidas well knew how to take advantage of it. To conceal his motions from the enemy, he fet fail after fun-fet with feventy large fhips, and with a favourable wind, arrived in the port of Pygelus, towards the end of the night. He lay there all the next day for the fame reafon, and approached the coaft of Panormus during the night. The Rhodian fleet was Pie entered it as foon as it in the port of that city. was light, and attacked it at a time when Paufiftratus cxpeded nothing lefs. The latter, who was an old and very experienced warrior, was not daunted, drew up his fhips in order of battle in the beft manner fo fudden an attack would admit, fought with extraordinary valour, and was killed in the adlion. His fleet was entirely defeated. He had twenty-nine
,

fnips either funk, or burnt

only kvcn efcaped, who courageoufly opened themfelves a paflTage through the
:

enemy, and went

lefpont.

to join the

Roman

fleet in

the Hel-

At the fame time Seleueus retook Phoc^a by the treachery of thofe who guarded the gates, and opened
them
to him.

The

CORNELIUS, Li^LIUS,
The
inhabitants of

Conllils.

up
"^'

Abydos,

after havino- fuftained A. R. 562.

the fiege

many

days, capitulated with the

Romans

90.

only anicle that gave them paufe related to theLiv. ^^'^^'^"* foldiers of the garrifon, whom Livius would have fuffered to quit the place, but without their arms, whereas The affair was. they infilled 'upon keeping them. being terminated, when the news upon the point of the viftory out defeat the Rhodians fnatched of the of of the hands of Livius. Than General fearing that Polyxenidas, flufhed with this fuccefs, would come to furprize and attack the fleet he had left at Canse, and

The

which he had drawn upon the lliore, abandoned the fiege in order to join it, and put to fea. The defeat of the Rhodian fleet gave them great ibid, grief, and threw them into a great alarm. For, befides their iliips and Ibldiers, they had loft the flower of the Rhodian youth, mofl of the nobility having followed Paufiilratus, who was much refpefted and beloved on account of his extraordinary merit. But foon after, refledting that they had been overcome by the fraud and not the valour of the enemy, they recovered from their difcouragement. Indignation, and the defire of revenging themfelves upon a countryman, who had drawn them into this fnare, uniting with the hope, which began to revive in their hearts, they fitted out ten galleys immediately, and fome days after ten more. They gave the command of them to Eudamus, convinced that if he had not the other qualities of a General in the fame degree as Paufifcratus, he would at leaft be more circumfped:, and for the very reafon that he had lefs fire and f3;enius. When he had joined Livius with his fleet, they ibid. went together to Epheius, to give the enemy battle, or to reduce them to own their fear in refufing to fight, which would have a good effeft on the Allies. Livius, Admiral of the fieet, drew up his fliips in a line facing the mouth of the port. But feemg no body move againft him, nor accept the defiance,
he left part of his fliips at anchor near the entrance of the port, whilft the other landed the foldiers, to plunI

13.

<^^-i"

120
A. R.
562-

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. C.

der the country in the neighbourhood of the coaft. They had already carried off a great booty, and approached the wails of the city, when Andronicus, who

garnfon at Epheius, made a Tally upon them, and after having taken part of their plunder from them, forced them to return to their fhips, and to make off to fea. The two fleets returned to Samos, from whence they had let out. L. i^milius Regilius being arrived at Samos, took upon him the command of the fleet from Livius. The latter, fome time after, repaired to Greece to confer with the Scipios, who were then in the neighbourhood of Theliaiia, and from thence to return to
v/as in

Italy.

Seleucus, fon of Antiochus, to take advantage of the abfence of Eumenes King of Pergamus, who had quitted his dominions, and had joined the Romans with his troops, formed the defign of going to attack pergamus, the capital of the whole kingdom. Attalus, the King's brother, polled himfelf firft before the walls with a body of cavalry and light-armed troops, and by frequent f!s.irmifhes harrafTed the ene-

my, rather than gave them battle. But the experience of fome days having jQiewn him, that he was in no capacity to make head againft them, he Ihut himfelf up in the city, which Seleucus immediately be(ieged. Much about the fame time, Antiochus having fet out from Apamea, incamped iir't at Sardis, and cnen not far from Seleucus, at the fource of the river Caycus, with a great army, compofed of troops
of many nations. Wlien the news of the fiege of Pergamus was brought to Samos, Eumenes fet out firft to defend his country, and arrived with his fleet at Elaea. Having found cavalry and infantry there in readineis to follow him, he advanced with that efcort to the aid of Pergam.us, and arrived there before the enemy perceived his march, and had made any motion to flop him. The fl<:irm!fhes immediately began again,

Eumenes not daring

8

to venture a general battle.

But,

fome

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

121

fome few days after, the Roman fleet and that of ' Rhodians came from Samos to * Eliea, to extricate ^l' that Prince out of danger. In confequence, as foon as Antiochns knew, that Liv. they had landed their troops at EL^i, and that foxxxvii.19. great a number of fhips were affembled in that fmgle port, and had alfo received advice, that the Conful was already arrived in Macedonia, and was preparing to pafs the Hellefpont, he thought it incumbent upon him to demand peace, before he faw himHe therefore marched felf prefTed by fea and land. and incamped upon an eminence oppofite to Elica. He left his whole infantry there, and coming down with all his cavalry, which amounted to fix thoufand men, into a plain under the very walls of Elsea, he fent a trumpet to j^^miliiis, with orders to tell him, that the King was come to make propofals of peace. iEmilius, before he anfv/ered him, made Eumenes come from Pergamus, and held a council with him, to which the Rhodians were admitted. The latter were not averfe to a peace. But Eumenes affirmed,
that in the prefent conjunfture they

the A. R. 56a*

would

treat

nei-

ther with honour nor authority.

" Can we,"

faid he,

" Ihut up as we are in a city befieged, receive the " conditions that fhall be impofed upon us with ho" nour ? Befides, what force will a treaty have, that *' we Ihall negotiate in the abfence of the Conful, and " without the authority of the Roman Senate and
" People r* He added many other reafons, and concluded, not to enter into a conference upon the fubjedt of peace. The opinion of Eumenes took place, and Antiochus was anfwered, that no propofals woula be heard before the Conful's arrival. That Prince leeing that he had no peace to hope, ravaged the
whole country round Elsea and Pergamus ; and then leaving his Ion Seleucus there, he comm.itted the fame hoftiiities on his march upon the territory of
* Elsea was the arfenal of the navy of the Kings of Pergamus, five leagues from that city.

Adra-

122
A..R.56Z. *
*

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

^go.

Liy. XXXV11.20, 21.

Adramyttium, and afterwards went to the plains of Thebse, a city, which Homer has rendered famous by the mention he has made of it in his IHad. As theie plains were very fertile and rich, the foldiers of Antiochus made much greater booty here than in any other diftrift. ^milius and Eumenes, having come round the coaft with their Ihips, came to the aid of the city of Adramyttium. At this time, a thoufand foot and an hundred horfe, ^i^g^^ came from Achaia under the command of Diophanes, landed at Ei^a, where they were received,
.

by officers, whom Attalus and who introduced them into Persiamus during the night. They were ail veteran foldiThe perfon who commanded enured to war. ers them, had learnt the art military under Philoposmen, That the greated Captain at that time in Greece. officer aflced but two days, as well for refling his men snd horfes^ as to confider the troops of the enemy, and to inform himfeif in their condudl. From the time that fear had obliged Attalus, and
on quitting
their fhips,

fent to them,

his people

to

fhut themfelves

up

in their city,

the

contempt which the Syrians conceived for the befieged, had occafioned great fecurity and negligence amongft them. Moft of them did not erive themfelves the trouble to keep their horfes faddled and bridled. Only a fmall number remained under arms all the reft were difperfed in the country, where fome pafTed
:

their time in diverting themfelves, while the reft fought

the cool places and ftiade, to eat, drink, and deep in at their eafc. Diophanes, having obferved the ftate

of the enemy from the top of the walls, ordered his troops to take arms, and to hold themfelves in readinefs at the gate of the city to execute the orders he ihould give them. During this fpace he went to Attalus, and told him he intended to make a fally upon the enemy. Attalus made no fmall difficulties to confe'nt to it, as he was to act with only a thou*

A city of

Myi:2.

fand

CORNELIUS, LMLIVS,

Confuls.

123

fand foot againft four thoufand, and with an hiin- A. R. 561. Diophancs march- ^^^' ^' dred horfe againft three hundred. ^^" ed out, and pofted himfelf not far from the befiegers, waiting the occafion to fail upon them with Thole who were in the city, confidered advantage.
the enterprize of Diophanes as phrenzy, and not as the effed of prudent courage andjuft boldnefs and the enemy themielves caft their eyes upon his troops
,

with indifference enough ; and feeing that they made no motion, did not depart from their ufual indolence, making a jeft of the handful of men, which they faw Diophanes kept his troops quiet fomie time, appear. as if they had only quitted the city out of curiofity, and to fee what paiTed without the walls. But when he obferved, that the enemy did not keep on their guard, he fet forward like lightning at the head of his horfe, after having ordered 'his foot to follow with the utmoft expedition, and to raife great cries, and fell with great impetuofity upon the enemy's pofts, who expedled nothing fo little. So fudden an attack, accompanied with menacing cries, not only frightened the men, but the horfes, who breaking their halters, by their flight increafed the diforder and confulion of It even was not eafy to laddie, bridle, the befiegers. and mount thofe, whom the flight had not difperfed the Achsan horfe having occafioned a confufion amongft them, that could not have been expefted from fo fmall a number. The infantry in its turn falling upon the enemy difperfed on all lides,- and half afleep, made a great flaughter of them., and put thofe who efcaped their fwords to the rout. Diophanes having purfued them as far as pofTible without expoling himfelf, returned triumphant into the city, after having fignalized the valour of the Achsan nation, and acquired the efteem of all the inhabitants of Pergamus, who, both men and women, had feen the a6lion from their walls. This event well fhews the difference between brave, experienced, and vigilant officers, intent upon their duty, fuch as Diophanes the deierving pupil of

124
A. R.
552.

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. c.

of Philopoemen was; and warriors, who were only q jj^ name, enervated by voluptuoufnefs, regardlefs of every thing but drinking and diverfions, incapable of the leair fatigues, and little aiTedted with the fenfe of honour, and ftiil lefs with the fuccefs of their
fervice.

The morrow

after this

firfl falley,

when both

fides

had continued facing each other almoft the whole day

without a6ling, the Syrians having retired a
fore funfet, Diophar.es
as
flight,
fell
little

be-

he had done the and handled their rear-guard very roughly, none facing about to make head againft him. This boldnefs of the Achceans at length reduced Seleucus to raife the fiege of Pergamus, and to abandon the country. Antiochus being informed, that the Romans with Eumenes were arrived to aid Adramyttium, removed from that city, but ravaged the whole country round After having taken fome places of fmall about it. importance, he retired to Sardis. Jav. The Roman fleet returned to El^a, from which it xxxvii. 22 j^^^ ^g^ Q^j.^ Eumenes was then fent home, and direfted to prepare all the neceflary means for pafin A pp. Syr. 104. The Rhodians ported them0j^g j-he Heilefpont. feives in the road near Rhodes, to prevent the pafl'age of the enemy's fleet, which was faid to have fet out from Syria. A fccond fquadron, fent from Rhodes againfl: the fame fleet, and commanded by Pamphilidas, joined the firll, of which Eudamus was Admiral. Thefe two fquadrons when joined formed a fleet of thirty fix galleys, thirty- two of four benches of oars, and four of three. That of Antiochus confifl:ed of thirty-feven large fliips, of which three were of feven benches, four of flx, befldes ten triremes, or Ihips of three benches. The two fleets met upon the coafts of Pamphilia. As foon as the Rhodians had doubled the promontory, which projefts fromi Sida into the fea, they perceived the enemy, and were defcried by them. Hannibal commanded the left wing
-

upon them again fuddenly, day before, put them all to

of

CORNELIUS, LJELIUS,

Gonfuls.

125

of the royal fiect on the fide of the main fea : Apollo- ^^'^- 5^' "jj,, niiis, one of the principal officers of Antiochus, com-

manded the right. The battle enfued. The Rhodians, who were alone in this aftion, had all the honour

By the goodnels of their galleys, and the addrefs of it. They even of their feamen, they beat the enemy. drove Hannibal into the port of Megiftus in the neighbourhood of Patara, and blocked him up fo etfedually there, that it was impofllble for him to ad in any manner for the fervice of the King. Antiochus received the news of this defeat almoft at the fame time that he was informed the Roman Conful was advancing by long marches in Macedonia, and that he was preparing to comx to Afia, by He then plainly faw the impending the Hellefpont. danger, and made hafle to take all pofTible meafures to prevent it.
AmbaiTadors to Prufias King of Bithynia, lIv. him, that the Romans were preparing to xxxvii.zs* They were inftrufted to make him fenfienter Afia. ble of the effects of this enterprize, and to reprefent to him in the ftrongeit manner, " That their fole defign was to abolifh regal power, in order to reign over That after having conquered the Univerl'e alone. and fubjefted Nabis and Philip, their aim was now That ifhehadthe misforagainft him^ (Antiochus.) be overpowered, the fire gradually gaining tune to
fent to inform

He

ground would foon reach Bithynia. That as to Eumenes, he had nothing to expe6l from him, as he had put the chains on himfelf, and had voluntarily fubmitted to flavery.*'

Thefe motives had made an impreflion upon Prufias: but the letters which he received at the fame time from the Conful Scipio and his brother, very much conduced to difpel all thefe fufpicions and fears. " The latter reprefented the perpetual cuftom of the Roman People to heap honours and advantages upon the Kings who cultivated their alliance and he cited examples of this kind, in which he had had a great fhare. He obferved that in Spain, feveralj from petty
:

Princes

126
A.R.
562.
"

CORNELIUS, L7ELIUS,

Confuls.

Princes as they were before, were become great Kings^ Once they had put themfelves under the proteftion of That he had not contented himfelf with the Romans. reilormg Mafiniira the kingdom of his fathers, but that he had added to it the dominions of Syphax, by whom he had been before deprived of his own ; fo that he was not only the richeft and mofi: pov/erful of the Kings of Africa, but there was not another m the whole univerfe, who could be compared with him for That Philip and greatnefs, power, and fplendor. Nabis, after having been conquered in war by Qiiintius, had been left upon the throne. That the year before, the tribute Philip had engaged to pay, had been remitted to him, and his fon, who had been kept as an hoilage at Rome, fent home; and that that Prince himfelf had conquered feveral cities out of Macedonia, That without being oppofed by the Roman Generals. Nabis v/ould ftiil polTefs fupreme power, if his own madnefs, and the perfidy of the ^tohans had not put an end to his life." The arrival of Livius, who had before commanded the fleet, and whom the Roman People had fent to Prufias in quality of Ambaflador, finally determined him. He fnewed on which fide it was reafonable to prefume victory would declare, and how much fafer it was for him to confide in the amity of the Romans, than in that of Antiochus. Liv. Antiochus, difappointed in the hope he had conxxxvn.29, ^^jygj Qf bringing over Prufias to his party, had no thoughts but of oppofing the pafTage of the Romans into Afia, to prevent it from becoming the theatre of
^"90.

the war.

Fie believed, that the befl means for fucceeding in this, was to recover the empire of the fea^ which he had almofb entirely loft by the lofs of the two That he fhould then be in a battles I have related. condition to employ his fleets where he plcafed ; and that it would be impofTible for the enemy to crofs the ftrait of the Plellefpont, and to tranfport their army into Afia, when his fleets lliould have nothing to do but to prevent it. He therefore refolved to venture ano-

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
another battle
,

Confuls.

127
"

and in order to that he repaired from-^-R-5^; "^^^ where his fleet hy. He reviewed Ephefus, to Sardis condition the belt he alxindantly in could, it put it, fupplied It with all that was necelTary for a new adion, and lent it again under the command of Polyxenidas What in queft of the enemy, and to give them battle. principally determined him to take this refolution, was his having received advice, that a great part of the Rhodian fleet had remained near Patara to beflege it, and that King Eumenes v/as gone to meet tht Conful at
the Cherfonefus with
all his fliips.

Polyxenidas found ^mjlius and the Roman fleet The Ronear Myonnefus, a maritime city of Ionia. mans had fourfcore galleys, including the two and Antiochus's fleet confifled tv/enty of the Rhodians. of ninety fliips, amongfl: which v/ere three of fix and two of feven benches of oars. The Romans had the fuperiority over the Syrians in the fl:rength of their iliips and the valour of their Ibldiers ; and the Rhodians by the nimblenefs of their galleys, the experience of their pilots, and the dexterity of their rowers. But what gave the enemy mofl: terror, were the fires which an invention ufed they law in the Rhodian veflels before with fuccefs by the latter, and which gained them the vidory upon this.occafion. For the King's galleys not daring to prefent their heads to thofe of the enemy which were armed with fire, turned afide to avoid them, and thereby received in flank the ftrokes of their beaks, Vv'hich they were not in^a condition to return ; and if any of them prefentcd that part, it v/as filled v/ith the flames, which they dreaded much more than the arms of the enemy. But the valour of the foldiers, contributed more than all things elfe to the viftory of the Romans. For the Pr^tor having broke through the main body of the Syrians, by taking a compais, felL.upon the rear of thofe engaged with the Rhodians ; and immediately the galleys of Antiochus, inveited both in the centre and left wing, were either taken or funk. T-hofe who were in the right wing ftiil fuilained the' -fight, .more terrified with
,

128

CORNELIUS, Li^LIUS,
lofs

Confuls.

A.R. 56i.'^ith the

^j\^' any

misfortune of their companions, than by they had hitherto fufFered themfelves. But when they faw that the greateft part of the fleet was furrounded, and that the Admiral galley of Polyxenidas made off, leaving the reft in danger, they immediately

hoifted their fmall

fails,

and

fled

to Ephefus

with

a fair wind.
fliips,

Polyxenidas

loft in this battle forty-

two
-

of which the

Romans took

thirteen, andei-

ther burnt or funk the reft. On the fide of th Romans, there were two funk, and fome others a little fliattered. One Rhodian galley was taken. This was the event of

the battle of Myonnefus.

SECT.
Anttochus, in his confajion for the

III.

lofs of the naval battle^ age cf the Hellefpont to the Romans. abandons the faff Reflexion upon the imprudence and bUndnefs of AntiO"

chiis.

He draws

together

as

many

troops as he can.

He beALmilius fends gallics for the Confid's pojfage. The Conful paffes fieges Phr.dea, which furrenders. Antiochus fends prothe Hellefpont, and enters Afia.
pofals of peace to

the Rojnans.

His r.mbajfadcr

en-

deavours

gain Scipio Africanus by confidrable cffers. Fine anfwer of Scipio. Antiochus prepares for the war. He fends Scipio' s fon to him. The Conlul marches
to

in quefl

of the King

to

give him batik.

The armies
The Kmg*s

draw up
fcythes.

in battle on both fides.

Chariots armed with

Battle fought near Magnejia.

defeated and cut
to

army
peace.

is

to pieces.

'Minor furr<:nder
Africanus.
It a

the

Romans.

The cities of AfiaAntiochus demands

Speech of his Ambaffadors. Anfwer of Scipio Conditions of peace impofed upon the King.
out for

Ei-.menes fets

Rome with

the Ambaffadors.

gives the S nate and people of Co v:lory gained over Antiochus. the of

Rome an

account

Audience grant'

d Antioihus's Ambaffadors.

Ten
Afia.

comrniffioners

Treaty of peace ratified. appointed to regulate the affairs of

Principal conditions of the treaty.

Naval

tri-

timph

CbkN^LlUS, L^LIUS,
iimph of Revillus.

Confuls.

,29

L. Scipo, en his rethrn to Ronie^ is fLrnamed Asiaticus, ovd has the honour of a triumph. The conqueji of Jfia intrcdwces hmury into Rome. R'^flexioris upon the ccJiduui of the Romavs in refpedl to the Grecian Ccmmonzvealti s^ and of the ^nd at the fame time Kings both of Europe and Afia upon the rehnticn which all thofe tvenh have 10 ihi ejla;

bli/Jjment

cf tht ihrijiian Church,

rccmed entirely con- ^'"'^- ^' founded by it. As if reafon had abandoned hiin on a Apiiiaa. fudden, he immediately took mcafures manifeftly '" ^>*"' '*"*" contrary to his intereits. In his confternation, he fent orders for his troops to retire from Lyfimachia, and the other cities of the Hellefpont, leil they fhould fall into the hands of the enemy^ who were marching that way in order to enter Afia whereas it would have been necelTary to fend them thit-her, if they had not been there before ; becaufe That was i\vi
affe6led Antiochus, that
lie
,

TH E

lofs

of the fea-fight near Myonrleiiis To

much

A. R, ^^u

only means to prevent their paffage, or at leaft to retard it. For Lyfimachia, v.'hich was a very well fortified place, was capable of fuflaining a long fiege, and perhaps of holding out till the winter was much advanced, which would have incommoded the enemy exceedingly by the want of provifions and forage : and in the mean time he might have found means for accommodating with the Romans, not to mention all the unforefeen advantages, that tinie might have produced. He not only committed a great fault in withdrawing his troops from thence at a time when they v/ere moft neceffary there, but he did it with fo much pre-

were

that all the ammunition and provifions behind, of which he had laid up connderable magazines. In confequence, when the Romans made themfelves mafters of them, they found all the provifions their army had occafion for, in as great
cipitation,
left

abundance as if they had been purpolely laid up for them, and the pafTage of the Heliefpgnt was Co open and YoL. V.

i:?o

CORNELIUS, LiELIUS,
s6i

Confuls.

A.R.

and eafy, that they tranfported their army without the

kaft opporition. here plainly fee what is fo often inculcated in the icripture, that when God intends to punifh and deftroy a kingdom, he deprives its King, governors, He or minifters, of counfel, prudence, and courage. " For behold the rnenaces his people thus by Ifaiah. " Lord, the Lord of iiofts doth take away from Je** rufalem, and from Judah, the ftay and the ftaff " the mighty man, and the man of war, the judge " and the prophet, and the prudent and the antient " and the the honourable man, the counfellor " eloquent orator." But it is very remarkable, that the Pagan hiftorian fays here in exprefs terms, and repeats it twice, " That * God deprived the King of *' Icnfe and reafon ; a punifhment," fays he, "that " always happens, when men are upon the point of ^' falling into fome great misfortune." He deprives him, that is to fay, he takes from him prefence of mind, prudence, and judgment he divefts him of all falutary thoughts ; he makes him in a manner diftrafted, and even averfe to all the good counfels that can be given him. This is what David afked of God in refpetl to Ahi" Lord, I pray thee, thophel Abfalom's counfellor *' turn ihe counfels of Ahithophel into foolifhnefs." However wife his advice may be, make it feem foolifh and abfurd to Abfalom. And this was what happened. " For the Lord had appointed to defeat the *' ""ood counfel of AhithoDhel," to the intent that

^"*;^^-

We

ifn

iii.

1, z, 3.

App.

ill

Syr. 104.

THE Lord might bring the evil upon Absalom,

which he deferved. In all ages happen the like events, fo evidently marked with the hand of God, that the moft ftupid and irreligious of men cannot help acknowledging providence in them, After the naval battle, Antiochus retired to Sardis, tiv. xxxvii.ji.fi-Qiii whence he lent AmbaiTadors into Cappadocia.
hrtyiyma.it i

^h Ti

Tr tT/xTTA*' i^ti\ii^tv

Cm

Siii/i\oi?uxs.

App.

to

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

i^r

IP King Ariarathes to demand aid, and into all the other parts, from whence he had reaibn to hope any, being Iblcly ingrofled by the deiign of giving the Ro-

R. ^st.
''^^

"^"^

mans
and

battle

by Jand.

fail for Chios (or Scio) having refitted his fliips that had fuffered, he fent L. i^milius Scaurus to the Hellefpont with thirty

The

Prjetbr TEmilius fct

after

galleys, to carry the Conful's

army

to Afia.

He

left

the Rhodians at liberty to return home, after having divided the fpoils with them taken from the enemy by
fea

and land.

But before they made ufe of the Praethey were defirous to rendef
in afPifting the

tor's permifTion to retire,

Conful to tranfport and they did not return to Rhodes, till after this new proof of their zeal. In the mean time ^milius had formed the Tiege of Phoca^a, The city, after having long defended itfeif, at length opened its gates to the Romans, upon condithe
fervice,

Romans

his troops into Afia,

tion that the inhabitants fhould not be treated as ene-

mies.

But the rage and avarice of the

Ibldiers pre-

vailed over the Praetor's authority, and notv/ithftanding

was plundered. Conful arrived at length at Lyfimachia, which he found abandoned by the army, and full of provifions of all kinds. He refted there fome days, to v/ait the arrival of the baggage ^\-\<^ fick miCn vv'hich he had been obliged to leave in feveral forts of Thrace. When the whole was come up, they refumed theif march, and arrived upon the banks of the Hellefpont and with the aid of Eumenes, who had made all the
his prohibition the city

The

they pafTed from the other' tumult and confufion, as if the queHioa had been to enter an Ally's country, and without any refiftance. It was matter of great joy and confidence to the Romans to find the paiTage to Afia open m this manner, where they expefted that they lliould have great difficulties and dangers to enneceifary preparations,
fide without

counter.

They remained during fome time on

the

Hdkfpont, becaufe

ic

the banks of was the time when the

Saiii
'

,^2

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
'

Confuls.

A. R. 562. Salii carried the facred iliields in procefiion at

Rome,

^^Qof

^" which days it was not allowed, to travel. This rcalbn, which regarded Scipio Africanus in a ftill more particular manner, becaufe he was himfelf of the number of the Salii, had prevented him from following the army, which was againft fetting out till
he had rejoined it. When Antiochus knew, that the Romans had paf^^^^ ^^^ Strait, he began to believe himfelf undone. He then defired to be delivered from a war, in which he had improperly engaged, and without having maall the confequences. He therefore fending Embalfy Romans, to of an to the thought All that Prince propole conditions of peace to them. had heard of the character of Scipio Africanus, of his greatnefs of foul, generofity, and clemency, in regard to the conquered States as well of Spain as Africa, gave him hopes, that that great man, fatiated with

Liv. _

Po^^b in Excerp.
Legat.

ApoVan.
in Syr.

turely confidered

^110.

glory,

would make no great

:

difficulties

to

come

into

an accommodation and the rather as he had a prefent to make him, to which he could not but be inThis was his own fon, who was very finitely fenfible. young, and had been taken in the beginning of the Neither v/ar, and put into the hands of Antiochus. the time nor the occafion when this happened are exbut it is certain, that if that Prince had actly known been at peace with the Roman People, and the Scipios had b'e^^n under particular engagements of friendfhip and ho'pitality with him, young Scipio could not have been ircaied at his court with more politenefs, bene,

volence, and diflindtion.

was during this halt of the troops, that Heraclides of Byzantium, AmbalTador from Antiochus, arrived in the camp of the Rom.ans. Having been informed, that Scipio Africanus was abfent, he would
It

not be introduced to the Conlul. As foon as the perfon he expeded arrived, he demanded audience, which was im.mediately granted him. Being admitted into the council, he began by faying, "

That what had

ren-

dered the other negotiations of peace ineffectual be-

tween

CORNELIUS,
tween
.his

Ly'ELIUS, Confuls.

i^c^
A. R. 5^>2. "^"'g^'

mafter and the Romans, made him hope good fuccefs from this ; becaule all the difficulties which had cut them fiiort at that time, were now rethe King, to leave no room to comhe was for retaining any thing in Europe, That as to Smyrna, had abandoned Lyfimachia. Lampfacus and Alexandria in Troas, he was ready to cede thofe cities to the Romans, and every other city which they fhould demand, as in alliance with their Commonwealth. That he confented to pay the Roman People one half of the expences of the war. Ele concluded, with exhorting them to remember the inconftancy of human things, and not to rely too much upon their prefent profperity. That they ought to be fatisfied with making Europe the boundary of their That if they empire, which was of immenfe extent. abfolutely infilled upon adding fome part of Afia to it, the King would have moderation enough to confent to it, provided the limits of it were clearly expreiTed and fettled." The Ambaffador imagined that propofals fo advantageous and reafonable in his fenfe, could not be rejei5led but the Romans did not judge of them in " As to the expences of the war, the fame manner. as it had been unjuftly undertaken by the King, they thought it realbn, that he fiiould pay the whole. Neither were^ they fatisfied with his making his Their vicAV garrifons evacuate Ionia and .^^olia. was to reinftate the liberty of all Afia, as they had of all Greece which could not be done, if the King did not abandon all Ana on this fide of mount Taurus." Heraclides, very much diflatisfied with this public audience, and not being able to confent to conditions, that much exceeded his powers, endeavoured, according to the orders he had received, to bring over Scipio Africanus in particular. He declared to him above all, that the King would rcftore his fon to him without ranfom, Then, little knowing Scipio's greatnefs of foulj and the Roman charadler, he aflured him

moved.

That

plain, that

j j^,^

xxxyii

3*'

th\v

T^4
A.R.
tfii.that
if

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
he could

Confuh.

obtain peace for Antiochus, that

Ant. c.

pj-if^c^ would give hun whatever fums he fhould think fit, and divide authority with him in the government

of

f '

his dominions, referving to himfelf only the name of King or, if we follow Polybius, who expreifes this more modeftly, that he would divide the revenues of his kingdom with him, " I do not; Scipio anfwered in terms to this effeft " wonder that you little know Scipio and the Romans ' in general, as you do not fo much as know the con*' dition of the Prince who has fent you to us. If you pretend, that the uncertainty of fuccefs fhould " incline us to grant you peace more eafily, your
,

*'

mafter lliould have kept polTelTion of Lyfimachia,

" to prevent us from entering the Cherfonefus, or " ihould have come to meet us in the Hellefpont, to
*' *

have dilputed our paffage into Afia. But, as he has abandoned it to us, he has received the curb " and the yoke. * Amongft the offers he makes " me, that of reftoring me my fon cannot but very ** fenfibly sfteft me. As to the refl, I beg the Gods, *' that the ftate of my fortune may difpenfe v/ith the *' want of them at Icafl my heart will never think of ' them as necefTary, and I hope they never v/ill be * capable of tempting me. If Antiochus, in return " for a private favour, requires only a private ac". knov/ledgment, I fliall make him fenfible, that I ^' am not ungrateful but, as a public man, he muft " expcft nothing from me, as it is my duty to receive ' nothing from him. All that I can now do is to give *' himfalutary counfel, as a good and faithful friend. *' Go therefore, and tell him from me, to lay down ** his arms, and not to refufe any of the conditions of *^ peace propofed to hjm." Antiochus could not reiifh fuch propofals, and believed he fhould run no rifque in hazarding a battle, as it would not he pofllble after he had loft it, to im:
:

* Ego ex munificentia regia maximum donum filium habebo alii? tkas prcc;>rj ne uuquam fortuni egeat mea j animus certe non egebit.
:

pol^

CORNELIUS, LiELIUS,

Confuls.

155

Accordinp;ly- re-A. R. 562 pofe harder conditions upon him. ^^'^ ;iouncing all thoughts of an accommodation, his fole intention now was to prepare for war.

The Conful feeing nothing now that ought to delay Juflin. him, continued his march, and arrived at Ilion. The ^'^^^' ^' Romans confidered that city as the cradle of their xxxvii.
origin,

and

as
fet

their primitive country,

from whence

out to fettle in Italy. The Coniul offered facrifices to Minerva, who prefided in the citadel. The joy was equal on both fides, almoft like that of fathers and children, who meet after a long feparation. The inhabitants of that city feeing their defcendants, conquerors of Africa and the Weft, come now to refume Afia, as a kingdom, which jiad belonged to their forefathers, imagined that they faw Ilium rifmg out of its alhes, and born again more iiluftrious than ever. The Romans, on their fide, felt an infinite joy from feeing themfclves in the antient abode of their fathers, who had given birth to Rome, and to contemplate in it the temples and ftatues of the divinities common to them with that city. Having fet out from thence, they arrived in fix days ibid. The King was inat the fource of the river Caycus. camped in the neighbourhood of Thyatira. He was informed there, that P. Scipio had been carried fick The fight of to Elasa ; whither he fent him his fon. fo dear an obje6l made an imprefilon both on his body and mind, in reftoring joy and health to that fick and After having long embraced his fon, afflided father. and fatisfied the firll tranfports of paternal ter.dernefs, Go," faid he to the Ambafiadors " go, and liilure the King that I am extremely fenfibie of his generous attention, and tell him, that at prefent i can give him no other proof of my gratitude, tha,n in advifing him not to think of fighting, before he knows that I am arrived in the camp." Perhaps Scipio was in hopes that a delay of fome days would give the King time to make more ferious reiieftions than he had done hitherto, and to. think of concluding a folid 4

.^neas had

136
A.R.
56.

CORNELIUS,
afdlid
pijL^ace.

Li1LIUS, Confuh.
his

190.

have been
point of
lay

to the

For ot what fervice could King in a battle r

prefcHce
troops in

Though

the iuperiority of Antiochus's

number to thofe of the Romans, was a ftrong motive with him for hazarding a battle without de;

however, the authority of fuch a perfon as Scirelied in cafe of any unfortunate accident, prevailed in his thoughts. He pa (Ted the river of Phrygia, (the Hyllus according %o Strabo} polled himfelf near Magnefia at the foot of mount Sipylus, where he fortified his camp fo as
pio,

upon whom he had always

to fecuro
j^;y^

it

from

infult.

x-\xvli.37.

followed him clofe thither. The armies were feveral days in view j but Antiochus did not make his quit his camp. It confifted of feventy thoufand foot, twelve thoufand horfe, and fifty-four elephants. The Romans had in all but thirty thouand men fixteen elephants. The Confui feeing, fjnd th-t the King made no motion, affembled his council to deliberate upon the meafure he fhould take, in cafe he fhould perfiit in avoiding to come to blows. He reprefented, '^ that the winter approaching, it would be neceiTary, notwithftanding the rigour of the

The Confui

feafon, to keep the foldiers incamped or if tliey went into winter-quarters, to refer the decifion of the war to the year following." Never did the Romans /hew fo much contempt for an enemy as on this ocThey all cried out, that it was neceflary to cafion. march immediately againll the enemy, and to take advantage of the ardor of tlie foldiers, W'ho were ail ready to pafs the folfes and florm the palifades, in order to attack them in their camp, if he did not quit it. Perhaps the Confui was defirous to aft be-* fore the arrival of his brother, whofe prefence would have much dimiinifhed his glory.
,

is'id. 39,

&-

The next day, after camp had been viewed,

proach
it

the fituation of the enemy's

the Confui
battle.

made

his

army

ap-r

drawn up

in

The King,

fearing

that a longer delay m.ight difcourage his troops, and

aug^

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

T37
A-Ti. 56a. ^"'^- ^*

auoment the boldnefs of the enemy, at length made them march out. In confequence both fides prepared for an adion, which was to be decifive. In the Confui's army all was uniform enough both
as to nicn

It confifted of two Roman leand arms. thouiand four hundred men, and five of each gions, troops. Latine bodies of The Romans like two the were pofted in the centre, and the Latines on the two wings, the left of which was fuftained by the river. The firft line of the centre was compofed of the Hafthe fecond, of the Principes ; and the third, of tati And this, properly fpeaking, was what the Triarii. formed the main body. On the fide of the left wing, to cover and fuftain it, the Conful had pofted almoft: on the fame line three thoufand Achsean infantry and auxiliary troops of Eumcnes ; <,and next to them fom.cwhat lefs than three thoufand horie, eight hundred of which were the troops of Eumenes, and the reft Roman or Latine, He placed five hundred light-armed Trallians or Cretans at the extremity of this wing. The left wing did not feem to have occaficn for fuch a reinforcement, becaufe it was judged, that the river and its banks, which were very fteep, fuificiently defended it. He however pofted four companies of horfe Two thoufand foldiers v/ere left to guard the here. were Macedonians and Thracians, that which camp, had voluntarily followed the arm.y. The fixteen elephants were left behind the Triarii, to ferve as a corps It was not thought prode referve and a rear-guard. per to oppofe them tothofeofthe enemy, not only becaufe the latter were much more numerous, (fiftyfour to fixteen) but becaufe the elephants of Africa, the only ones the Romans had, were much inferior both in bignefs and ftrength to thofe of India, and could not fuftain their charge. The King's army was more various from the diverfity of nations and the difference of arms. Sixteen thoufand foot, armed after the Macedonian manner, compofed the main battle. This phalanx was diYJded into ten fmali bodies, the front of each confift:

"

Jnp:

138

CORNELIUS, LiELIUS,

Confuls.

A R. 562. ing
' "*'

of fifty men by thirty-two in depth ; and in each of the fpaces between them two elephants were placed. This conftituted the principal ftrength of the army. The fight only of the elephants gave terror. They were very large, and feemed more fo from the ornaments of their heads and their plumes, in which,
:

vain ornagold, filver, purple, and ivory glittered ments, which invite the enemy, by the hope of ipoils, and do not defend an army. Thefe elephants carried towers upon their backs, with four combatants in them, not including the guide. On the right fide of this phalanx were drawn up upon the fame line part viz. fifteen hundred Gauls of Afia, of the horfe (called Gallo-Grsci by the Romans, and Galatae by ehc Greeks) three thoufand Cuirafliers armed at all points ; (Cataphradi) g, thoufand other horfe, which were the flower of the Medes and other neighbouring people. Next them, and at fome diftance from them, were placed a troop of fixteen elephants to fupOn the fame fide, extending the fame port them. wing, was polled the King's regiment, confifting of Argyrafpides, fo called becaufe they had filver buckBeyond them, twelve hundred horfe-archers of lers. the Dahs, with which were joined two thoufand five hundred others of the Myfians. Then three thoufand iight-armed troops, partly Cretans, partly Trallians. This wing was clofed by four thoufand llingers and The left archers, half Cyrtsrans and half Elyma^ans. wing was difpofed and ftrengthened almoft as the right, except that before part of the cavalry were placed waggons armed with fcyths, and beafts called droTnedaries, with Arabian archers upon them, who had fmall fwords fix feet long for reaching the enemy from The King commanded the backs of thole animals. the right ; Seleucus his fon, and Antipater his nephew, the left i and three Lieutenant Generals the main body. fog which rofe in the morning, covered the two armies with thick darknefs then a fouth-wind brought on a w^et millj which fpread over the v/hole
:

'

plain.

CORNELIUS, LiEUUS,
plain.

Confuls.

139
A^'^- 5*
'

Thefc two inconveniences did not much hurt Romans, but were very incommodious to, and much againft, the King's troops. For the former
the

,j^^

occupying only a moderate extent of countiy, could however fee each other ; and their arms, which were for the moft part folid and heavy, were not at all damaged by the humidity. But the different parts of Antiochus's army were lb remote, that the two extremities were fo far from being able to fee each other, that even thofe in the centre could not diftinguifh what pafled on the two wings, and the damp had relaxed the firings of their bows and flings to fuch a degree, and the thongs of their javelins, that it was not polfible for them to make ufe of them. Befides this, the cars armed with fcyths, by which Liv. Antiochus was in hopes of fprcading terror and difor- xxxra^i. der amongft the troops of the enemy, began the confufion of his own. The form of thefe cars was as follows. From the midfl of the pole ifliied ten points of iron about a cubit long, (a foot and an half) intended to break and pierce whatever came before it. On each fide of the yoke or feat were two fcyths, the one level with the feat itfelf, and the other turned towards the ground ; the firft to cut obliquely, the other to cut thofe from top to bottom who Ihould have fallen, or fhould endeavour to creep under. And laftly, at the axes of each wheel two more fcyths were faftened, in the fame fituation and for the fame effeft. Antiochus conceiving, that if he placed thefe cars in the rear or the centre, the drivers of them would be obliged to make them pafs through his troops, polled them in the front, as we have faid already. Eumenes, who was acquainted with this kind of combat, and how doubtful an aid it was, if care was taken to frighten the horfes who drew the cars, rather than to attack them clofe, ordered the Cretan archers, the flingers, and the horfe armed with javelins, not to go all in a body againft them, but divided in fmall platoons, and to fhov/er their darts upon them from liU fi4es5 raifmg great cries at the fame time.

His

140
A. K.
s^.
'

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,

Confuls.

"g^_

tiv.

XXXVll

44'

all the fiiccefs I-Jis orders were executed, and had As foon as thofe cars fet forwards, and he expeded. this was in a manner the prelude of the battle, the horfes which drew them, terrified with the horrid cries raifed on all fides, and overwhelmed with ftones, darts, and javelins, took the bridle in their teeth, ran away in diforder on every fide in the fpace between the two armies without feeling the reins, and turned againft their own troops, as well as againft the camels. This empty bugbear being thus difpcrfed, the armies came to blows. But this firft terror foon occafioned the lofs of the For the troops, who were near King's whole army. thele cars, terrified by the diforder and fright of the horfes, fled themfelves, and left all uncovered and without defence quite as far as the CuirafTiers. The latter, attacked by the Roman cavalry, could not fuftain the charge, and broke that inllant, many remaining upon the place, becaufe the weight of their arms would not admit them to efcape by flight.

The whole
diforder

left wing was put to the rout, and carried and confternation as far as the main body formed by the phalanx.

attacked it with advannot being able to ufe their long pikes, becaufe the flying troops fell in amongfl them, aid hindered them from a6:ing, whilft the Romans diflegions then
tage,' the phalanx

The Roman

elephants difpofed in

charced their javelins upon them from all fides. The the intervals of the phalanx, were of no aid to them. The Roman foldiers, accuilomed in the wars of Africa to fight vv'ith thofe animals, had learnt how to evade their impetuofity, either in piercing their flanks with their javelins, or, if they could approach them, by cutting their hams The firit ranks of the phalanx with their fwords. were then put in diforder, and the Romans had already began to cut the rear in pieces, which had been furrounded, when they were informed that their left wing was in great danger.

The

CORNELIUS, L^LIUSi Confuk

The
Conful, convinced that his
left

141
{i\~ A. r, $^t. ^'^^' ^*

would be

defended by the deep banks of the river, had it with only four companies of cavalry, who had even removed from the river to join the reft of Antiochus, from the right where he comthe army. manded, perceived this opening, and moved thither to attack the enemy with his auxiliary troops and heavy-armed cavalry ; and he not only puflied the Romans in front, but filing off on the fide of the The Roman river, began to take them in flank. cavalry having been put in diforder, and taken to flight, the infantry foon followed it, and did not flop till they arrived in fight of their camp. M. i^milius, the military Tribune, had remained there to guard it. When he favv the Romans come thither, flying he went out with all his troops to meet them, reproaching them with their cowardice and ihameful flight. He did more, and ordered his troops to kill the firft of thofe they rtiet flying without mercy, that ftiould refufe to face about. This order, given in time, and pun6lually executed, had all its effect. The greater dread furmounted the lefs. The flying foldiers firft ftopped, and then returned to the battle, i^milius, with his body of troops, which confift-ed of two tlioufand men, all brave and enured to war, oppofed the King, who vigoroufly purfued thofe that fled. Attalus, the brother of Eumenes, upon the advice he received of the diforder of the left wing, flew to it, and arrived feafonably with two hundred horfe. Antiochus, feeing that thofe he purfued before, returned to the charge, and that the troops who arrived, fome from the camp, and others from the battle^ were upon the point of puftiing him on all fides, turned his back in his turn, and retired with precipitation. The Romans being thus victorious on the right and left wings, pafllng over the heaps of dead bodies, efpecially in the centre, where they had found moft refiftance, in efi'eft of the bravery of the troops, and where the flight had been moft difficult through the weight of the arms, ran towards the camp of the deficientiy

fuftained

feated

142

CORNELtU^, LMUVS,
*

Confuls.

A.R. 562. feated to plunder it. The horfc of Eumenes firft, and afterwards thofe of the Conful, purfued the enemy in xjo. the plain, killing all that fell into their hands. But what was molt pernicious to the flying troops, was meeting the cars, elephants, and camels. For being difperfed on all fides, and throwing dbwn one another through their eagernefs to efcape the vidor, they were More were crufhed under the feet of thofe animak. For it was killed in the camp than in the battle. thither flight carried moft of the defeated, and they fought with moft obftinacy there before the intrenchments, in hopes of being fuftained by thofe that had been left in the camp to guard it. In confcquencc the Romans, who had expeded to carry it on the firft ailault, inraged with having been ftopt fo long at the gates, fhed more blood than they would have done, ad they entered it fooner. Antiochus loft fifty thoufand foot, and four thoufaiid horfe in this battle.

The number of

the prifon-

Fifteen elephants were aifo taken with their guides. Many were wounded on the fide of the Romans ; but they left only three hundred foot and fourfcore horfe upon Eumenes loft only twenty-five of his troops. the fpot. The next day they ftript the dead of their fpoils, and
ers

amounted

to only fourteen

hundred men.

affembled their prifoners.

obferved, that one of the caufes of the lofs of was the manner in which the King had drawn up his phalafnx. It conftituted the principal ftrength of his army, and had hitherto palTed for inIt
is

this battle,

of old, warlike, robuft of vigour and courage. In order therefore to have enabled them to do him moft fervice, he ^lould have given them lefs depth and more front whereas by drawing them up two-and-thirty deep, he r<^ndered half of them ufelefs, and pofted new-raifed troops upon the reft of the front, without courage or experience, in which he ought to have placed no conAntiochus, in this, had however only fidence. followed the mcejiod obferyed by Philip and Alexanvincible.
It confifted folely

foldiers, full

der,

CORNELIUS, Li^LlUS,
der,

Confuls.

143
A. R.
561-

phalanx in the fame manner. But in procefs of time, able Generals reduced the depth to fixteen, and even to eight, according to die exigency of different cafes and different occafions. The fruit of this victory gained at Magnefia near Sipylus, was the furrender of all the cities of Afia Minor, which came either immediately, or foon after, Neither Hannibal nor to fubmit to the Romans, The firfl was Scipio were prefent in this battle. blocked up by the Rhodians in Pamphyiia, and the other continued fick at Elasa. Antiochus having fled with fome of his people, arrived about midnight at Sardis with a fmall number of troops, v/hich he had picked up on his way. There, being informed that his fon Seleucus, and fome of the grandees of his court, had retired to Apamasa, he fet out towards the end of the night for that place with his wife and daughter. They foon after palled Mount Taurus with the utmoft diligence to enter
their
Syria.

who drew up

^^^
''

Liv.

''^^^'"-t5-

Conful had already arrived at Sardis, where his brother P. Scipio joined him, having fet out as loon as his health would permit. It was there that a crumpet from Antiochus came to defire Scipio Africanus to prevail upon the Conful his brother, that that Prince might fend Ambaffadors to him, which was granted him. Some days after the King fent Zeuxis, who had been governor of Lydia, and Antipater his nephev/. They applied firit to Eumenes, whom they believed the moft averfe to peace on account of the antient quarrels between him and Antiochus. But having found him more tra<51:able than either they or the King had expefted, they went to P. Scipio, who prefented them to the Conful. That General alTembled his whole council to give them audience, and when " Romans, (faid they were introduced to them " Zeuxis) without feeking to excufe ourfelves, we " only alk you what we are to do to expiate the im" prudence into which Antiochus has fallen, and to " induce you to forgive him, and grant him peace.
:

The

^^^^ ^^^^

" You

f44^

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
" You have always with
^-Qj^^j

Confuls.

A. R. 561. Ant^ c,

Liv. ^ xxxvii-45-

generofity and greatnefs of pardoned the Kings and States you have over" come. How much more ought you to do lb now " after a vidtory^ which renders you mafters of the " Univerfe ? * Laying afide all animofity againfl: " mortarls, you fhould have no tlioughts for the fu" ture ; but, after the example of the Gods, to par" don and do good to mankind." Before the AmbalTadors arrived, the anfwer of the P. Scipio, who was appointed j^Qj^^j^5 was ready. to make it, fpoke to them to the following effedt.' " -|- Of all the things, which are naturally dependant " on the Gods, we poflefs only thofe which they *' have vouchfafed to beftow. As to our courage^ " which depends only upon us, it has always been the ^ fame, in whatfoever fituation we have been. As " ill fortune has never been able to "deprefs it, prof" perity is not capable of exalting it. To prove what " I fay, I might mention the example of your Han*' nibal, if I had not your own to fet before you. " When we had pafled the Hellefpont, before we had *' feen your camp and army, whilft the event of the " war was ftill uncertain, you came to treat with us of ** peace. Now the fame conditions, which Vv^e then " propofed to you, when things were equal on both " fides, we now propofe again, when you are de" feated and we vicftorious. You fhall abandon all *' you pofTefs in Europe, and in Afia on this fide of " Mount Taurus. You fliall give us, for the charges " of the war, fifteen thoufand J Euboic talents, five " hundred down, and two thoufand five hundred " when the Senate and People of Rome fhall have " ratified the treaty. You fhall pay the remaining
44

* PofTtis jam adverfus omnes mortales certaminibus, baud fecus, & parcere vos gcneri humano oportet. Liv. t Romani, ex iis quse in deum immortalium potcllate erant, ea habemus, quce dii dederunt. Animos, qui noftrse mentis funt, eofdem in omni foituna geflimus, gerimufque neque eos fecunds res extulerunt, nee adverfe minuerunt. Liv. X Fifteen Attic talents wonld be about two millions two hundred and ffty thoufand pounds fterling; Thofe of Euboea were fcniething
tjuain decs, confulere
:

kfs.

" twelve

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
^*

Confuls.

145
"

twelve equal annual payments, ^-^-s^^. twelve thoufand *' you fliould pay Eumenes * four that is alfo jufl, "^q, It *' hundred talents, and the reil of the corn, which was *' due to his father. When you have accepted thefe " conditions, that we may rely upon your executing " them, you fhallgiveus twenty hoftages, which we " fhall chufe. But the Roman People can never be " afTured of being at peace with a Prince, who keeps
in
*' *'

Hannibal
all

at his court.

We therefore previoufly
you deliver him up to

to
us,

things

demand

that

"
*'

as v/eli as

Thoas the

i^tolian,

tributed in exciting this war.

who has moil conThe King, by de-

" laying too long, will make peace when his fortune " is become more precarious. If he delays longer, " f let him know, that it is more difficult to make " the fortune of Kings defcend from its greateft " height to a middling condition, than to precipi'" tate it from the latter to the lowed flate." Scipio's difcourfe begins with a maxim, which feems great, but is really fo only through pride. This diftinftion between external goods, dependant upon
on human
Providence, and thofe of the foul, dependant folely upwill, is the conftant and almoil univerfal Cicero explains himfelfj^g Nj^t, opinion of the Pagan world. on this head ftillmuch more ftrongly by the mouth of Deor. xl ^^* Cotta, who, as well as himfelf, was of the fed of the ^^' ", Ail ^ men, fays he, are convinced, Academ.ics. that they hold all fortuitous and exterior goods from tiie Gods, as well as all the conveniences of life, but Was there ever man v/ho thanked the not virtue. Gods, that he was a good man ? No certainly but the Gods are thanked for riches, honours, and health.
:

* Four hundred tkoufand crowns,

f Sciat regum majeftatem difficilias a fiimrao fartigio ad detrahi, quam a mediis ad ima prcecipitari. Liv.
X

medium

lie habent, externas comnioditates virtalem aatem neroo unquam acceptam deo retulit. Num quis quod bonus vir eflet, gratias diis egit unquam ? At, quod dives, quod hor.oratr.s, quod incolumis. Jovemqiie optimum, maximum, ob eas res appellant, non qucd nos juTcos, tcmperantes, fapientesefnciat, fed quod lalvos, incolames, opulentos, copiofos.

Hoc
fe

qi.iidem ornncs mortales

:

dih

habere

Vol. V.

Jupit-er

14^

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 562.Jypiter is called mofl good, mofl potent, not becaufc "*Q^ he makes us jiiil, prudent, wife; but becaufe he affords us protection, fafety, riches, and health."
Epift.
lib
1 8.

Horace
words,

alfo

thought, which he

exprefled,

in

This few

in thefe

two

lines

Std fatis

eft

crare Jcvem^ qu^e dcnat

det opes
:

f? aufert,

Del vitam^

a-quum mt animum

ipfe

parahs,

Thefe
iuft

are the fentiments

men
is

derive from the corrupaverfe to fuffering the

tion of their nature,

which

j^i,,^

dependance, wjierein the creature is in refpecl to God in all things in general and without exception, The AmbaiTadors of Antiochus had orders to accept
all

xxx\Ti.45,

the conditions the

:

Romans

fliould think

fit

to

prefcribe

fo that there

was nothing farther

his

in queftion

on the King's

part, but to fend Arnbafladors to

tiiftributed

Rome.

The Conful
fus,

troops into the cities of

the winter.

Magnefia upon the Meander, of Tralies, and Epheto quarter there during

Some days

after the hoftages he

had demanded of the King, were

brought him to the lait place. Eumenes fet out for Rome at the fame time with that Prince's AmbafTadors ; and they were followed by thofe of all the different States of Afia.

foon as Hannibal and Thoas were apprized that negotiating, rightly judging that they fhould be facrificed, both provided for their fafety, before it was concluded.
a treaty was
A.R.
563. iAnt. C. ,89.
JVI.

As

^ ^N. Manlius

FuLVIUS NOBILIOR.
Vulso.

I omit here fome fads of the preceding year, to which I fhall return.

Under

thefe

new Confuls

arrived at

Rome M. Au-

j^ly^

xxxvl^ja.

L. Scipio's lieutenant, with the Ambaffadors of Antiochus, King Eumenes, and the Ambaffadors of the Rhodians. Cotta related, firil: in the Senate, and then in the afTembly of the People, all that had pafled in Afia. Prorelius Cotta,

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Conmis.

147
A.-R5<^i
*

ProcefTion and thankfgivings were decreed for three days for iuch great fucceffes, and forty great vidims

'^^g"^^

were

facrificed.
_

Audience was then given to Eumenes preferably to Uv. *' He began by thanking the Senate in ^^^^^^' all others. protection they had PoWb.' diftinguil'hed the few words for himfelf and his brother delivering in him, afforded Pergamus againft the capital carried on fiege from the of his dominions, and in fecuring his kingdom againft

He then conthe unjuft enterprizes of Antiochus. gratulated the Romans upon the fuccefs of their arms
by lea and land, and upon the glorious vidory they had lately obtained, by which they had driven Antiochus out of Europe, and all that part of Afia on this He added, that as to what fide of Mount Taurus. related to his perfon and the fervices he had endeavoured to render the Commonwealth, he chofe, that the Senate fhould be informed of them rather by the Roman Generals than from his own mouth." So modeft a referve was generally approved but he was defired exprefsly to fay wherein the Senate and People of Rome could oblige him, and what he expeded from them affuring him that he might rely upon their good will. He replied, " that if the choice of a reward were propofcd to him by ethers, he fhould take the liberty to afk the advice of fo illuftrious a body in refped to the anfwer it was proper for him to give, to avoid making dem.ands that might be deemed immodeft and exceflive but as it v/as from the Senate itfelf he expeded all he could hope, he thought it incumbent on him to refer himfelf Iblely to their generofity." He was again prefied to explain himfelf clearIn this mutual conteft of ly and widiout ambiguity.
:
-,

politenefs

:.nd deference,

Eumenes not being

able to

the better of himfelf as to comply, quitted the affembly. The Senate, hov/ever, perfifted in

get fo

much

their opinion

and

their

reafon was, that only

the

King knew what fuited

tereft.

He

and was moft for his inwas therefore made to return, and obliged
himfelf,

to explain himfelf

Eumenes

148
A.R.
^is'
563.

FULVIUS, MANLIU5,
^

Confuk/

Eumenes then made a very fine fpeech, the pur-^ whiQh was to demand of the Roman People V^^'^ ^^
great part of been taken from Antiochus. had Afia Minor, which would the Rhodians oppofe knev/, that But, as he pretexts, previvery fpecious he under demands his onfly refuted all that they had to fay contrary to his Accordingly the Rhodians on being admitinterefls. ted to audience, after having fpoke modeftly of their lervices, reprefented in a lively manner, that it was for the honour of the Roman People to reinftate the liberty of all the cities of Afia, as they had of Greece. Thofe two fpeeches^ the fubftance and a great many ftrokes of which Livy has copied from Polybius, are but as they regard the interefls of the very eloquent States of Afia more than thofe of the Romans, and I have related them with iulficient extent in the Antient Hiftory, I thought it neceiTary to omit them here. The Ambafi^adors of Antiochus were heard after They confined themfelves to thofe of the Rhodians.

by

v/ay of recompence for his fervices

xxxvi;.55.

afeing, that the Senate would be pleafed to ratify the They did peace^ which L. Scipio had granted them. lb, and fome days after, it was alfo ratified in the alfembly of the People. The treaty of peace was folemniy concluded in the Capitol between the Senate and Roman People of one fide, and Antipater, the
principal

Ambafiador and nephew of Antiochus, on

the
ties

other.

Audience was afterwards given to the other depuof Afia, to which it was anfwered in general, that the Senator.-], according to antient cuftom, would fend
as fl:iould
Ibkl. c6

ten commifiioners into i\fia, to make fuch regulations be proper, of which the fubftance fiiould be
:

that Eumenes ihould be put invery near as follows to pofiTeffion of all the countries that had been under Antiochus on this fide of Mount Taurus, except Lycia and Caria thofe countries included all Lycaonia, the two Phrygias, Myfia, the cities ofLydiaar.d' Ionia, except thofe which were free at the time the
:

battle

was fought with Antiochus

that ail the cities

of

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

146
of A.R.
*

s^i. ofAfia, which had paid tribute to Attains King Pergamus, Ihould alio pay tribuce to Eunienes his "^^^ fon. That, thofe which had been tributary to Antiothus, fhould be free and exempt from all impofls. That, as to #hat regarded the Rhodians, they were granted Lycia, and that part of Caria in the neighbourhood of their ifland beyond the Meander, with the cities, towns, forts and lands, extending to-" w^ards Pifidia, except the places which had been free before the vi6tory over Antiochus. Eumenes and the Rhodians feemed very well fatistied with this regular tion, which really was highly advantageous to them. The war with Antiochus made way for three tri-Liv. __ umphs at Rome. Theiirftwas that of Man. Acilius, ^^^^'l' who triumphed over Antiochus and the iEtolians. The fecond was granted to L. ^milius Regulus, who had def<^ated Polyxenidas, Admiral o![ the iiret of Antiochus by fea. Some time after, L. Scipio arrived at Rome, and it'.iid. 59. to equal his brother by a glorious firname, he affumed that of Afiaticus. He related his fucceiles in Afia to the Senate and People. The Romans returned the Gods folemn thankfo-ivino-s for fo confiderable a vietory, and granted their General the honour of a. triumph, which he had fo juflly deferved. This triumph, in outward fhew, exceeded that of Scipio Africanus but on the fide of danger and difficulty of the war, and importance of actions, was as much inferior to it, as L. Scipio was to his brother, or Antiochus to Hannibal. He exhibited to the eyes of the' People two hundred and thirty-four enfigivs, twelve hundred and twenty elephants teeth, tvv'o hundred and twenty-fogr gold crowns, a confiderable quantity of gold and filver either in ingots, coined or wrought plate of all kinds. Befides v^hich he caufed two and thirty Generals of armies. Governors of provinces, or great Lords of the court of Antiochus to be led before his chariot. He caufed twenty-five d:fnarii to be diftributed to each foldier, (about twelve fliillings) ^Vfke as much to the Centurions, and thrice to the
:

liorfe.

150
A- R.
s'^s-

FULViUS, MANLIUS,

Confuis.

After his triumph, he caufed twice the ufiial hone. ^ ^''^^ provifions to be given the troops, as he had P^y is' done before in Afia immediately after the defeat of Antiochus. It was almoft a year after the expix^ation ^of his confulfhip, when he had this triumph. Thus ended the war v/ith Antiochus, which was not of long duration, coft the Romans little blood, and however very much conduced to aggrandize their But at the fame time this viftory alfo conempire. tributed in another m.anner to the ruin and perdition of the fame empire, by introducing at Rome, with the riches it brought thither, a taftc for luxury, and voluptuoufnefs. For it is to this viftory over Antiochus and the conqueft of AHa, that Piiny dates the prm.xili. corruption of the manners of the Rom.an Commons' v/ealth, and of the fatal change that happened in it. ^ Afia conquered by the arms of Rome, in its turn conquered Rome by its vices. Foreign riches put an end to the love of poverty and the antient fimplicity, which had been the principles of its honour and
flrength.
-j-

Luxury, which entered

Rome

as

in

tri-

umph

with the fuperb fpoils of Afia, brought Vv'ith it its in train all kinds of diibrders and crimes, made more havock there than the m.ofl: numerous armies could have done, and in that manner avenged the conquered globe.
* Armis
/

vicit, vitiis viftuseft.

Senec. de

Ale)c.

peregrines obfccena pecunia mores Intulit, & turpi fregerunt fecula luxu Divitia; molles Nullum crimen abelt facinufque libidinis, ex quo

+ Prima

Paupertas

Roma

perit

Sasvior armis

Luxiiria incubuit, viftumque ulcifcitur orbciti.

JuvfV.

Satyr. 6,

REFLEC-

REFLECTIONS

upon the Conduct of 'the

ROMANS

in refpedt to the

monwealth,

and the

Grecian ComKings as well of Eu-

rope and Asia, and at the fame Time upon the Relation which all thefe Events havetothjf Eflablifhment of the Christian Church.

WE
all

begin

now to

diftinguifh

from the

fafts I

have

hitherto related one of the principal charafters

of the Romans, which

will foon determine the fate of the States of Greece, and occafion an almoft general change throughout the univerfe I mean, the This charafter does not (hew itfelf luft of empire.
:

at

iirlt

in full light,

itfelf only

by

little

only by infenfible that it at length attains its final purpofe. muft admit, that this people on certain 0(?cafions fhew a moderation and difmtereftednefs, which, confidered only from outward appearance, are above any thing of the kind to be found in Hiftory, and to which we cannot juftly refufe our admiration. Was there ever a more fliining and glorious day, than that in which the Roman People, after having fuftained a long and dangerous war, palTed feas, and exhaufted themfelves in expences, declare by the voice of an herald in a general affembly, that they reftore liberty to all the Republics and cities of Greece, defiring no other fruit of their vidory, than the exalted pleallire of doing good to a People, whom the remembrance only of their antient renown rendered dear to them ? cannot read the narration of what pafTed on that famous day, without being foftened even to tears, and without giving way to a kind of enthufiaftic efteem and admiration for fo generous a People. If this deliverance of the Grecian cities had been entirely void of intereft, had no other principle but beneficence of mind, and the conduft of the Romans had never deviated from fuch laudable fentiments, nothing could certainly be greater or more glorious. L 4 But,

and in all its extent it difcovers and little, or gradually and it is degrees, but however rapid enough,
:
:

We

We

'152

Reflections upon
But,
if

the

Conduct of the Romans.

beyond
this

we

enter a

little

Ihining outfide,

pretended moderation of the Romans had its fource in a profound policy, wife indeed and prudent according to the maxims of the ibmbitious, but far from that noble difmtereftednefs, which hiftorians have fo much cried up on the occafrcn in queftion. It may be faid, that the Greeks at this time abandoned themfelves to a very ill-founded joy, believing themXelves a<flually fi^ee, becaufe the
eafily

we

difcern, that this

Romans

declared

them

fo.

time of which we are fpeaking, divided Greece, the Greek Republics and Macedonia, and they were always at war the one to preferve the wrecks of their antient liberty, and the other totally to fubjeft and enOave them. The Romans, who were perfedly fenfible of this fituation of Greece, rightly perceived, that they had nothing to fear from thefe petty Republics, v/cakened by time, inteftine divifions, and the wars they had to fuftain without doors. But Macedonia, which had warlike troops, that did not lofe fight of the glory of their antient Kings, had formerly extended their conquefts to the extremities of the world, ftill retained a warm, though chimerical, defire of univerfal monarchy, and had a kind of natural alliance with the Kings of Egypt and' Syria, defcended from the fame origin, and united by the com.mon interefls of regal power Macedonia, I fay, gave juft alarms to Rome, which, after the redu6lion of Carthage, could have no other obftacles to her ambitious defigns than thofe powerful kingdoms, that divided the reil of the univerfe between them, and
at the
:
:

Two powers,

in particular

Macedonia, which was nearer

!

Italy than

any of the

reft

Rome
he

therefore had in view to counterpoize the

to deprive Pliilip of the aid himfelf with having from Greece. This aid would perhaps have a6lually been capable of rendering him invincible by the Romans, if all Greece had' joined with Macedonia againft the common enemy. To p'revent this union fatal to their views, the Roflattered'

Macedonian power, and

many

Reflections upon

the

Conduct of the Romans.

151

mans declared highly for thefe Republicks, and made their glory to take them under their protedion, it without any other apparent defign, than to defend them againll their oppreflbrs. And in order to attach them by a ftronger tie, they induftrioufly profefs, as a reward of their fidelity, that they will protect their
of which all the Republicks were jealous beyond all pofTibility of expreffion, and which the Kings of Macedonia had always dilputed with them. The bait was mod artfully prepared, and greedily
liberty,

fwallowed by the Greeks, mofl: of whom carried their But the mofl judicious and peneviews no farther. trating difcovered the danger concealed under this lure, and from time to time admonifned the People in the public affemblies to diftruft the cloud gathering in the Weft, and which foon would change into a dreadful tempeft, that would wreck them all. Nothing at firft was more candid and equitable, They treated the than the conduct of the Romans. cities and States, which put themfelves under their they aided them aproteflion, with great goodnefs they were induitrious in appeafgainft: their enemies ing their divifions, and in putting an end to the troubles that arofe amongft them, and required nothing
:
:

By this means was eftablifhed by degrees, and prepared the People for an entire fubjeftion to it. Accordingly, under pretext of offering them their good offices, of entering into their interefts, and of. reconciling them to each other, they rendered themfelves the fupreme arbitrators of thole, to whom they had reftored liberty, and whom they confidered in fome fenfe as their freed men. They fent commiffioners to them to hear their complaints, to examine their reafons on both fides, and to terminate their divifions. As to the articles to which they could not make them
from
their Allies for all thefe fervices.
their authority

agree

upon

the fpot, they invited

them

to fend their

deputies to

Rome.

They

afterwards

fummoned

fuch

authoritatively as refufed to comply, obliged

them to
pear

plead their caufcs before the Senate, and even to ap-

:;t

K.EFLSGTI0N3 LipOD the CoNDUCT of the K.OMAIfS.

From arbitrators and mediapear there perfonally. tors become judges, they foon afiumed the tone of mailers, confidered their decrees as irrevocable decifions, were highly ofFended if they were not immediately fubmitted to, and treated a fecond refufal as
rebellion.

Thus
preme

the Senate of

Rome

fet

itfelf

up
all

for the fu-

States and Kings in the laft refort. At the end of every war it determined the punifhments and rewards each had It deprived the conquered People of part deferved. of their lands, to reward the Allies of the Commonwherein there was a double adwealth with them vantage. It attached King-s to Rome from which Hie had little to fear, and much to hope ; and thereby weakened others, from whom Rome had nothing to hope, and much to fear. We fliall fee one of the principal magiftrates of the. A chcEan Republic " highly complain in a public aflembly of this unjuft ufurpation of a fovereign authority and den:and by v/hat right the Romans held fo haughty a fway over them. If their Commonwealth was not as free and independent as that of Rome ? By what title they pretended to fubjeft the Ach^ans to give them an account of their conduct If they fhould approve the intermeddling of the Achsans in their affairs ? And whether things ought not to be All thefe reflexions werejuft, equal on both fides ?" founded in reafon, and unanfwerable ; and the Romans had nothing to obje<5l but the law of the
:
,
.''

tribunal of the univerfe, judging

ftrongeft.

Rome afled in the fame manner, and obfcrved the fame policy, with regard to Kings, She firfc attached thofe who were weakeft, and leaft capable of refifting her^ to herfelf. She gave them the title of Allies, which in fome meafure rendered them facred and inviolable, and which in refpe(5t to them was a kind of She was fafe-guard againfb more powerful Princes. induftrious to augment their revenues, and extend their dominions, to fhew v/hat was to be expeded from

Reflec^tions upon the

Conduct of

the

Romans,

jc,^

from her prote<5lion. This is what raifed the king* dom of Pergamus to fo high a degree of greatnefs. In procefs of time the Romans under various pretexts attacked thefe great Potentates, who were the mafters of Europe and Afia. And with what haughtinefs did they not treat them, even before vi6lory ? A powerful King is inclofed within a narrow circle by a private citizen of Rome, and obliged to give what haughtinefs was his anfwer before he quits it this But, after having conquered them, in what manner are they treated ? They order them to give them their children, and the heirs to their crown as hoftages, and fecurities for their good behaviour, make them lay down their arms, forbid them to make either war or alliances without their good pleafure, drive them beyond mountains, and properly fpeaking, leave them only an empty title, a phantom of fovereignty, divefted of its rights and advantages. It cannot be doubted, but that Providence had deftined the Romans to be the Lords of the world, as their future greatnefs had been foretold in the fcriptures. But thefe divine oracles were unknown to them befides which the predidlion of their conquefts did not juftify their ambition, which God vouchfafed to employ for the execution of the defigns he had decreed from all eternity. Though it be diiHcult to be aflured, and ftill more to prove, that they had formed the plan of univerfal dominion from the firft, it muft be owned, on examining their condu6t attentively, that they afted as if they always had this view, and that a kind of inftin<5t had induced them to conform to it in all things. However it were, we fee by the eveat, in what this
:
!
',

extraordinary moderation of the Romans, fo much boafled by their panegyrifts, terminated. Enemies to the liberty of all people, and full of contempt for

Kings and regal power, confidering the whole univerfe as their prey, their infatiable ambition took in the conqueft of the world they indifcriminately feized all provinces and kingdoms, and included all the people of
:

t^6

Reflections upon

the

Conduct of
:

the

Romans,

of the earth under their yoke in a word, they fet no other bounds to their vaft defigns but fuch as they were forced to fet by defarts and feas. And this we fhall
evidently fee in the fequel.

Hitherto we have feen the glorious ages of the Commonwealth. Ambition, which always was the foul of all the enterprizes of the Romans, v/as attended with fo many glorious ad:ions, fuch excellent qualities, and
ceffcs,

ihining virtues, that, cfpecially with fuch great fucit may not feem very reproachable, and may

even be confidered as a mark of great and noble fentiments, that rife above the pitch of vulgar fouls, and which alone can conduce to the glory and augmentation of a State at leaft this is the idea the Pagans have of it. This ambition will not always be fo modell and referved. It will foon appear without veil or difguife ; and in the latter times of the Com:

monwealth,
fion
its

it

ruin,

will rife to exceiTes, which v/ill occaand change the form of the govern-

ment. I have faid, that Providence deftined the Romans to be the future Lords of the U-niverfe. This truth, which is founded upon revelation, and confequently is inconteftable, becomes more and more evident j and with the leaft attention to the feries and order of the
events which hiftory prefents us, we perceive, that every thing has relation to, and carries on, the great and eternal defign of God concerning the eftablifhment of his Church. In proportion as the time of the Incarnation approaches, the conquefts of the Romans become more rapid, and have manifeftly more of prodigy in them. They haften on to prepare the empire, in which the divine reign of the Son of God They render the preaching of is to be eftablifhed. the Gofpel more eafy and immediate ; by uniting all nations, fo different in manners, cuftoms, languages, and interefts, under one and the fame government, which will have the fame laws, polity, commerce, morals, in which the moft rational fyftem of law that
the

Pagan world has

hitherto produced^ will take

place.

Brief Discourse
Jilace
;

upon

TRIUMPHS,

157

polygamy, inceftuous and licentious divorces, and all the dilbrders fo common, and fo authorized in Syria, The third empire formed by Egypt, and the Eaft. Alexander, and divided into four principal monarchies. Teems to perceive, that the end of its duration approaches, and hallens to give place to the fourth empire, foretold by the prophet Daniel, which is to fwallow up all the empires and Hates of the univerfe, in order to incorporate them in itfelf, and laftly to fubjecft them to Jesus Christ, the King of Kings, the Lord and Sovereign of all ages.
a fyllem that prohibits

marriages, arbitrary

BRIEF DISCOURSE upon TRIUMPHS.

triumphs are frequently mentioned in the RoHiilory, I thought it proper to throw together in the fame place what is m.oil eflential to the knowledge of this fubjeft, and moil proper to give the reader a juft and fufficient idea of them. The honour of a triumph was amongfl the Romans the moil Ihining and glorious reward of military merit, as the defcription of what paiTed in it will foon fhew. Accordingly it was the moft affefting obje6l of the ambition of Generals, and at the fame time a powerful motive for fignalizing themfelves in the command of armies by a6lions of valour and prudence, and for gaining vi^Lories over enemies that might render them worthy of that honour. Romulus, the founder of Rom^e, a * Prince born for great alions, and who had the talent of fetting them off, vVas the firft, who, after having conquered fome neighbouring ftates, re-entered the city in triumph with his victorious army, in the midft of the acclamations and applaufes of the whole city. There were two different kinds of triumphs. The great, properly called T'numphus : and the iefs, called
* Ipfe
nor.

ASman

cum
i.

fa(rtis

vir magnificiis, turn

factorum oilentator baud mi-

Ln',

10.

Ovatio.

15S
Ovatio.

Brief Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.

The

caufe a fheep
the offering

was granted,
confiderable,

believed to be fo called bewas facrificed in it, whereas a bull was in the great triumph. The Ovation either Vv'hen the vidtory was not very or when it was gained in the province of
latter
is

who had commanded without being invefted with the office of Praetor or Conful or laftly, when the enemy were contemptible, as revolted flavcs. The difference between the great and little triumph, was, that in the latter the perfon who triumphed was not drawn in a chariot, but entered the city on foot, v/ithout wearing the habit of triumph, not with a crown of laurel but of myrtle ; and not to the found of trumpets, but only of flutes. In a word, this triumph was much lefs folemn than the great one. The * Conilil Poilumius Tubertus was the firft that triumphed in this manner the 251ft year of Rome. The great triumph was granted only for confiderable vidlories, and, according to a law mentioned by Valerius Maximus, it was neceffary, that at leaft five thoufand of the enemy fhould have been killed in the battle itfelf, and a much lefs number of the citiWhat had given occafion for this law, was the zens. exceffive ambition of fome Generak, who, for expeditions and battles of little importance, demanded permifiion to enter Pvome in triumph. And that this law m/lght not be rendered ineffcdlual by fraud and deceit, a fecond was pafled, which obliged Generals to take an oath to the Qiizeftor of the city, that thenumber of the enemies and citizens killed in the battle, mentioned in their letters to the Senate, was conformable to truth, and that they had neither augmented the one, nor leffened the other. The honour of triumph was folely granted for having extended the limits of the State, and not for havanother, or by a General
\

um
tat,

Triiimphans de Sabinis Poftumius Tubertus, qui primus omniovans ingreffus urbem eft, quoniam rem leviter iine cruore geflemyrto Veneris Viftricis coronutus inceflitHaec j^ioftea ovantium
Pli>:. xv. 29.
inffi

fuit corona.

Brief

Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.

159

'

ing only recovered what belonged to it before byIt was for tliis reafon that Q^ Fulforce of arms. vius was refiifed a triumph, who had retaken Capua and L. Opimius, who had obliged the Fregellani to return to their obedience to the Roman People. "Whatever good fuccefs a General had in a civil war, the Senate neither decreed thankfgivings to the Gods, as was ufual in other wars, nor granted triumphs for fuch viflories, which, though beneficial to the Commonwealth, were always confidered as mournful and unhappy, having been bought with the blood of the citizens, and rather deferving tears and groans than marks of joy. The triumph, ftridly, was to be granted only to the perfon, v/ho had commanded in chief, cu7n hnperio^

and under whofe aufpices the war had been made.

Thus a Prsetor could not afpire to this advantage, when the Conful, to whom he was fubordinate, and who alone had fulnefs of power, was prefent in the
aftion.
It is

upon

this principle,

that in the difpute^^,

2.

y^^^

between the Conful Lutatius and Vale- ii, which rius Falto the Pr^tor, Atilius Calatinus, who had been appointed arbitrator, gave the caufe in favour of However, as the Conful had been preLutatius. vented by ficknefs from afting, and the honour of the vi6lory appertained entirely to the Prstor, he was alfo granted a triumph. It was the Senate alone at firft that granted triumphs. Dionyfius of Halicarnafilis obferves, that P. Servilius Prifcus was the firft who triumphed by the authority of the People, againft the Senate's confent. He was Conful the 239th year of Rome. Livy, who does not mention this triumph, dates this innovation According to him, it was in forty-five years later. the 306th of Rome, that the Confuls L. Valerius and M. Ploratius, having conquered the Volfci and the Latines, and not being able to induce the Senate, to whom they were odious, to do them juftice, introduced the example of having recourfe to the Peoarofe

plc

x6o

Brief Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.

pie on the like occafions, and triumphed in virtues of a decree of the People. The Senator C. Claudius, in the difcourfe he made againft this innovation, faid in exprefs terms, * that no one had ever

applied before for a triumph to the People, and that the power of granting that honour to thofe they judged worthy of it, had always been left to the
Senate.
the Generals could not obtain that honour from the Senate or the People, and however believed they had deferved it, they made themfelves amends in triumphing by their own authority upon the Alban mountain, about twelve miles from Rome.
either
Vv^as the firfl, who introduced this cuf^ Marcellus, after 52 ill year of Rome. the taking of Syracufe, not being able to obtain more than an ovation from the Senate, folemnized the great triumph upon the Alban mountain. Both triumphs were granted for naval vi6lories as The Conful Duwell as for thofe gained by land. illius was the firft Vs^ho obtained a naval triumph. The General who afpired at a triumph, in order to obtain it, was previoufly to give the Senate an account of his exploits, and of the viclory he had obThe Senate, for that purpofe, affembled in tained. If the year the temple of Bellona without the city. of his Confulfhip or Prastorfhip was expired, and in confequence he was only Proconful or Proprastor, as thofe titles were void by his entering the city, and the perfon who triumphed, was to be inveiled with the right of comm.anding, ejp cum imperio^ it was neceffary that one of the Tribunes Ihould propofe to the People to exempt the General from the common law, and to grant him the power of commanding, for the day he v/as to enter the city in triumph.

When

Papirius

Mafo

torn in the

mationem arbitriumque

Semper trftiante de triumpho per populum actum. ejus honoris penes Senatum fuifTe- Turn primurn, fine audloritate Senatus, populi jullu triurapiiatum eft. Liv.
*

Nunquam

When

Brief

Discourse upon
the preparations

TRIUMPHS.
for the

i6f

When

all

triumph were

tompleated, and the day fixed was arrived, the march was began from the field of Mars. The proceffion This ufually entered the city by the gate Capena. pomp was magnificent, I lliaii foon give an extenfive and circumftantial defcription of it ; of which I here The pomp began by a intend only a flight image. with different fpoils, carriages laden great number of from the enemy. riches conquered The and all the triumpher was drawn in a chariot with four horfes. Immediately before him marched on foot the Officers, Generals, and often Princes and Kings, whom he had taken prifoners. The children of the viftor, if he had any, fhared in the honour of the triumiph with him, either fitting by his fide, or riding on horfeback^ and following him with the principal officers of the army, and all the vi6lorious troops, who were at liberty either to fing fongs in praife of their General, The concoiirfe of the people or even againft him. was infinite. The pomp crofied the Forum and the * When it approached the greateft ftreets of Rome. Capitol, the prifoners were carried to the prifons, or frequently the chiefs of the enemy were put to death on the fame day. After the triumpher had performed the duties of religion in the Capitol, he conferred difierent marks of honour upon thofe who had diftinguiflied their valour in the battle, and diftributed certain fums of mioney to all the foldiers of the arm.y. The ceremony concluded v/ith a feaft, which he gave the principal Senators and officers" of the army: after which he was condufled home with a great train, and the found of drums, trumpets, and all kinds of inflruments.

Plutarch, in the
fnining, the

life

of Paulus /Emilius, has deequally llrong and that General's tri-

fcribed at large, and in colours

march and order of

umph,

after

having conquered and taken Peffeus, the

* Cum de foro In Capitollum currum fleclere incipiunt, illos (duces hoftium) duci in carcercm jubent; idemqoe dies & viftoribus imperii, ti viflis T/itse fmem facit, Cic. Vcrr. ult. n. 7/,

VoL.V*

laft

1^2
lail

Brief

Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.

This was one of the moft triumphs that had ever been feen at Rome. I fliali copy almoft the whole defcription of it in this place, which will give the reader an exadt idea of that glorious ceremony.

King of Macedonia.

magnificent

TRIUMPH

of

PAULUS ^MILIUS,

extrafted

from

PLUTARCH.

order of this triumph was as follows. In all the circufies, Fora, and itreets, through which the pomp was to pafs, fcaffolds were eredled. All the citizens, drelfed in white robes, fpared no pains to All the temples were opened, get places on them. the itatues of the Gods were adorned with crowns and garlands, and incence fmoked upon their altars. great number of Lidlors, and other public officers walked on each fide, with ftaves in their hands to keep off the crowd, and to open the way. This procefllon was divided fo as to continue durThe firft day fcarce fufficed for exing three days.

THE

hibiting to the eyes of the people the ftatues and paintings, which were placed in two hundred and fifty carriages ; a fight fo delightful, that the fpedlators

could not have enough of it. fecond day, the fineft and moft magnificent arms of the Macedonians were expofed to view, the brafs and fteel of which being new polifiied, glittered They were in fuch a manner as to dazzle the fight. carried upon an infinite number of carriages, and though difpofed with much art, order and fymmetry, they feemed to be throv/n together by chance ; and this feeming confufion, though nicely ftudied, very agreeably amufed the fpeftators, and gave them a

The

fenfible

pleafure. Helmets and bucklers, cuirafies and buficins, Cretan large iliields and thofe of Thrace, and quivers mingled with bits and bridles, were o;rouDed together. On the one fide naked fwords, and on the other long Macedonian fpears, projectmg on the right and left, prcfented their fharp and menacing points on all fides. All thefe different piles were

Brief

Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.
fo

163

were tied neither too clofe nor too loofe, fo that the

motion of the carriages making

pieces ftrike againft and
clafli

many

diifercnt

with each other, they and thofe arms, gave a warlike and terrible found though conquered and taken, infpired even the victors with a kind of dread and horror. After all thefe carriages full of arms, came three thoufand men carrying coined money in feven hundred and fifty vafes each, containing about * three talents, borne by four men. Thefe three thoufand men were followed by a great number of others, who carried urns and cifterns of filver, cups made like horns, bowls and flaggons, all artificially difpofed, and every one remarkable in itfelf for its magnitude, weight, and the
:

ornaments
-

in relief

upon

it.

The

third day, the trumpets early

at the

in the

morning

head of the whole proceflion, not playing the airs ufual upon folemn feflivals, but fuch as are ufed to animate the courage of the foldiers when they are led to battle. They were followed by an hundred and twenty fat bulls, with gilt horns, and adorned with wreaths of garlands, led by young perfons with aprons edged with purple, who were to faChildren came next, carrying the gold crifice them. and filver vefTels ufed in the facrifices. The gold coin followed thefe carried in feventy-feven each containing three talents, and borne by -j- vafes,
* Mr. Dacier, in his tranflation of Plutarch's Lives, gives us the value of the fums both in gold and filver mentianed here, as follows. In each vafe there were three talents of filver worth eighteen thoufand drachmas, that is, about four hundred and fifty pounds fterling. Confequentiy in the 750 vafes, there were about three hundred and

marched

feventy-five thoufand pounds fterling. Each of the feventy-feven vafes contained three talents of gold, -fand as in thefe times gold was valued only at ten times as much filThus there ver, the three talents of gold were worth thirty of filver. was in each vafe about four thoufand five hundred pounds ; and confequentiy in the 77 there were in all about three hundred and fortyAccording to this eftimate, the one thoufand five hundred pounds whole money in fpecie amounted to about fix hundred and eightyfour thoufand pounds. Valerius Antias, cited by Li^'y, xlv. 40. makes this fum amount to 750000 1. Velleius Paterculus, i. 9, to one
C^illion

The fums

three hundred and twelve thoufand five hundred pounds. bro.ii^ht from Macedonia by Paulus .^^miiius ruult have

been

l64

Brief Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.

four men.

Thefc vafes were followed by thofe who bowl of malTy gold, which Paulu3 .^milius had caufed to be made of the weight of ten * talents and adorned with precious ftones. After this bowl walked thofe who carried the bowls called Antigonides, Seleucides, (from, the name of Antigofrus andSeleucus, antient Kings of Macedonia, who had (from the name of uled them) and the Thericlece Thericles, an excellent artiil who had defigned and executed the workmanfhip of them) and thofe who carried tlie gold plate of Per feus. Immediately after came the chariot of that Prince At with his arms, and upon his arms his diadem. fome fmall diftance followed his children, with their governors, prasceptors, and all the officers of their houfliold, who weeping held out their hands to the people, and taught their iiluftrious, but unfortunate, pupils, humbly to implore the mercy of the victors. Thefe children were three in number, tv/o Princes and a Princefs, whofe condition feemed the more worthy of pity, as in their infant (late, they were lefs fenfible of So mournful a fight, which was capable their mifery. of melting the hardeft hearts, drew tears from the eyes of aimoft all that were prefent, and rendered them unconcerned and indifferent in refpeft to the fate cf
carried the facrcd
-,

the King.

He
had

follov/ed his children,

and

all their train,

in

robe, and in the higheft anguifh and confufion, like a man whom the greatnefs of his misfortunes

mourning

and reafon. The Queen was with him, according to Zonaras. After him came a troop of his friends and courtiers, who walking bare-headed, and v/ith their eyes fixed uporr him, fuificiently intimated to the fpeftators, that they
entirely deprived of fenfe
his wife
been very
confio'erable, as, according to Cicero, Off.
ii.

76. they fuf-

by the Roman People. * That is to fp.y, of fix hundred pounds in weight, for the talent weighed fixty pouiids. Thus there was to the value of an hundred thoufand crowns of gold in this cup this was a very magnificent one but what muit the precious ftones with vvfhich it was adorned, have added to its worth ?
ticed to aboliih the taxes paid
: :

were

Brief Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.

165

were little affeded with their own fate, and had no fenfc but for that of their King. After this crowd of the officers and domefticks of Perfeus, four hundred crowns were carried, which cities had fent P^ulus ^milius by their Ambafiadors, as the reward of his vid^ory. Paulus iEmilius appeared laft, in a fuperb chariot,
only his perfon had attention without the pomp and fplendor which lurrounded him. But his noble mien was exalted by his robe of purple emand he carried a branch of laubroidered with gold Amongft the other illuftrious rel in his right hand. perfons in his train his two fons Ql Maximus and P. Scipio were confpicuous. His whole arm.y followed his chariot drawn up by corps in good order with laurel branches alfo in their hands, and finging fometimes verfes full of taunts againft their General, a liberty allowed and ufual upon thefe occafions, and fometimes fongs of triumph full of praifes of his great and glorious exploits. muft own that nothing could be more foothing to Generals, who had gained fignal viclories over the enemies of the State, than to re-enter Rome with fuch great pomp, in the midil of the acclamations and applaufes of an innumerable multitude, and followed by all their vidlorious troops. And in confequence this pomp appeared too glorious for private perfons. Agrippa, no doubt in concert with Auguflus, was the
magnificently adorned.

Though

been exhibited, that had merited

all

We

who kt the example of refufmg a triumph which had been decreed him. That example became a rule ; and from thenceforth, the Emiperors referved folely to themfelves the glory of triumphing, and gave only the ornaments of triumph to private perfons. Biit if, by the pomp of triumph, military merit was glorioufly rev/arded, with what pride and haughtiness muft fuch a fight infpire the Roman citizens, who, accuftomed from their infancy to fee Kings and Princes ignominiouOy led before the chariots of fuperb yiclors, confidered themfelves as the mafters and fupreme 3
lirll

iSS

Brief

Discourse upon

TRIUMPHS.
is

preme

arbiters

of the fate of whatever

greateft

and

moft hoiioured amongft mankind ? Did there appear the leaf^ trace of humanity in a ceremony, wherein Kings and Qiieens in chains were exhibited as a fpectacle to the public ? Was it not affefting to fhew an injurious contempt for the majefty of thrones, and to infult all the Kings of the earth, to degrade Princes in this manner, whofe only crime was often to have been overcome ? Is it not cuftomary for the * misfortunes of Kings to excite compalfion, and ought not their very name, which is always venerable and facred, to give them refuge from fuch indignities ? I do not know how Rome could juftify a6ls of inhumanity fo contrary to that goodnefs and clemency upon wiiich
fhe piqued herfelf on
all

other occafions.

* Hoc jam fere fic fieri folere accepimus, \\t regum affliflge fortun^e pnultorum opes alliciant ad mifericordiam---qu6d regale iis nomci| magmim & fanclum elTe videatur. Cic, pro leg. Man. 24,

THE

i67

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
THE

TWENTY-FOURTH.

"^HIS book tontains the fpace of eleven years, from 563 to 573. It treats principally of the end of the war with the iEtolians, the vidiories of Manlius over the Gauls in Afia, the accufation of Scipio Africanus, and his retreat to Linternum ; the fanaticifm of the Bacchanalians difcovered and puniihed ; the difcontent of Philip King of xMa-

cedonia againft the

Cato

',

Romans j the Cenforfliip of and the unhappy death of Demetrius

ion of Philip.

SECT.

I.

Manius Acilius triumphs over the Mtolians. The Romans defeated in Spain under Pauliis jEmilius. Touth That General's family. The of Paulus jEmilius. j^tolian Amhafjadors are ordered to quit Rome and Italy ^ without having obtained peace. Death of the Prator Babius. Paulus Mmilius gains a great battle ever the hufitanians in Spain. JVarm coniefi in refpc^ to the Cenfcrfloip. Amynander is reinfiated in his kingdom by the jtEtolians. The news of the approaching
arrival

of

the Confuls

occaftons

great

confiernaticn

amongft

l68

CORNELIUS, L.^UUS,
amonifi the

Confuls.

zEtdiam. 'The Confid Fulvim cirrives in lit forms the ficge cf Amhracia^ irhich maka Greece, The yEtclians demand^ and ai a vigorous defence. Ambracia fmrcnders. The Mi olength ch tain -peace. The treaty of lira /i7nbaf[adcrs fet cut for Rome. ^eace is r.itifcd there. The Confid Manlnis makes war
againfi the Gallo-Grecians.
try,

He

arrives .in their coun-

and exhorts

his fddiers to do their duty well.

Tim
Olym-

of the three bodies of the Gauls retire to niotrnt The Romans attack and defeat them there. pis.

The

Confid approaches Ancyra, to attack the third body of Extraordinary atiioyi of a female Gaulifh, the Gauls.

Manlius rewith abundance The Conful Fulvius takes Samos by affaultj of lenity. Nezv Ccnnr.d reduces the whole ifland of Cepkalonia. Eclipfe of the fun. Emboffy from the fates of fuls,
prijor.er.

Second vidcry over the Gauls.

CenforfJjip exercifed

turns to Ephefus.

Jfia to Manlius. and Ariarathes.

Embaffies from Aniiochiis^

Conditions cf the Treaty

theGmds,
concluded

betw^iU the Roman People and Antiochus. Reflexions Unfortunate death cf that Prince. upon Antiochus. Decrees and regulations in refpe5i to the Kings and citi s Manlius returns to Europe^ and lecd: back of Afia.
his

army

into Greece.

. Tj A. R.

562.

L. Cornelius Scipio.
C. L^LIUS.

Ant. C.
190.

to interrupt the feries of what relates to the war with Antiochus, I have omitted fome fafts, to which I now return. Whih't the things of which I have fpoke in the preLiv. xxxvii.46. ceding book paffed in Alia, the two proccnfuls Q^ Minucius and'Manius Acilius returned almcft at the fame time to Rome ; both with the hopes of triumphing, the firil over the Ligurians, and the other over the ^tolians, whom they had conquered. Minucius was refufed that honour. Acilius, as I have already faid, triumphed over Antiochus and the jlitolians with abundance of pomp and magniii<:ence.
-

y OT

The

CORNELIUS, LiELIUS,
The joy
V

Confuk;

169
uiter- A.R,
562

occafioncd by this Ihew was foon The nipted, by the bad news received from Spain. Proconrul iEmilius having been defeated by the Lufitanians, had left fix thoufand men upon the fpot,

"^;^

Liv. ^^^^11,46,

and marched back the reft trembling into their camp, which they had defended with great difficulty, and in which they were even afraid to continue, and retire^ by forced marches into an Ally's country. This was the fame Paulus j^milius, who was afterwards fo famous by conquering Perfeus King of Macedonia. defeat ought not to difcredit a General, to whom it may prove very ufeful, by inducing him to make no-

ble efforts to retrieve his reputation, as we fhall foon As he fee Paulus ^milius did the year following.
will aft a great part in the
fer t

Commonwealth,

I fhall in-

fome flrokes of his

life in this

place extracted

from

Plutarch.

L. -^milius Paulus his father, who commanded, Plut. la and was killed, at the battle of Cannas, had a daugh- ^^\ ter named Emilia, who v/as married to the great Scipio, and a fon called as well as himfeif Paulus He iEmilius, which laft is the perfon in queftion. came into the world at a time, when a great number of perfons illuftrious for their virtues and exploits flourifhed-, and he diftinguifhed himfeif in a particular manner, though different from that in which young For he did perfons acquired reputation at that time. not apply himfeif to the eloquence of the bar, and he renounced intrigues, follicitations, careffes, and the other methods, practifed by moft People to gain the favour of the People, by infmuating themfelves into their good opinion by an avowed paffion to pleafe them. He did not take pains to make himfeif known and efteemed, except by valour, juflice, and a ftridt attachment to all his duties, wherein he furpaffed all the young perfons of his time. The firfl confiderable office he flood for, was the ^dilefliip, and the preference was given to him againlt ten competitors, all fo diftinguilTied by birth and me.

rit,

I70
A. R. 562.
150.
'

CORNELIUS, LJELIUS,
j-jt^

Confuis.
attained the

that not one of

them but afterwards

Confulfliip.

Having been admitted

into the college of

Augurs,

who were a certain number of priefts, to whom the Romans afligncd the care and fuperintendency of the
figns and prodiapplied himfelf in an extraordinary manner to the ftudy of the antient rites and ceremonies of religion. As he took great care not to innovate in any thing, he was alfo very circumfped in obferving the flighteft formalities, conall

divinations taken from birds, and gies that pafTed in the heavens, he

vinced, that as in the adminiftration of the public affairs the Augurs had a confiderable fhare, when fmall matters are negleded, fuch negligences by degrees incliKe the violation of the mod important rules, and open a door for a pernicious licence. He was no lefs exad: and fevere in re-ellablifhing, and caufing to be obferved, all the regulations of mi-

Plut. in

^.^'-

Whilft he commanded the armies, he was never feen either to flatter, or carefs his foldiers, in order to gain their opinion by weak and mean complacency, as many other Generals did. He explained the minuteft duties of their profeffion to his troops, fhewing himfelf terrible and inexorable to fuch aS difob^ed, and holding it for a maxim, that to conquer the enemy, was almoft a necelTary confequence of the war taken to form and difcipline his countrymen. He had for his firft wife married Papiria, the daughter of Papirius Mafo, who had been Conful. After having lived a long time with her, and had two ibns by her, he repudiated lier ; Ibme motive not come down to us having determined him to that divorce. But, adds Plutarch here in refped: to feparations of marriage, nothing feems more true than what a Roman faid to his friends, who reproached him on that head, and afked him, " Is not your wife *' prudent Is not fhe handlbme ? Has not fhe ^ brought you fine children r" To all thefe qucllions he
litary difcipline.
.?

CORNELIUS, L^LIUS,
:

Confuls.

171
*

he made no other anfwer than by Ihewing them his A. R. 562. " Is not this fhoe "^'^^ fhoe, and afking them in his turn handfome ? Is it not well made ? But none of you

" know where

:

it

hurts me."

Divorces were allowed at Rome by the laws of the however, no examples of them had twelve tables the 520th year. before Jesus Christ, known been

by abfolutely condemning divorces,

riage according
eilablilhed in
to
its

reinftated

primitive intention,

marand re-

its primaeval purity. In the room of Papiria, Paulus ^Emilius married another, by whom he had two male children, whom he kept in his houfe and the two others whom he had by his firft wife he caufed to be adopted into the princiHis eldell pal and moft illuftrious houfes of Rome. was adopted by the fon of Fabius Maxim us, five times Confal and Didator ; and the fecond by the fon of Scipio Africanus, who thereby became his father by adoption, and his coufm at the fame time. It is this fecond fon of Paulus ^milius, who is fo well known in hiftory under the name of the fecond C3f the two daughters of Paulus Scipio Africanus. iEmilius, the one was married to the fon of Cato the cenfor, and the other to Tubero, a perfon very venerable for his virtue, and one who of all the Romans fuftained himfelf with the greateft magnanimity and conftancy in his poverty, as we fhall fee in the fequel. This account of the children of Paulus ^Emilius will be neceffary for the underftanding of many fafts,
:

which we

fhall relate in their place.

Livy, after having related the defeat of this Gene- -^j^^ ral in few words, fays, that the colonies of Placentia xxxvii,42 and Cremona were repeopled by fending fix thoufand men to them ; and that tv/o new ones were fettled in the country which had been conquered from the
Eoii.

In the afiembly which was held for the eleflion of Confuls, M. Fulvius Nobilior was nominated alone,
becaufe none of the other candidates had the competent number of fuffrages, that is to fay, half of the
cen-

172

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
centuries.

Confuls.

The

next day

P\]lvius

appointed

Cn.

Manlius Vulfo
A.R.
563.

his

coUegue.

]\^

FlTLVlUS NOBILIOR.

Ant. C.
189.

Cn. Manlius Vulso.

Liv.

xxxviu

The Ambaffadors from the yEtoIians, having been admitted into the Senate, fhould have been induced by the remembrance of their pall condu6b, and by the unhappy condition to which they were actually reduced, to confefs their fault or their imprudence, and humbly to afk pardon for them. But, according to their arrogant and untraftable difpofivion, they boafted the fervices they pretended to have rendered and by almoft reproaching them, the Roman People that it was to their valour they were indebted for their vidlory over Philip, they gave great offence to all their auditors by fo infolent a dilcourfe ; and by calling to mind antient and forgotten fads, they effe5lually made the Senate remember a much greater number of circumftances difadvantageous to their nation, than In cffcft, inftead they could inftance in its favour. of exciting fentiments of compaffion, that might fave them, they only inflamed the hatred and wrath, which Senator having afls.ed occafioned their deftrudion. them, whether they abiblutely abandoned themlelves to the faith of the Roman People ; and another, whether for the future they were determined to have no friends nor enemies but thofe of Rome, they gave no fatisfadory anfv/er to thefe queftions, which occafioned The Senators their being ordered to quit the houfe. " one voice, That the ^^tolians with out cried then to Antiochus more than ever. (King adhered Hill Antiochus had not yet been defeated by Scipio) and that it was this, that flili kept up in them the fpirit of revolt that in confequence war mufl be made againft them with the utmoft vigour, till their pride and arrogance fhould be effedually humbled." What raifed the indignation of the Romans to its higheft pitch, was its being known, that at the time they de,

manded

FULVIUS, MANLIUS, ConMs.

173
'

n^anded peace of the Senate, they adually made war A^^- 5^i ihemfeives againft the Dolopians and Athamantes, jgj, I'eople in the neighbourhood of Epirus, and coniequently were attacking Philip, then the ally of The Senate therefore paffed a decree, by Rome. which they were ordered to quit Rome that day, and A. Terentius Varro had orders all Italy in fifteen. to attend them as far as the fea j and before they fet out, they were told, that all AmbafTadors, who ihould come from them, fliould be treated for the future as enemies, unlefs they fhould firft have obtained permilnon from the Roman General, who commanded in Greece, and were accorripanied by a Roman officer. In this manner they were difmifled. The provinces of the Generals came on next in the i-'v-. ^tolia fell by lot toM. Fulvius, and Afia '''^''"'s** Senate, to Cn. Manlius, It was at this time Cotta brought the nev^^s of the ^^' 5** ^ victory gained over Antiochus to Rome, and the Ambaffadors of Eumenes, of the Rhodians, and Antiochus
'

had audience. Soon after came AmbafTadors from the MafTylians, ibid. who informed the Senate, that L. Baebius, on letting out for his province in Spain, had been furrounded by the Ligurians, who had killed the greateft part of thofe with him, and had wounded himfelf. That that General having been carried by his order to Marfeilles without Lictors, with a fmall number of followers, had died there the third day after his arrival. P. Junius Brutus, who commanded in Tufcany, was fent in his place, and charged with the command in Hilpania Ulterior.

57.

At the fame time came advice, that L. ^milius Paulus, who the year before had been defeated in that province, having drawn an army together haftily, before his fucceflbr

i^id.

came to relieve him. had given the Lufitanians battle, had killed them eighteen thoufand
men, and taken camp.
thirteen

hundred prifoners with

their

The

A. R. 563
Ant. C.

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
_ _

Confuls.

175

Senate comply with the requeft, which it had before A. R. 565, ^"g^^^* rejeded. Fulvius in the mean time landed at Apollonia. The Liv. ^^V'" firfl thing which he did was to confult with the prin_

cipal perions

of Epririis

in

what manner he fhould

'^

vifed
at

commence the war againft the ^^tolians. They adhim to begin by the fiege of Ambracia, which
gone over to the ^tolians. This on one fide by the river Arethon, and on the other by a very fteep mountain, was furronnded by a folid wall three miles in circumThe Conful ufed all methods the art of war ference. It was of extreme afforded for fieges in thofe days. importance to him with refpe6t to his own reputation, and the fuccefs of the whole campaign, to fucceed in The attack was of the moft vihis firft enterprize. the defence no lefs fo. kind, and gorous A reinforcehundred chofen men, whom the iEtoiifive of ment ans found means to throw into the place, notwithftanding the vigilance of the Romans, very much augmented the courage and confidence of the befieged. They employed new inventions every day for burning the machines of the enemy. They made frequent fallies, in which they had almoft always the advanTheir defence was fo vigorous and obftinate, tage. that the Conful almofl repented having undertaken this fiege, the fuccefs of which began to appear doubtthat time was
city,

befides being defended

him. ^tolians, on their fide, were in no lefs anxiety. Liv. ibid. On the one hand, Ambracia was vigoroufly prefixed j ^> 9' on the other, their iea-coafi;s were ravaged by the Roman fleet and laflly, Amphilochia and Dolopia were a prey to the Macedonians. It was abfolutely impoffible for them to fuflain the war at the fame time in three different places. Things being in this fi:ate, tlie Prsitor aficmbled the principal perfons of the nation, to know what they would advife him to do. " All were of opinion that it was neceffary to afi<: peace, and to conckide it upon advantageous conditions, if poffibkj or at lead fupportabie ones, if they could
ful to

The

1^6
189^'

PtJLVtUS,

MANLIUS,

Confu.Is.

A. R. 563. could not

do otherwife.

That they had undertaken

^^^ ^^"^ ^^^^^ ^^^ hope of being fupported by the forces of Antiochus. But in what manner could they carry it on after that Prince had been defeated by fea and land, and driven almofl out of the bounds of the univerfe beyond the heights of mount Taurus ? That Pheneas and Damoteles fhould have full power to ad: according to their zeal and abilities in the prefent conjunfture, as they Ihoul^. judge moft expedient for the fervice of their country, as fortune had reduced the j^toHans to receive the law from others." The Ambafiadors being arrived with thefe powers^ ^' defired the Conful to fpare Ambracia, and to have companion upon a nation formerly an Ally, and which had been led on into foolifh enterprizes, if not by injuries aftually done them, at leall by the calamities to which they had been reduced. That the Romans had not more reafon to complain of the prejudice received from the ^tolians in the war with Antiochus, than to praife them for the fervices they had done them and that, as in the latter their rein that with Philip ward from the Romans had not been confiderable, in the other it was but equitable not to carry their punifh-,

inent into exceffive rigour."

The Conful

replied,

" That the TEtolians had

of-

ten recourfe to requefts to obtain an end of the war,

but always with little faith and fincerity. That in afking peace they fnouid imitate Antiochus, whom they had drawn into the war. That that Prince had not only renounced a fmall number of cities, to which the Romans were deHrous to reftore liberty, but all that part of Afia fituated on this iide of mount Taurusj that is to fay, to an extent of country capable of formThat as ing an opulent and confiderable kingdom. to him, he would give no ear to the JEtolians, til! That they mufl bethey had laid down their arms. gin by delivering them up to the Romans with all That further they fhould pay the Rotheir horfes. mans a thoufand talents (about an hundred and fifty thoufand pounds) half dov/n, and fhould engage by
the

FULVIUS, MANLItJS,
t he treaty to
^
_

Confuls.

177
^- R- 5^3Ant. Ce
^g^^

have no other friends nor enemies but thofe

^c Rome. D^.->-.;e> " of The Ambaffadors thinking thefe conditions extremely hard, and diftrufting the inconftant and inflexible dilpofition of thofe who fent them, returned without giving the Conful any anfwer, to confult the Praetor and Heads of the nation again. They were They were reproached, that with very ill received. orders to conclude a peace on any conditions whatfoever, they expoled i^tolia to a m.ore fevere treatment by their flownefs and protraction. They thereBut they fore fet out again to return to Ambracia. fell into an ambufcade laid for them on the way by the Acarnanians, with whom the ^tolians were at war, and were carried prifoners to Thyrium, where And this retarded the concluthey were confined. fion of the peace. The Ambafladors of the Rhodians and Athenians were already in the Conful's camp, to whom they
-

to demand grace for the ^tolians, when Amynander King of the Athamantes, after having provided himlelf with a pafTport, came thither alfo, in order to intercede, lefs for the iEtolians in general than the city of Ambracia in particular, where he had refided during the greatell part of his banifhment. The Conful having been informed by them of the mifchance of the Ambaffadors, ordered, that they jfhould be brought to him from Thyrium, and v/hen they arrived the negotiation was renewed, Amynan-

came

for that

der earneftly follicited the Ambracians to furrender, was what he had moft at heart. And as he found it difficult to perfuade their magiftrates in the
walls, he entered

conferences he had with them at the foot of the the city by the permiffion of the Conful, and adding intreaties to counfels, he at length prevailed upon them to open their gates to the Romans, after having taken the Conful's promife, that the ^tolian garriibn might quit the place, and retire unmolcfted.

Vol. V,

The

178
A. R.
563.
'

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
'pi^g

Confuls.

,35.

furrender of Ambracia very much advanced C. Valerius, the fon of the concluiion of the peace, brother of the Conlu], who had conuterine Lsevinus, /Etoiians, with the was of great feran air.ity tradted obtain eafier occafion to conditions for this on vice

them.

" Fulvius only required of them five hundred Euboic talents ffomething iefs than feventy-five thoufind pounds; of Vx'hich two hundred were to be paid down, and the reft in fix half-yearly payments. That
they lliould rcfiore their prifoners ancf deferters to the Romans. That they ihould hold none of the cities, which, fince the arrival of T. Qiiintius in Greece, had either been taken from the Romans, or had furrenThat the ifland of Cephallenia dered voluntarily. Though the fliould not be included in the treaty." Amballadors had no room to expert fuch gentle treatment, they hovv^ever demanded and obtained permifThe confion to return and confult their nation. ditions of peace were accepted with unanimous confen t.

xiv. xxxvlii.
30, II.

The Ambracians made the Conful a prefent of a ^old crown, that weighed an hundred and fifty pounds and that General took away all the marble and brafs llatues and piftures in Am.bracia, which were more in number, and of greater value than in any other city of the country, becaufe Pyrrhus had formerly his But he took no other fpoils from palace there. He had done better, if he had not caufed thence. thefe ftatues and paintings to be carried to Rome, where this tafte, the confequences of which were fo pernicious, began to gain ground ; and every body knows the bad effects it had there. The Conful having fet out from Ambracia, entered The AmibalTadors of the into the heart of ^^tolia. Being informed by /Etoiians came thither to him. them, that the conditions of peace were accepted in a general afiem.bly, he ordered them to go to Rome, permitted them to carry with them the deputies from Rhodes and Athens, to intercede for them with the and having alfo given his confcnt, that his Scnaie brother
,
,

FULViUS, MANLIUS,
^

Confuls.

i;^

brother C. Valerius IHould accompany them, he went A. R. s^^^ to Cephallenia. ^^^l'^^' When the iEtolians arrived at Rome, they found the city highly prejudiced againft them, by the letters which PhiHp had taken care to fend thither. The repeated complaints of that Prince had Ihut the ears of the Senators againft the requeft of the ^^tolians. However, the Senate heard the Ambafiadors of Rhodes and Athens with abundance of attention. Leon, who fpoke in the name of the Athenians, ufed a fimilitud^ which, though common, made an imprefTion upon " After * having compared i^tolia them.. a calm fea when the winds do not ruffle it, he added, that when thofe People continued in the alliance and amity of the Romans, it had been in efFed of the tranquillity

But that Thoas and Dicsand Damocritus, blov/ing hke tempeftuous winds, the two firft from Afia, and the two laft from Europe, had occafioned the ftorm, which had driven them to Antiochus, as upon a rock where After many difficulties and delays, they had fplit."
of
their natural fituation.

archus,

Msnetas,

the iEtolians at length obtained peace, v/hich v/as ratified almOll upon the fame terms as had been di6tated

pay gold inprovided the difference between one fpecies and the other fhould be only
by Fulvius.
left at liberty to
it,

They were

ftead of fiiver, if they chofe

as ten to one.

-|-

Whilft the Conful Fulvius made war in this manand afterwards peace with the ^tolians, Maniius his collegue alfo undertook a war in a region of Afia remote enough, againft the Gauls fettled in thofe countries, and called by the Romans Gallo-Grecians I ftiall foori fhew why they were fo called, and where fituated.
ner,
:

* Vulgata ftmilitudine, mari tranqutUo, quod ventis concitaretur, jequiparaudo multitudinem iEtolorum, ufus, cum in fide Romanse
focietatis

manfillent, infita
flare

gentis
:

tranquillitate quieil'e eos aiebat

poltea
tas

Dicsearchus, ab Europa MeneDamocritus C3er>i{rent turn lllam tempeftatem coortanij quae ad Anticchurn eos, ficut ad fcopulum iiituliffet. Liv. f The difFcrence between gold and lilver was in earlier times ais fifteen to one. Gold by increafuig, had ioft a third of its value.

quara

ab Afia Thoas

&

&

The

i8o
A.R.
is^

FtfLVIUS,

MANLtUS,

Confuis.

565.

Liv. xxxviii.

to Ephefus in the beginning of had taken upon him the command of After having reviewed the troops from L. Sctpio. them he affembled the foldiers, " and having praifed the valour, with which they had conquered Antiochus in afingle battle, he exhorted them to aft in the fame manner again the Gauls, who had aided that Princt, and who wTre of fo favage and un tradable a dilpofition, that they had driven Antiochus beyond mount Taurus to no purpofe, if they left fo fierce and powerful a People on this fide of it. He fpoke of himfelf in few words and with modefty, without faying any thing, of which the truth was not known to all the world." His difcQurie ineffecl was approved by every body. The foldiers did not much apprehend the Gauls, who hav^^"'^

The Conful came

fpring, and

fi:

""
lb:d. 16.

ing been defeated when joined with the numerous army of Antiochus, would be ftill lefs in a condition to refill the Romans alone. That People, about ninety years before the time of which we are fpeaking, leaving Gaul their native country in multitudes, either becaufe it was toofmall to contain them, or from the hope of fpoils, perfuaded befides, that they fnouid find no|^'nation on their route equal to them in valour, arrived undei- the command of Brennus in the country of the Dardariians. At that time a fedition arofe, which fcparated the nation into two bodies, ^The one remained with Brennus theii-

iirft

leader; thefe were thofe, whole difafter before

is

Ephefus

fo

famous

in

hiHory

the others, to the

number of twenty thoufand, having chofen Leonorius

and Lutarius to command them, went with them to Thrace. There, by valiantly fighting thofe who endeavoured to ftop them, and laying others,' who demanded peace, under contribution, they forced their way as far as Byzantium ; and during a long time caiifed all the cities of Propontis to pay tribute, of which they had made themfelves mafters. Afterwards knov/ing from their own experience how fertile the '.countries of Afia were, they refolved to go thither in In confequence having feized'Lyumaorder to fettle.
chia

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
chia

Confuls.

iSi
'

by treachery, and fubjeded the .whole Cherfone-^-^' 5^3* lus by force of arms, they extended their power to "s^ Perceiving from thence the banks of the Hellefpont. the rich country feparated from them only by a very narrow arm of the fea, they conceived a ftill more Accordingly they fent eager defire to go thither. Antipater the Governor on that fide, ,' Ambaffadors to to demand his pcrmiflion for that purpofe. But as he amufed them with promifes without concluding any thing, Lutarius pafled the ilreight, and entered Afia,

When joined whither Leonorius foon followed him. together, they aided Nicomedes King of Bithynia, who by their means became mafterof the whole country called by that name, of which Zybetes occupied a part. From Bithynia, they advanced into Afia. Of twenty thoufand men, which they were at firft, only ten thouiand remained. However, they had implanted fuch a terror in all the States, that inhabited on this fide of mount Taurus, that there was not one, which did not fubmit to pay them tribute, the moll remote as well as thofe neareft them, thofe who had not made trial of their valour as well as thofe they had defeated. Laftiy, as the body which remained was originally compofed of three fepts joined together, as the Toliftoboii, Troemes, and Tedofages, they alfo divided Afia Minor into three parts, each of which paid tribute to one of the three nations. The Troemes for their part had the coaft of the Hellefpont ; ^olis and Ionia fell to the Toliftoboii and the middle of the country to the Te61:ofages fo that they had rendered tributary all the part of Afia on this fide mount Taurus. As to them, they eflablifhed their abode in the neighbourhood of the river Halys, and this was properly the country called Gallo-Gr^cia. As moft of the antient inhabitants were colonies from Greece, thefe Gauls mixed v/ith them were called for that reafon Gallo-Gra2cians. In procefs of time they
'

'

multiplied fo much, and became fo formidable, that at length the Kings of Syria themfelves did not refufe
to pay

them

tribute.

Attalus, the father of Eumenes,

was

'i82

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
563.
'

Confuls.

A.R.
jg*

3^;^^

xxxviii,

^^--^5-

was tlie firfL Prince that inhabited Afia, who had the courage to refufe it ; and having given them battle, he gained a confiderable victory over them, contrary to the expedation of all the world. But this did not diftourage them fo much, as to make them renounce fheir empire over the country. They retained their power till the war between Antiochus and the Romans. And even after that Prince was defeated and driven cut of it, they with reaibn imagined, that remote as they were from the fea, the Roman army would not undertake to come againfl them. They were miftaken. The Conful formed the defign of going to attack them. He was lorry for the abfence of Eumenes, who was ftill at Rome becaufe that Prince perfeftly knew the country and the enemy, and it was for his intereft to be delivered from fuch incommodious neighbours as the Gauls. In his abfence he fent for his brother Attalus from Pergamus, and having exhorted him to join him againft the common enemy, he fent him back to prepare fuch aids as he was capable of fupplying. Some days after going from Ephefus to Magnefia, he met Attalus there, who came thither with a thouHe had ordered fand foot, and two hundred horfe. his brother Athen^us to follow him with the reft of the troops, and had left the care of Pergamus to miManlius riilers, whofe zeal and fidelity he knev/. gave this young Prince the praifes he deferved for his attachment to the interefts of the Roman People, and went to incamp with him upon the banks of the Meander, till the barks were drawn together that were neceffary for tranfporting his troops to the other fide of that river, which was too deep to be forded. Athenseus joined him foon after, with a thoufand foot of different nations, and three hundred horfe. When the Conful arrived at Antioch upon the Meander, Seleucus, the fon of Antiochus, came to him in his camp, bringing with him. the corn, which his father, by the treaty concluded with Scipio, was obliged to furnifh the Reman army.
,

From

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
From

Confuls.

183

thence Manlius, letting out nift, reduced all A. R. 563, on his way either by confent or force. He met with ^"p' ^*

fome refiilance in certain places ; but being infinitely fuperior both by the number and valour of his troop^, he eafily fubjecled them, and laid them all under contribution. The fums he made them pay, without 'including the corn he obliged them to fjpply, amounted

two hundred and tv/enty-five talents of filver, that two hundred and twenty-five thoufand crowns. After a very long march, he at length arrived upon the lands of the Toliftoboii. The Gauls were in great reputation throughout this country, which they had fubjeded by arms, and in v/hich every thing had been made to fubmit to them. He thought it proper to prepare his troops, and to deftroy this prejudirp. 1-=
to
is,
-

fore he camie toaclion.

'^

'''

lam

not lurprized, (faid

he to them) that the Gauls have fpread the terror " of their name amongft fo foft and effeminate apeo*' pie Their tall ftature, their fair as thefe of Afia. *' hair that reaches to the fmall of their backs, their *' bucklers of enormous fize, their long fvvords, be*' fides the longs, cries, and hov/ling which they raife " before battle, with the terrible noife they make *' with their arms and fhields all thefe may perhaps " frighten men not ufed to them, but not you, Ro" mans, who have fo often triumphed over this na," tion. Befides which, you know by experience, *' that after the Gauls have fpent their firfl fire, an " obftinate refiftance from an enemy blunts the edge " of their courage, as well as the vigour of their bo" dies ; and that, incapable of bearing the heat of the " fun, fatigues, dufl, and thirft, their arms fall out " of their hands, and they fmk down"'weary and ex*' haufted. Do not imagine thefe the antient Gauls *' inured to fatigue and danger, and to v/hom a cer" tain natural ferocity ferved inftead of courage. The " plenty of the country they have feized, the mild*' neis of the air they breathe, the effeminacy and vo*' Inptuoufnefs of the people with whom they inhabit, " have a.
,

84
563.

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confiils.

A. R.

"^"g' ^'

have entirely enervated them. ^ For it is with men, " as with plants. Thofe which grow in their native " foil, retain all their vigour and virtue ^ whiereas " thofe which are tranfplanted into a foreign one, foon " degenerate. It is with juftice that thele people are
^'

j_j^
jixxviii.

J5 23.

They are only Phrygians covered with Gaulifh arms, and all that I fear is, *' that the defeat of enemies fo little worthy of your " fwords, may not be much for your honour." After this difcourfe of Manlius, the army by its cries declared its impatience to be led againft the enemy. When they had palled the river Sangarius, the Gaulifh priefts of Cybele came from PeiTmus to meet him in their facerdotal habits, and pronouncing with enLhuiAafi-n prophetical verfes, of which the fenfe was, that the Goddefs granted the Romans a fafe and an eafy pafiage. viflory over their enemies, and the dominion of all this region. The Conful anfvered, that he accepted the omen, and pvirfued his march. At length arriving in the enemy's country, he was informed that the Toliftoboii had taken refuge upon Mount Olympus the Teftofages at fome diftance from thence upon another mountain ; and that the Troemes, having left their wives and children in the camp of the latter, had refolved to go to the aid of What had determined them to take the Toliftoboii.
called Gallo-Grecians.
*'
;

this refolution,

was the hope that the Romans would

not march in queft of them upon inacceflible eminences and that if they were fo rafh to undertake it, an handful of men would fuffice to check and defeat them i and laftly, that they would not expofe thenifeives to perilhing by cold and mifery at the foot of thefe mountains, in tenacioufly refolving to remain there. Though they thought themfelves already fufficiently defended by the height of the rocks and mountains, for their greater fecurity they cut a folTe round
,

* Hi

Jantur
valent,

tam degeneres funt; mifti, & Gallo-Grarci verl, quod appelficut In frugibus, non tantum femina ad fervandam jndoIer;i quantum terra; proprietas ccelique fub quo aluntur, mlitat.

Liv.

the

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

185

the eminences on which they were intrenched, whichR--^'5^3 * they ftrengthened with a good palifade. ',Vg^ The Conful, who had rightly expeded that he ihould have the difficulty of the v/ays to contend with
at a diftance

more than the arms of

the enemy,

had

provifion of javelins, darts, leaden balls, and ftones of a bignefs to be difcharged with flings and in this condition he incamped five miles
,

made an ample

from Mount Olympus. He foon arrived at the enemy's polls, though not without having fuftained abundance of danger and fatigue. Both fides engaged
at
firfl

at diftance,

their ground,

but the

the Gauls having the advantage of Romans that of the abundance

and variety of their miflive arms. The fight was not long equal. For the fhields of the Gauls, which were long without much breadth, covered only a pare of their vaft bodies ; and they had no other arms but their fwords, of which they could make no ufe, as long as they fought at a diftance. They had not taken care to provide themfelves with quantities of ftones, which were alone capable of being ufeful to them in this kind of combat ; and thofe they had were foon exhaufted. The Romans, on the contrary, galled them from all fides with arrows, javelins, and balls of lead, which they could not avoid. When the Gauls were wounded, by endeavouring to pull out the darts, which they could not effect, they only increafed their pain, and rolled upon the earth like men mad and defperate. Thofe who perfifted in charging the enemy were only the more dangeroufly expofed ; and as foon as they were within reach, the Velites, that is the light-armed troops, killed them fword in hand. This kind of foldiers had fhields three feet in length on their left arms, and in their right hand half pikes {haji^) which they ufed at a diftance and if it were neceffary to come to clofe fight, they put their fpears in their left hands, and with their right ufed their Spanifti fwords, which hung at their belts. The few
,

who maintained their ground, feeing they could not withftand the light-armed troops, and
pi the Gauls,

were

iS6
A.R.
*

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
563.
*

Confuh,

"g'

were upon the point of having the legions upon their hands, fled in diforder into their camp. The front of the legions being arrived upon the eminences, the Coniul ordered the foldiers to halt in order to take breath, and fhewing them the hill ftrew-^ " If troops ed with the dead bodies of the Gauls " armed only v/ith darts and flings," faid he to them, " have made fuch a flaughter, what may we not ex:

" pefl from the legions armed at all points ? The " light-armed foldiers have driven the Gauls into " their camp it is your buflnefs to force them thence,
-,

them entirely." The Gauls did not long fufl:ain the charge of fo formidable an infantry. Seeing that thofe who defended the gates of their camp were all cut to pieces, they did not fl:ay till the victors entered it, but fled on all fides. They threv/ themfelves headlong acrofs the moil impracticable rocks. Moft of them fell down the precipices, and either died immediately, or remained there with broken limbs. Nothing fl:opped them ; the dread of the enemy engrofiing their whole attention. The Conful purfued
to defeat

" and

thofe

who
flain

made
of the

fled in all the practicable places, and a great flaughter of them. The exact number

was not known

and
the

that of the prifoners a-

including women and other unferviceable people that had foUovv^ed the Gauls. The Conful, at his return, caufed the arms of the Gauls to be laid in an heap, and burnt and having ordered thofe who had taken fpoils contrary to his prohibition, to bring them in, he fold part of them fcr the ufe of the public, and divided the refl: amongft the foldiers, taking great care, that it fliould be done in equal proportions. Then, having aflembled the army, he publickly gave each of them the praifes and rewards they had deferved. He particularly praifed Attalus, for which he was generally applauded by the officers and foldiers, faithful witneflTes and judges

mountcd

to forty thoufand,

children,

-,

of the merit of Generals.

Prince, after having

And indeed that young aded with extraordinary adivity

and

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
gnd valour

Confuls.

187

in fatigues and dangers, had "g" more eftimable referve and modefty after the vi6lory. Liv. There remained a fecond war with the Teflofages, who had not fhared in the defeat of their countrymen, ''''^^'" The Conful, after having given his troops fome reft, fet out in queft of them, and the third day arrived at* Ancyra, a famous city of the country, from which the enemy were but ten miles diftant. During his ftay there, one of his female prifoners LIv. Ih'ui: fhe v/as called Chiodid a very memorable aftion mara, and was the wife of Ortiagon, one of the Gauliih Chiefs, or Princes, and was equally admirable She had been kept, afor her beauty and chaftity. mongft others taken at the defeat on Mount Olympus, by a Centurion, no lefs pafnonate for money than women. He at firft endeavoured to engage her con* :

fhevvn ftillA. R. 563,

fent to

his

infamous defires; but not being able to

upon her and fubvert her conftancy, he thought he might employ force with a womar whom misforprevail

tune had reduced to flavery. Afterwards, to make her amends for that treatment, he offered to reftore her liberty, but not without ranfom. He agreed with her for a certain fum and to conceal this defign from the other Romans, he permitted her to fend any of the prifoners flie fhould chufe to her relations, and affigned a place near the river where the lady Ihpuld be exchanged for -gold. By accident there was one of her own flaves amongft the prifoners. Upon him fhe fixed and the Centurion foon after carried her beyond the advanced pofts with the favour of darkneis. The next night two of the relations or friends of the Princefs came to the rendezvous, whither the Centurion alfo carried his captive.' When they had delivered him the Attic talent they had brought, which was thfe fum agreed on, the lady in her own language bad thofe v/ho came to receive her, draw their fwords, and kill the Centurion, who was amufmg hi mfelf with weighing the gold. Then, charmed with having revenged the injuiy done her chaftity by her courage, fhe took the head of that officer, which
-,

fhe

188
A. R, 563.11ie
180.^'

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

had cut off with her own hands, and iiiding it under her robe, went to her hufband Crtiagon, who had returned home after the defeat of his troops at Mount Olympus. Before flie embraced him, fhe threw the Centurion's head at his feet. He was Itrangely furprized at fuch a fight, and af!<.ed her, whofe head it was, and what had induced her to da With her face coan aft fo uncommon to her fex. vered with a fudden blufh, and at the fame time ex-

prefling her fierce indignation, flie declared the outrage which had been done her, and the revenge flie had taken for it. During the refi of her life, fhe lledfaftly retained the fame attachn^f nt for the purity

of manners, which conftitutes the principal glor.y of the fex, and wonderfully fuflained the honour of fo Plutarch relates the bold and generous an aftion,

fame

fact

in his treatife

tions of women, and

of
Zir. xxxvlii.

this,

which

is

upon the virtue and great acfrom him we have the name well worthy of being tranfmitted to
it is

pofterity.

aj2?.

The l'e6lofages having received advice of the ConfuPs arrival, fent deputies to him, to demand an inbut their true defign terview, and to treat of peace was to furprize him in ambufcadcs, which they had
:

him, and in which he really was in great danThe army of the Gauls confifted of feventy-four ger. That of the Romans, which was thoufand men.
laid for

much

inferior in

number, was

infinitely

fuperior in

bravery, to which the perfidy of the enemy had added new fpirit and ardour. In confequence, already conquered and dejedled by the defeat of their countrymen, they did not fufiain the firft charge of the Ro-

The vicftors purfued them with mans, and fled. vigour, without being able hov/ever to kill above eight thoufand of them ; all the reft having pafled the river Halys before they could come up with them. Moft of the vi6lors ftayed that night in the camp of the The Conful led back the reft into his ov/n. Gauls. The next day he viewed the prilbners and the fpoils,
which were immenfe, having been accumulated by
the

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

i^
^'^- s^z'

the molt rapacious of all nations, which during many years had fubdued by their arms, and pillaged, the rich countries on this fide of Mount Taurur, The Gauls having reafiembled from all the places,

^"g'^.

to which they had difperfed in flight, moft of them wounded, and without arms and equipages, fent AmManlius baiTadors to the Conful to afk peace of him. For as it^^^; ordered them to come to him to Ephefus. was now the middle of autumn, he removed as foon 27. as poffible from thefe parts, where the neighbourhood of Mount Taurus began to make the rigour of the cold feafon very fenfible, and led back his army to

.--

winter alons; the maritime coails. Whilft thefe things paffed in ^fia, every thing was At Rome the Cenfors quiet in the other provinces. Flamininus and M. Claudius Marcellus T. Quintius reviewed the Senators, and filled up the vacancies in ir. Scipio for the third time had the name and quality of Prince of the Senate conferred on him. They excluded only four from it, none, of which had exercifed a They afted with the fame indulgence Curule oiEce. in the review of the Knights. On the mufter which they made, the number of the citizens amounted to two hundred and fifty-eight thoufand three hundred

men.
All the cities of the iHand of Cephallenia had fubmitted to the Conful Fulvius. Only one refufed
to
lb. zs, 29.

do

fo

this
it.

was Samos.
It

He

was obliged to form

the fiege of
ly fallying

made

a vigorous defence, frequent-

upon the befiegers, and almoft always with advantage, killed them abundance of men, and fet Hre to all their works. The Conful could not effedually check their boldnefs without the affiftance of an hundred flingers, which he fent for from the cities of the Ach;rans.. They had been praftifed in this exercile from their infancy, being accuftomed to difcharge from a diftance into a circle of a moderate bignefs. They made themfelves fo expert in it, that they were fure of hitting the enemy not only on the head, but in what part of the face they pleafed. They m.ade
life

I90
'

VALERIUS, LIVlUS,
furpaffed

Confuls;

A-R-5^3-i]fe of flings different

'

"sg.

from thofe of the Balearians, and them much in dexterity. They did great

execution againft the Samians, who fuftained the fiege during four months entire. They were at length reduced to furrender at difcretion. The city was plundered, and the inhabitants fold for flaves. great quarrel arofe at this time between the

Achseans and Lacedremonians, which had mournful

effecls to the latter.

This

affair,

Both fides fent deputies to Rome. which properly relates to the Greeks, is

treated at large in the Antient Hiftory.

A.R.564.
Ant. c.
188.

M. Valerius Messala.
C. Livius Salinator.
'^^^

xxx'viii 36* '

"^^ Confuls having drawn

lots for their

pro-

2S>

and Gaul to Salinator. The two Confuls of the preceding year were continued in command in i$Ltolia and Afia, in quality of Provinces, Liguria fell to Meffala,
confuls.

Public prayers were decreed during three days on the occafion of an eclipfe of the fun, which was taken for a prodigy fo little was aflronomy then known at
:

Rome.
ibiJ. 37.

During

the winter in

which thefe things palTed

all

at

Rome,
on

the Ambalfadors of

the States, that inhabit

this fide of Mount Taurus, repaired to Manlius to congratulate him, and exprefs their own joy for the vidory he had lately gained. Accordingly, if the defeat of Antiochus was more fplendid and glorious for the Romans than that of the Gauls ; on another fide, the latter had given their allies more joy than the former. For the abfolute authority of the Kings, that kept them in a kind of flavery, feemed more fupportable to them, than the ferocity of thofe Barbarians, who, always ready to fall like an impetuous tempefi: fometimes on one country, and fometimes on Another, kept them in perpetual anxiety and alarm.

Thus,

as the defeat

liberty, that

of Antiochus had procured them^ of the Gauls had reftored their peace.

Thofe

VALERIUS, LIVIUS,
Thofe
States therefore did

Confuls.

191
to con- A. R. 564.
^'*

not

come merely

gratulate the

Romans upon

thefe glorious advantages,

-^"^g

but they alio brought them crowns of gold ; each according to their power, out of gratitude. That General alio received AmbalTadors from Antiochus and the Gauls them.felves, v/ho fent to afk the conditions upon which the Roman People would grant them peace. Ariarathes, King of Cappadocia, alfo fent his, to make excufes to him, and offer fatisfadiion in money, for the fault he had committed againft the Romans by aiding Antiochus againft them. That Prince had a tribute of tv/o hundred talents of fiiver laid upon him (two hundred thoufand crowns). As to the Gauls, Manlius anlwered them, that they would know their fate, when King Eumenes fhould be returned to Afia. He gave very obliging anfwers to the Ambaffadors of the allied States, and lent them back with fti 11 greater joy than they came. He ordered thofe of Antiochus to caufe money and corn to be carried into Pamphylia, whither he was to repair vv'ith his army, conformably to the treaty made between, L. Scipio and their mailer. And accordingly, in the beginning of the fpring, having reviewed his troops, he arrived in eight days at Apamsa, where he refrom thence in three more he enfided three days There he diftributed the corn to tered Pamphylia. his army which he had ordered to be fent thither, and caufed the two thoufand five hundred talents, which he had received, (about three hundred and feventy-five thoufand pounds) to be carried to Apam3ea. When Manlius had received advice, that Eumenes ^iv. _^ and the ten commiilioners were arrived from Rome 38.^^"^* he led back his army to Apamsa ; Polyb. at Ephelus, where he ordered Antiochus's Ambaffadors to come Leaa?** It was here, that with the advice of the ten xxxv. to him. commiffioners of the Senate, he put the laft hand to the treaty began with Antiochus, and concluded it on
:

" The King fhall not give the following conditions paffage through his territories nor thofe of his vaiTals ^^ to any nation at war with the Roman People, or
:

*'

" with

192
A.R.
564.. tc
*

VALERIUS, LIVIUS,
-^vith

Confuls.-

their Allies,

and

fiiall

not aid their enemies

j88.

money, or any other fup" port whatfoever. The Romans and their Allies " fliall a6l in the fame manner with regard to Antio" chus. The King Ihall not make war upon the in' habitants of the iflands, andfhall not go to Europe.
either with provifions or

"

" He
*'

fliall

evacuate

all

the cities, countries, towns,-

of Mount Taurus, as far as and forts, on " the eminences afpeding Lycaonia. Nothing fliall *' be taken away from the cities, towns, and countries, " ceded to the Romans, except the arms worn by the *' foldiers on marching off; and if any thing elfe be " taken away, the whole to be made good. The " King fliall not receive into the countries dependant " upon him either the foldiers or fubjefts of King " Eumenes, If any citizens of the cities and coun*' tries he abandons, are either at his court, or in any *' other part of his kingdom, they fliall take care to " return to Apama-a before a certain day fixed. Such *' of the fubjefts of Antiochus, as are amongfl: the *' Romans or their Allies, fliall be at liberty to re*' main with them, or to return into their own country,
this fide
** *'

at their choice.

The King

fliall

furrender to the

"
*'

"

"
*'

"
*'

" " " " "

*'

" "
'-^

and belong to them. That he fliall deliver up Hannibal, the fon of Amilcar, Mnafilochus if in his doof Acarnania, Thoas of iEtolia He fliall deliver minions' and within his power. up all his elephants, and fhall not fupply their places He fliall deliver up all his fliips of with others. war, with all their rigging, and lliall retain only ten fmall vefTels without decks, of which non The King fliall no: fliall have above thirty oars. navigate beyond the promontories of Calycadnus or Sarpedon, if not to carry the money, tribute, -or hofl:ages farther, or the Ambafi^adors he fhould have fent abroad. He fliall raife no foldiers amongfl; the nations fubjecfL to the Roman People, and fliall
their Allies the flaves, prifoners,
deferters, that

Romans and

not receive thofe,

who

fliall

prefent themfelves vo-

iuntarily to ferve in his armies.

The Rhodians and

"
their

VALERIUS, LIVIUS,

Confuls.

193
A. R. 564.

their Allies fhall retain the houfes and other edifices, which they have in the dominions of Antiochus upon the fanne foot as they poilcfTed them before the They fhall have liberty to fue for the paywar. ment of the fums which fhall be due to them, as alfo to find out and claim the effefts of which they ihall have been deprived, and demand rcllitution thereof. If any of the cities Antiochus is to furrender, be in the hands of thofe to whom he may have given them, he fliall take care to make the garrifons quit them, and to reftore fuch places to thofe to whom they ought to belong. He fhall pay the Roman People in twelve years, and in twelve

"^"gg^*

equal payments, twelve * thoufand Attic talents of filver of good alloy (about one million eight hundred thoufand pounds) of which each fhall weigh fourfcore pounds Roman weight, and five hundred and forty thoufand bufliels of wheat and to King Eumencs, in the fpace of five years, three hundred and fifty talents (about fifty-two thoufand five hundred pounds) and an hundred and twcnty-feven more (about nineteen thoufand and fifty pounds) for the corn which he owes him, according to the eflimate of Antiochus himfelf. He fhall give the Romans twenty hoflages, that fhall be changed every three years, and which fhall not be under eighteen, nor above forty-five years of age. If any
:

People declare war firfl agaiiift defend himfelf, and to repel force with force ; on condition however that he fhall not augment his dominions with any city, either by right of conqueft or alliance. If any differences arife between the Allies of the Romans and Antiochus, they fnall determine them amJcably-, or, if they choofe, by arms. If it iLall be found neceffary to retrench from or add any thing to the conditions of this treaty, both fides fhall be at
Allies of the

Roman

Antiochus, he

fhall be at liberty to

* Tn the treaty with L, Scipio Euboic talents were exprefleJ, the value of which were foinething lefs than thsfe.

Vol. V.

liberty

S94
A.R.
564.
cc
,, "

VALERIUS, LIVIUS,
liberty

Confuls.

to
j>

Ant, C.
,88.

do

fo,

provided

it

be with their mutual

conlent.

The Conful ratified this treaty by oath in the name of the Romans ; and fent Q^ Minucius Thermus, and Manlius to Antiochus, to make him alfo ratify it. At the fame time Fabius, who commanded the fleet, fet out by the Conful's order, and having entered the port of Fatara, he there either deftroyed or burnt fifty lliips of war, which belonged to the King. So haughty a Prince as Antiochus, who had hitherto feen all his enterprizes attended with fuccefs, and whom his conquefts had acquired the firname of the Great, mull have been highly m.ortified, when he faw his pretended greatncfs humbled, annihilated, and covered with difgrace by fuch a treaty as that of which we have juit repeated the conditions. Can we believe, that fuch an event could be the effeft of chance ? Fifteen or twenty years before, that Prince, after the death of Ptolomy Philopator his friend and ally, had made a league with Philip King of Macedonia to deprive that King of Egypt's fon of all his dominions, who was then an infant fcarce five years old. One would be tempted, fays Polybius, on feeing fo open a violation of the moft facred laws of fociety, followed, at lead in refped; to Antiochus, with a long and glorious profperity, to accufe Providence, as indifferent and infenfible to the mod crying and moft horrid of crimes. But Providence fully juftified itfelf in punifhing both thofe Kings as they deferved, and made them an example, which might ferve to keep all fuch
as fhould incline to imitate them in fucceeding times within the bounds of their duty. For, whilft they had no thoughts but of parcelling out between them the kingdom of an helplefs infant, they drew the Romans

upon them, who entirely ruined the kingdoms of Philip and Antiochus, and made their children and fucceffors experience as great evils, as thofe, with which they had vilely defigned to crufh the young
monarch of Egypt.

Wc

195 A. R. 56^. ProBut We have this obfervation from a Pagan. '^"gg^^' Antiochus to Vidence was not contented in refp-ft ItDiog. in with the chaltifement mentioned by Polybiiis. That^^'^^l.'P*own perfon. in his him thoug-ht fit to punifh
Prince, after his defeat, returned to
fortrefs

VALERIUS, LIVIUS,

Confuls.

A ntioch,

the ca-

Hiei-on. in

pitaland to pay the ing it difficult to raife Romans, he went to the Eaft into the province of Elymais, entered the temple of Jupiter Beius in the night, and took away all the riches which had been religioufly kept there during a great length of time. The People, enraged by this facriiege, rofe againft him, and deftroyed him v/ith all his attendants. The
his

of

Soon the money he was kingdom.

after, find- ^-^n. c.xi.

Prophet Daniel, who circumflantially foretold all the enterprizes of Antiochus in a furprizing manner, as may be feen in the Antient Hillory, remarks alfo his

" Then he fhall turn his face towards the Dan. xi. "fort of his own land but helliall ftumble, and fall, 5* " and not be found." This happened the fame
death.
:

year that his treaty with the Romans was entirely concluded* The Proconful Manlius having received the ele-Liv. phants, which Antiochus was to deliver up, and hav- xxxvin. ^^' ing made a prefent of them to Eumenes, applied himfelf to enquiring into the condition of the cities, wherein the late troubles had occafioned great changes. King Ariarathes was exempted from paying part of the fum laid on him, and received into the amity of the Roman People, in confequence of the marriage Eumenes had lately contrafted with his daughter. As to the cities, when each had been heard, the ten Roman commiflioners treated them differently. Thofe which had paid tribute to Antiochus, and had de-

Romans, were made free, and exempted Thofe which had adhered to An-tiochus, or had paid tribute to King Attalus, were fubjeded to Eumenes. Several cities were particularly rewarded. The donation which had been made the Rhodians to by the firfl decree of Lycia and Caria To the as far as the river Meander, was confirmed. kingdom O2
clared for the

from

all

tribute.

ig6
A. R. 564. Ant. c.

VALERIUS, LIVIUS,
of Eumenes they added kingdom 'to"
r;, jVyi-ope,

Confuls.
the Cherfonefus in

iSS.

and Lyfimachia with all its dependences, as and in Afia they had been pofTeffed by Antiochus the two Phrygias, the one near the Hellefpont, and the other called Phrygia Major. They reilored Myfia to him, which King Prufias had taken from him. And laitly, they added to the gift Lycaonia, Mylias, and Lydia J and exprelsly the cities of Trails-, EphePamphylia, which lay on both fus, and Telmifia. Mount Taurus, had occafioned a difpute befides of Eumenes and the Ambafladors of Antiochus, tween decifion v/as entirely referred to the of which the
:

Senate,
i.iv.

Manlius,
4.1.

after

having concluded the

treaties,

and

xxxvni40,

niade the decrees of which we have been fpeaking, fet ^^^^ ^.^,^ 1^^^ army for the neighbourhood of the Hellefpont, whither he fummoned the Princes of the Gallo-Gr^cians, and told them the conditions of peace they v/ere to obferve with Eumenes. He declared to them, in exprefs terms, that they muft keep within their own country, without making incurfions into the
territories

of their neighbours.

Afterwards

having

drawn together all the Ihips of the coaft, he joined the fleet which Athen^-us, the brother of Eumenes, had brought to him from El^a, and repaffed into Europe with all his troops. Then leading his army laden with immenfe fpoils of all kinds, by fhort inarches, through the Cherfonefus, he halted fome time
beafls reft, and of which the route was very difficult, and much dreaded by the foldiers. This was not without reafon. During this whole march, which was very long, they fuffercd much from the at Lyfimachia, to give the carriage
aftervv'ards

to enter Thrace,

Tliracians,
files,

who

inceilantly attacked
pafies,

them

in the

de-

and even took from them They had tv/o battles particularly, both to the difadvantage of the Romans, in one of which Q^ Minucius Thermus, a perfon of confular dignity, and one of the ten commifTioners fent to Afia by the Senate, was killed. King Philip was fufpefted of
and dangerous part of their booty.

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS, Confuk

of having fecretly influenced the Thracians to attack At length the Conful, after having furthe Romans. mounted an infinity ofobftacles, quitted Thrace, and led his army through Macedonia into ThefTaly. From thence marching through Epirus to Apollonia, he pafTed the winter there, the fea not feeming fafe enough
for

197
A- ^s^^-i,
[gj^^^'

embarking

in that feafon.

SECT.

II.

2wi5 Remans delivered up to the Carthaginians. given to the tivo Confuls for their province.

Liguria
Fulvius

accufed by the Ambracians at the foUicUaticn of the ConDecree of the Senate in favour of the ful jEmilius.

Departure of the Confuls. Ambracians. ManJins demands a triumph^ which is difpiited zvith hira by the
commiffwners of the Senate. 'Triumph againfi Manlius.
pio Africanus
is

d-

Speech of the commiffioners creed to Manlius. Set-

fummoned

before the People.

Griev-

ances of the Tribunes againji Scipio Africanus. Scipio, inflead of anfwmng them^ carries the whole affenibly with him to the Capitol., to thank the Gods for his
viuiories.

He

retires

to

Linternum.
declares

Ti. Symprcnius his

Gracchus.,
collegues.

Scipio' s enimy.,

for him againfi

Scipio.

Refietions of

Livy upon P.

Diffe-

rent accounts

Scipio'' of hiflorians concerning Scipio. Law propofed concerndaughter ?narried to Gracchus. ing the [urns of money received from Antiochus. L.

He for embezzling the -public money. Speech of Scipio Nafica in his Gracchus prevents L. Scipio from being imprifavour. The fale and fmall value of Scipio's efiate foned.
Scipio fentenced
is

ordered to prifon.

jujlify him.

M. JEmilius Lepjdus.
C. Flaminius,

a. ^.5^^.
^":-^'187.

Towards

the end of the preceding year L. Minu- l5v ^^' cius Myrtilus and L. Manhus, accufed of l:iav XXXMll.
42.

ing infulted the Carthaginian Ambaffadors, were deli-

vered

19$
A. R. 565. vered
jg_

JKMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
up
to

Conluls.

them by the order of M. Claudius Praetor

and carried to Carthage.

of the

city,

Upon

the report which fpread that great preparati-

ons of war were making in Liguria,the Senate allotted that province to both Confuls. Lepidus, diflacisfied with this deilination, complained highly " that the two Confuls ihould be confined in the vallies of Liguria, whiiil during two years M. Fulvius and Cn. Manlius reigned, the one in Europe and the other in Afia, in the room of Philip and Antiochus, fpreading the ter-ror of the Roman arms on all fides, and felling peace to the nations, on whom war had not been declared, for gold." The Senate made no change in the decree they only ordered Manlius and Fulvius
:

to quit their provinces, and

to
LJv. xxxviii.
4-

march back

their legions

Rome.

Fulvius and M. yEmilius had long been eneThe Conful made the deputies of Ambracia accufe Fulvius, and after having given them their lefThey acfon, he introduced them into the Senate. cufed Fulvius " of having declared war upon them at a time when they were at peace, though they had punctually executed all that the preceding Confuls had direfted, and had offered himfelf the like fubmiffion and obedience. That he had befieged them, and after the city had furrendercd, had made them fuffer all the moft cruel outrages and evils it is pofilble to imagine That, not contented with having plundered, in Vv'ar. burnt, and dem.olifhed the houfes, confifcated the eftates of the citizens, and deluged the city with their blood, he had made the women and children flaves ; and, what was ftill more grievous than all the reft, had taken away all the ornaments of their temples; fparing neither the Itatues of the Gods, nor the Gods themfelves fo that the wretched Ambracians no longer knew where to addrefs their prayers or pay their homage, unlefs it were to the walls whom he had left naked ant', disfigured." The Conful, after having heard thefe invedivcs, ?.fi<ed the deputies many queftions, the anfwers to which he had concerted with them,
1-nies.
:

M.

and

iEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

,gg
;; '

and thereby gave them occafion to fay much more, as a^r. if it had been involuntarily. 187 The Senators Teeming to be moved with thcfe complaints, the Conful C. Flaminius thought himfelf obliged to take upon him the defence of Fulvius in his
reproached the Senate, that they fufGenerals to be expofed as formerly He faid, to frivolous and groundlefs accufations. that he was much furprized, that aflions fhould be made crimes to Fulvius, which ought to obtain the honour of a triumph. That Ambracia had undergone the calamities common to cities taken by force. That the Ambracians attempted in vain to feparate their caufe from that of the u^tolians that there v/as no After many difference between them and the other. other reafons which he urged, he declared that he would fuffer nothing to be determined either in the affair of the Ambracians or that of the iEtoiians in the abfence of Fulvius." The oppofition of Flamiinius fiifpended everything: Liv. but, unfortunately for the caufe of Fulvius, he fell 'f-x fick. Emilias took advantage of this accident, and ^' brought the affair again upon the carpet. " The Senate paiTed a decree, by which the effeds the Ambracians complained they had been deprived of, w?re reftored, with their liberty and laws ; and permiflion was granted them to eftabliili cuftoms and duties wherever they thought fit both by fea and land ; on condition, however, that the Romans and their Allies of the Latine name iliould be exempted from them. As to the ftatues of their Gods and the other ornaments, which they complained of having been taken out of their temples, they thought fit to wait the return of Fulvius for treating that affair, and left the yEmidecifion of it to the college of die Pontifices." lius was not contented with a fentence fo much in favour of his enemy but one day. v/hen few Senators were prefent in their houfe, he caufed thefe words to be added to the decree, " That Ambracia had not " been taken by the force of arms." Surprizes of this kind O 4.
abfence.
fered

"

He

the

Roman

'

2CO
A1^-

iExMILIUS,
5^5-

FLAMINIUS,
Lonlul.

Confuls.

kind do not argue

c a gravity ot
T>

Ant. C.
187.

Roman

fair dealine;, (r 1

and are unworthy the

^i^-

...
'

^^[

iiv. ibid.

45>

4-^'

The Feri LatiniE were then celebrated, and the Confuls having dilcharged all the duties of religion, fet out for their provinces. Immediately after the Proconful Cn. Manlius arrived at Rome, and the Prsetor Ser. Sulpicius affembled the Senate in the temple of Bellona to give him audience. There, after having related ail he had done in Afia for the advantage and glory of the Roman People, he demanded; firft, that due thankfgivings fhould be made to the immortal Gods and fecondly, that he jfhouid be granted the honour of a triumph. But moft of the ten commiffioners of the Senate, who had been with him in thofe remote provinces, oppofed it, and none fo much as L. Furius Purpureo and L. -Smilius * Paulus. They faid, " that they had been fent into Afia to conclude and terminate in concert with Manlius the treaty of peace, which L. Scipio had began between the Rom.an People and Antiochus ; but that Manlius had fpared no pains to prevent the conclufion of the peace, and had even intended to carry his arms beyond
;

mount Taurus

mjfiioners had found

from which the ten comvery hard to diffuade him, by reprefenang to him the calamities with which the Sibyl.menaced the Romans, if they ever prefumed to
:

a defign,
it

pals thofe fatal bounds,

" That

finding unfurmountable obftacles to that

enterprize, he had turned his views and courfe a dif-

ferent way, and had declared

war

againfc the Gallo-

Grscians, without being authorized either by the Senate or People, and without being able to produce the example of a fingle General, who had ventured to form That the cuftom the like prcjetts of his own head. of the Roman People, before they proceeded to hoftilities,

was

to fend

from

thofe,
is

of

whom

Ambaffadors to demand reparation they had caufe to complain.

* This

not the fanous Paulus jEmilius v/ho conq-aered Pcrfens.

That"

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

201
'

That he had obferved none of the ulual formalities, ^j^- 5^?that could juftify him in faying, that he had made war ,7. in the name of the Roman People, and not a6ted as a
private fpoiler.

" Bur,

as

he

v/as

determined upon

this enterprize,

did not he march dire6tly againfl the pretended enemies ? Why did he march and countermarch to fearch all the corners of Pifidia, Lycaonia, and Phrygia, in order rapacioufly to extort liims out of the fovereigns, or petty tyrants of the fortreffes fituated in thofe countries ? What quarrel had he with thefe States, who never did the Romans any hurt, and from whom

why

they had no fubjed: to complain ? " They added, that in refped of the enemy, for the defeat of whom Manlius pretended to a triumph, the advantages he had gained were undoubtedly not much for his honour. That befides that thefe Gauls, enervated by the voluptuoufnefs of Afia, were not the fame in point of courage, as thofe againfb whom the Romans had fo often fought in Italy, the recent fall of Hannibal, Philip, and Antiochus, had fo much difcouraged them, that the Romans had occafion only for the arrows and flings of their light-armed troops to overthrow thofe huge combatants, and that in the whole war, they had not once ftained their fwords with the blood of the enemy.

" That for the reft, Manlius had good reafon to demand, that public thankfgivings fhould be made to the immortal Gods. That indeed, without the peculiar proteftion of the Gods, the Roman army having incamped in a deep valley with the enemy over their heads, the Gauls, without ufing their arms, might have overwhelmed and defeated them entirely, by rolling down great ftones upon them, with which the mountain fupplied them in abundance. That afterwards, as if the Gods had thought fit to give the Romans a fenfc of v/hat might have happened to them in Gallo-GriEcia, if they had to do with enemies who deferved that name, their troops had been defeated, put to flight, and llript of their baggage by fome flying

202
A. R5^5-

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
ing parties of Thrace,
J'owte.

Cdnfuls.

who

waited for them on their

exploits, for

^jIj?'

That thefe were the great Manlius demanded a triumph.

which

The commiffioners concluded where they began, " by infiiling flrongly upon the precautions taken in
all times for declaring war ; and afking the Senate, whether they thought fit to violate fuch wife regulations, to abolilh forms that were a part of religion, to deprive the Senate and People of the privilege they had always pofiefied of decreeing war and peace, and to give up to the caprice and ambition of Generals the power of attacking fuch States as they fhould

L5v.

xxxvHi.

*749-

think fit." Vv^hen they had done fpeaking, Manlius replied to " Hitherto, Romans, we have the following effed: ct fometimes feen the Tribunes of the People oppofe " triumphs, when demanded by your Generals. This " obliges me to return the prefent Tribunes my thanks, " that either out of confideration for my perfon or " my aftions, they have not only tacitly confented to " my triumph, but have alfo feemed in a difpofition *' to propofe it themfelves, if it had been neceffary.
:

*'

have the grief to find m.y adverfaries amongft

" thofe commiflioners, which our anceftors gave their " Generals to honour their victory, and regulate the
*'

confequences of

it

with wifdom and juftice.

" Their accufation has two heads, as this aflembly *' may have obferved. They pretend, that I had no " right to make war againft the Gauls, and that I *' made it with temerity and imprudence. " The Gauls, fay they, committed no at of hof**

tility

againft us

*'

tranquillity,

you found them in peace and and however attacked them. Would
:

" to " of
<c

the
all

Gods King Eumenes, with

the magiftrates
!

the cities of Afia, were prefent

You would

hear their complaints, and I Ihould not find it necefifary to accufe the Gallo-Grsecians. Let Ambaffadors be fent to all parts of Afia, to enquire the truth upon the fpot ; and you would know from

them,

tliat

the (lavery,

from which you have

'^

deli-

vered

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
*'

Confuls.

203

"
**
''

" "
*'

" " " " " " " lity, would you believe, that you had reftored AHa " to liberty; and do you imagine that Eumenes could " peaceably enjoy the gifts you have made him, and " the other cities the liberty they have received from " you, v/hiift the Gauls were at entire liberty to carry " terror and defolation wherever they thought ht ? " But wherefore fhouid I reafon any longer upon
!

vered that country by obliging Antiochus to retire beyond Mount Taurus, was not harder than that, from which it has been delivered by the reduction of the Gauls. All thofe States will inform you, how manv times that fava^e nation has ravaged their countries, how many times they have carried off all that they had of valuable and neceflary, how many prifoners they have taken from them, without fuffering them to ranfom them, and laftly, how often they have facrificeiitfheir children to their Gods, as barbarous as themfeives. How If Antiochus had not withdrawn his garrifons from the citadels, where they remained in entire tranquil-

^^'

5^5<

'^^^^

*'

a falfe fuppofition, as if

had not found the Gauls

" aflually at war with us, and as if I had forced " them to make it againft us. I call you to witnefs, " L. Scipio, you whom I fucceeded in the command of the troops, and you P. Scipio, who was confi" dered by the army and your brother rather as a " collegue than a lieutenant fay, don't you know, " that the Gaulilh forces ferved in the army of An' tiochus and if you did not fee them fighting upon " both wings, in which they conftituted the ftrength " of his army ? The Romans ordered you to make *' war not only upon Antiochus, but upon all thofe " who fhouid have joined him. againfc us. The Gauls " were indifputabiy of that number, as well as fome
*'
:

" of the petty Kings and tyrants of that country. I " was therefore in the right to treat them as ene** mies. However, I afted with all pofllble modera**

*'
*'-

I gave peace to the latter, reducing them to m.ake a fatisfaftion fuitable to your power, which they had injured. On the other

tion in refpe6l to them.

fide.

204
A.R. 565."
^^i2-^'
*'

.EMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
fide,
I

Coniuls.

" Gauls

utmofl endeavours to bring the had been capable of being mollified ; and it was not till after
ufed
to re%fon, if their natural ferocity

my

" many attempts, that finding them always untradla" ble, I thought it for our honour to ufe force to re" duce them. " After having juftilied the motives which
deter-

" mined me to undertake the war, it is now necef" fary to fpeak of the manner in which I made it. " And in this fecond point, I Ihould be affured of " gaining my caufe, though I were even to plead it
*'

before the Senate of Carthage, which, if what

faid

is

be true, punifh their Generals capitally when '' they have formed rafh enterprizes, however fuccefs*' ful in the event. But what confidence ought I not '' to conceive, who have to do with a Commonwealth, " that never made enterprizes criminal to comman*' ders, to which the Gods have given an happy if" fue, becaufe it regards that as the effect of the " prayers and vows which have preceded thofe enter" prizes ; and in decreeing either thankfgivings to " the Gods, or triumphs to Generals, always ufes

"

" thefe remarkable terms, * For having well and " SUCCESSFULLY SERVED THE COMMONWEALTH. " When therefore, to avoid provoking envy, I decline " afcribing to my courage and good conduct the fuc" ceffes I have had, and I content myfelf, after
*' *'

*' *'
'

'
*^

*'
^'

*'

having conquered fo powerful a nation without any lofs, with afl<:ing that the due thankfgivings fhould be paid to the immortal Gods for the good fortune they have vouchfafed your arms under my command, and, that myfelf might be permitted to re-enter the Capitol in triumph, from which I fet out after having made the cuftomary vows for the profperity of the Commonwealtli, would you retufe fuch honour to the Gods, as well as to me ^ *' It is objedled to me, that I did not make choice of an advantageous place for giving battle. Did

Quod bene

ac faciliter

Rempublieam

adminiftravit,

thae

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
^^

Confuls.

io^
56J.
jg";.

that

depend on me? The enemy

was abfolutely neceffary for

being mafters of A.R.

"
**

the mountain, and refolving not to

it, it

come down from me to attack them

" in their poll, if I intended " fame reproach may be made

*' *'

to defeat them.

The

to our beft Generals,

who, elpecially in the lad wars, have not always chofen advantageous polls for attacking th enemy, " becaufe it was not in their power: I do not yet com" prehend what idea they would give you, or frame " to themfelves, of the enemy. If they have dege" nerated fo much as they fay, and are fo much ener" vated by the voluptuoufnefs of Afia, what danger " was there in marching to attack them upon the

" mountain ? And if they retained the courage and " llrength of their anceflors, why do they refufe thofe " a triumph, who have conquered fo formidable an " enemy ? * Envy is blind, Romans. Its purpofe is " to degrade virtue, and to make it lofe the honours
" and rewards it deferves. " The fame fpirit of envy and jealoufy fhews it" felf again in what they objecfl to me concerning " Thrace. They infift much upon part of our bag" gage being taken by thofe robbers, and the lofs of " fome foldiers ; and they take great care at the fame " time not to add, that upon the very day this mif" fortune happened, our troops defeated a great num" ber of thefe banditti, and that the following days " they either took or killed many more of them; " But what do they get by this affedled filencc ? The " whole army is ready to witnefs the two battles, *' which alone deferve the honour of a triumph. " I afk your pardon, Romans if the neceffity of " a juil defence, and not the defire of boafling my '" own aftions, has made me expatiate too much." The accufation would upon this occafion have had Uv. the advantage of the apology, if the difpute had not ^^^^''"
;

* Cceca invldia

eft,

Patres Confcripti,

nee quidquam aliud

fcit,

quam

detre;5tare virtutes,

corrumpere honoros ac prsmia earum. Liv.

taken

2o6
A.li. 565. Ant. c.

iEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

Foi* taken up the whole day without being decided. ^j^g Senators withdrew in a dilpofition to refufe ManBut the next day that General's relius a triumph. lations and friends ftirred fo much, that they engaged the Seniors of the order in their intereft, whofe aiuhority n^ade the affair turn in favour of Manlius. They reprefented, that it was without example, that a General, after having conquered the enemy, left his province in peace, and led back his vid:orious troops to Rome, had been deprived of the honour of a triumph, and had re-entered the city as a private The malignant jeaperfon without any diflinftion. at length gave enemies his way to fuch wife of ioufy they were alhamed of affronting a remonftrances man of merit in fo injurious a manner, and the whole Senate almoft unanimoufly decreed him a triumph. There was, however, foundation to objed to the condud of this General, who, as we fhall fee below, had not ftricliy kept up the difcipline, and fuffered the manners of his troops to corrupt. It is furprizing, that his enemies did not urge this point againil him. much more affefting accufation of an highly more Liv. xxxvui. illuftrious and confiderable perfonage, m.ade the dif^' puteofwhichi have been fpeaking be forgot. Two Tribunes of the People, both called Q^Paetilius, cited P, Scipio Africanus to take a trial. This event muft feem ftrange, when confidered with the fentiments of gratitude, refped, and admiration, which ail the Romans had formerly entertained with fo much juftice and unanimiity in favour of Scipio. They were defirous to ereft ftatues of him in the FoIbid. 56. Vai. Max. rum, the tribunal for harangues, the Senate, and even IV. I. and their in the temple and chapel of great Jupiter zeal for his glory had rofe fo high, that they had in fome fenfe equalled him with the Gods by decreeing, that his ftatue, habited in the ornaments of triumph, Ihould be laid upon cufhions like thofe of the Gods in They had even the ceremony called Ledliilernium. conceived thoughts of creating him perpetual Conful and
:

iEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
and Dictator.

Confuls.

207
565, '^"3" ^*

But * Scipio,

lefs

paffionate to receive A. R.

honours than to deferve them, would not fuffer any to be decreed him, that were above the condition of a citizen ; and by that moderation, which prevented him from giving himfelf up to fuch excefies, he Hiewed a5 much wifdom as greatnefs of foul. Accordingly, this firft paffion infenlibly becoming
lefs

ardent as

is ufual,^

fome years

after Scipio's credit

always having him before their eyes, began by little and little to abate in their admiration of him. The confent and approbation which he had given during his confulfhip to the feparate places of the Senators in the Games, was ill received by the public and he experienced this decline of his authority, when it mifcarried in oppofition to Quintius in refpedl to the Confulfhip, which he canvaifed in favour of his coufin Nafica. It was in this manner, that the event which we are going to relate, was made way for. Thofe who envied him feeing his credit v/eakened, believed ir in their power to attack him. Their accufation turned upon a pretended crime of embezzling the public money in They affirmed, that he had the war with Antiochus. received great fums of money fr6m that Prince to grant
to decline.
-,

began

The People

him peace. Every body judged of

felves not only

this

proceeding according to

their character or inclination.

Some

declared themaccufers,

againft the

impudence of the

but againft the bafenefs of the Romans in general, who did not oppofe fo unv/orthy an enterprize. " The " two greateft cities of the Univerfe," faid they, " have at the fame time expreffed the higheft ingra" titude for their principal citizens, but Rome in the " moft crying and inexcufable manner. For c.t length *' vanquiihed Carthage hath banifhed beaten Hanni Quorum fibi nullum neque plebifcito clari, neque Senatxis-confulto decerni patiendo, pene tantum in recufandis lionoribus i'i gefin;:^entem quantum gelTerat in emerendis. Val. Max. Hkc fit, magnitudinem aniini, moderandis ad civilem habirum hoaoribus

[fignificabantj.

Liv.

"

bal,

2o8
A. R.
5<55.

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS, Confuk

"
4c

bal, the author

of

all

their calamities

Aiij:,c.

QU5
that

Rome
no

injures Scipio, to

whom

fhe

but viftorJis indebted

"
" "
"

" " "

*'

"

"
*'

Some on the contrary maintained, ought to be exalted fo much above the reft, as it fhould not be allowable to call him to an account for his condud. That the means for preferving liberty in a Republic, was to reduce the moft powerful to the neceffity of taking his trial and defending himfelf, when it fhould be deemed proper. To what private perfon, could any part of government be confided, much lefs placing him at the head of the Commonwealth, if he was not to
for her vidlory."
citizen

liv.
xxxviil.
^^'

be accountable for his actions ? What Security could there be for intrufling arty perfon whatfoever with the fmalleft interefts, and much lefs with thofe of the whole Commonwealth, if fuch perfon were not obliged to give an account of his condu61; ? " That it was not unjuft to ufe force againft any one " whatfoever, who could not fuffer equality." Such was the difcourfe of the People till the day of trial. Never did any citizen, not excepting Scipio himfelf whilft Conful or Cenfor, come into the Forum with a greater train of the citizens of all orders, than when he appeared at this time to take his trial, The Tribunes of the People, in order to difpofe them for the prefent accufation, revived the old calumnies which had been raifed againft him on the occafion of the pretended luxury and voluptuoufnefs during his refidence at Syracufe, and the commotions excited at Locri in refpe6l to Pleminius. But when they came to the crime of peculation, v/ith which they iktn. charged him, they could fupport it only with fufpicions and conjeftures, without producing any folid " They faid, that Antiochus had reftored him proof. his fon without ranfom, and that he had paid him the fame deference, as if he had been the fole arbiter at Rome of war and peace. That in the province he had aded with the Conful as Diftator, and not as a mere lieutenant. That he had attended him thither only to lliew Greece, Afia, and all the Kings and States of

" " " "

the

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
the Eaft, what he had Sicily, and Africa, that a fingle

Confuls.

209

long perfuaded Spain, Gaul, A. R. 565.

man was the prop ^%'^" the Roman empire that Rome, that and fupport of ; miftrefs of the univerfe, owed her fafety only to the
fliadow of Scipio's name ; that the lead fign of his will had all the authority of the Senate's and People's decrees." In a word, not being able to make him cri-

minal, they endeavoured to render him odious. When * Scipio was ordered to anfwer, without faying a fingle word of the crimes objected to him, he

Liv.
''''^^"**

with fo much elevation and dig-no one had ever been praifed either with more magnificence, or more truth. For the fame fpirit and courage, which had animated all his adions, appeared in his difcourfe, and the niceftears could not be offended with a liberty, which he only ufed to defend himfelf, and not from the motive of vain-glory. The fpeeches having taken up the whole day, the affair was referred to another. That being arrived, the Tribunes of the People afcended the tribunal of harangues early in the morning. The accufed being fummoned, broke through the croud, attended by a great number of clients and friends, and as foon as filence had been made in order " Tribunes of the People," faid to his being heard *' he, and you fellow-citizens, it was upon this very " day that I conquered Hannibal and the Carthagini*' ans in Africa. So happy a one ought not to be " pafled in difputes, difcuffions, and profecutions. I *' am therefore going directly to the Capitol to pay " adoration to great Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, and *' the reft of the Gods who prefide in that temple and " citadel and to thank them for having given me

fpoke of

his exploits

nity, that

-,

-f-

JufTus dlcere caufam, fine ulla criramum mentione, orationem adeo magnificam de rebus ab fe geftis exorfus eft, ut fatis conftaret, neminem un^uam neque melius, neque verius laudatum efle. Dicebantur enim ab eodem animo ingenioque, a quo gcfta erant & aurium faftldiutn aberat, quia pro periculo, non in gloriam, dicebantur. Liv. t Hifque gratias agam, quod mihi & hoc ipfo die, & faspe al'i', egregie Reipublica: gerendae mentem facultatemque dederunt. Ve{triira quoque quibus commodum eft, ite meeum, Quirites & orate Vol-.V. P deoj,^
;

2.0
A. R.
^^i'
565.

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
^'

Confuls.

" on this, and many other days, the defire and ca" parity to lerve the Commonwealth with advantage " and glory. Follow me, Romans, as many of you
*'

as

have

leifure,

and love your country, and pray

"

"

the Gods, that they may always give you General^ and magiflrates who refemble me. I may fpeak

" thus with confidence, if it be true, that from my " feventeenth year to the advanced age, to which I " have attained, you have always preceded my age
*'

with your honours, as

fervices."
this

have your honours with

difcourfe, he quitted the

" my

After having held

Liv. xxxviil.
^''

the Capitol. That very aflembly followed him thither to moment the whole the very clerks and ferjeantsof the Tribunes, who were left alone with their (laves and the crier, whom they had brought with them to cite the accufed before them. Scipio went from the Capitol to all the temples of the city, ftill followed by the whole Roman People. * To judge aright of true glory, this day did Scipio more honour by the avowed efteem and veneration of the public, than that on which he entered Rome in triumph, after having defeated Syphax and the Carthaginians. This was the laft of his days of glory. For forefeeing the differences which he fliould neccflarily have with the Tribunes of the People, he took advantage of the delay of the trial to retire to Linternum, fully re-j- His folved to appear no more to defend himfelf. foul was too haughty, and his fentiments too elevated, befides which he had pafTed his life in too high a fphere, to defcend to the fuppliant, and to learn the humble part of a perfon accufed.

Forum, and walked towards

ita, fi ab annis feptemdecim decs, lit mei principes fimiles habeatis ad leneftutem fsmper vos astatem meam veftris honoribus anteiltis, ego vellros honores rebus gerendis prcEcefli. Liv. * Celcbratior is prope dies favore hominum, & asftimatione veras majcnitudinis ejus fuit, quara quo triumphans de Syphace rege &: Liv. Cai't'.iaginienfibus urbem eft inveftus. f Major animus & natura erat, ac majora fortune afTuetus, quam ut reus ell'e ftiret; & fumraittere le in humilitatem caufam dicentium, Liv.
:

On

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

211
A- R. 565.
*

On the day to which the affair was adjourned, when the acculed was fuminoned, L. Scipio his brother laid, that ficknefs prevented him from appearing.
But the Tribunes would not admit that excule. They pretended, that he had ablented himlelf to avoid aniwering, in effe6l of the fame pride that had induced him to quit the Forum, the Tribunes, and the afiembly, to draw away with him to the Capitol his judges themfelves, and to deprive them of the right and liThen addrefilng themberty of giving their fuffrages " You have," continued felves to the multitude they, " received the juft reward of your facility in fuf:

'^"^'^^

" fering fo ralh an enterprize. You quitted us to fol" low him, and now you fee he abandons you your" felves. We fuffer our authority to decline every
" day in fuch a manner, that the perfon whom feven" teen years ago you fent Tribunes of the People with " an j^dile to feize and bring to Rome, though ac" tually at the head of the army and fleet now, when *' he is but a private individual, we dare not fend to
;

country-houfe, in order to oblige the judgment here to be pafled *' upon him." L. Scipio having implored the aid of the other Tribunes, they paffed a decree, by which accepting the aliedged excufe of ficknefs, they declared that it was their intention that time lliould be given th^ accufed, and that the trial fhould be deferred.
to

" fetch from his " him to fubmit

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Scipio's particular Liv, enemy, was one of the Tribunes of the People. That ^'^'^^''"
magillrate having

forbade his

name

to be inferted in

^^*

the decree of his collegues, it was expedued, that he was going to declare againft Scipio with the utmoft " As L. Scipio rigour, when he fpoke as follows.

" " " "

" "

pleads his brother's ficknefs as an excufe for his abI will not fuffer him fence, that ought to fufiice.
to be proceeded againll before his return
;

and even

then, if

he defires

my

aid,

will fupport

him with

him from anfwering. by the greatnefs of his exploits, an.l the " honours to whicli you have fo often raifed him, has, '' P 2 bv
authority 10 difpenfe with
Scipio,

my

212
A.R.
565.

i^MILlUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

^^87*^'

by the confefTion of Gods and men, attained to fo " ^^S^ ^ degree of glory, that it is more fhameful for " the Roman People than for himfelf, to fee him the ** mark of the accufations and inveftives of an indif'^
*'

creet multitude at the foot of the tribunal of ha-

continued he, addrefllng himfelf to the Tribunes with a tone and air of indignation, *'Would you lee Scipio, the conqueror of Africa, at *' your feet ? Did he not defeat and put to flight four *' of the moft famous of the Carthaginian Generals " with their four armies in Spain did he not take
rangues.
,

What

!"

** *' *'

"
*'

'
*' *' *'
**
*' *'

did he not conquer Hannibal has he not made Carthage tributary to Rome ; has he not, laflly, forced Antiochus, by a vidory of which hi brother is contented to Ihare the glory with him, to retire beyond mount Taurus, only to fink under the malignity of the Paetilii, and to fee them trlumph over him ? * How (hall the virtue of great men never find, either in its own merit, or the honours to which you raife it, an afy4um and kind of jfanftuary, in which their age, if it does not receive
;
,

Syphax prifoner

the refpeft and

homage due

to

it,

may

at leaft find

refuge from infult and injuftice ?'* The decree of Gracchus, and the difcourfe he added to it, made a great impreflion upon the whole alTembly, and even the accufers themfelves. They faid they would refled: upon the afl^air, in order to judge what was confiftent with their duty and authority. As foon as the People were retired, the Senators affembled, and the whole body, efpecially the feniors and perfons of confular dignity, returned Gracchus great thanks for his having facrificed his private refentments to the honour of the Commonwealth. The Psetilii on the contrary were exceedingly reproached, -f- for having endeavoured to crufh virtue to acquire tliemfelves a
* NuUis-ne meritis fuis, nullis veftris honoribus unquam in arcem rutam, & velut fanclam, clari viri pervenient ; ubi, (1 non venerabilis, inviolata faltem feneflus eorum confidat ? Liv. f Quod I'plendere aliena invidia voluiffent, & fpolia ex Africani frlumpbo peterent, Liy,

name;

JEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
name; and
This
all

Confuls.

213
A. R. 565.

for having fought,

flifkd,

by triumphing over
faid

Scipio Africanus, to adorn themfelves with his fpoils.

affair

"h
Liv.

^'

was

and no more was

of

it.

Though

that great

man had

diftinguilhed himfelf in

form the character of heroes, he however excelled in war more than in peace. The firft part of his life was more memorable than tlie lafl, becaufe he had paffed his whole youth in camps and armies whereas during the reft of his days he had few occafions of exerting the great talents he had received from nature. What did his lecond ConfuKhip and his Cenforlhip add to the glory he had acquired in the What fplendor did his employment of lieutenant firft in Afia add to his firft exploits, which was rendered ufelefs by ficknefs, faddened by the taking of his fon, and by the necefTity under which he was, at his return, either to fubmit to an unjuft judgment, or to avoid it by renouncing his ungrateful fellow-citizens for ever ? The point of light of his greatnefs and glory, is the fecond Punic war happily terminated the greateft and moft dangerous Rome ever had upon its
the things that
:
.f*

'^^^^^''''^

^^'

-,

hands.
Scipio paffed the fhort time he lived afterwards in retreat, if compared with the luilre of his military exploits but no lefs eftimable and glorious for him, if we confider the conftancy and equality of

an obfcure

foul with which 'he bore this difgrace. Thefe reverfes of fortune often give the greateft of men forrow, dejedtion, and anguilh. The tumult and agitation in which they have always lived, make repofe and folitude infupportable to them. Scipio bore his with the fame courage which had rendered him invincible to fatigues and dangers. He confined himfelf to the manner of life of the antient Romans, tliat is, a fimple and laborious one after their example, making it an honour and pleafure to himfelf to cultivate his land with his own viftorious hands. Seneca, in a letter, which he dates from the very place to which the great Scipio retired, on mentioning the tomb that contained his afhes, cries out, that he docs not doubt P 3 but

214
A.R.
'^'"'g

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
565.

Confuls.

^'
^"

but the foul of that great man was returned to heaven, his tre country, not becaufe he had commanded great armies, for the fame might be faid of that weak and frantic King Cambyfes, but from the moderation and patience which he fhewed in quitting Rome. " I
^ take

great

pleafure,

fays

he,

in

comparing the

That great man, the of Rome, after havfupport and Carthage terror of with own hands, ufed to his field his cultivated ing
manners of Scipio with ours.
bathe in this dark hole, {balneolum anguftum^ ttnchrofum
X covfuetudine antiqud) lived under this humble roof, now and v/as fatisfied with lb grofs a pavement
!

Who

v/ould bear fuch a mean not doubt but 1 do

friends vifited inftead of all
;

way of

life

?'*

a fmall

him

this retreat,

number of noble and were to him

Rome. But hiftory does not mention and we muil not apply to him what is faid of the intimate friendship between the fecond Scipio Africanus and Lselius, and of the rural diverfions they It is eafy, without particular attentook together. tion, to confound the two Scipios and the two Lselii with each other, in effeft of their exceeding refemI am wellperfuaded, that blance in many things. the famous poet Ennius, for whom -f our Scipio, whofe viftories he had celebrated, had a particular affeftion, did not fail of paying that moll illuftrious exile all the duties of a good friend in his retreat. It is no wonder that Scipio gave this poet great marks of his cfteem and regard. He was convinced, that as long as Rome fhould fubfifl, and Africa be in fubjeftion to Italy, the memory of his great adions could
them
voluptas fubit contemplantem mores Scipionis ac nofIn hoc angiilo ille Carthaginis horror, cui Roma debet quod tantum lemel capta efl, abluebat corpus laboribus ruftlcis feiTum cxercebat enjm oppre fe, terramque (ut mos fuit prifcis) ipfe fubigeSub hoc ille te(5to tarn fordido lletit hoc ilium tarn vile pavibat. mentum fullinuit At nunc quia elh qui fic lavari fuftineat ?
*

Magna me

tro?.

Carus

fepulchro
n. as.

tuit Africano fuperiori nofter Ennius. Scipiouum putatur is efle conflitutus.

'

Itaque etiam \r^ Cic. pro Arch,

not

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

115
*

not expire: * but he alio believed, that the writings A- K- 5- sof Ennius were highly capable of exalting the luftre, ^g'

and of perpetuating the remembrance of them,

that hiftorians differ very much concircumftances of the trial and death of Scipio Afrlcanus. I fliall relate only two inilances on this head. Some fay, that he ended his days, and was interred At both places at Rome, and others at Linternum. Livy tells us, that his tomb and ftatue were Ihewn.

Livy

fays,

cernino;

the

he had fcen his tomb and ftatue, which had been placed upon it at Linternum, but that a ftorm had thrown it down. have juft feen, that Seneca alfo believed that Scipio's tomb was at Linternum. On another fide, there were in the time of Livy, without the gate called Capena, in the place where the ok)numents of the Scipios ftood, three ftatues, one of which was faid to be that of P. Scipio, the other of L. Scipio, and the third of the poet Ennius. It feems probable enough, that the fecond Scipio Africanus had caufed thefe ftatues to be ereded. Scipio had two daughters. He himfelf married the eldeft to P. Cornelius Nafica. It is agreed that thie youngeft was married to Tib. Sempronius Gracchus but it is not certain, that Gracchus married her till after the death of Scipio Africanus or that this alliance was contrafted between the two families in the following manner, which feems to fuppofe that P. Scipio had It is related, that not been cited before the People. as L. Scipio was carrying to prilbn, Gracchus fwore, that he was ftill an enemy of the Scipios, and that he had no defire to be reconciled with them but that he would not fuffer L. Scipio to be thrown into tlie fame prifon where P. Scipio his brother had caufed the Kings and Generals of the enemy to be confined. Ic is added, that the Senators accidentally fupping that

We

incendia Carthaginis irr.pi?:, nomen ab Africa Lucratus rediit, clarius indicant HoR. Od. I,aude3, quain Calabrss Pieriiies.
Ejus, qui (lomita

Non

S,

lib. Iv.

-.

P 4

<^ay

2i6
A. R.
565.
*

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

"3^^

day in the Capitol, rofe in a body, demanded of Scipio Africanus to give his daughter in marriage to Tib. Gracchus, and prefTed him to promife her to him in the midft of that folemn feaft. That Scipio having

complied with their requeft, told his wife ^^milia, on his return home, that he had promifed their youngeft daughter in marriage. That his lady, offended that he had not confulted her, replied, that though he had chofen Tiberius Gracchus for his fon-in-law, he ought not to have made it a fecret to a mother. That Scipio upon this, feeing his wife thought as he did of Gracchus, and charmed to find her fentiments agree with his in refpeft to what he had done, replied, that he had iven her to Gracchus himfelf. This daughter v,ras the celebrated Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, of whom much will be faid in the
fequel.

For the
fation
faid
j/iv.

reft I believe,

that in refpeft to the accu-

of P. Scipio, we may rely upon what has been before, which is taken word for word from Livy.

xxxviii.
'^*

The voluntary banifhment, or, as Livy fays, the death of Scipio Africanus highly encouraged his enemies, the moft confiderable of whom was M. Porcius Cato *, who even during the life of that great man, through a virulence which does him no honour, had incefiantly attacked him, and endeavoured to render a credit and glory lo juftly acquired, odious. The enmity of Cato, founded upon fo evident a difference of chafafters, had broke out from the time he had been QiiaSilor under Scipio in the war of Africa, It was -fa cuftom with the Romans, and a kind of law, for the Qujeftors to refpe<5t the Generals under whom they ferved as their own fathers. Cato did not adl in this manner. Difgufted with the great and noble manner in which that General lived, he left him at Sicily, reI.iv.

* Qui vivo quoque eo Allatrare ejus magnitudinem folitus erat. It is hard to render the word Allatrare in French, but in Englifh " to bark at," feems to come near the fenfe of it. f Sic a majoribus noftris accepimus, prastorem quasftori fuo parentis loco effe oporterc. Divin, in Verr. 61.

turned

iEMILIUS, FLAMINIU5,

Confuls.

217

turned to Rome, and inceffantly exclaimed with Fa- A- R- s^S' * "h bius in the Senate againft Scipio's immenfe and ufelefs This enmity rofe to the higheft excefs at cxpences.

undertook to accufe him in his life and that they brought on the affair again after his death, by propofmg a law to the People, that the necelTary enquiries might be made for knowing what was become of the money exacted from Antiochus and his fubjedls, which had not been brought into the public treafury. L. Furius Purpureo, a man of Confular dignity, one of the ten commiffioners who had been fent into Afia, defired that this enquiry might extend to the Kings and States of thofe countries, in order to involve Cn.
Psetilii
-,

It the time of which we arc fpeaking. that it was at Cato*s follicitation, that the

is

believed,

Manhus

his enemy in the affair. L. Scipio, who was more concerned than any other perfon in the enquiry

defired with fo

much

ardor, feemed only fenfible in

" that propofed precifely upon was the this law death of that great man. That they had not been contented with depriving him of the funeral oration with which his death ought to have been honoured, but attacked his life with calumnious accufations. That the Carthaginians, fatisfied with the banifhment of Hannibal, carried their refentment no farther but that the Roman People extended their hatred againft Scipio fo far, as to wound his reputation after his death, and to defire to facrifice his brother to the envy of his enemies.'* Cato fpoke in favour of the law propofed by the Tribunes. His difcourfe upon this fubjed: was extant in the time of Livy. The authority of fuch a perfon obliged the Mummii Tribunes of the People, to defift from their intended oppofition ; after which all the Tribes gave their fuffrages conformably to the intention of the Psetilii, and the law was pafTed. The Senate then nominated Q^ Terentius Culeo Prastor, to take cognizance of this affair, regulata the enquiry, and determine in confequence. Immediately after L. Scipio was accufed before him, with
refpe(5t to his brother's honour, and complained,
:

his

21
A.R.
565. his

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
named Cato, and

Confuls.

^"s^^

two Lieutenants Aulus and Lucius Hoflilius, firhis Qiireflor C. Furius Aculeo and, to infinuate that ail his oiEcers had their Ihare in the peculation, two regifters or clerks, and a ferjeant who had been employed under him, were included. But Lucius Hoftilius and the inferior officers were acquitted, before Scipio was tried. L. Scipio, his Lieutenant A. Hoftihus, and his Qu'<ElLor C. Furius were condemned, under pretext that Antiochus, in order to obtain more favourable conditions of peace, had given L. Scipio * four hundred and fourfcore pounds of gold in weight, and fix thoufand of filver, more than he had brought into the public treafury ; toj-A. Hoftilius fourfcore pounds of gold, and four hundred and three of filver and laftly, to the Qiisftor Furius J an hundred and thirty pounds of gold, and two hundred of filver.
,

Llv. XXXVlll.
58, 59

The

Prastor

Q^ Terentius having

terminated this

famous profecution, Hoftilius and Furius gave fecuAs to L. rity for the fums in which they were fined.
all the gold he had received to be carried into the public treafury without appropriating any thing, he was orUpon which P. Scipio dered to be carried to prifon. Nafica implored the aid of the Tribunes againft that violence, and made a I'peech in which he not only included a true, and at the fame time a very magnificent clogium of the houfe of Cornelia in general, but of his own branch of it in particular. He faid, " That the two Scipios, Publius and Lucius his brother, who was to be imprifoned, and himfelf who then fpoke, were the fons of Cncus and Publius, thofe two illuftrious Generals who had made war fo many years in Spain with the Carthaginian and Spanifn Generals and armie*i and who, after having add-

Scipioj as he protefted, that he had caufed

filver

and

The
The

r:o!d

The
f-

filver to

amounts to about Icventeen thoufand pounds fterling; about twenty-two thoufand rwo hundied and fifty pounds. gold tiiree thoui'-ud pounds. The filver leventeen hundred
and
fifty

ponnds.
I The gold five thoufand two hundred \t[, feven hundred and t'A'ty por.nds.

ponnd:.. Tlif

fil-

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
cd
to the

Confuls.

219

Roman name, not only by A. R. 565. but the example of temperance, "37. juftice, and faith, which they had given thofe nations, had at length both been killed fighting glorioufly for That it had been no fmail hothe Commonwealth. nour for their children to fuftain the reputation of but that Scipio Africanus had fo much their fathers furpaffed his in glory, and had raifed himfelf fo much above the condition of other mortals, that the Romans were convinced, he was defcended from the Gods. That as to L. Scipio, who was at prefent in queftion, not to mention what he had done in Spain and Africa as his brother's Lieutenant, the Senate, after having eleded him Conful, had conceived fo high an idea of his capacity, that they had in a peculiar manner granted him the province of Afia, and had commiflioned him and that his broto make war againft Antiochus ther's efteem for him had induced him to ferve under him as his Lieutenant, he who had been twice Conful and Cenfor, and who had triumphed over Hannibal
glory of the
their military virtues,
:
,

and the Carthaginians. That in this war, as if fortune had defigned to prevent the glory of the Lieutenant from obliterating that of the Conful, P. Scipio had been left fick at Elaea, where he continued at the time his brother had given Antiochus battle, and deThat to find a pretence feated him near Magnefia. for accufing the vidtor after a peace, it was fuppofed That it did not appear, that the that he had fold it. fame reproach extended to the ten commiflioners, with whofe advice Scipio had concluded it. That even amongft thofe ten commifTioners there were fome who
had accufed Cn. Manlius, not only without obtaining
entire credit, but without being able to fufpend his tri-

umph in
**

the

leafl.

pretended, that the conditions of peace granted Antiochus by Scipio, render that General fufpe(5led of having favoured an enemy at the expence of the Commo/iwealth. Some are fo bold as to advance, that his whole kingdom has been left him, and that he has loft nothing of what he pofTefied before
it is

But

his

220
A. R.
5^5-

his

iEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS, Confuls. And they venture to fay, that of defeat.

all

the

"g" ^'

gold and fdver exafled from that Prince, no part has been brought into the pubhc treafury ; and that the whole has been appropriated to private advantage. How great a calumny is this Was not as great a quantity of gold and filver fhewn to the public on the day of Scipio's triumph, as the whole fpoils of ten triumphs together, chufe which we will, could not equal ? What need I mention the bounds fet to the dominions of the conquered Prince, to an whole People who know that before the battle Antiochus was mafter of all Afia, and the countries of Europe adjacent to it ? Nobody is ignorant that the country from Mount Taurus to the j^lgean fea, forms a great part of the univerfe, and contains a great number not only of cities, but of provinces and nations. That this whole region, v/hich is above thirty days march in length, and more than ten in breadth between the two feas, has been taken from Antiochus, and that he has been banifhed to the extremity of the world. Admitting that peace was not fold him, which is true, could, a greater part of his dominions be taken from him ? That after Philip and Nabis were conquered, the firft had been left Macedonia, and the other Sparta. That this had not been made criminal to Quintius without doubt becaul'e he had not a brother
!

whofe glory drew envy upon him, inflead of preferving him from calumny. That though the whole ellate of Scipio were to be fold, including a great number of inheritances that had fallen to him, they would fcarce amount to the fum which he was declared to have appropriated to his own advantage. How then could any body fuppofe that he had received fo much money from Antiochus ? That in an houfe, not exhaufted by luxury, a confidcrable increafe of riches fhould be found, if the accufation formed againft Scipio had any foundation. That the enemjes of that General, not being able to find the fum, in which they had caufed him to be condemned, by the Ikle of his goods, were going to fatiate their envy ^
like Scipio Africanus,

221 by loading fo ilkif- a.r. 565. ^8*7.^" trious a man with chains, and throwing him into a dungeon, to be the companion of thieves and aflafTins, and in which he would expire miferably, to be afterwards thrown out of the prifon-gates. That fo unworthy a treatment would refled more difgrace upon, the city of Rome, than upon the houfe of the Corenvy and hatred upon
his perfon,
nelii."

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

Terentius contented himfelf to oppofe ^'^' xxxvm. Nafica with the law Paetilia, the decree of the Senate, 60.^

The Prxtor

and the fentence paffed againft Scipio, which he ordered to be read adding, that if he did not caufe the fimi in which he had been condemned to be paid into the public treafury, he could not difpenfe with fentencing him to be imprifoned. The Tribunes of the People having retired to deliberate, Fannius returned a moment after, and declared for himfelf and his collegues, except Gracchus, that the Tribunes did not oppofe the execution of the fentence. Ti. Gracchus then faid, " That he would not hinder the fums which Scipio was condemned to repay unto the treafury from being levied upon his eftate ; but that he would never fuffer a General to be imprifoned with the enemies of the Roman People, who had conquered the moft powerful King of the world ; who had extended the bounds of the empire to the extremities of the univerfe ; who had attached to the Romans, Eumenes, the Rhodians, and fo many other cities and States of Afia by the many obligations he had laid upon them in the name of the Roman People i and laftly, who had laid fo many of the Generals of the enemy in prifon ; and that he decreed that he fliould not be deprived of his liberty." The decree of Gracchus was received with fo much applaufe, and Scipio's liberty gave the whole People fo much joy, that it might have been thought it was at fome other place and not at Rome that he had been con-,

demned.

The Praetor afterwards

fifcate

ordered the Qiiceftors to conand caufe the eflates of L. Scipio to be fold.

^^^*

*^^'^'

There

222
A.R.
565.
'

JEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Coiifuls.

187.

Xhere not only appeared no fign of having received nioney from Antiochus, but the fale did not produce the twenty-feven thouland pounds required of him. His relations, friends, and clients, raifed a contribution amongft themfelves, and offered him fo confiderable a fum, that if he had accepted it, he had been

much

richer

than he was before his fentence.

all

He

thanked them
:

for

their generofity,

but would

he only fuffered his neareft relations take nothing to buy fuch of his moveables for him as were neceffary for living with decency ; and the public hatred, to which the Scipios had been vidims, retorted upon the Praetor, the judges, and the Accufers. When we confider the accufations formed againfl thefe two great men, we may well cry out with Sci" Oh * how often are the citizens, moft zeapio lous for the honour of the Commonwealth, and who have rendered it the greateft fervices, to be lamented, as their great adlions are not only forgot, but even the greatell crimes are imputed to them !"
:
!

Miferos interdum cives, optime dr. republica meritos In quibus homines non modo res prjeclarifTimas oblivifcuutur, led etiam nefarias
!

lufpicantur.

Pro. Mil. 83.

SECT.
Confuls.
Jujiice done

IIL

Defcripticn of the country of the Ligurians^ the perpetual enemies of the Romans. They are fiihjeSled by the two
the
Galli Cenomanes.
Allies.

tion in refpe5l to the

Latin

M.

Fu'.vius

Regulademands

a triumph, and obtains it, notivilhjianding the oppoStrange and abofttion of a Tribune of the People. minable fanaticifn of the Bacchanalians difcovered^ and Marciits is farprized, beaten, pu7iifhed, at Rome. and put to flight by the Liguriam. Belter fuccefs in Combat of Athlet.e. Origin of the war "ji^itb Spain. Philip* s grievances in refpeoi to the Romans, Perfcus. He prepares for renewing the war. Upon the complaints

cffeveral States againft Philip, Rome fends three commiffioners

JEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
mijfioners into their countries,

Confuls.

22j

who,

after having heard

the feveral parties,

make

Spain, and in

Liguria.

from Greece
thither.

to

Rome.

Good ftucefs in Return of the commiffioners The Senate fends new deputies
regulations.

Philip caufes the principal perfons of

Maronxa

to he affaffxnated. to

He fends

his

younger fon Demetrius

Rome.
part
things of which

we have a. R. 565, two Confuls made ^"*- ^' ^' war in Liguria. This nation feemed deftined to ex- ljv*. crcife the arms of the Romans, and to keep up their xxxix. i. military difcipHne at the times when they had no imThere was no province fo portant wars to fuftain. proper as this for keeping the foldicry employed. For Afia, by the beauty and charms of its cities, the abundant luxury with which both the land and fea
paffed, the
it, the effeminacy of the enemy they ailed and the opulence of its Kings, lent home the Roman armies richer, but did not render them more warlike. This was particularly experienced under Cn. Manlius, who, from having indulged the troops

of the WHILST been fpeaking

fupplied
againft,

in too great a licentioufnefs in that country, fuffered a confiderable defeat in Thrace, where he found the

difficult and the enemy more warlike. On the contrary, in Liguria every thing contributed to keep the troops in play and attentive to their duty a

ways more

rough country
paffes,

deep and narrow of mountains with perpetual ambufcades ; aftive and vigofull
;

rous enemies,

who

fell

upon them when they

leaft

ex-

peftedit-, fortreffes ftrong by art and

nature,

which

they were under the neceffity of attacking by expofing themfelves to continual labours and dangers ; and
iafbly,

a poor and barren country, in which the foldier was obliged to live hardly, without hope of gaining

confiderable fpoils to
fatigues.

make them amends

for their

The Conful C. Flaminius feveral times defeated the Ligurians, called Friniates, in their own country, reduced them to lubmit to the power of the Romans,
and

Jbid.

2.,

224
A.R.
565.

.^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

CoRfuIs.

and took away their arms. But, as they had conceal^^^^ greatelt part of them, they loon refumed them, ^^ ^xlr?'
quitted their towns, difperfed into the inacceffible places and fteep rocks and not believing themfelves fufficiently lafe there, they pafled the Appennine moun-,

The General purfued them thither, and after they had defended themfelves for fome time upon the eminences to which they had retired, he obliged them He then made a ftridler fearch for their to furrender. arms, and deprived them entirely of them. He then marched againft the Ligurians called Apuani, who had made fuch frequent incurfions into the territories of Pifa and Bologna, that it had not been polTible for Having alfo fubthe inhabitants to fow their lands. jefted that people, he fecured the peace and tranquillity of all the neighbouring parts, who gave him the higheft praifes and thanks. This kind of expeditions, which are very laborious and difgufting in themfelves, but at the fame time very beneficial, render a General, who employs his whole care upon them without remiflion, the more eftimable, as they have nothing Ihewy in them, or that fooths the ambition of a warHe thought himfelf fufficiently rewarded by rior. the pleafure of doing good to mankind, and of pro* Something of this kind we fee curing them repofe. in our times. Flaminius not being able to employ his troops longer in war in a country where he had left them no enemies,
tains.

work upon a i" Way from Bologna to ArThis was an admirable cuftom of the Romans, who confidering inadtion and idlenefs as a fatal fource of effeminacy and vice, always kept their foldiers employed, either in military or public works. This perpetuated fo exaft and levere a difcipline amongll their troops, and at the fame time rendered them indefatigable and invincible.
fet

them

to

retium.

Mr, RoUIn feems here to allude to Corfica. We muft not here confound the great road in queftion, with that called the Via Flaminia, which was made during the adniiniltratjora of this Conful's father, that is, the Conful killed in the battle of Thralymenus,

The

/EMILTUS, FLAMINIUS, The Conlul M. -ffimilius attacked

Confuls.

225
565.
'

other Liglirian A. R.

States with the fame vigour and luccefs.

He

deprived

'^g

them all of their arms, and made them come down Having refrom the mountains into the plains. eftabliflied peace in Liguria, he marched his troops into the lands of the Gauls, and made a great road from Placentia to Ariminum, where it joined the Via
Flaminia. Furius, the Prsetor of Gaul, feeking in peace a Liv. pretext for making war with the Cenomanes, with xxxix. whom he had no fubjed of difcontent, had attacked, and difarmed them. That People fending to Rome

j,

of this injuftice, were referred to the Conful T^milius, and having pleaded their caufe before that General, whom the Senate had impowered to decide it, were declared innocent, and Furius had
to complain

orders to quit the province. The Senate afterwards gave audience to the deputies of the Allies, who, from all parts of Latium,

were come to reprefent that great numbers of their people were fettled at Rome, and caufed themfelves to be included in the Cenfus with thofe of the city. The Prsetor Q^Terentius Cuko was appointed to make the enquiry, and to fend home all thofe into their country, whom the deputies Ihould prove to have been inrolled there; either in their own perfons or by their fathers, during the cenforfiiip of C. Claudius and M. Livius, or that of their fucceflbrs. This enquiry fent home twelve thoufand Latines into Latium, and difcharged Rome of the multitude of ftrangers who began to be a burthen to it. Before the Confuls returned to Rome, the Procon- xbid. ful M. Fulvius arrived there from iEtolia. After having given the Senate an account in the temple of Apollo of what he had done in iEtoiiaand Cephallenia, he defired the Senators, in the ufual form, to decree that, for the fuccefs of his arms, due thanks might be returned to the Gods, and that he miglit be permitted to enter the city in triumph. The Tribune M. Aburius declared, that he oppofed whatever might be Vol. V. deQ^
.

'

4.,

26

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Coniuls.

A.R. 565. decided in that refpeft before the arrival of the Cor> ^"g\^' ful ^milius. He added, " that that magiftrate had alledge againit the demand of Fulvius, and reafons to
that in fetting out for his province he had defired

him

to prevent any thing from being refolved in that refThat this delay did Fulvius no peil till his return. prejudice, and that the Senate vvoukl fhill be at liberty, even in the prefence of the Coniul, to decree what they iTiould deem proper." M. Fulvius replied, " that though the public were not apprized of the enmity iEmilius bore him, and of the animofity and almoft tyrannical haughtinefs with which that Conful carried on his bad proceedit would be highly ings againft him even to excefs inconfiftent that his abfence fhould defer the duty owed to the Gods, and the reward himfelf had deferved ; and that a General fhould be ftopt at ths gates of Rome, who had fought fuccefsfully for the glory of the Commonwealth, with the vidtorious army, the prifoners he had brought with him, and the fpoils with v/hich the troops were laden, till it fhould pleafc the Conful, who (lopped on purpofe, to return into But what juftice could he expeft from a the city. magiflrate, who aband^oned himfelf to paffion and hatred to fuch a degree, as to have a decree clandcftinely pafTed by a Imall number of Senators to declare that Ambracia had not been taken by force of arms whilft it was certain, that it had been neceflary to employ mantles, towers, and battering rams for making breaches in the walls that they had been obliged to make new batteries in the room of thofe which the befieged had burnt and deftroyed that they had fifteen daj^^ round the above fought walls and under ground ; that the foldiers, when maflers of the walls, were forced to fight from morning till night ; and laftly, that more than three thoufand of the enemy had been killed during the fiege. That he had carried his enmity fo far as to accufe him before the Pontiffs of having plundered the ornaments of the tem-,

;.

-,

ples in a city taken

by force of

arras

as

if it

had been

^MILIUS, FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

227
^- s^S'
*

been allowable to take away the fpoils of Syracufe ^and other cities to adorn Rome with them, and Ambracia was a privileged city, and the only one from which nothing could be carried off without committing facrilege. That he implored the Senators and the Tribune himfelf not to expofe him to the intended injuries of an enemy actuated by pride and haugh'tinefs."

^g^.

Senators immediately began, fome to intreat from his oppolition, and others But v/hat moft ferved Fulvius, was to reproach him. the fpeech made by Ti. Gracchus, one of Aburius's
the Tribune to defift
that he abhorred to ufe the even againft his own enemies but that nothing was more fliameful nor more unworthy of a Tribune of the People, than to ufe the authority given them by the facred laws to gratify the paffions of any one. * That it was from the fentiments of the heart People love or hate, and from reafon that they fhould either approve or condemn, and not the caprice of others, in making it a rule, and blindly givThat the Tribune was in the wrong to ing into it. fupport the unjuft hatred of the Conful, to regard the particular orders he had given him, and to forget that the Roman People had confided the Tribunitian
collegues.
laid,
*'

The

He

power of

his office

pov/er to

him

to aid the citizens

when

neceffary,

and

maintain them in the enjoyment of their liberty, and not to favour the tyranny of Confuls. That he did not refieft, that pofterity would know to his difgrace, that of two Tribunes of the People of the fame year, the one had facrificed his private refentments to the general good of the Commonwealth, and the other had purlbed thofe of another, through no other motive but a mean com>pliance with him who had com-

manded

it."

The Tribune gave

when he had

in

to thefe remonftrances

and

quitted the affembly, a triumph was de-

* Suo quemque judicio & homines odifle aut diligere, S: res probare aut iiuprebare debere, noii pendere ex alterins vultu ac nutu, nee alieni momentis animi circumagi. LiV.

0^2

creed

228
A.R.
565.

v?.MILIUS,
creed to

FLAMINIUS,

Confuls.

^187^'

M. Fulvius. The latter, having been informed that ^milius, to whom the Tribune had wrotse that he had defifted, after having fet out to oppofe this ceremony m perlbn, had been taken Tick upon the way, anticipated the day of his triumph, that it might precede the Conful's return, and the new difputes which he would have upon his hands with an enemy lb virulent againft him. Eefides very confiderable fums of gold and filver, arms, machines of war, and other fpoils of the enemy, v/ith twenty-feven officers of diftinclion prifoners of war, which adorned this triumph two hundred and eighty-Eve brafs ftatues, and two hundred and thirty marble ones were carried in it fatal nourijQrmient of the tafte for thofe works of art, which began to prevail at Rome, and foon after made The Triumpher caufed five and fuch terrible havock twenty denarii to be diftributed to each of his foldiers (about twelve fliillings and fix-pence) twice as much to the Centurions, and thrice to the horfe. Towards the end of the year Cn. Manlius Vulfo trivimphed over the Gauls who inhabited Afia. He had deferred his triumph, through fear of being cited to
, ,
!

a trial in virtue of the lav/ Pa^tilia during the Prretorfhip of Q^ Terentius Culeo, and of being the vidlim

of the enemy that had cruilied L. Scipio. He knew, that the judges would be more inexorable in refpecl to him, than they had been in the affair of his predeceffor, becaufe he had fuffered the foldiers to live in a general licentioufnefs, that had abfolutely ruined the military difcipline which Scipio had caufed to be obferved with great feverity. And it was not only the account of the exceffes into which they had ran in the province, and out of the fight of the citizens, that rendered them odious but itill more thofe to which they abandoned themfelves every day before the eyes of the Roman People. For * it was Manlius, and
-,

* Lnxurije peregrinse orlgo ab exercitu Afiatico

eft

convivalia Indionui-a obleftamenta addita epulis. Epuke quoque ipfie & cura 8c fumptii niajore apparari cceptx. coquus, viliiranuju antiquis mancipium^ & eftjniatioae

Tum

invciSla

in

urbem

pfaltrijc fumbuciftriaeque, Sc

Tum

Confuls. 229 under had ferved thofe who him, who introduced the^-^-s^s* "g^,^* luxury and voluptuoufnefs of Afia at Rome. It was they who brought in the beds adorned with brafs, rich tapeftry, curtains for beds and litters, and other works laboured with art, and which was confidered then as the height of luxury, tables Handing upon a It was they who to the pleafmgle foot, and buffets. lures of the table added that of mufic, having in their pay female players upon the harp and other inflruments, buffoons, a<5lors, and the like fort of people, whofe trade it was to divert the guefls whilfb at table. At this time they began alfo to cook their difhes with more pains and delicacy. And in confequence, a cook, who of old was the meaneft of ail flaves, was confidered as the moft neceffary, and moft efteemed fervant of the houfe and that which was at firft confidered as the vilefl and moft contemptible of offices, became a confiderable and important employment. But thefe exceffes, the novelty of which furprized at that time, were only a faint image of the enormous luxury into which the Romans plunged afcerv/ards. Manlius's triumph was very fplendid and magnificent. The whole army in general, in tlie military fongs which ufually attended that pomp, gave him the praifes which manifeftly proceeded from his facility and inThis occafioned his triumph to be more dulgence. applauded by the foldiers than the people.
;

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,

Sp.

POSTUMIUS AlBINUS,
Philippus,

A.R.

566.

Q^Marcius

^fze^'

kind of inteftine confpiracy, covered with the lj^. pretence of religion, kept the two Confuls this year at xxx.'j?. Rome, and did not leave them at liberty to employ ^""^9* themfelves in military expeditions. certain Greek of neither birth nor note came firil to Tufcany, and brought thitl\er new facrifices, or more properly, fran-

matione

&

ufu,

in

pretio
ilia,

efTe

haberi ccepta.

Vix tamen futura; luxurias. Liv.

k, quod mir.i!terium fnerat, ars quae turn co-irpici>.b.intur, temiiia eraat

;

Q.3

tic

230
A. R.
566. tic
"

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS, Confuls. and criminal fuperftitions. He was not one

who,
'for

of

1^86.

thofe,

fubfiftence, profefs

publickly Ibme

religious worfhip,
nies

and teach people rites and ceremowhich include nothing contrary to the interefts and His myfceries were unknown, and laws of fociety.

celebrated in fecret.
:

At firft he initiated only a fmall number of perfons but he foon admitted inditferently And in orall who offered themfelves of either fex. der to attract a greater number, he prepared them
v/ith the pleafures

of wine and feafting. The darknefs of the night giving room for abandoned licentioufnefs, all kinds of crimes and abominations were committed at thefe meetings. So horrid a libertinifm was not the Abundance only vice of thefe noflurnal affemblies. iffued fource ; crimes from fame corrupt the of other writings, witnefs, forgery of other wills and as falfe informations againft innocent perfons, poifoning, and lailly, murders committed fo fecretly, that the very bodies of the unhappy perfons were not found to have
interment.

Thefe abominations from Tufcany reached

like a contagious difeafe that fpreads gradually.

Rome
The

greatnefs of the city kept

as ufually happens.

them concealed fome time, But at length it came to the

in the

knowledge of the Conful Poftumius

following

manner. P. vEbutius, the fon of a Roman Knight, having loll his father, and his mother (whofe name was Duronia) having married again, he had fallen into the hands and guardianfhip of Sempronius his father-in-law. The latter, who had managed his pupil's eftate fo as not to be capable of giving an account of it, conceived thoughts of ridding him.lelf of the young man. The means v/hich feemed to him m.oft proper for that end, was to caufe y^butius to be initiated in this fe6l of the Bacchanalians. His wife, to whom he had imparted his dcfign, propoled it to the young man, and told him that during the time he had been fick, fhe had vowed to the Gods, that flie would initiate him amongft the Bacchanalians as foon as he recovered. He readily confenced to accomplifli a vow,
to

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
made

Confuls.
his life,
it,

231
A. R.
56^.'

to which he believed himfelf indebted for

certain prefcribed preparations for

and of which

"g^^^'

one of the principal confifted in abftaining from women during ten days. This young man had contrafted a commerce with a courtezan, who lived in the neighbourhood, called Hifpala Fscenia. She had fentiments uncommon to perfons of her profefilon, and had attached herfelf to young ^Ebutius out of efteem and affedion, and not at all from the motive of interefr. By her liberality .he was enabled to live in an handfome manner, which he could not otherwife have done through the avarice of his father-in-law, and even of his mother, who in refpect to him was become a very
mother-in-law. As the young man concealed nothing from her, he declared to her that he intended to be initiated in the myfteries of the God Bacchus, and told her the reaibn. *' May the Gods forbid," cried out Hifpala, terrified with what he faid, " and rather give us both death, " than fuffer you to execute fo fatal a defign." i^butius furprized at her difcourfe, and llill more at the concern of Hifpala, defired her to explain herfelf.

She told him, that when diQ was a flave, fhe had waited upon her miftrefs to thefe myfteries, where flie had never been fmce flie had been free but that Ihe had feen enough at them to convince her, that there was no kind of vices to which perfons did not abandon themfelves in thefe nofturnal affemblies. She did not quit him, till Ihe had made him fwear, that he would entirely renounce fuch deteilable myfteries. After this converfation, he went home to his mother's ; and on her telling him what he m.uft do that and the following day to prepare himfelf for the ceremony of which fhe had fpoke to him, he declared to her in the prefence of his father-in-law, that he would not be initiated. Duronia imm.edia.tely cried out in a rage, that Hifpala had given this advice that inchanted by the poifonous charms of that Circe, he regarded neither his father, mother, nor the Gods,
:
:

The

difpute growing

warm by

degrees, Sempronius

0^4

and

232
A. R.
565.
'

'POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
man went
dirediiy

Confuls.

and Duronia turned him out of doors.

told her the reafon for his

The young
and

"gg

to his father's fifter ^^butia,

mother's turnino- him out The next day, by the advice of that of her houfe. lady, he v/ent to the Conful Poftumius, to whom he fecretly told all he knew of thefe nofturnal myfteries. That magiftrate, having heard him, difmified him with orders to return three days after. That time he employed in making the neceffary enquiries. He began by T^butia, the young man's aunt, whom^he defired to go to the houfe of his mother-in-law Sulpicia, a lady- of great diftinclion. Upon the firft queftions which he made her, flie wept, complaining of her nephew's misfortune, who, deprived of his eftate even by thofe that ought to have protedled him, was then at her lioufe, having been turned out of his mother's, for only having too much innocence and modefty to confent to partake in myfteries that were faid to be full of

horrors and obfcenities.

He then fent for Hifpala, who was more capable than any one of giving hirn an exad account of all thefe dark myfteries. As foon as fhe faw the Conful, llie fwooned, and did not recover from her fright without great difHculty. Poftumius having encouraged her, took her into the moft private part of the houfe, and there, in the prefence of Sulpicia he told her, " that fne had nothing to fear, if flie could refolve
to
tell

the truth
beft,

that

himfelf, or Sulpicia, if fhe

would give her their promife and full aiTurance of this. That ftie muft therefore inform him without any difguife of all that ufually paffed in
thought
the noclurnal Sacrifices of the Bacchanalians in the grove SiimAila." (This was probably the name of a Goddefs invoked in thefe ceremonies.) On thefe Vv'ords Hifpala was feized with fuch terror and a trembHng of every limb, that fiie continued a great while without being able to open her mouth. When ftie had recovered herfelf. Hie declared, that whilft fhe was a flave and very young, ftie had accompanied her miftrefs to thefe facrifices but that during feve:

ral

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
ral years fince (he

Confuls.

233
A. R. 566.
"g^^

had been

free,

flie

had known no-

As fhe perfifted in thing of what palTed in them. denying that jfiie knew any thing farther, the Conful afTuming the tone of fupreme magiflrate, declared to her, " that as he was perfectly informed in every thing, he did not want her evidence ; but that he well knew how to puniih her criminal filence and impudent lies as they deferved." Terrified by thefe menaces, and at the fame time a little encouraged by the kind expreifions of Sulpicia, fhe began by declarmg that fhe was afraid of the Gods, whofe hidden myfteries fhe was going to reveal, but ftill more of men, who, when they fhould know what fhe had faid The Conful againft them, would tear her to pieces. having promifed her entire proteftion, flie difcovered every thing to him, tracing things from their origin. She told him, " that at firfl thefe myfteries had been celebrated by women, no man being admitted to them. That three days in the year were fet apart for the initiation of thofe who offered themfelves to be admitted into this fociety. That the women fucceeded each other as prieitefs, each in their turn. But that Paculla Minia of Capua having been raifed to that dignity, had introduced changes and innovations in thefe ceremonies, with which fhe faid flie had been infpired by the Gods. That it was Ihe who had admitted the firft men to be prefent in them, namely, her two Ions Minius and Herennius. That fhe had caufed thefe facrifices to be celebrated in the night, and not in the day and that inftead of three days fet apart every year for the initiations, fne had inftituted five every month. That fince men had been admitted into them, and the darknefs of the nifi;ht had admitted a licentioufnefs which day-light had banifhed before, there were no kind of crimes, vices, and abominations, to which they had not abandoned themfelves without fcruple. That thofe who retufed to fliare in them were inhumanly malTacred, as vi6lims After having reto appeafe the wrath of the Gods." criminal ceremonies^ fhe added, lated other lefs
-,

'*

That

234
A.R. 566."
Ant. C.
i86.

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
That
the

Confuls.

number of
it

the initiated was already fo

a fecond

great, that

compofed
illuftrious

People

at

Rome, of

v;hich

many

perfons of both fexes were

part."

She concluded with proftrating herfelf at the Conand imploring him out of pity to tranfport her far from Italy into fome place, where fhe might be fafe from the revenge of thofe whofe vile actions Poftumius afTured her that fhe fhe had dilcovered. had nothing to- fear, and that he would provide for In the her fecurity without making her quit Rome. mean time, Sulpicia lodged her in a ieparate apartment As for ^butius, he was orat the top of her houfe. the houfe of one of the Conful's clients. in dered to flay this care of the two informers, having taken Poftumius Senate with all the he had learnt. acquainted When he had made his report, the Senators were They apprehended the feized with a double terror. confequenc.es of fo pernicious a confpiracy for the Commonwealth, and each of them was particularly afraid, left fome of their own family or friends might be engaged in it. It was decreed that the Conful ihould be thanked for the pains he had taken in difBy the covering the whole without noife or tumult. fame decree the Senate appointed him and his collegue
fal's feet,

to enquire in an extraordinary manner concerning the minifters of thefe nodurnal ceremonies, and their accomplices and adherents, taking great care to protect

iEbutius and Hifpala from their cruelty, and promifino- rewards to whomfoever fhould affift them in difThey alfo decreed covering this myftery of iniquity.
that the priefts and prieftelTes, who prefided in thefe facrifices, fhould be feized not only at Rome, but in all the other adjacent towns and cities, and that

they fhould be at the difcretion of the Confuls that it ihould be prohibited at Ronie by an edicl, which fhould be alfo fent throughout all Italy, for all fuch as had been initiated amongft the Bacchanalians, to affemble upon the occafion of thefe facrifices, or any The decree exprefly ceremony relating to them.
:

nien-

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
that all fuch

Confuls.

235
A. R. 566'

Ihould be puniihed who mentioned the lives or honour of any perfon confpired againft had
whatfoever.

"^jgs^'

commanded the curule ^diles to find the priefts of thefe facrifices, to feize them, and to keep them confined, in order to their being interrogated from time to time, and the vEdiles of the People to take care that no facrifices (hould be per-

The
all

Confuls

out

formed in fecret. The Triumviri Capitales (officers of juftice employed in criminal atfairs) were ordered
to plant fentinels in the difi'erent quarters of the city,

and to prevent nodlurnalaffemblies. And in order to prevent fires, commiffion was given to ten other of the civil officers, fome on one fide, and five on the other of the Tiber, to take care in concert with the Triumviri, and under their orders, for the prefervation of buildings, each in their refpeftive quarters. As foon as the difpofitions were made, the Confuls called an alfembly of the People. Pofbumius Ipoke, and began with the folemn prayer which the magiftrates repeated previoully to haranguing the People. This cuftom is remarkable, and ffievvs that the Romans implored the aid of the Divinity on all important occafions. The Conful added, " That this prayer was never more neceffary than in the afi'air upon v/hich he v/as to fpeak to them, which equally concerned the worffiip of the Gods, and the fafety of the Commonwealth. That a new religion under the name of the Bacchanalians had been eftabiifhed not only in the provinces, but Rome itfelf, during fome years ; and that it confided of nodurnal aifemblies of men and women, in which all kinds of the moft execrable crimes were committed. That every kind of libertinifm, fraud, villany, and impiety, that had been a6ced during fome years, had come out of that infamous fociety. That the number of the perfons initiated into that impious fed; encreafed daily, and might become formidable to the State itfelf, if the progrefs of it were not ftopt. That many had been drav/n into the error through weaknefs and ignorance, becaufe nothing is

more

236
A. R.
566.

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
^o"^^^^*^ ^i'^h the

Coufuls.
fuperftition

more capable of feducing than a criminal

"^iJ'e!''

venerable garb of religion. That it v/as not unlikely, but that fome of their kindred or

engaged in this infamous fociety but, in that cafe, that they ought to own them no more for friends and relations. That they ought not to be alarmed by any fcruples upon this occafion, nor fear of afting contrary to religion in approving and feconding the feverity of the Senate and Confuls againft execrable crimes, the horror of which the guilty endeavoured to hide under the veil of piety to the Gods. That the Gods themfelves, not beino; able to fuffer fuch crimes and facrileges to be committed in their names, had brought thefe enormities out of darknefs to expofe them in full light, not with defign that they fhou-ld remain unpunifhed, but that they might avenge, by the exemplary punifhmiCnt of
:

friends might through libertinifm have

the guilty, their violated majefly.

magiftrates were intent
their cares

That whilfl: the upon reforming this evil by and vigilance, they, on their fide, ought

punftually to perform the orders that fhould be particularly given for the fame end." The Confuls afterwards caufed the decree of the Senate to be read, and propofed a reward to whoever fhould bring before them, or inform them of any of their accomplices. At the fame time they " declared, that if any of thofe informed againft lliould fly, a certain fixed time fliould be fet for their appearance, after which they fhould be condemned for contumacy. That if any out of Italy fhould be accufed, a longer term fnould be granted them for appearing, and making their defence. They farther prohibited by an edid; all perfons, of whatioever condition they might be, from felling or buying any thing v/ith defign to favour the flight of the accufed ; or to take them into their houfes, keep them concealed, or afTift them in any manner whatfoever." As foon as the afTembly of the People was difmiffcd, the whole city was in a confternation, which

foon extended to the

territory

of Rome, and from

thence

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,
in

Confuls.

237
A.R.
566.
*

proportion as the citithence throughout all Italy, zens wrote to their friends and acquaintance to inform them of the decree of the Senate, the difcourfe of the Confuls to the People, and the edid which they had The night after the affembly caufed to be publilhed. of the criminals going to the fome People, the of order to efcape, were Itopt by city in the of gates thofe who were appointed to guard them, and put great number into the hands of the Triumviri. who had already got out, were brought back. Abundance both of men and women, were informed againif, amongft whom were fome who prevented punifhnient by a voluntary death. The number of the initiated of both fexes amounted to above feven thoufand.

"g^^

Four in particular, two of whom were of the city of Rome, and the other two of the neighbouring cities, were confidered as the heads of this impious cabal, the high-priefts, and founders of thefe facrifices, in a word, the authors of all the crimes and Such right meafures diforders committed in them. were taken, that they were foon feized. As foon as they appeared before the Confuls, they confefied their crime, and did not delay their fentence in the leaft. As many of thofe who had been informicd againfl, were not at Rome to appear and make their defence
before the Confuls, thofe magiftrates, in order to terminate this affair as foon as poffible, removed into
the neighbouring cities, to carry on the profecutions,

and to pafs fentence. Thofe who were not convicted of having been initiated, and of having pronounced the form of the oath di6lated by the Prastor, but not committed any of the excefTes to which they had obliged themfelves by their oath, were kept prifoners.

But the corrupters, murtherers, falfe-witnelTes, forgers, thofe who had counterfeited wills, or offered any other
death.

forged writings in evidence, were punifhed with The majority were found to deferve death. The women, whom the Confuls condemned, were put into the hands of their kindred or guardians, in order to their execution. If there was no body to

whom

238
A. R.
566.
*

POSTUMItJS, MARCIUS,
whom
"vvere

Confuls.

J 86,

they might be delivered to be puniflied, they publickly put to death. The Senate afterwards pafTed a * decree for deftroying and entirely demolifiiing firft at Rome, and next

throughout

all Italy,

the abominable places where the

That, if any one Bacchanalians were celebrated. it their to duty do fuch afts of religion, and thought could from performing it not be difpenfed he that without guilt, he Ihould deliver in his declaration to the Praetor of the city, who Ihould make his report of it to the Senate. That, if the Senate confifling of at leaft an hundred fathers permitted it to be done, he might offer his facrifice, on condition, however, that not above five perfons at moft fliould be prefent at it, that there fhould be no common purfe, and that no one ihould take upon him the quality of prieil or

m after of
It

the facrifices.

was thought proper to fend Minius Cerrinus the Campanian, one of the four principal heads of this fociety, to the prifon of Ardea, with orders to the magiftrates carefully to guard him, not only to prevent all means of his efcape, but even of killing
himfelf.

Poftumius being returned to Rome, after having and propofed to the Senate that a reward Ihould be given to P. i^butius and Hifpala, it was decreed that the Qii^eilors of the city fhould pay each of them an hundred thoufand afies Singular pri(about two hundred and fifty pounds.) vileges were granted to both, Amongft other things, Hifpala, who was a freed-womjan, was permitted to marry a free hufband, without imputation of infamy to the man who married her. The Confuls and Prstors for the time being were diredled to protedl her, and to fecure her againft all kinds of infult. All thefe regulations, and others expreffed in the decree of the Senate, were confirmed by a Relblution of the
finifhed his profecutions,
This decree is come down to us, and the learned have publiftied and commented upon it, as found upon a plate of brafs, that has endured fo many ages.
it

People,

POSTUMIUS, MARCIUS,

Confuls.

239

The Confuls alfo had orders to reward the A- R- s^^People. * informers as they fliould think proper, ^g^^ The event which we have juft related, fhews of what exceffes man is capable, when left to himfelf and
oath, that

To engage by the depravity of his corrupt nature. is by what is molt facred in religion, to commit the moll abominable of crimes
:

what blindnefs
^iv.
^q,

what

hc\;ror

The two Confuls had Liguria for their province, The affair of the Bacchanalians being terminated, they

Marcius fet out firft, prepared for their departure. and arrived amongft the Ligurians called Apuani. Whilft he v/as purfuing them in their forefts, their ufual refuge againft the Roman armies, he fell into ambufcades which they had laid for him, and loft four thoufand men, many enfigns, and a great quantity of arms. Almoft at the fame time news came to Rome, that LIv. ^^' C. Atinius, v/no had gone to Spain two years before as Praetor, had gained a confiderable advantage there. Having given the Lufitanians battle in the territory of Afta, he had killed them fix thoufand men, put the He marched imreft to flight, and taken their camp. mediately aiter to befiege the city of Afta with the victorious legions, and took it with as much eafe, as he had done the camp of the enemy. But having approached the walls with a little too much imprudence, (which is a great fault in a General) he received a wound of which he died fome days after. On this fide of the Iberus in Spain the Celtiberians The gave Manlius Acidinus battle, near Calaguris. Romans killed them tv/elve thoufand men upon the fpot, took two thoufand prifoners, and made themfelves mafters of their camp. If the ardor of the victors had not been ftopt by the arrival of his Tucceflbr, the Celtiberians would have been entirely fubje<51:ed. This change of Generals was a confiderable inconvenience in the form of the Roman government, but had however its great advantage*,

Ibid.

M.

Ful-

240
A. R.
566.

CLAUDIUS, SEMPRONIUS,
M.
in the

ConfuIsJ

"^jgg^'
Liv.

Fnlvius, to difcharge a vow, which he had made war of vEtolia, exhibited games at Rome,
firft

which were combats of Athletas, and hunting of hons

^j^^

xxxix. 22.

panthers for the

time.

A.R.

567.
*

Ap. Claudius Pulcher.

185.

M. Sempronius Tuditanus.
the Romans had fome time after and the Macedonians, had, according to Livy, another caiife than that commonly affigned by And the defign of the Roman hillorians before him. it was not conceived by Perfeus, but his father Pliilip, who would have begun it himifelf, if death had not prevented him. Of all the laws impofed upon that Prince as conquered, that which gave him mofl pain, was the Senate's having deprived him of the right to punifli fuch of the Macedonians as had quitted his party during the war, though Qiiintius, in referring the decifron of this point to another time, had given him room to hope that he fhould have fatisfadion in it. He had alfo other fubjefts of comiplaint, as the following. After the defeat of Antiochus at Thermopylae, the Conful Acilius and Philip had feparated, to go at the fame time, the one to befiege Heraclea, and the other Lamia. Now Acilius, after havina; reduced Heraclea, had forbad Philip to continue the fiege of Lamia, which afterwards furrendered to the Romans. The Confui indeed, to confole and mollify him, fufBut a King does fered him to gain fome advantages. and digeft forget eafily fuch haughty and rigorous not treatment, which leemed to reduce him into a kind of

Liv.

The war which

xxxix, 23, ^-^1^ Perfeiis

flavery.

Thefe referves of the Coniiil leemed to have fomewhat appeafed the indignation which Philip had conceived again ft the
fantly

Roman

hauo;htinefs
to fet

but he incef-

made -preparations

new

foi-ces

on

foot, in

order to be in a condition to renew the war, as foon as a favourable occafion Ihould offer. He not only
in-

CLAUDIUS, SEMPRONIUS,
increafed the taxes that fubfiiled

Confuls.

541
'^R- 5^7'
*

upon the eilates of the country, and the merchandize imported into the maritime cities, but he reinftated the old mines that

'j^^^.

had been abandoned, and caufed others newly difcoAnd, in order to repeopie his vered to be worked. dominions, the greateft part of the inhabitants of which had been carried off by the calamities of war, he did not confine himfelf to the meafures he had already taken, in obliging his rubje6ls to marry and of Thracians
he alfo fettled a great multitude propagate children in Macedonia, and during the whole time that he had no enemies upon his hands, he fpared no pains to augment the riches and ftrength of
:

his

kingdom.

foon gave him new matter of difconthe For Theffalians, Perrhsbians, and King tent. Eumenes, having brought their complaints to Rome, the firft by themfelves, and Eumenes by his' Ambaffathe Senate heard both fo as to give the comdors plainants caufe to judge they were inclined to efpoufe
j

The Romans

their caufe.

Other States

alfo

made their

reprefentati-

ons.

Rome

Philip did not omit to fend his Ambaifadors to to vindicate himfelf; affirming, tliat he had acled

nothing but in concert v/ith the Generals of the Commonwealth, and with their permifTion. The Senate not believing it proper to decide any thing in the King's
abience, fent three commifTioners to terminate thefb differences upon the fpot.

When they arrived at Tempe in Theffaly, an af~ fembiy was called, in which appeared on the one fide the Ambaffadors of the Theifalians, Perrhsebians, Athamantes, and on the other King Philip in perfon a very mortifying ffep in itfelf for fo powerful a Prince The Ambaffadors expreffed their fubje(5ls of as him. com.plaints againft Philip more or lefs ftrongly, each according to his charafter and genius. " Some * con*,

* Petentes ut ignofceret pro llbertate loquentibus ut, depofita doniini acerbitate, afiuefcerct fociuin atque amicum fefe priJEllare
;
-.

&

&

irnltsretar populuai Roraanum, qui caritate, Liv, fibi Toe 103 mallet.

quam metu, adjungere

Vol. V.

juring

242
Ant. c.

CLAUDIUS, SEMPRONIUS,

Confuls.

A. R. 567-junng the

King of Macedonia not to take offence at complaints which proceeded folely from the love mankind naturally have for liberty, implored him to quit the infupportable rigor of abfolute lord and mafter, dnd to affume in refpedt to them the good-will and favour of friend and ally, and to imitate in that the Roman People, who chofe rather to attach States to them by love than fear. Others, and efpecially the Theffalians, lefs moderate and referved, reproached him to his face with injuftice, violence, and ufurpaThat he had thereby fo much terrified all the tion. Theffalians, that there was not a fmgle man amongfl them, that dared to open his mouth either in their cities, or in the general affembly of the nation, the Romans who could fupport them in liberty being remote whereas they had upon their borders an imperious mailer, who would not permit them to enjoy the good And what was there intentions of the Roman People. debarred the in man, if liberty of fpeech? of freedom prcfumed reality, if they to groan rather than That in fpeak, they were indebted for it to the prefence and proteftion of the Roman commiflioners. That if the Romans did not find means to put an end to the fubje6lion of the nations that bordered upon Macedonia, and check the infolence of Philip, they had conquered him, and reflored the liberty of Greece in vain, * That, like a refty horfe, that Prince could only be kept in by fliarp and painful curbs." Philip, in order to appear rather the accufer than the accufed, on his fide made fome complaints in refpedt to places that he faid had been ufurped from him. Then, after having anfwered in his way the reproaches and demands of thefe different States, he added, *' That f the Theffalians paflionately abandoning themfelves
-,

* Ut

equum fternacem non parentem,

frenis afperioribus caftigan-

dum

efie.

immodicu abuti ThefTalos indulgentia populi Rof Infolenter iaani, velut ex diuturna fiti nimis avidc raeram haurjentes libertatem. Ita, fervorum modo prseter fpem repente manumifibrum, lilinguae experiri, tentiam vocis jaftare fele in feftatione con-

&

&

&

&

viciis

dominorum.

Ljv.

to

245 of entire and unlimited liberty, for a.r. 567, which they had long impatiently thirfted, infolently ^"g- ^' and exceiTively abufed the goodnefs and indulgence of the Roman People. That therein they refembled flaves, who, in the firft moments of a liberty obtained contrary to their expedtation, began the ufe of it with the excefs of licence, and made it a glory to treat their mafters with reproaches and infult.'* The commiflioners, after having heard the accufations and anfwers, the particulars of which I thought proper to omit, as little material to the reader, and
to the fweetnels

CLAUDIUS, SEMPRONIUS,

Confuls.

made fome
their
fide.

particular

regulations,
refpedtive

deferred

givinp-

judgment upon the

demands of

either

thence they went to Thefialonica, to examine to the cities of Thrace, and the Kinofolowed them highly difcontentcd. The Ambaffadors of Eumenes reprefented to the commilTioners, " That

From

what

related

'

Rome was refolved to refbore the liberty of the cities iEnca and Maronsea, the King was far from oppofing But that if fhe did not concern herfelf in refpecl it. thofe cities conquered from Antiochus, the fervices to of Eumenes, and thofe of Attalus his father, feemed
if

to claim that they fhould rather be given

up

to their

mafter than to Philip, who had no right to them, and had ufurped them by open violence. That befides, Eumenes had the decree of the ten commiffioners for him, who in granting him the Cherfonefus and the city of Lyfimachia, had undoubtedly granted
their very fituaappurtenances of fo confiderable a gift." The Maronites, who were heard next, complained bitterly of the injuftices and vio-

own

him yEnea and Maronaea, which by

tion

muft be confidered

as

lences which Philip's garrifon exercifed in their city.

Philip did not fpeak at this time in his ufual tone, but perfonally addrefTing his difcourfe to the Romans, he declared, " he had long perceived, that they were determined to do him juftice in nothing. He made a long enumeration both of the coniiderable injuries he pretended to have received, and of the

fer-

3.t4

CLAUDIUS, SEMPRONIUS,
567.

Confuls.
different occiJ-

A. R.

vices he
^^^"^
'

had rendered the Romans on

185.^*

infifting

much upon

the inviolable attachment

he had evidenced for them, fo as to refufe three thoufand talents, (about four hundred and fifty thoufand pounds) fifty fhips of war, and a great number of cities, which Antiochus had offered him to enter into That, notwithffanding, he had an alliance with hini. the grief to fee Eumenes preferred to him in every thing, v/ith whom he thought it below him to compare himfelf j and that the Romans, far from adding any thing to his dominions, as he conceived he had well deferved, deprived him of cities which were either his ov/n by right, or which themfelves had given " It is your bufinefs, Romans," faid he in him. concluding, " to refolve upon what terms I am to *' If you are determined to treat me be with you.
^'

as

an enemy, and to drive

me

to

extremities

as

" fuch, you have only to go on as you have began. " But if you flill regard in me the quality of a King,
your friend and ally, fpare me, I conjure you, the ." fname of fo unworthy a treatment, which I un" doubtedly do not deferve." This difcourfe of the Kifig made fome impreffion
*'

upon

the commifTioners.

They

therefore

would not
:

ablblutely

ner as to
*'

condemn him, but anfwered in fuch a manleave him fome hope. They declared

That if the cities in queition had been adjudged to Eumenes by the ten commiffloners, as he pretendThat ed, they could change nothing. in the decree. if Philip had acquired them by right of conqueft, it was juft that they fhould continue his. That if neither the one nor the other was proved, the cognizance of the affair ought to be referred to the Senate, and
in the mean time the garrifons to evacuate the cities ; the right of the parties on both fides to continue in all its extent." This regulation, which provifionally obliged Philip to withdraw his garrifons out of the cities, far from fatisfying that Prince, left in his heart a difcohtcnt and refentment, wliich would inevitably have
.

broken

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
broken out
in

Confuls.
life

245
had
af- A-R-s^/.
*"*
j'g"

an open war,

if a

longer

forded him time.

The two
troops,

Prretors

of Spain,

at firft received a flight

who had united their blow, but foon after

Liv,
'^^''^^^'

3'

gained a confiderable vidory near the Tagus. The loft above thirty thouland men in it. Above an hundred and thirty enfigns were taken in it. The lofs of the Romans was but inconfiderabl?. The two Confuls had alfo good fuccefs in Liguria. There was a very warm difpute concerning the Confullhip for the enfuing year, cfpecially between the Patricians, who to the number of four folHcited the fingle place they could have, for one was refervcd for the Plebeians. Of thefe four, three had already canvaffed this office ineffectually P. Claudius v/as the fole new candidate. The Conful Appius Claudius his brother, forgetting his dignity in his favour, ran about the Forum with him without being attended by his Li6Lors, and like a private perfon. His adverfaries, and the greateit part of the Senate, reprefented to him, that he ought to have mere regard to the character of Conful than to that of the brother of Jp. Claudius, and to remain upon his tribunal to be eitlier tlie arbiter, or quiet fpeftator of the election of the Confuls. He hov/ever continued his follicitation with no lefs warmth, and at length fucceeded in caufinohis brother to be elected Conful. L. Porcius Licinus, of the order of the Plebeians, was given him for

enemy

Liv.-ibici.

^'"

collegue.

P.
T

Claudius Pulcher.

i^-.R. 568.
-Ajlt.

13 T T. roRCius Licinus.

C. jg^.

The

commilTioners,

in

quitting Macedonia,

had

Liv.
^'^^-^^- 33-

repaired toAchaia, which they left highly difiatislied with the Achasans, who had refufed to call a general

At their return to aflembly to give them audience. Rome, they reported their commifnon to the Senate, and at the fame time introduced the AmbaiTadors of Philip and Eumenes, and thoie of other States. They only 3

246

.CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 56s.only repeated on each fide the fame complaints and anfwers, which had been aheady made in Greece. 184.. The Senators decreed a new commiflion, at the head of which Appius Claudius was placed, to go into Macedonia and Greece to enquire whether the Theffalians and Perrhsebians v/ere put into poiTeflion of the cities from which Philip had engaged to withdraw his garrifons, and to make him evacuate ^nea and Ma-

lAv.

xxxuc.

and in one word, to quit all the fortreJTes, terand cities which he poffelTed upon the maritime fide of Thrace. When Philip was informed by his Ambafiadors, 34.. ^-^^ were returned from Rome, that he muft abfolutely evacuate the cities of Thrace, exafperated to madnefs to fee his realm hemmed in on all fides, he
ronsea,
ritories,

vented his rage upon the inhabitants of Maronsea. He ordered Onoroaftus, who commanded along the fea-coaft, to caufe all the heads of the faftion againfl: him to be put to death. That officer employed one Caffander of the King's party, long fettled at Marofisea, to put that Prince's barbarous order in execuPie made a body of Thracians enter the place tion. in the night, who put thofe to the fword whofe deaths were defired, with the fame inhumanity as if it had been in a town carried by ftorm. Philip, having thus taken his revenge of thofe who were not of his faction, quietly waited the arrival of the commifTioners, Convinced that none would prefume to declare themfelves his accufers.

The commifTioners arrived foon after, and being informed of what had paffed at Maronaea, warmly reproached Philip with this bloody execution, no lefs unjuft to the innocent Maronsans, than an infult to the Roman People, whofe proteftion had occafioned fo cruel a dpath to thofe whofe liberty the Senate had
intended to eftablifh.
in this maffacre

That Prince

affirmed,

that

neither himfclf, nor any agents of his, had any ffiare

that it had been the effed of a comwhich had happened between his partifans and motion Eumenes. thofe of He went fo far as to propofe to'
:

the

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

247
5<58.
'

the commifnoners to interrogate the Maron^eans. But^^- ^who would have dared to accufe that Prince, after the "g*
terrible example of his vengeance ? " It is in " vain," faid Appius, the principal commifllonerj " for you to excule yourfclf. I know what hath " palled, and who was the author of it." Thefe words
late

gave Philip great anxiety. They however urged the no farther on this Piril interview. But the next day Appius commanded him to fend Onomaftus and Caffander immediately to Rome, in order to their being interrogated by the Senate upon the fa6t in queftion adding, that it was his only
affair
-,

means for juftifying himfelf. On this order, Philip changed colour, v/avered, and helicated long before he replied. At laft he faid, that he would fend Caffander, who was at Maront^a during the time of the affair but he infilled upon keeping Onomaftus with him, who, faid he, cannot be in the leaft fufpeded,
:

becaufe at the time of this maffacre he was very remote that country. His true reafon was his fear, that a man who had his confidence, and v/hom he had often employed on very delicate occafions, might difcover many fecrets to the Senate befides what related to the people of Maron^a. As to Caffander, as foon as the commiffioners had quitted Macedonia, he made him embark but he fent people with him, who poifoned him in Epirus, And fuch is often the reward of thofe who perpetrate the unjuft and tyrannical will

from

of bad Princes.
After the departure of the commifiioners, v/ho fet^^v._ out fully convinced, that Philip had ordered the maf-^'^^^''^' facre at Maronsea, and that he v/as upon the point of breaking with the Romans, the King of Macedonia faw all he had to fear. Refiefting alone and with his friends, that his hatred againft the Romans, and the defire of avenging himfelf began to appear, he was much inclined to take arms againft them imm.ediately, and to make v/ar openly upon them but, as his preparations were not yet compieat, he conceived an exPie refolved to fend his pedient for gaining time.
:

^^*

younger

4
^r^'
'

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
y^^'"'g^^

Confuls.

'\^'
jg]j_^

an hoftage in that

Rome, who had long been and having acquired etieem there, feemed more proper than any other perfon, as well to caufe his juftification to be accepted, as to obtain favour for what it would not be eafy to excufe. He therefore prepared every thing necelTary for this embalTy, and chofe perfons of confidence out of the principal lords of his court to accompany his
^o" Demetrius to
city,

fon.

At the fame time he promifed the people of Byzantium to aid them againft the Thracians, who incommoded them not that he was much concerned about their defence, but becaufe, in going to their aid, he fhould fpread terror amongft the petty Sovereigns of Thrace in the neighbourhood of Propontis, and fhould prevent them from being an obftacle to the defign he had formed of making war with the Romans. Accordingly, having conquered thofe petty Kings in a battle, and taken their leader, he difabied them from hurting him, and returned into Macedonia. I omit the difpute, which arofe between the Ach^ans and Lacedsemonians, of which the fame commiffioners, who had been fent by the Romans to Philip, took cognizance, becaufe that affair has more relation to the hiftory of the Greeks, than to that of the Romans.
;

It

is

treated with fufficient extent in the Antient Hif-

tory.

SECT.

w
(

249

SECT.
Very

IV.
Cato
is

warm

difpute concerning the Cenforfhip.

cho^

fen Cenfor^ notwithfianding the violent oppojition of the L. Valmus is his coHegue. Cato nominates Nobility.

He degrades L. collegue Prince of the Senate. ^jintius Flaminius. Cato's efforts againfi luxury. Gauls who pafs the Alps into Italy. 'They build a town, which
his

the
to

Romans

cppofe.

Complaints againjl Philip brought

.^

Rome. Demetrius his fon, who is there is fent back Death of three into Macedonia with the Ambaffadors. Gauls driven out of Italy., where illufirious Generals.
they are defirous
to fettle.

New

colonics.

Different

rumours upon the return of Demetrius

into

Macedonia.

He gives
jealoufy.

his brother great difqulct.,

and

his father

much
of

Violent

and

cruel proceedings
Philip.,

of

Philip in

TcfpeEl to his fubje^s.

upon the

infcrnir.tion

falfe witneffes fuborned by Perfeus^ puts Demetrius to

death.

him.

He himfelf dies of grief. Perfeus fucceeds Difpute between the Carthaginians and Mafmiffa, ConfiderSuccefsful expedition againfi the Li^urians.
The tomb of Numa defeat of the Celtiberians. in the earth. Ths Firft gilt flatue at Rome.

f.ble

found

ginians.
into

Ligurians ajk peace. Hofiages refiored to the CarthaThe Ligurians called Apuani are tranfported

Samnium. The Celtiberians are defeated by FulviuSy

in the very

ambufcades
glory.,

they

had

laid for him.

Fulvius,

crowned with

returns to Rome.

the Confuls in Liguria.

Expedition of Complaints againjt Gentius

King of
demned.
is

Illyricum.

Great number of poifoners conFulvius triumphs over the Celtiberians, and

Conful.
Firjl lazv
called Annalis.

elelied

Games

celebrated by the Conful Fulvius.

Reconciliation of the

two

CenforSy

who had

long been declared enemies.

P,

Clau-

230
A.R.568.
Ant. C.
,84.

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
Claudius PuLCHER. T PORCIUS LiCINUS. L. r
P.
T

Conflils.

Liv.
isxxix. 40.

year the eleclion of Cenfors occafioned very violent commotions. The Cenforfhip J^ was the fiipreme of honours, and, to ufe the exprcffion, the crown of all the dignities to which the ambition of

r~rS HIS

warm and

Roman

citizen could afpire.

it

Befides the great

pow-

ers

annexed to

in

refped: to the different kinds of

public affairs, it gave thofe invefted with it a right to take cognizance of the lives and manners of individuFor the Romans judged, that it was not confiilals. ent to leave every one at liberty to act as he fhould think fit, and to live according to the dictates of his own paffions and defires and that it did not fuffice, that only the crimes, which direflly infringed the laAvs of fociety fhould be puniflied, if vices and adions contrary to probity and honour were not liable to the public animadverfion of magiftrates, free and independent of the ufual formalities of judiciary proceedings. This almoft unlimited authority awed not only the common people, but the principal perfons of the State, who, after the moft glorious aftions, were liable to be difgraced by the Cenfor with a note of infamy, if they had been deficient in point of probity and morals. It v/as in this view, that the Romans had inftituted Cenfors to be in a manner the guardians, infpeftors, and reformers of m.anners, to prevent perfons from deviating from the paths of virtue, and from throwing themlelves V\^e have into the arms of voluptuoufnefs and vice. explained in another place what the different funftions of the Cenfors were. great number of competitors of the principal families of Rome, five Patricians, and four Plebeians, But however illuffrious canvaffed for the Cenforfhip. both the one and the other v/ere by birth, not one of them eclipfed the merit of M. Porcius Cato. He had fuch a greatnefs of foul and elevation of genius, that in whatever rank of birth fortune had placed him, fays Livy, he would infallibly have raifed himfelf to the
-,

greatefl

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
o;reateft

Confuls.

251
'^^5^3,
*

honours by his perfonal merit. He wanted none of the talents necelTary for fucceeding in either He was equally capable of public or private affairs.

,g^^

what

either related to the city, or the country.

We

have feen citizens attain the great offices, fome by eloquence, fome by their knowledge of the law, and others by their military abilities. * As to him, he had fa happy, convertible, and univerfal a genius, that to whatever he applied it, it might be faid that he was born only for that. He was perfonally brave, and few officers had fignalized themfelves more by particular a6tions of valour ; and after his having attained the great employments, he had been confidered as one of the greatefb and moft able of Generals. During peace, if he was confulted upon matters of law, he was a very learned counfellor ; if a caufe were to be pleaded, a very eloquent orator. He was not of the number of thofe who acquire efteem during their lives by the talent of fpeaking, without leaving behind them any monument of their eloquence. His, after having fhone out during his life in a6l, was after his death configned to pofterity by writings of all kinds, which were much admired. He compofed many orations either for himfelf or his friends, or againft his adverfa-

enemies, who were very numerous, gave His him no little employment, and on his fide he gave them no lefs. In the war which perpetually fubfifted between him and the Patricians, it cannot be faid whether they gave him. moft trouble, or he made them fufries.
-f-

fer moft.

auftere,
his

It muft be confefled, that he was of an and even cruel, charafler, and that he carried invedives to an excefs of liberty and grofsnefs.

id

* Hiiic verfatlle ingenium fic pariter ad oranla fuit, ut uniim dueres, quodcumque ageret.

natum

a.(i

t Simultates nimio plures & exercuerunt eum, & ipfe exercuit eas. Mec facile dlxeris, 'utrum magis prefTerit earn nobilitas, an ille agita-

jmmodice

Afperi procnldubio animi, & linguas acerbse fed invifti a cupiditatibus animi, & rigidse innocentite ; coutemptor gratias, divitiarum in parfimonia, in paticntia laboris periculique, ferrei prope corporis animique ; quern ne feneclus quidem, qua folvit omnia, fregerit. Liv,
verit nobilitatem.
liberse fuit
: :

&

But

252
A.R.
il'

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
^'

Confuls.

562.

But, to make amends, he was to all the pafilons that ^"^^y niankind, of a flrid: and undcviarjng rigor of manners-, equally defpifing both favour and riches ; an enemy to all fuperfluous expence ; fo intrepid in dan-

'

and fo indefatigable in labours, that it might almoft be faid, that his body and courage were of fteel, the vigour of which time, that fubdues all things, could never change or deprefs. ' For at fourfcore and fix years old having been cited before" the People, he pleaded his own caufe, and left it in v/riting and at the aj3^e of fourfcore and ten, he accufed Servius Gaiba at the fame tribunal. When Cato offered himfelf as a Candidate for the Cenforlhip, the Patricians, who had declared againft him on all the occafions of his life, did not fail to
gers,
,

They confidered unite then to prevent his eledicn. it as a difgrace for the Nobility to luflcr perfons of obbe
fcure birth, and, as they 'called theai. New Men, to raifed to the higheft degree of honour, and the futhis jealoufy,

Independently of preme of dignities. which v/as become in a manner natural

to

them,

all

Cato's competitors, who i1:ood for this office at the fame time, ufed their utmcft endeavours to exclude him from it, in order to obtain it for themfelves. L. Flaccus, who had been Confui with him, and who was far from oppofing him, mud be excepted from this
for it was he, as we have obferved elfewhere, Cato known to the People, and opened made who had great offices. to the And laftly, and thofe way his fear, who many Icafl; to had made it their bunot the fmefs to offend Cato on all occafions, and who knew him to be a man that did not forget injuries and others who lived in fplendor and magnificence, and were many of them confcious of an irregular life and

number

rity

all thefe people dreaded the aufte corrupt manners of a Cenfor, who in all times had declared againfl all pomp and luxury, the irreconcileable enemy of the criminal, and inflexible in every thing relating to the
:

duties of his office.

In

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,

Confuls.

25^

In the midft of fuch violent intrigues, Cato, far a.r. 5CS. ^* "g" from having recourfe to flattery, or mean fubmiiTions, as was too much the cuftom of candidates, appeared in the public place v;ith an almoii: menacing air, and reproached his enemies, " that they only oppofed him becaufe they apprehended a free, firm and determinate Cenfor. At the fame time he reprefented to the citizens, that the evils of the Commonwealth augmenting perpetually, and threatening it with approaching ruin, they ought not to flatter themfelves that it was

them with gentle remedies, and that them to chufe, for fo important an operation, not the gentleft and mod tender
pofiible to cure
it

would be

wife part in

phyficians, but the moil refolute and vigorous.

And

he did not hefitate to fay, that the phyficians of that charader, fuch as were neceffary, were himfelf and that they were the only ones v/ho Valerius Flaccus could be expeded to reform the new abufes, to cut away to the very root the luxury and effeminacy which had already infefted all branches of the State, and to reinilate the aufterity of the antient difcipline." Rome mull have had a very great idea of Cato's merit, himielf extraordinary credit with every body, and the Roman People themfelves a great fund of wifdom, to make the choice they did. Notwidillanding the cabal of the Nobility and Grandees, they not only unanimoufly elected Cato Cenfor, but gave him L. Valerius, whom he had defired, and almoll commanded, for his coliegue. Virtue, though frequently enough defpifed, fometimes opens itfelf a way through
:

the greateft obflacles.

The commencement of their exercifing the Cenfor- lw. fhip gave great expectation, _not without being dreaded ^^xix. 42.

The firil thing that Cato did, was to neby many minate his friend and coliegue, L. Valerius Flaccus, Prince of the Senate. They deprived feveral Senators of their dignity, one of which was no lefs iiluilrious by his birth, than the honourable offices he had born this was L. Quintius Flaminius, a perfon of Confular dignity, and brother of him that had conquered Philip.
:

On

254
A.R.
562.

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
On
^s

Confuls.

thelatter's reqiieft, Cato gave his reafon for a6ling It was very folid. This Quintius, he had done. whilil he commanded in Gaul in quality of Conful, to pleafe a courtezan, who had expreffed a great defire to fee a man put to death, caufed a criminal to be brought from prifon, and to have his head cut off in the prefence of that harlot, whilfl they were at table. The circumftances of this aftion are differently related ; but are the fame at bottom. The accufed denied the Cato offered him his oath but he would not fact. venture to go further; fuch weight had the religion of oaths with the antients i-iv-. His condu6t in refpeft to Scipio Afiaticus did not xxxix. 44. ^^ j^-j^ ^^ much honour. On reviewing the Roman Knights, he took from him the horfe kept for him by the Commonv/ealth ; that is, he degraded him from the rank of Knight. This rigor was not approved, and feemed to proceed from the fame fource as his envy and ill-will to Scipio Africanus. Liv. ibid. Cato's great defign, which was highly worthy of him had it been pofiible for him to fucceed in it, was entirely to extirpate luxury, which he confidered as a caufe that would one day inevitably ruin the CommonHe could not attack it directly and with open wealth. to grow univerfal, and had already init began force orders of the State. His only refource was all fefted to give it indire6l blows, and to endeavour to fubvert One of the principal it by gradually undermining it. fundtions of the Cenfors was to take of all the citizens accounts of their income, in order to tax them in proThey had authority to fettle the value portion to it. of each perfon's eftate as they fhould think fit. The citizens took an oath before they gave in their eftimate ; and it is obferved, that none had given in falfe This was an highly admirable fidelity, efpeciones. ally in the point in queftion, in which people ufually believe it no crime to falfify, provided it can be done with impunity. Before Cato's time, the moveables, equipage, clothes^ and women's toilets, were not included in the eflimate of
"24.^'
:

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
of the
effects

Confuls.

255

which the citizens were obliged to deliver A-R. 568. Thefe are, however, things wherein to the Cenlbrs. "g^J^* luxury liath a great fcope for difplaying itfelf. Cato took them in, in the manner we are going to relate. If the effects we have juft mentioned cofl above fifteen thouland affes, or, as Plutarch expreffes it, above fifteen hundred drachmas, that is, about thirty-feven pounds ten fhillings, thefe effeds were included in the After they were caufed to be valued at ten eftimate. times as much as they had coil, and three pieces were laid on them as a tax for every thoufand of fuch valu* ation fo that a thing, for example, of the value of fixteen thoufand Afies, or fourfcore pounds, he caufed to be eftimated at an hundred and fixty thoufand Affes, or four hundred pounds, and laid about four and twenty fnillings by way of duty. Thus a tax of about four and twenty fhillings was laid upon a thing which had not coll, and was not adlualiy worth, above fourfcore pounds. Slaves, before Cato, were included in the eflimates of efrates and adluaily fometimes made a great part of them but only thofe of above twenty years of a2:e were fet down. Cato caufed thofe under that age to be alfo included, v/ho fmce the lail Cenfus had been bought at the rat^ of ten thoufand Affes or upwards becaufe thefe were more frequently fought after than others. They were valued at ten times as much as they had coft, and confequently at an hundred thoufand Alfes for ten thoufand and three for every thoufand were laid upon them, as upon the effedts mentioned above. 1 do not know whether thefe new impofitions were ai> effecflual remedy againft luxury ; becaufe, in order
:

to that, it would be neceffary to know how high thefe expences rofe, which might be carried to excefs. But it ieems to me, that Cato's principle was excellent in itfelf, and that if every thing which miniflers to luxury had great taxes laid upon it, this would perhaps be a means, if not of destroying, at leafl of confiderably weakening and diminifliing it. Would it not be

ren-

256
A. R.
568.

CLAUDIUS, PORCIUS,
^'

Confuls.

^"g

rendering an whole nation great fervice, and er|)ecithe French Nobility fo worthy of efleem and confideration for their courage, and ftill more for their
ally

and devotion for their Prince, to abolifh thefe and foolifn expenccs in armies, of which every body knows the inconvenience and pernicious confequences ? Thefe reformations introduced by Cato, and fome others which I omit, occafioned great exclaiming But, as he acted folely from the view againfl him. of the public good, he difregarded all thefe clamours, and continued firm and inflexible in the refolution he had taken. It appears that the People, notwithflanding ail the oppofition of the Great and Rich, generally applauded the manner in which Cato acquitted himfelf For they erected a ftatue to him of his Cenforihip. Health, and placed at the bottom of in the temple of battles, viftories, and trinot his infcription, it as an " follows what To the honour of Cato, but umph, '' who having found the Roman Commonwealth in " a ftate of declenfion in refpe6t to manners, re-efla*' bliilied and reformed it during his Cenforfhip by " facred decrees, wife infiitutions, and falutary inzeal
idle
:

ftrudions." People, hitherto, had not done him the like And when many exprefled their wonder to honour.

"

The

him, that abundance of perfons Vvithout merit or name had ftatues, and that he had none " I am better that it fhould be afked v/hy no pleafed," faid he,
:

'

"

ftatue

is

erefted to Cato, than

why

there is."

Cenfors alfo applied themfelves to different They works for the convenience of the public. caufed feverai watering-places to be paved with ftone, and the conitnon fewers to be cleanfed in the places

The two

which wanted that 1-epair, and ordered new ones to be made in mount Aventine, and other parts of the Cato, in particular, city, where they were wanting. .undertook to build aBafilica or court of juftice at the expence of the public in the Forum, below the place where the Senate was held. The Nobility oppofed

him

CL-AtJDltJS, FABiUS, ConHils.

257
building
Bafilica
-A-

him very
Portia

much

in

this

undertaking.

The
him

R- s^s.
is^..*"*

was however compleated, and called

a proof that

after

CatOj according to the great ; principle of the Roman People, approved as much public magnificence, as he was an enemy to private

pomp. Odii Poptilus Romanus Ucim magnificentiam diligit.

-privatum hxurium, pub- Pro Mur,

7^'

The

Confuls of

this year did

nothing remarkable.
A. R. 569.
'

M.Claudius Marcellus. Q.FabiusLabeo,

vince.

^;j,^"-

Tli two new Confuls had Liguria for their pro-

Some troops of the Gauls beyond the Alps, havinp- Llv. entered Italy towards the end of the year p,6o, by de- ^'^^^^files hitherto unknown, had advanced into the country of the Veneti, and without committing any ravages or hoftilities there, had chofen not far from the place where Aquileia afterwards flood, a place proper for
building.

=^'

The Romans had

demand the

fent

AmbafTadors over

caufe of this proceeding. They were anfwered, that this enterprize had liot been fct

the Alps to

on foot either by the authority or confent of the nation, and that they did not know what thofe Rome complained of were going to do in Italy. They were adually employed in building their town. The Praetor had orders to prevent this enterprize, without employing the force of arms as long as he could avoid it. That if he was compelled to declare war, he iliouid Liv. apprize the Confuls of it, it being the Senate's inten'-^i' tion that one of them fhould march his legions againlt
thofe Barbarians.
ibid.

From
went to

the time the report had fpread amongit the

States bordering

upon Macedonia,

that

thofe

who

with complaints againfl Philip had been heard there, and that many had found their advantage in it ; a great number of cities, and even private perfons, went thither to relate their grievances againft a Prince, whofe neighbourhood cofi them all very dear.

Rome

Vol. Y.

iu

258
A^K.
569. in Afit. C.

CLAUDIUS, FABIUS,

Confuls.
in refpeft to

hopes either to be efFeftually redreffed

the injuries they declared, or at lead to have fome confolation from the liberty they fhould have of de-

ploring them. King Eumenes among the reft, to whom, by decree ot the Roman commifiloners and Senate, the places in Thrace were to be furrendered, fent Ambafiadors, at the head of which was his brother Athenseus, to inform the Senate that Philip did

not withdraw his garrifons from Thrace, as he had promifed to do, and to complain of his having fent aid into Bithynia to Priifias, who was then at war with

Eumenes.
Demetrius, the Ton of Philip, was then at Rom.e, whither, as v/e have faid, his father had aftually fent him to take care of his interefts. He had a great

number of

points to anfwer alledged againft his fa-

ther, the particulars of

which would be tedious, and

the difculfion
that the

much

too prolix.

The
little

Senate feeing

accuftomed to fpeak in public, was confounded, caufed him to be allied, to fpare him that pain, whether the King his father had not given him fome memorandums, and Philip contented themfelves with his reading them.
juftified himfelf in the bcft

young Prince, who was

manner

pofiible

in refpeft
:

to moft of the fafts

alledged againft

him

but he

particularly expreffed

how much he was

difcontented

with the decrees pafted in refpedl to him by the comrniffioners appointed by Rome, and with the manner The Senate eafily conin which he had been treated. ceived to what all this tended and as the young Prince endeavoured to excufe certain things, and declared in refpeft to others that every thing Ihould be done according to the diftates of Rome, the Senate anlwered, " That Philip could not have afted a wifer part, nor one more agreeable to the Senate, than fending his fon Demetrius to Rome to make his apoThat as to the paft, the Senate could overlogy. look, forget, and endure many things that for the time to come, they confided in the promifes made by Demetrius. That though he was upon the point of
;
:

quitting

CLAUDIUS, FABIUS,
quittinp; ^

good

Rome -----

to return into

difpofition, heart,

259 Macedonia, he left hisA.R. 569. ^ ^nt. ^' and attachment for Rome as ^'^^'
-

Confuls.

183.

holtages, all which he could retain inviolably, with-

out departing from his duty to his father. That out of confideratiori for him, AmbaiTadors fhould be fent into Macedonia, to reftify without noife or debate what might hitherto have been done contrary to regulations. That for the reft, the Senate was well pleafed, that Philip fhould know that he was accountable to his fon Demetrius for the manner in which the Roman People aded in regard to him." After this audience the young Prince fet out for Macedonia. Thefe marks of confideration which the Senate save him to raife his credit with his father, ferved only to excite envy againit him, and in the fequei occafioned
his deftru6lion.

trious
tient

Livy, in relating the unfortunate end of the illuf- LW. Phiiopoemen, which maybe found in the An- ''^^'''*
Hiftory,
obferves,
that

many

authors,

both

Greek and Roman, have thought proper to apprize pofterity, that this year had been famous for the deaths
of the three greateft Captains of their time, Phiiopoemen, Hannibal^ and P. Scipio Africanus ; an obfervation, which does great honour to the General of a little Republic, ranked upon the level with the two moft illuilrious Generals of the tv/o moil pov/erful States of the world. We have loft fight of Hannibal, fmce the fhame- ^j^ ^/j^ ful peace Antiochus concluded with the Romans, one 51. condition of which was, that he Ihould deliver up that ? ^^^' Hannibal did not give him time, and 911. great man. firft retired to the ifle of Crete, and then to Pru- J"^!"/

a"

fias

King of Bithynia, to whom he did great fervice ^^^'"' in the war that Prince foon after undertook againft Eumenes King of Pergamus, the friend and ally of the Romans. The latter did not leave him lona in repofe, and caufed complaints to be made to Prufias of his giving afylum to the declared enemy of the Romans. Prufias, to make his court to them, was
S 2
not

'^'

26o
A.R.
569.
'

CLAUDIUS, FABIUS,

Confuls.

"gj.

Hannibal having not afraid to betray his guefV. found all the pafiages feized through which he endeavoured to efcape, caufed the poifon to be brought him, which he had kept a great while in order to ufe and' holding it in his hands, it on this occafion, " Let us," laid he, " deliver the Roman People
*'

from the apprchenfions they have had fo long, " fmce they have not patience to wait the death of
*'

" armed and betrayed,

an old man. Their viftory.of this day over a man difwill not do them much honour *' with pofterity." After having vented imprecations againft Prufias, and invoked againft him the Gods, protestors and avengers of the facred rites of hofpitality, he fwallowed the poifon, and died at the age

of

fixty-five years.

Not
refer

to interrupt

the feries of our hiftory,

I ihall

my

reflexions

upon

the characters of Hannibal

and Scipio
turally
l^^
xxxix. 53 5.5.

to another place, thougli they

in here.

Ihould na-

come

We
Alps

into Italy with defign to fettle there, ar>d

have related above, that Gauls had pafTed the were

aftually employed in building themfelves a city in the As foon as the Conful Marcountry of the Veneti. Barbarians furrendered themcellus appeared, thofe They were twelve thoufand in numfelves to him. ber, moft of them with no other arms than what they had taken in the country. It was not without great difficulty that they could refolve to deliver them up, as well as the other effedis they had taken in their way, Accordingly they fent or had brought with them. Ambafiadors to Rome with their complaints. When they were introduced into the Senate by the Pr^tor C. Valerius, they reprefented, " that having been obliged to abandon Gaul their country, that was not capable of fubfiiting the too great multitude of inhabitants, they had pafled the Alps in queft of fome That they had ftopt in the firft fettlement elfewhere. place they found uncultivated and uninhabited, where they had began to build themfelves houfes, which manifefled that they neither came with defign to hurt aay

CLAUDIUS, FABIUS,
any body, nor to ufurp either
other
States.
cities

Confuls.

2'6i

or countries from A.R.56C,.

That
That
little

this

was

their fituation,

when

^"J*-'-

Marcellus

lummoned them
as to

to liirrender, or to pre-

pare for war.

peace, though

them, preferring a certain

honourable, to the war with which they were menaced, they had at firfl more really relied on the faith of the Roman People, than fubmitted to their power. That fome few days after they had been ordered to abandon their city and lands and that at the time they meditated retiring without noife, and to go in queft of an abode into fome other country where they might be fuffered to (lay, all their arms and the other effefts, which they could either carry off or drive before them, had been taken away. That they defired the Senate and People of Rome not to treat them, who had furrendered without committing any hoftility, with more rigour than enemies conquered by the force of arms." The Senate replied, " That, though they were in the wrong to enter Italy, and to build a city in a country which did not belong to them, without the permidion of the Roman magiftrates who commanded in the province, however, they did not approve of the rigor with which a People who had furrendered, had been ufed. That therefore they would fendAmbaffadors with them to the Conful, to order him to reflore all that had been taken fi'om them, on condition that That the fame they would return into their country. AmbalTadors (hould pafs the Alps, to declare to the chiefs of the States who inhabit on the other fide, that they fhould keep their fubjefts in their own country. That the mountains which feparated them were the bounds nature itfelf feemed to have placed with defign, and rendered almoft impradicable, in order to divide the two regions and that thofe who fhould endeavour to pafs them for the future, Ihould repent
,
,

it."

The States who inhabited the other fide of the Alps, gave the A^mbafTadors a very courteous and rational anfwer.
*'

Their elders even complained of the S ^

2^2
A- R-

E^BIUS, ^,MILIUS,

Confuls.

5^9-

"g^^

the too great lenity, with which the Roman People had treated a body of men, who having quitted their country without order of the nation, had undertaken
to build
a city in a

from thofe to

whom

ic

foreign one, without permifTioa belonged. That their temerity

delerved to be punifhed fevcrely, to make others not defirous of doing the fame.'* After this difcourfe, they made ;he Romans prefents, and attended them, out of honour, to the frontiers of their country. Marceilus having thus driven tlie ilrangers out of the province, v/ith the permiffion of the Senate went to All he did there was to found a colony of LaIftria. tines at Aquileia. Two of Romans were alio fettled, the one at Modena [Mutina) and the other at Parma and laftly, one of Romans alfo at Saturnia, in the ter^
:

ritory called Calelranus ager,

A.R-570.
j552,

Cn. B.5:bius Tamphilus,

JL.

/tLMILIUS PaULUS,

Paulus -^milius did not attain the Confulfhip, till having fufFered feveral repulies, which frequently happen to the moft deferving perfons. Thefe re-^ pulfes were probably an effed: of his cool, grave, feriGus charafter, which did xiot know how to make fubmifiions, and afTume infinuating manners for carefling and foothing the People. Liv. have obferved before, that Demetrius the fon ^^^^' 53- of Philip was returnsd from Rome into Macedonia. That Prince's return had different effects there, according to the different djfpofition of people. Thofe, who were extremely apprehenfive of the confequences of the rupture v/ith the Romans, and of the war for which preparations were making, looked with a goo4 eye upon Demetrius, in hopes he would prove a reconciler and author of peace. Befides which they confidered him as the perfon who was to afcend the throne after his father's death. For, though he was the youngeft brother, he had the advantage over Perfeus of being indifputably legitimate whereas, Perfeus, though
after

We

Owne4

B^BIUS, iEMILIUS,
owned
as fuch

Confuls.

26^
A. R. 570.
"^"g'^^*

by Philip, pafTed either for the fon of a concubine, or even as fuppofititious. Neither was it doubted but that the Romans would place Demetrius upon his father's throne, Perfeus not having any credit with them. Thefe were the common reports. Accordingly Perfeus on one fide was highly anxious, left the advantage of Seniority fhould prove but a weak title for him, his brother having all other advan^ tages and on the other, Philip rightly judging, that he fhould not have it in his power to difpofe of the throne according to his own will, looked with a jealous eye upon, and dreaded the too great credit of, his younger fon. He alfo law with pain a kind of fecond court formed, even during his life and before his eyes, by the affluence and numbers of the Macedonians who flocked to the houfe of Demetrius. It muft be owned, that the young Prince himfeif was not fufficiently attentive to prevent or remedy the malignity of people. Inftead of endeavouring to difarm envy by kind, modell, and polite behaviour he only provoked and exafperated it by a certain air of haughtinefs, which he had brought with him from Rome ; piquing himfeif upon the marks of diftincflion he had received there, and openly declaring that the Senate had granted him many things, which it had before refufed his father. We fee here what vanity and blind complacency for one's own merit, whether true or falfe, produces. This is a failing common enough in young Lords and Princes, and which renders their beft qualities ufelefs, and often even pernicious.
; ;

Philip's difcontent increafed

rival

frill

more upon

the ar-

of the new Ambalfadors, to

,

whom

Demetrius

almoft paid his court more regularly than to his father himfeif efpecialiy when he faw himfeif obliged
to

abandon Thrace, to draw off liis garrifons from it, and to undergo other mortifications conformably to the decrees of the firft commilnoners, or in effetft of new orders arrived from Rome. He did not obey v/ithout repugnance, and inward rage ; but however he obeyed, to avoid drawing a war upon his hands, for S 4

'26i
"

B^BIUS, iEMILIUS,

Confuls.

A. K- 57 for which he was not yet fufficiently prepared. At the fame time, to remove all fufpicion that he had fuch J^2J.

tiv, xl.
^'

thoughts, he carried his arms into the heart of Thrace againft people for whofe intereils the Romans had no kind of concern. But his real difpofitions were not unknown at Rome, 3, Marcius, one of the commiffioners, who had fignified the Senate's orders to Philip, wrote that all the difcourfe and meafures taken by the King indicated an The better to affure himfelf of the approaching war.
'

maritime
families

cities,

he

made

all

the inhabitants and their

quit them, tranfplanted

them

into the

moft

northern part of Macedonia, and placed Thracians and ether barbarous nations in them, upon whom he believed he could more rely. The v/hole country rung with complaints, groans, and curfes againft Philip.

He

only became more furious

in the effed,

and

exer^^

cifed unheard-of cruelties againll

his

people.

The

reader may fee a defcription of them in the Antient Hiftory, and particularly the deplorable fate of an whole illuftrious family reduced to defpair.

horror of that tragical event excited new deHe was publickly abhorred as a of Philip. cruel tyrant, and horrid imprecations were every where vented againft him and his children, * which foon had
teftation

The

their effects, fays Livy, the

blind fury,
againft his
I,w. xl.

Gods giving him up to a which carried him to the greateft extremes

i-^^5-

own blood. Perfeus faw with infinite pain and grief, that the regard for his brother Demetrivis in Macedonia, and his credit with the Romans, increafed every day. have in thp Antient Hiftory related the fecret plot of that v^icked Prince againft Demetrius, to fecure the the accufation thronp to himfelf in prejudice of him v/hich was brought againft him before Philip the the fentence of death pleadings of both the brothers

We

pafTed by

\.he

King upon Demetrius

in

efted of the

* Qtisr. dira; brevi ab omnibus diis exauditas, Ut Tseviret ipfe in fnura, funguinenij eiTecerunt. Liv.

^epoil"

B^BIUS, iEMILIUS,
depofitions of witnefles fuborned

Confuls.

2^5
A. R. 570.
*

he caufed to be executed in
poifon.

by Perfeus, which private by giving him

"g'^^

Two

years pafTed, without any thing of the plot

Liv. xi,

formed by Perfeus againft his brother being difco- s-^J^' Philip however felt the moil: excefiive grief vered. and remorfe, inceffantly lamented the death of his fon, ^nd reproached himfelf with his own cruelty. The
furviving fon,

who

confidered himfelf already as King,

and to whom the courtiers began to pay homage as to one who was foon to be their mafter, gave him no lefs anguifh. He was highly enraged to fee his age defpifed, fome expe6bing his death with impatience, ^nd others not lb much as waiting till it arrived. The entire difcovery of the plot formed againft Demetrius,
raifed
his

grief to

the

higheft excefs.

Tormented

with the continual want of ileep, he imagined that he faw the ghoft of his fon Demetrius almoft every night, which reproached him with his death, and uttered curfes againft him. He took meafures to prevent Perfeus from enjoying the fruits of his crime, as well ^s impunity. But he wanted time. He expired, lamenting one of his fons, and curftng the other, after having reigned forty-two years. Perfeus afcended the
throne.
I refume the thread of the hiftory, from which I departed, in order to put what I had to fay concerning Philip all together.

Nothing confiderable pafTed during the 570th year of Rome, neither in Liguria, which was the province of the two Confuls, nor in either of the Spains. The moft remarkable event of this year was ajudg- Liv. ibid. ment pafted by the Roman comiTiiftioners between the ^7Carthaginian People and King Mafmifla. The queftion was concerning the poffeluon of a territory of which Gala, Mafmifia's father, had deprived the Carthaginians. Syphax had afterwards driven Gala out of it, and reftored it to the Carthaginians in confideration of Afdrubal his father-in-law. And laftly, the current year, Mafmifla had retaken it from the Carthaginians.

i6
A. R.
*

CORNELIUS, B^EBIUS,
thaginians.
'

Confuls.

570.

"&2.

The affair was debated by the two parbefore the commifTioners of Rome fent to Africa, with no lefs heat than it had been before qifputed
ties,

fword in hand. " The Carthaginians thought they had a good right to reclaim a territory which had firft belonged to their anceftors, and which Syphcx had reftored to them. This was a double title to them, on which they much infifted. Mafinifla, on his fide, affirmed, that he had retaken a diftrid, which had been part of his father's dominions, and which belonged to him by right of fucceflion, and even by that befides the goodnefs of his that of conque.ft caufe, he a6lually had it in poffeflion." The deputies left it fo without pafling a final judgment, which
:

they referred to the Senate.

j\.R.57T.
"

P.

Cornelius Cethegus.

isi.

M, B^Bius Tamphilus.
Confulfhip, the

Liv. x!.

2528.

foon as L. ^milius Paulus, to whom, after his command in Liguria had been continued, faw the fpring return, he made his army march into the country of the Ligurians Ingauni. The

As

enemy

feeing

him incamped upon

to

their lands,

fent

him, in appearance to afk peace, but in reality to view his force, and the fituation of his camp, ^milius having refufed to hearken to any accommodation, till they had previoufly furrendered, they feemed incHned to fubmit, but at the fame time demanded time to m.ake a nation enter into the fame difpofition, which, faid they, is intradtable and barbarous. The Conful gave them a truce for ten days, to which they defired him to add another favour: this was, not to fend his foldiers to fetch wood and forage beyond the neighbouring mountains, becaufe that was the OKily cultivated part of their country. As foon as they had obtained this point, they drew together all their troops behind thofe mountains from which they had had the addrefs to remove the enemy. When they were in a condition to adt, they came with

AmbafTadors

CORNELIUS, B^BIUS,
an
infinite
iul's

Confuls.

267
571'
"^

multitude of troops to attack the Procon- a.r.

lels,

camp, who expeded nothing

and at die

"g,.

fame time aflaulted it at all the gates. They continued this affault the whole day with fo much vigour, that they did not leave the Romans either the means for making their troops quit the camp, or the ground All that the Romans could neceffary for drawing up. do, was to crowd about the gates, where they ftopt the enemy, lefs by fighting, than by clofing them
with their bodies. After funfet, when the enemy v/ere retired, -^milius fent two of the horfe to Pif^ with letters to the Conful Cn. Bsebius, by which he defired him to come and extricate him out of a danger into which the enemy had brought him, by a fraudulent furprize under the pretext of a truce. Bsbius had unfortunately fent his troops elfewhere. All that he could do was to write to the Senate, to inform them of ^milius's danger. The Ligurians returned to the charge the next day. The Proconful might have removed before their return, and quitted his lines but he believed it better to keep his foldiers within his intrenchments, and gain time, till troops might arrive from
:

Fifge to his afliflance.

B^bius's
city,

letter

occafioned great condernation in the

and the more, becaufe it did not feem poffible for any aid to arrive in time. However, the Confuls were made to fet out, iEmilius not hearing any thing from Bcebius, believed that his horfemen had been feized, and refolved to rely only upon himfelf. The enemy's affaults were much lefs vigorous than the firft days. They did not take arms, till after having filled themfelves with meat and wine. On quitting their intrenchments, they difperfed without keeping
their

ranks,

alluring

themfelves

that

the

Romans

would not venture to advance out of their camp to meet ihem. They came on in this manner, when the Romans, whom iEmilius had drawn up in battle, and had exhorted in the ilrongeft terms to do their duty well, feconded by the cries of ail thofe who remained
in

68
A. R.
571. in

iEMILIUS, FLAMINIUS,
^^^

Confuls.

^Tg'i^'

the camp, foldiers, fervants, fiitlers, fallied through ^^^^^ gates, and charged the Ligurians. The lat-

ter, as much terrified by this unexpecbed attack as if they had fallen into fome ambulcade, were at firlt amazed ; and having fiiftained the fury of the enemy for fome time, they fled with fome precipitation.

jiEmilius ordered his horfe to purfue them, and to give no quarter to fuch as Ihould fall in their way. This was not a flight, but a total defeat, and the In their diforder they took flaughter was horrible. refuge in their camp, which they foon furrendered to More than fifteen thoufand men were the vicStors. killed that day, and about two thoufand five hundred taken prifoners. Three days after the whole nation of the Ligurians Ingauni furrendered to the ProconThe Ligurians alfo pracful, and gave him hofbages. tifed piracy. C. Matienus at the fame time took twoand-thirty fhips from them. T^milius fent this news to Rome, and to demand permiffion to quit a province, where nothing farther

remained for him to do, to march back his troops with him, and to difmifs them. He obtained all that he afl<:ed of the Senate, who befides, on his account, decreed feafl;s and thankfgivings for three days in ail
the temples.
Liv. xl.

3J--33-

gained alfo a very confiderable adHifpania Citerior. Q^ Fulvius, who commanded there in quality ofPrsetor, gave the CeltibeHe a<5led in it rians battle, near the city of Ebora. The enemies with no lefs valour than good conducSt. left three-and-twenty thoufand upon the field of batand four thoufand eight hundred were taken pritle Above five hundred horfes were alfo taken, foners. This viftory with fourfcore and eighteen enfigns. was followed with the taking of Contrebia and a new defeat of the enemy, who again loft twelve thoufand men, four hundred horfe, with fixty-two enfigns. The number of the prifoners amounted to above five

The Ramans
in

vantage

thoufand.

This

POSTUMIUS, CALPURNIUS, Confuls. This year the tomb of Numa Pompilius with

2%
his A. R- 57*.
*

books were found in digging up the ground. They "^'i. Liv. xl. 34, have been fpoken of elfewhere. Manius Acilius Glabrio, in dedicating the temple of Piety, caufed the firll gilt llatue which had been {ecu in Italy to be erefled in honour of his father Glabrio. The Proconful L. iEmilius Paulus triumphed over ibid. ",4,
the Lisfurians Ingauni.
this

What

contributed to render

triumph more famous, for neither gold nor filvcr were carried in it, was an embafly, which the Ligurians had fent to Rome, to demand peace for all futurity, and to affure the Senate that the Ligurians were fully determined never more to take arms, if not by the order and for the fervice of the Romans. The Prsetor Q^ Fabius anfwered them in the name of the " That this language of the Ligurians was Senate not new ; but that it concerned them moil to think and aft in a nev/ manner, and conformably to their promifes. That they fliould go to the Confuls, and pundually execute what they ihould be diredcd. Thar thofe magiftrates were the only perfons, to whom the
:

Senate would refer themfelves in refpedb to the fmcerity of the intentions of the Lig-urians." The Roman People this year reilored an hundred of their hoftages to the Carthaginians and not only contented with leaving them in peace themfelves, they procured it for them from MafiniiTa^ who with his troops occupied the diftridt in difpute between him and the
,

Carthaginians.

A. POSTUMIUS AlBINUS LuSGUS.

C. CaLPURNIUS PiSO.

A.R.
Ant,

57a,

iSo.

death of the latter of thefe two Confuls de- ^^^ ^" ^ layed the departure, of the troops for fome time. How- ^ ever, P. Cornelius and M. Bsebius, who had done nothing memorable in their Confulfhip, marched their army into the country of the Ligurians Apuani. Thofe people, who did not expecft that they fhould be attacked before the arrival of the new Confuls,

The

furren-

2;a

POSTUMIUS, CALPURNIUS,
two Proconiuls,
after

Confuls.

A. R. 572. furrendered, to the

iSq.

The? having wrote to the Senate for advice, refolved to remove them from the mountains into the plains, and to fuch a diftance from their country, that they fliould lofe all hopes of ever returning They were convinced that was the only to it again.

number of twelve thoufand.

terminating the war on that fide. They the Ligurians Apuani to quit the mountains which they occupied, with their wives, children, and all their effeds, in order to be tranfThe Ligurians firft fent deplanted into Samnium. puties to the Roman Generals, to conjure them not to compel them to abandon the country which had

means

for

therefore

commanded

given them birth, their houfhold Gods, and the tombs of their anceftors y offering for the reit to deliver up But finding the their arms, and to give hoftages. Froconfuls inexorable, and knowing that they were not ftrong enough to fuftain the war, they determined They were therefore made to remove at the to obey. of the Commonwealth to the place allotted expence them, to the number of forty thoufand men, with fufficiently confiderable their wives and children. flmi was given them to purchafe the things they Ihould have occafion for in their new fettlement. The two I*roconi\ils were charged with the diftribution of the new land, and of all relating to it. When the whole was terminated, they led back the army under their command to Rome, and obtained the honour of a triumph. They were the firit Generals who triumphed without having made war. Liv.xi.:,?. The fame year, the Celtiberians knowing, that the Proprietor Fulvius Flaccus was to pafs through a certain defile, they laid ambufcades for him ; and as foon as the Romans were in them, they charged them fudFlaccus, having denly at the fame time on two fides. ordered the foldicrs to halt, made them lay down their baggage in an heap, and without Hiewing any fear or perplexity, drew up his troops in battle, reprefenting to the foldiers, " that they had to deal with an enemy, v.hom thev had already twice forced to furrender.

That

POSTUMIUS, CALPURNIUS,

Confuls.

271
A. R. 57*.
'^"l'^'^'

That what they had now more than formerly, was That not force or courage, but guilt and perfidy. they fhould be obliged to them for a glorious and iliuwhereas they were fame of their paft; That on arriving at Rome they would carry exploits. thither their (words almoil ftill fmoaking with blood newly fhed, and adorn their triumph v/ith fpoils almoft reeking with blood." He faid no more. The enemies fejl upon the Romans, and the fight, which was already begun at both extremities, foon extended throughout the whole army. They fought every where with equal animofity. But the Spaniards foon finding that they could not withftand the Roman legions by fighting in front, endeavoured to break them, by attacking them in a point This was a kind of charge in which they or wedge. had fo much the advantage, that wherever they attacked, it was impoflible to fuflain them. In confequence they put the legions into fome diforder, and had almoft broke the main body. But Flaccus fpurring on to the cavalry of the legions, faid to them *' If you do not Hop the enemy, our infantry will " foon be routed. Double your ranks by uniting the " horfe of the two legions ; and, in order to charge the ** enemy with more force, unbridle your horfes, and " ride on full fpeed." This fingular practice was common with the Romans. They immediately executed what was commanded, fell upon the Spaniards, broke all their lances, repulfed them a great way, and made a great flaughter of them. The cavalry of the allies, after the example of the Roman horfe, alfo charged this half defeated body, and compleated their overthrow. As this body was the fole hope of the enemy, the defeat of it drew on that of the whole army. The flaughter was great. Seventeen thoufand Cekiberians remained upon the place more than three thoufand were taken, with two hundred and feventy-feven enfigns, and almofl eleven hundred horfe. This victory coft Fulvius dear. He lofl four hundred and
ftrious return
;

into their country

preparing to go

home only with

the

feventy-

472
A. R.
*

POSTUMIUS, CALPURNIUS,
'

Confuh,

572.

iVo,

leventy-two Roman citizens, a thoufand and nineteen allies of the Latine name, and three thoufand Spanilh
auxiliary troops.

The Romans

after this advantage,

which was an high addition of glory to them, returned

to Tarraco.

The

Praetor Ti. Sempronius,

who

arrived

there

two days before, came to meet Fulvius, and congratulated him on the great advantages he had gained over the enemies of the Commonwealth. Thofe two Generals eafily agreed upon the troops which fhould be difmiffed, and thofe which fhould remain in the province. After they had regulated every thing with perfeft amity, Fulvius embarked the foldiers, who were difmifled, and Sempronius marched his troops
into Celtiberia.
l.lv.xl.41.

The two Confuls had Liguria for their province* They led their legions thither by different routes.
tains

Pollumius with the firft and third, feized the mounof Balifta and Suifmont, and by fhutting up the narrow paffes, through which the enemy received their provifions, he ftarved them, and by the want of all neceffaries to life, reduced them to tiie neceffity of Fulvius, who had been fublHtuted to fubmitting. Calpurnius v/ith the fecond and fourth, having attacked the Apuani, who inhabited upon the banks of the ri^ ver Macra, on the fide of Pifae, he reduced them to furrender-, and having embarked to the number of feven thoufand, he tranfported them to Naples along the From thence he made them go to coaft of Tufcany. Samnium, and incorporated them with their countrymen, giving them alfo fome lands to cultivate. As to 'the Ligurians who inhabited the mountains, Pollumius caufed their vines to be pulled up, their com to be burnt and by dint of making them fuffer all the calamities of war, he reduced them to furrender and to
,

deliver
Ibid. 4^.

up

their arms.

This fame year, L. Duronius, Praetor the year before, who had been appointed to check the piracies committed by the lllyrians upon the coafts of Italy, After having related in the Sereturned to Rome.
nate

POSTUMIUS, CALPURNIUS,
nate

Confuls.

2-3
"^"o"

what he had done in his province, he was the author of all the robThat all the fhips beries committed upon the fea. which had plundered the coalls of the fea called Mare Superum belonged to him. That he had fent Am-

"

that Kino; Gentius

affirmed, A. R.573, ^'

bailadors to that Prince to complain of thofe hoftilities,

but that they could not gain admittance to him."

the other fide, Gentius had fent to

On

Rome,

to re-

" that Roman Amballadors came to

prefent to the Senate,

exactly at the time the his court, to make their

dom

remonftrances, he was at the extremity of his kingThat he had delired the Senate dangeroufly ill.

not to give credit to the falfe accufations, which his enemies had conceived to do him hurt." Howev^cr, Duronius added to what he had laid, that many Roman citizens and allies of the Latine name had been infulted and abufcd in his dominions ; that it was even faid, that he had many Roman citizens prifonThe Senate decreed, that they ers in Corcyra. fliould all be brought to Rome, and that the Prstor C. Claudius fliould take cognizance of this affair, before an anfwer fhould be returned to Gentius and his

Ambaffadors. C. Msenius, Praetor of Sardinia, to whom commifficvi had been given to inform againft the poifoners in Italy, at the diftance of ten miles from Rome, informed the Senate, that he had already condemned three thotifand perfons convicted of that crime but that the number of the guilty increafed in proportion to
:

lj^

^^j

his enquiries.

The People of Cumee, who were Greeks by origin, were granted permiiTion to ufe the Latin tongue in their public ads, and to cry the merchandizes to be fold by audlion in the fame language. At the fame time, Q^ Fuivius Flaccus returned from Spain to Rome full of glory, and whilft he lodged out of Rome waiting the day of his triumph, he was created Conful with L. * Manlius Acidinus his
* This Manlius was the own brother of Fuivius, but had been adopted into the family of the Manlij.

Vol. V.

bro-

274
A. R.
572.
'

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
brother.
11. 8.

Gonfuls.

This

is

the

,80.

being collegues
obferves.

in the Confulfhip,

Some

only example of two brothers asVelieiusPaterGulus few days after he triumphed

Liv.xl

over the Celtiberians. L.Villius Tribune of the People then paffed the firft 44. law which determined the neceflfary age for entering into each magiftracy which occafioned Villius to be firnamed Annales. have already obferved elfewhere, that the age required for the Qiieftoriliip was twenty-feven ; for the Curule ^^dilelhip thirty-feven ; for the Prsetorihip forty for the Confulfhip forty-three. The cuftom was ufually the fame before this law only confirmed and cftabiillicd it.
* :

We
-,

A.R.

573.

Q. FuLvius Flaccus.
L. Manlius Acidinus.

Ant. c.
179.

The Conful
tiberians,

Fulvius, in his

laft battle

with the Cel-

had engaged by vow to celebrate games in honour of Jupiter, and caufe a temple to be built ta The games were celebrated duEqueftrian Fortune.
ring ten days with great magnificence. The affemblies were afterwards held for the eleftion q Cenfors. The People's choice fell upon M. JEm'ilius

Liv.xl. 45, 46, & 51,

Lepidus,

who

little

before had been

raifed to

the dignity of Pontifex vius Nobilior,

Maximus> and upon M. Fulover the ^tolians.

who had triumphed

There was a mutual enmity between them, which had broke out in violent conteRs both in the Senate and before the People. The new Cenfors at this time being come^ according to cuftom, to take their places upon the Curule chairs in the field of Mars, near the altar of that God, the mod: confiderable of the Senators followed them tliither with a great multitude of citizens, and Q^CiEcilius Ivietellus fpoke to them
in thefe terms.

" We well know, Cenfors, that the Roman Peo" pie have ju ft made you the arbiters and judges of " our conduct and that, in this capacity, it is we " who are to receive your opinions and rem.onftrances, " and
;

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
and not you ours. ^

Confuls.
-

275

Permit us, however, to observe A. R. 573' Ant. C. you to all perfons of worth, 179. leafl what they are defirous that you fhould " amend. When we confider each of you feparately, " iEmilius, and you Fulvius, we do not know any

" what " or at

gives offence in

" perfons in Rome that we would prefer to you, if we were to give our fuffrages again. But when we " fee you both together, we cannot help apprehend" ing, that you are very ill joined, and having " grudges at heart againft each other, it is of no con*' fequence that you have the eileem and atfeftion of " all the reft of the citizens. You have been at va*'

*'

riance a great while,

which cannot but

fit

" " " " " "

*'

upon you.
this day,
it

But
will

it is

much

to be feared, that,
infinitely

heavy from

become

more

fo to us

" " " " " "

*'
*'

"
"

" "
*'

" "
*'

and the Commonwealth, than it is to you. could repeat many reafons, which would juftify our apprehenfion, if it were not doing you a kind of injury, to confider your difi^enfion and hatred as irreconcileable. We all both in general and particular conjure you this day to put an end to your enmity in this facred and venerable place. After the Roman People have united you with each other by alTociating you in the fame office, give us the joy of being able to flatter ourfelves, that on our fide we have alfo reunited you by a fmcere and perfect reconciliation. You have the lift of the Senators to fettle, the review of the Knights to make, the number and cenfus of the citizens to adjuft, and to clofe the luftrum. In thefe fun6tions, and in almoft all thofe of your charge, you ufe this form-, May the Gods grant, that the afFAIR, WHICH WE ARE NOW EMPLOYED UPON, MAY TURN TO THE ADVANTAGE AND GLORY OF MY coLLEcuE AND MYSELF. Adl therefore in all
things
fo

We

" convinced,
*'

unanimoufly, that the public may be that you obferve thefe folemn vows in
as well

your hearts
V/hich

as

mouths, and that you

fin-

*'
*'

cerely defire

the accompliihment of the prayers

you

are to addrefs to the Gods.

Romulus
" and

2 7<^ A. R.573"79.^*

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

'

" and T. Tatius, after having fought fword in hand " ^" ^^^ midft of Rome, reigned afterwards in the " fame city in peace and union. Not only private " diflenfions, but wars themfelves, are terminated by *' pacific agreements ; and we have often {ecn States, *' from enemies that they were, become faithful allies, *' and fometimes fellow-citizens of the fame country. '' The Albans, after the ruin of their city, removed " to Rome, and were incorporated with its inhabi' tants. The Latines and Sabines have been alTociat" ed with the Roman People. This maxim, Friend" SHIPS OUGHT TO BE IMMORTAL, AND ENMITIES " MORTAL, became a proverb, only becaufe its *' truth made imprefiion upon every mind." A murmur of applaufe interrupted the difcourfe of Mctellus, and all that were prefent joined their requeft with his, and earneftly exhorted the Ce-nfors to confent to a reconciliation. After feme complaints an both fides, each of them declared for his own part, that if his collegue would confent to it, that they would comply with the defire of fo many illuftrious citizens. Upon the repeated inftances of all prefent, they tenderly embraced each other, and protefted that they would entirely forget all that was paft, and renounce all refentment. The joy was general, and rofe even to fhedding of tears. The affembly feemed incapable of fufficiently praifmg and admiring them, and followed them in a body to the Capitol, whither they repaired that moment. The Senate highly approved both the care, which the principal perfons of the city had taken to reconcile the two Cenfors, and the facility of thofe magiftrates in complying with their defires. It appeared from the manner in which they behaved during their whole adminiftration, that their reconciliation was hearty and fincere. M. i^milius Lepidus, one of the two CenfOrs, was nominated Prince of the Senate by his collegue. They executed many public works and buildings, both very ufeful and very confiderable^

Examples

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,

Confuls.

277

even down to fucceeding ages. It gives me joy to long after, cite the fact of which we have juil been fpeaking in j unification of his conduft in refpedl to Caefar, with whom he believed it incumbent on him to renev/ the friendfhip they had long before contracted with each other, and had been often inter" If, fays he, I facrifice my refentment to rupted. *' the Commonwealth, who can take offence at me *' for it, efpecially as I pique myfelf upon direding " my conduit by that of the great men of antiquity ? " Does not hiftory tell us, that M. Lepidus, who *' was twice Conful and Great Pontiff, on the very " day he was eled:ed Cenlbr, was reconciled in the *' field of Mars to M. Fulvius his collegue, who till *' then had been his declared enemy, in order una*' nimoufly to difcharge the fundions of an office ^' common to them both ? And does not the fame '^ hiftory alfo inform us, as well as the verfes of a " great * poet, that this adion was generally ap" plauded 'by all orders of the State ? f You <" know, fathers, that 1 have always been aduated by " an incredible zeal for the Commonwealth. It is " the fame zeal which this day reunites, reconciles, " and reinftates me with C. Caefar. Let what will ^' be judged of it but I cannot help being the ^ " friend of whoever renders the Commonv/eaith
fee Cicero,
*'

Examples of this kind are of great importance in a A. R. 573^' "'^' State, and produce wonderful effeds upon a people, 179.

fervice."
* Ennius evidently.

f Ardeo, mihi
amore
patriae,

credite, Patres Confcriptl

Hie

me mens

perennis cum C. Cajfare Quod volent denique homines exiftiment Ijene de republica merenti ncn amicus.

incvedlbili quodiim in rempublicam animus priftinus ac reducit, reconciliat, reftituit in gratiam.

j

nemini ego

poll'uiu e.te

E C

Tc

278

Characters of

HANNIBAL
V.

and SCIPIO.

SECT.
Chara5fcrs
of^

and comparifon between,

Scipio Jfricanus.

Hannibal and

and Scipio have afted glorious and both deferving to be ftudied attentively and thoroughly known, I thought it proper to give what I have faid * elfewhere a place here, and to unite the great qualities common to both, and the differences between them in the fame I imagine, in thus comparing their point of view. charadters, that I in a manner again bring them into
parts in the

HANNIBAL

Roman Hiftory,

but I Ihall leave it to the reader to the field together give the preference, and adjudge the viftory to which of the two heroes he fhall think moft deferving;. I
:

however do not undertake to make an exaft comparifon between them, but only to trace the principal points of it. I ihall examine in this parallel the military, moral, and civil virtues j which form the great Captain and Worthy Man.

E C

T.

I.

Military Virtues.
I
,

Extent of capacity

to

form and
becaufe,

execute great deftgns,

T
*

Begin by
it
is

this quality,

properly fpeaking,
:

which forms great men, and has the greateft Ihare in the fuccefs of affairs this Polybius
that,
calls,
cxiv

in having forming plans at a diftance in propofing an end and defign from which the author never departs ; in taking all the meafures, and preparing all the means, that are neceffary for its fuccefs in knowing how to feize the favourable moments of
vu
7rfd,T']ztv
,

TO TTpoTi^iv.

It confifts

great views

in

in the Belles Lettres.

occafion,

Characters of HANNIBAL and SCIPIO.

occafion,
,

279

which

are

rapid in their courfe, and never

return to make even fudden and unforefeen accidents fubfervient to a plan ; in a word, toforefee and be upon the watch againfb every thing, without being perplexed or dilconcerted by any event. For, as the fame Polybius obferves, the concurrence of all the page mod wifely concerted and executed meafurcs is fcarce fufficient to make a defign fucceed ; whereas the omiffion of only one, how (light foever it may appear, often fuffices to render it abortive. Such was the charadler of Hannibal and Scipio. Both form a defign great, bold, fmgular, of vaft extent, long conlequences, and capable of exerci0ng the greateft heads, but the only one falutary and decilive.

ja

Hannibal, from the beginning of the war, rightly coaceived that the only means of conquering the Ro-

mans, was to attack them in their own country. He prepared every thing before-hand for this great defign. He forefaw all the difficulties and obftacles. The paffing of the Alps did not flop him. So wife a Captain, as Polybius obferves, would not have undertaken it, if he had not been previoufly affured, that thofe mountains were not impracticable. The fuccefs anfwered his views. Every body knows the rapidity of his vicStories, and that Rome law herfelf ,upon tKe
very brink of deflruclion.
Scipio formed a defign which fcarce appeared lefe
this was to atfcemed to oppofe Was it not natural, one would fay, to defend his own country, before attacking that of the enemy, and to fecure peace in Italy, before carrying the war into Africa ^ What refource had the Commonwealth, if v.iftorious Hannibal had marched againft P.ome ? Would it then hav-e been time enough to recal the Conful to its aid ? What would become of Scipio and his army, if he had happened to lofe a battle ? and what was not to be feared from the Carthaginians and their allies in conjunction, and lighting

^^S^ *'
^*"

bold, but whicji was

more

fuccefsful

tack Africa this defign

itfelf.

What

obftacles

T4

for

28o

Characters of
children,

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

for their lives and liberties in the fight of their wives,

and country ? Thefe were the refledions of Fabius, which feemcd very plaufible, but which did not flop Scipio ; and the fuccefs of the enterprize fufficiently lliewed with what wifdom it had been conceived, and with v/hat ability it had been conduced ; and it is obvious that in the adtions of that great man, nothing was the effeft of chance, but that every thing was the refult of folid reafon and confummate prudence, which indicates the General, v/hereas mere execution
is

,only the foldicr's part.

2.

Profound fecrecy.

Pacre CC2.

the rnoil neceilary means for making a dcfucceed is fecrecy, and Polybius is for having a General fo impenetrable in this point, that not only friendlhip, nor the moft intimate familiarity fliould ever wreit from him a fmgle indifcreet word, but that it even fhould not be pofTible for the moft fubtle curiofity to difcover any thing either in his looks, or air, of what he has in his thoughts.
figf^

One of

The
his

fiege of

Scipio in He communicated it only to other conquefts. him, only becaufe it was abin confided L^elius, and could alfo be only in efFe6l of It folutely neceflary.

Carthagena was the firft enterprize of Spain, and in a manner the firft ftep to all

and the moft profound fecrecy, that another ftill more important enterprize fucceeded, v/hich drew on the conqueft of Africa, when Scipio burnt the two camps, and cut to pieces the two armies of the
filence,

enemy

in

the night.

Hannibal's frequent fuccefies in laying ambufcades for the Romans, and in deftroying fo many Generals in them with their beft troops ; in ftealing his marches,

and furprizing them by unforefeen attacks ; in moving from one part of Italy to the other, without meetino any obftacles from the enemy, are proofs of the profound fecrecy, with which he concerted and executed
all

his

defigns.

Artifice, illufion,

and

ftrata-

gem.

Characters of
gem, were

HANNIBAL
-,

and SCIPIO.

281

his peculiar talents

all

which would have

been inefFedtual without impenetrable lecrecy.

3.

Well

to

know

the

charadiers of the leaders cigainfi

whom
Well
to

a General a^s.

know
the

the charader of the Generals

command

enemy's army, and to

who know how to

"^

take advantage of their failings, is great ability, and an highly important part of military knowledge. For, fays Polybius, it is the ignorance or negled: of commanders, that renders moil enterprizes abortive. Hannibal was a perfect mafter of this fcience ; and it may be faid that his continual attention in ftudying the genius of the Roman Generals, was one of the principal caufes of his gaining the battles of Trebia and Thra-

fymenus. He * knew as well what palTed in the enemy's camp as in his own. When P. iEmilius and Varro were fent againft him, he was foon informed of the different charafters of thofe Generals and of their didijjimiles d'fcordefque imperitare ; and he did vifions not fail to take advantage of the hot and impetuous difpofition of Varro, in laying a bait for his temerity, by fome flight advantages which he let him gain, that were followed with the famous dreadful defeat at
:

Cannse,

What Scipio learnt of the little difcipline which the Generals of the enemy caufed to be obferved in their camps, made him conceive the thought of fetting fire an enterprize, of which the fucto them in the night cefs acquired him the conqueft of Africa. Hac relata Liv.xxx. Scipioni fpem fecerant^ cajira hojiium per occajionem incen- 3
:

dendi.

4.

To

keep up an

exa^

difcipUne amongfi the troops.

Military difcipline is in a manner, the foul of the army, which binds and unites all its parts together,
* Omnia ei hoftium hand fecus, qium fua, notaerant. Liv. xxii.41. Nee quicquara eorum qute apud lioftes agebantur, eum fallebat.
Ibid. i8.

fets

aSz
fcts

Characters of HANNIBAL and SClPIO.

them in motion, or keeps them at reft, according to occafion, afllgns and diftributes to each its fundions, and obliges them all to obferve their duty. It is agreed that our two Generals excelled in this but it muft be allowed that in this kind of mepart that of Hannibal muft feem much fuperior to that rit And accordingly it has been always confiScipio. of dered as the greateft addrefs, the mafter-piece of military ability, that Hannibal, during a war of fixteen years in a foreign country fo far from his own, with fuch various luccefs, at the head of an army confifting, not of Carthaginian citizens, but of aconfufed mixture of many nations, who had nothing common to them, whofe habits, arms, neither cuftoms, nor language ceremonies, facrifices, and even Gods were different that Hannibal, I fay, fo united them, that no fedition ever arofe either between them or againft him, though they were often in want of provifions, and their pay had been often delayed. In order to this, how folidly muft the difciphne have been eftablifhed, and how inviolably obferved amongft the troops
:
,

^'^...

acxvm.

12.

5.

To

live

in

a,

fimple, modsft^

f^^g^U

o,ni

laborious

manner.
It is a very bad tafte, and argues little elevation of mind, and noblenefs of foul, to make the greatnefs of an officer or General confift in the magnificence of equipages, moveables, drefs or table. How have fuch frivolous things been capable of becoming military virtues ? What do they fuppofe, except great riches and are thole riches always undoubtedly proofs of folid merit, and the fruits of virtue ? It is the difgrace ofreait is the degradation of fo martial fon and good fenfe a people as curs to defcend to the manners and cuftoms of the Perfians, by introducing the luxury of citifi-s into camps and armies. Does not an officer, a
-,

commander, know
attention,

better

how

to

employ

the time,

and expences
:

thisfuperfluity

beftowed upon all .and does he not owe them to his counneceflarily
try ?

Characters of
try
?

HANNIBAL
praife,

and SCIPIO.

2S3

The

Captains of the Antients thought and a6led

quite differently.

Livy gives Hannibal a

which we have

al-

ready repeated, and at which I do not know but many of our officers Ihould believe they ought to blufh. " No labour, fays he, could tire his body, or deprefs his mind. He bore cold and heat with equal indifference^ It was necefiity and occafion, not pleafure, that regufor fleeping

eating and drinking. He had no fet hour he gave the time his affairs left him to repofe, and did not court it by filence and the foftnefs of his bed. He was often found lying upon the ground in a foldier's veft amongfb the fentinels and guards of
lated
his
:

He diftinguifhed himfelf from his equals, his army. not by the magnificence of his habit, but the goodnefs of his horfes and arms." Polybius, after having praifed Scipio for the fhining virtues the world admired in him, his liberality, magnificence, greatnefs of foul-, adds, that thofe who knew him moll intimately admired * no lefs the fober and frugal life that he led, which enabled him to beftow his whole application to the public affairs. He gave himfelf little trouble in adorning his perfon. His drefs was manly and military, well fuiting his ftature, which was large and majeftic. Praterqiiam quod fuapte ^^"^c. natura multa majejlas inerat, adornabat -promijfa cafaries haUtufque corporis^ non culius munditiis^ fed virilis vere What Seneca tells us of the fimplicity ac militar'is. of his baths, and of his country-houfe, gives us room to judge what he was in the camp, and at the head of
his troops.
It
is

by leading fuch

a fober

and frugal kind of

fo

life,

that Generals are capable of difcharging that part of

their duty,
his fon

which Cambyfes recommends

much

to
?^enoph,
JJl,

Cyrus, as extremely proper for animating the

troops, and to make them love their leaders ; which is to fet the foldiers the example of labour, by fuftain-

J''"^^'

ing with them, and even more than them, cold, heat,

pg. 577'

and

284

Characters
*!a.nd
:

of

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

wherein, * fays he, the difference will fatigues always be very great between the General and the foldier, becaufe the latter finds only labour and toil in it ; whereas the other, expofed as a fight to the eyes of the whole army, has honour and glory from it ; motives which much leffen the weight of fatigue, and reoit lefs

rder

painful.

was no enemy to wife and mode-fLivy in fpeaking of Philip's honourable reception of him, when he paffed through his dominions with his brother againft Antiochus, obferves that Scipio was highly pleafed with it; and that he admired in the King of Macedonia the wit, politenefs and graces with which he knew how to feafon the entertainments he gave them qualities, adds Livy, which
Scipio, however,
rate pleafure.
,

fo great in all other refpeds, eftimable, provided they did not degenerate into pomp and luxury.

the illuilrious

Roman,

deemed

6.

Equally to

know how

to

employ fur ce and firat agent.

Liv. xxii.
i6, 17.

What Polybius fays is very true, that in matter of war, artifice and flratagem are of much more efFed than open force and declared defigns. In all his actions, in all In this Hannibal excels. his enterprizes and battles, artifice and flratagem had The manner in which he always the greatefl part. prudent of all Generals, wary and moft deceived the by fetting fire to flraw upon the horns of two thoufand oxen, to extricate himfelf out of a dangerouj fituation, would alone fuffice to fhew how expiert
Hannibal was
in the fcience

of llratagems.

Nor was

* Itaque Temper Africanus (meaning the fecond of that name) Socraticum, Xenophontem in manibus habebat: cujus imprimis laudabat illiid, quod diceret, eofdem labores non effe aeque graves imperatori & militi, quod ipfe honos laborem leviorem f^ceret impefatorum, Cic. lib. 2. Tufc. Quasft. n. 62.
profecutus eft: Rex, Multa regio apparatu accepit, dexteritas & humanitas vifa, quae commendabilia apud Africanum erant, virum, ficut ad cetera egregium, ita a comitate, quae Liv. xxxvii. 7. fine luxuria eflet, non averfum.

f Venientes

&

ineo

&

Characters of
it lefs

HANNJBAL
;

and SCIPIO.

285

known by Scipio and camps of the enemy in Africa,

7.

his
is

burning the twoLiv.xxx. ~^"^' proof of it.

Never

to expofe his perfon without necejjity,

Polybius lays down as a maxim efTencial and capiGeneral, that he ouglit never to expofe his ^'^' ^'^' perfon, when the a6tion is not general and decifive, and that even then he ought to keep as far out of danger as pofTible. He enforces this maxim by the contrary example of Marcellus, whofe raili bravery, which ill fuited a Captain of his age and experience, coil him his life, and threatened the ruin of the Commonwealth. It is upon this occafion he obferves, that Hannibal, whom none certainly can fufpeft of fear or of too great a love of life, in all the battles which he fought, took particular care to poft himl'elf in fafety. And he makes the fame remark in refpe6l to Pag. jSy, Scipio, who in the fiege of Carthagena was oblio-ed to expofe his perlbn, and confront the danger, but he did fo with prudence and circumfpeftion. Plutarch in his comparifon of Pelopidas and Marcellus, fays, that the wounds or death of a General ought not to be merely accidental, but a means that contributes to fuccefs, and conduces to vidory and the prefervation of an army '2;rat^(S^, i-t^i, 'Trpd^K ; and he laments that the two great m.en of whom he
tal to a
:

fpeaks, facrificed

all their

other virtues to their va-

of their blood and lives without neceffity, and died for themfelves and not for their country, to which Generals are accountable for
lour, in being fo prodigal

their deaths, as well as lives.

8. It

j^rt

and

ability in battles.

were neceflary to be a foldierby profefHon to obferve, in the different battles fought by Kannibai and Scipio, upon their ability, addrefs, prefence of mind, attention in taking advantage of all the motions of the enemy, of all the fudden occafions refukins; from
Cr,
',>

r> --

^-^

a86
in

Characters of
chance, of
eafily
ail

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

a word, of

all

the circumftances of time and place, I that can contribute to vi<5lory.

pleafure in reading in

conceive that military perfons muft take great good authors the narrations of the famous battles which decided the fate of the Univerfe, as well as the reputation of the Captains of the

and that it is a great means for attaining Antients perfeftion in the art military, to fludy under fuch mailers, and to be thereby capable of improving as
-,

But fuch well from their defeds as great qualities. reflexions are above my capacity, and do not fuit me.
Q.

^0 have

the gift of fpeaking^

and

to

know how

to

give

the proper bent of

mind

to people

with addrtfs.

I place this quality amongll the military virtues, becaufe a General ought to be fo in all things ; and to difcharge the functions of his office, his tongue, as well as his head and hand, is often a neceflary inftruThis is one of the things, which Hannibal ment. iiv.xxxv. efteemed moft in Pyrrhus artem etiam conciliandi fibi ^*' homines miram hahniffe \ and he puts this talent on an equal rank with the perfedt knowledge of the art military, by which Pyrrhus diftinguifhed himfelf moft. To judge of our two Captains by the fpeeches which hiftorians have preferved, they both exceliedbut I cannot tell, whether in the talent of fpeaking thofe hiftorians have not lent them fome part of their own eloquence. Some very ingenious repartees of Hannibal, which have come down to us from hiftory, iliew that he had an excellent fund of wit, and that nature alone was capable of doing that in him, which But * Cornelius Nepos art and ftudy do in others. tells us, that he did not want letters, and that he had
:
:

As to Scipio, his even compofed works in Greek. parts were more improved ; and though the age he lived in was not fo polite as that of the fecond Scipio,
* Atque hie tantus vir, tantifque bellis diftriftus, non nihil tem<Namque aliquot ejus libri lunl Graeco fermone poris tiibuit Liteiis. cont"e6ti. Corn, Nep. in Anuib tap. 13.
fir-

Characters

of

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

2S7

firnamed Africaniis, as well as him, his intimacy with the poet Ennius, with whom it was his defire to have a common tomb, gives us room to believe, that he idem, did not want tafte for polite learning. However it ^^^- ^^ ^^* be, Livy obferves, that, when he arrived in Spain to"* command the army, in the firft audience which he gave the deputies of the province, he fpoke with a certain air of greatnefs that com. manded refpedl, and at the fame time in that iimple and natural manner which perfuades and infpires confidence ; lb that, without letting a word efcape that favoured in the lead of haughtinefs, he prefently engaged the good opinion of every body, and acquired univerfal efteem and admiration. On another occafion, when Scipio and Afdrubal hap- lj^. ^^ pened to be in the palace of Syphax to treat of af- n. i&.
fairs,

the

fame

hiftorian obferves,

that

Scipio had

fuch an afcendant in converfation, and influenced people as he pleafed with fo much addrefs, that he equally

charmed

his hoft

and

tradtions of his eloquence.

terwards owned, given him an higher idea of Scipio than his vi6lories and conquells and that he did not doubt, but that Syphax and his kingdom were already in the power of the Romans, fo much arc and capacity had Scipio in conciliating every body to his views. lingle fa6t like this fuffices to fhew of what confequence it is to perfons deftined to the profeiTion of arms, induflrioufly to cultivate the talent of fpeaking and it is hard to conceive how officers, who may have great; talents for war, fhould fometime feem to be alhamed to know things out of their profefTion.
;

the force and atthe Carthaginian afthat this private converfation had
his

enemy by

And

A
:

CONCLUSION.
The
queftion Ihould

now be

to determine between
talents
:

Hannibal and Scipio

in

refpefl to military

but fuch a decifion is not within my fphere. I have heard that in the opinion of the bed Judges, Hannibal is the moil: confummate Captain the world ever law in
6
tlie

288

Characters
Romans
It miift

of

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

And indeed it was in his fchool the the military art. attained perfedion in it^ after having paffed their firft apprenticefhip in the fcience againft Fyrrhus.
be confelTed, that no General ever knew betto take advantage of his ground for drawing up an army in battle, applying his troops to the fervice for which they were mod fit, laying ambufcades, finding refources in diilrefs, or keeping up difter

how

amongft fo many different nations. He himfound fubfiftence and pay for his troops, remounted his cavalry, recruited his infantry, and fupcipline
felf

plied

all

the munitions

neceffary for fuilaining an

heavy war in a foreign country, againft powerful enemies, during the fpace of fixteen fuccefllve years, and notwithftanding a powerful domeftick fadion, which refufed him every thing, and diftrefied him in all
things.
I alfo

And

certainly

we may

call this a great

General,

own, that to make a juft com.parifon between the defign of Hannibal and that of Scipio, that of Hannibal muft be confeiTed to be the boldeft, mod dangerous, moft difficult, and the moft deftitute of He had the country of the Gauls to pafs refources. through, whom he was to confider as enemies; the Alps to pafs, which would have been impracticable to any other ; to fettle the theatre of the war in the midft of the enemy's country and in the very heart of Italy, where he had neither tov/ns, magazines, certain Add to this, that he ataid, or hopes of retreat. tacked the Romans at the time of their greateft force, when their troops were entirely frelh, and ftill haughty and flufhed from the fuccefs of the preceding war, As to Scipio, were full of courage and confidence. he had but a fiiort trip to make from Sicily into Africa. He had a powerful fleet, and was mafter of the lea. He preferved a free communication with Sicily, from whence he had in any quantities ammunitions and provifions.

He

end of a war,

attacked the Carthaginians towards the in which they had fuffered great loffes,

at a time when their power began to decline, and when they began to be exhaulled of money, men, and cou-

Characters of
rage.

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

2S9

and Sicily had been taken from them, and they could no longer make any diverfions againft the Romans. Afdrubal's army had lately been cut to pieces that of Hannibal was extremely weakened by many blows, and an almoft All thefe circumftances univerfal want of all things. feem to give Hannibal much the preference to Scipio. But two difficulties give me paufe the one deduced from the Generals he overcame j the other from the /faults he committed. May it not be faid, that the glorious viftories, whicli rendered the name of Hannibal fo fiimcus, were as much owing to the imprudence and rafhnefs of the Roman Generals, as to his ov/n valour and good condu6t ? When Fabius was given the command againft him, and afterwards Scipio the one checked his progrefs, and the other entirely defeated him. The two faults faid to be committed by Hannibal, the firft in not marching dire<5l:ly to Rome immediately
Spain,
Sardinia,
:

after the Battle of Cannse, fuppofing it really a fault j the fecond, in fuffering his troops to be enervated at Capua, muft greatly lefTen his reputation. For th^ib

faults appear to fom.e, efiential, decifive, irreparable, and entirely contrary to the principal quality of a General, which is fenfe and judgment. As to Scipio, I do not find that he is reproached with any thing of the like nature, during the whole time he commanded the

Roman
I

armies.

do not wonder therefore, that Hannibal, in the judgment he is faid to have paiTed upon the moft accomplifhed Generals, having given himfelf the third place after Alexander and Fyrrhus, on Scipio's aflcing him what he fhould fay if he had conquered, re" I fhould then have fet myfelf above Alexanplied der and Pyrrhus, and all the Generals that ever were.'* A fine and delicate praife, and highly in favour of Scipio, which it diftinguiHies from all other Captains, as fuperior to them, and as being above comparifon with any of them. Vol. V.
:

SECT.

2^0

SECT.

11.

Moral

and

Civil Virtues.

Scipio's triumph, whofe goodnefs, mildmoderation, generofity, juftice, even chaflity, and religion, are with realon admired I fay, this is the triumph of Scipio, or rather that of virtue
I

is

ncfs,

moft glorious vidories, conquelh, and dignities. This is the fine thought which we have feen in Livy, where he fpeaks of the deliberation of the Senate, affembled to determine which of the Romans was the belt and moft worthy Hctid parv< 7'ti judicium Senatum tenebat^ qui Liv.xxix. man. Hiv'r optimus in civitate eJJ'eL Vtram eerie vi5ioriam ejus^ rci fihi qui/que mallet^ quam ulla in.peria honcrejve fuffragio feu Pairum ftu pkbis delates The reader v/ill not hefitate here, in whofe favour to declare, efpecially if he remembers the horrid ac" His great vices, count Livy gives us of Hannibal. fays that hiflorian, after having repeated his praife,
infinitely preferable to all the

inhuman cruelty, more equalled fuch great virtues than Carthaginian perfidy, no regard for truth or any thing facrcd ; no fear of the Gods, no regard for oaths,
:

Liv.xxi.4.

^quahant
jiica,

^^ religion." Has tantas I'iri : inhumana criidditas^

fiihil I'cri,

virtutes ingentia
pc^fidia pliifquam

vilia
Pii-

niUl fan^fi

r.ullus

dcilm meluSy nullum

jusjurar.dum, nu.la nligic.

have here a flrange portrait. I do not know whether it be faithfully copied after nature, and v/hefher prejudice has not much heightened the colours. For, generally fpeaking, the Romans m.ay be fufpefted of not do'ing Hannibal fufficient juftice, and of having faid abundance of ill of him, becaufe he had done them much. Neither Polybius nor Plutarch, who have frequently occafion to mention him, gave him The very the horrid vices imputed to him by Livy. fafts related by Livy contradict his picture of him.

We

To

Characters of

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

291

To mention only the fingle imputation, * mdlus deum metas^ 7tulla religio, there are proofs to the contrary.
Before he
fet out from Spain, he went to Cadiz to difcharge the vows he had made to Hercules, and to

make new
enterprize.
vit^

ones to him, in cafe that God favoured his Anmhal Gades prcfeufus, Herculi vota exol- -^^

novifqiie fe ohligat 'votis^ fi cetera prcfpcre ev?.mjjmt. xx. 22.

behaviour of a man who knows neither reliGod ? What induced him to quit his army, and undertake fo long a pilgrimage ? if it was hypocrify, to impofe upon fuperftitious nations, it had been more for his advantage to affume this maf!<. of religion in the fight of all his troops affeaibled, and to imitate the religious ceremonies ufcd by the Romans in the luftrations of their armies. Soon after Hannibal has a vifion, which he believes to come from the Gods, who reveal futurity to him, and the fuccefs of
Is this the

gion, nor

,,

^
'

"'

his enterprize.

He

paffed feveral years near the rich

temple of Juno Lacinia ; and he not only took away nothing from it in the mod preffing occafions of his army, but he was fo attentive to proteft it, though it was without the city, that none of his troops ever Itole any thing out of it ; and himfelf, before he quitted j^jj Italy, left a fuperb monument there. It was very xxviii. 46. clearly acknowledging the power of the divinity, to ^'^"ldeclare, as he did, that the Gods had fometimes deprived him of the will, and fometimes of the power of taking Rome. In the treaty which he made with jbjd. Philip, -|- after having invoked the Gods towitnefs it, xxiii. 33. he evidently fliews, that it is from their proteilion he expeds all the fuccefs of his arms. And laftly, at his death, he invokes all the Gods avengers of hoipitality. All thefe fads, and many others, abfolutely acquit him of the crime of irreligion with v/hich Livy taxes him. The fame may be faid of his perjuries and want of faith in treaties. I do not find that he ever violated any, though the Carthaginians did, but without his participation. However it be, I fhall not
*

No

fear of the Gods^

no

religion,

t Polybius

relates this ciircumltince.

draw

292

Characters of
draw
in refped:

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

a parallel in this place

between thefetwo Captains,

I fhall content myfelf with relating fome of thofe, that fhone out moll

to civil and moral virtues.

in Scipio.

I.

Generojity, liberality.

Thefe are the virtues of great

fouls, as the love

of
to

money
Scipio

is

the vice of

mean

fpirits,

void of honour.
is

knew

the true value of money, which

it,

make
gifts

friends with

and to attach mankind.

The

which he had the addrefs to time feafonably, the

either

money which he came to ranfom

generoufly reftored to thofe who their children or relations, gained him almoft as many adherents as his viftories. He thereby entered into the views and charadter of the Roman People, who, as Scipio faid himfelf, chofe rather to attach men to them by ads of beneficence,

Liv. xxvi. 20.

than by fear
^alit.

quo beneficio qudm melu obligare homines

2.

Goodnefs^ lenity.

all men, but it is to men. This is a coin with which many are fatisfied, and does not exhaull the coffers of a General. Scipio had a wonderful talent for conciliating good opinion, and for gaining the heart, by kind, polite, and engaging behaviour.

It

is

not pofTible to do good to

all

exprefs good-will for

He

treated the officers with good-breeding, fet the

full value

upon

their fervices, extolled

their glorious

Hud.

20.

gave them great prefents or great praifes, and even a6led in the fame manner with thofe who might have given fome caufe of jealoufy, if he had been capable of it. He always kept Marcius, that famous officer, about his perfon, who, after the death of his father and uncle, had reinflated the affairs of Spain ; thereby fliev/ing, fays the hiftorian, how far he was {y-Q^ taking umbrage at the m.erit of others Ut faactions,
:

cile

Characters of
ria fua.

HANNIBAL
quam

and SCIPIO.

293

die appareret nihil minus

vereri, ne quis objiaret glo-

to temper even his reprimands with goodnefs and candour, which rendered even an of reproof amiable. That which he was obhged to make Liv. xxx. Mafmifla, who, blinded by his palTion, had married So- h. phonifba, the declared enemy of the Roman People,
air

He knew how

model of the manner in which perfons behave and fpeak in fuch delicate conjunctures. All the refinements of eloquence, all the precautions of prudence and wifdom, all the referves of friendlhip, and all the dignity and elevation of command, without any air of haughtinefs, are employed
is

a perfe6l to

ought

in

it.

His goodnefs difplayed itfelf even in chaftifements. He ufed them only once, and very much againfi: his will. This was in the fedition of Sucro, which neceffarily required, that examples fhould be made. " * He thought it, fays he, tearing out his own bowels, when
he faw himfelf obliged to expiate the crime of eight thoufand by the deaths of thirty." It is remarkable that Scipio on this occafion does not make ufe of the words, fcelusy crimen^ facinus ^ but of noxa^ which is a much fofter term, and fignifies only z. fault. Neither does he venture to determine whether it be a fault or not ; and leaves room to fuppofe that it was only imprudence and levity o51q millium feu imprudentiam^ feu
:

noxam.

He

deemed

it

infinitely

more meritorious

to

contri-

bute to the prefervation of a fingle citizen, than to kill a thoufand of the enemy, -f Capitolinus obferves, that theEmperor Antoninus Pius often repeated this maxim of Scipio's, and put it in pradlice.
* Turn fe haud fecus quam vifcera fecantern fua, cum gemitu Sc lacrymis triginta hominum capitibus expiaffe ofto millium feu imprudentiam, feu noxam. Lib. aS. n. 32. Antoninias Pius Scipionis fententiam frequental:)at, qua die dicebat, malle fe uiium civem fervare, quam mille holtium occideie. Caf-

pitol, cap. 9.

U
*
I

3.

Juf

294

Characters of

HANNIBAL
3,

and SCIPIO.

Jupce.

The excercife of this virtue is properly the furiclion of thofe who are eftablifhed in dignity and authority. It was by this that Scipio rendered the Roman fway
'

fo crentle

and grateful to the allies and conquered namade himfelf fo tenderly beloved by the and tions, States, that they confidered him as their proteftor and Pie mufl: have had a great pafTion for juftice, father. as he piqued himfelf upon doing it even to the enemy after they had rendered themfelves entirely unworthy The Carthaginians, during a truce which had of it. been granted at their earneft requeft, took and plundered, with the knowledge and by order of the Repuband to lic, fome Roman fliips which had put to fea carry the infult to the utmoft height, the Ambafladors, who had been fent to Carthage to complain of the infult, were attacked on their return, and almolt taken by Afdrubal. The Ambafladors of Carthage, who returned from Rome, had fallen into Scipio's hands. He w^as prefled to ufe reprifiils. " No *, faid he.
,

the Carthaginians have not only violated the of the truce, but alfo the law of nations in the perfons of our AmbafTadors, I fhall not treat theirs in a manner unworthy either of the Roman dignity, or the rules of moderation, which I have hitherto followed."
faith

Though

4. Greatnef: of foul.
It fhines

out in

all

the aftions, and almoft in

all

the

words of Scipio.

But the States of Spain were entirely ftruck with them, when he refufed the name of King, which they offered him, when charmed with
* Etfi non induciarum modo fides i Cartbagienfibus, fed etiam jus in legatis violatum eflet 5 tamen le nihil nee inftitutis populi Romani nee luis moribus indignura in iis fa(^urum eS^n. Lib,

gentium

30. a. 25.

his

Characters of

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.
perceived,

29^

They his valour and generofity. ;^ fays Livy, what greatnefs of foul there was in thus regarding with contempt and difdain a title, whicli conftitutes the principal objed of the admiration and defire of the reft of mortals. It is with the fame air of greatnefs, when obliged Lib. to make his defence before the People, that he fpeaks and that inltead fj nobly of his fervices and exploits of making a timorous apology for his conduft, he goes to the Capitol, followed by the whole People, to thank the Gods for the viflories they had vouchfafed th;atjie fhould gain.
:

3?,

5. -Chajlity.

can fcarce conceive how a Pagan could carry of this virtue fo high as Scipio did. The ftory of the young Princefs of exquifite beauty, who was kept in his houfe as if fhe was in that of her own father, is known by every body. I have related it with fufficient extent, as well as the fine difcourfe which he made to MafmifTa upon the fame fubjed.
the love
6.

We

Religion.

I have frequently quoted the famous converfation between Cambyfes King of Perfia and his fon Cyrus, which, with reafon,isconfidered as an abridgment of tie moft ufeful lefTons that can be given to whoever is to command armies^ or be employed in governmenr. This excellent difcourfe be2;ins and ends with what

concerns religion, as if all other advice without that mull be ufelefs. Cambyfes, above all things, recomx-

mends

to his fon religioufly to difcharge all the

:

duties

which the Divinity requires from mankind never to form any enterprize great or fmall, without confulting the Gods to begin all his acftions by imploring their aid, and to caufe them to be fucceeded by thankfgiv:

minis

X Senfere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, cujiis miraculo noalii mortales ftuperent, id ex tam alto faftigio afpernantis. Lib.

iiigs;

296

Characters of
ings
,

HANNIBAL

and SCIPIO.

tion, to

good fuccefs proceeding from their protecwnich no one has a right, and which confeAccordingly this is quently is to be afcribed to them. what Cyrus pra6tifed very exactly and he confeffes himlelf in the converfation from which this is extracted, that he fet out for his firft campaign full of confidence in the good nefs of the Gods, becaufe he' is confcious to himfelf of having never negleded their
all
,

worfiiip.
1

do not know, whether our Scipio had read the

Cyropoediac, as the fecond certainly had,

it

who made

his ufual iludy

in

but

it is

evident, that he imitated

in

Cyrus
liv. xxvi.
^^'

every thing, efpecially

religious worfhip.

From
that
is,

the time that he put on the robe of

manhood,

ibid.

XXIX. 27.

from the age of feventeen, he never began any affair, either public or private, without having firil been at the Capitol, to implore the aid of JupiVv^e have in Livy the folemn prayer which he ter. ^^^Q ^Q j^g Gods in fetting out from Sicily to Africa and the fame hiftorian does not omit to obferve, that foon after the taking of Carthagena, he publickly thanked the Gods for the good fuccefs of that enterprize
:

ibid',

Pojlero
^;7j

die.,

militibus na^'a/itufque fociis convocatiSy

XXVI. 43.

pjrij,.ii-^j2

The
k'novv's

immortalibus laudefque &' gyates egit. queftion here is not to examine what this reli-

gion was either of Cyrus, or Scipio.

that
it

Every body But the example which he gives all commanders, and all men, of beginning and ending all their aftions by prayers and For what would thankfgivings, is but too flrong. they not have faid and done, if like us they had been illuminated with true religion, and had the good for-

mud

have been

falfe.

tune to knov/ the true

God

After fuch examples,

what fliame would it be for Chriftian Generals, not to feem as religious as thefe Captains of the antient

Pagan

v^-orld.

THE

297

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
"^HE
THE

TWENTY-FIFTH.

great fubjedt of our hiftory during the ten or twelve following years, is the war of the Romans with Perfeus the laft King of Macedonia, which terminates with the ruin of that kingdom, and the end of the Macedonian power. This event is mingled in Livy with fome inconfiderable expeditions in

Spain,

Iftria,

Liguria, Sardinia, Corlica,

I fhall lirft treat

and

fome other provinces.

of thefe

expeditions feparately, and in the moil fuccind:

manner

however, without omitting any thing that fhall feem worthy of attention. I {hall do the fame in refpe6t to the domeftick affairs and polity of Rome. In this method, the war in Macedonia, not being interrupted with foreign events, will be related with more order and lefs obfcurity.
poflible
;

Affairs of Spain,

L. Poftumius and Ti. Sempronius Propraetors, di- A..R.57j. vided Celtiberia between them, and each on their ^^^-C' fide gained many battles, and took a great number Liv/xl. of cities. Both had afterwards the honour of tri-47 so-

umphing.
Five

298
A.R.
578.

W
Five years

A R
after,
to.

OF

T R

A.

the Celtiberians,

v/hom Sempro-

^h^' nius Teemed

Liv. xli.

^'

Ant*, ^c.

^7?-

i.W.'xVm.'
4-

have entirely fubjefted, revolted with oreat infolence, and even were lb bold to attack the camp of the Romans, which they at hrfl put into but they were loon vigoroufly regreat confufion Fifteen thoufand men were either killed or pulfed. taken prifoners on their fide, revolt, excited amongil the Celtiberians by an enthufiaftic foldier, who pretended to have received a filver javelin from heaven, and defigned to alTaflinate the Praetor, was quelled by the death of the criminal, who was killed upon the fpot, and by the wife moderation ufed by the Prsetor to bring the people back to
:

their duty.

IFtir of IJtria.

A.R.

574.
j{^5

Iftria is a

province of Italy

in the (late

of Venice

Ant.c.
L'lv.'xi'i.

principal cities are

Pola,

called alfo Pietas Julia

-,

a 6.

Tergesta, 'Triejie ; which \ were antiently part of it. The Conlul Manlius had Gaul for his province. Not finding any thing there to deferve a triumph, at which he afpired, he feized the occafion of making

Pakentium, Parenzo

war upon the Iflrians with joy. Befides the aid they had formerly granted the ^tolians againft the armies of the Commonwealth, they had very lately made incurfions upon the allies of Rome, that had terminated in plunder, of which this nation were very greedy.
Manlius, without waiting the Senate's orders,
fct

out

from Aquileja, where he was,

people.
fea to defend the coaft.

in

order to attack this

The Commonwealth had a fquadron on this The Conlul fent part of it

mto

the neareft port of the confines of litria, with He repaired thither tranfports laden with provifions.

himfelf by land, and incamped five miles from the To fecure the convoys, and fuflain the foragers, fca.

he pofted many detachments round his camp. That on the fide of Iftria between the fea and the camp, had order not to quit their poft. This was a cohort
of

W
-

A R
-

OF

T R

A.

299

of Placentia, flrength- A.R. 574* of new raifed men in the colony ' ^ \ut. ^* c ^^^^troops. other cned with fome 178. The Illrians had followed the enemy's army through
-

by-ways without being difcovered, watching an occa-

Having difcovered fion to attack it with advantage. that the detachments which furrounded the camp were not numerous, and obferved little order, they attacked
the cohort of Placentia.

A
:

fog that arofe that morn-

but being half difperfed ing concealed their march by the firft rays of the fun, a kind of gloom remained, which magnifying objefts, prefented the appearance of a much more numerous army to the eyes of The folthe Rom.ans, than that of the enemy was. diers Red terrified into the camp, where they occafioned Hill more dread than they had themfelves. The cries raifed at the gates, the gloom which augmented the confufion, the agitation of the foldiers, who in running from their feveral quarters crowded and fell over one another, all this made the remoteil apprehend, that the enemy had entered the intrenchments. voice raifed by chance bade the troops run towards As if it had been the fignal for departure, the fea.

at

firft

arms,

a fmall number of foldiers, moft without made towards the port a greater number
:

and at laft all the troops followed them to the Conful himfelf, who had irreffedlually employed his authority, orders, and even entreaties None ftayed but the legionary Trito retain them. Strabo, with about five or fix hunLacinius M. bune men. dred The enemy having entered the lines, fell upon that officer, who was drawing up his fmall body of troops The fight was bloody, and ended only in battle. when that Tribune with all his foldiers was killed. The Iftrians having found a great abundance of all kinds of provifions in the camp, their King, called Epulo, fate down to table, and began to feaft. All that followed him quitting their arms, did the fame without regard to the enemy. As it was not their cuftom to meet with either fuch good provifions, or in
imitated
:

them

fuch

300
A. R.
574.
'

A R

T R

A.

jyg,

fuch abundance, they greedily glutted themfelves with wine and meat. The Romans were then in a very different fituation. They were in a conflernation both by fea and land. The marines ftruck their tents, and carried away as faft as poinble the provifions and munitions expofed upon the fhore. The land-foldiers full of terror threw themfelves into boats and endeavoured to gain the fea. The pilots and mariners, apprehending that their veiTels would be overladen, took care, fome to keep off the multitude that came for refuge, and
others to remove their fhips from fhore, and to fland

out to the open fea. Hence arofe a fight between the foldiers and fhips crews, which did not pafs without wounds and bloodfhed ; till at length by the Conful's order, the fleet removed from the Ihore, and made out to fea. The whole Roman army would have been the enemy's prey, if they had known any thing of making The Conful, taking advantage of their ignowar. rance, drew together all the troops that remained from the different places into which they had difperfed in flight. Without lofs of time he led them to the camp. The few Mrians, who were not drunk, flxcd the refl: were put to the fword. The Romans recovered all they had left in their cam.p, except the wine and proviAbout fions which the Barbarians had confumed. eight thoufand Iftrians were killed. Their King fled more than half drunk with the help of an horfe upon which his people had fet him, after having taken him in hafl.e from table. The lofs of the Romans was not
:

confiderable.

The news of the flight of the Confular army having As reached Rome, occafioned great alarm there.
rumour always magnifies objefts, efpeciaily for the worfl:, the army was believed to be entirely defeated.

New

Ortroops were raifed with extraordinary hafl:e. ders were given on different fides for fending aid to the Conful. Junius his collegue marched from Liguria into Gaul. But he was informed on his route,
that

WAR
that the

OF

ISTRIA.
fafe,

301
lilrians ^^^- sn*
i^g.

Roman army was

and that the

thither,

were
to

retired.

He

immediately difpatched a courier

Rome

to carry this

good news
difquiet.

livered the city

from great

which deThe two Confuls

returned to Aquileja, in order to put their troops into winter quarters there.

C. Claudius

Pulcher.

A. R. 575,
Arit.

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.

177,

As foon as the winter was over, the two Confuls of the preceeding year, Manlius and Junius, made their troops enter the country of the Iftrians, and put The latter, having armed all all to fire and fword. their youth, ventured a battle, in which about four thoufand were killed. They retired into their cities and towns, from whence they fent to demand peace of the Roman Generals, and then gave the hoftages required of them. When this news was brought to Rome by letters Lip. from the proconfuls, the Conful C. Claudius, to whom ^'^ Iftria had fallen by lot for his province, apprehended that this good fuccefs would deprive him of the occafion of fignalizing himfelf. He therefore fet out fuddenly from Rome in the night, without having made the ufual vows in the Capitol, and without being attended by his Lidors, or apprizing his Collegue of his defign. After having affembled the army, he began by declaiming in violent terms againft the cowardice with which Manlius had abandoned his camp whereby he mortified all the foldiers, who had fled firfl. He afterwards reproached Junius of making himfelf the accomplice of his Coilegue's bad condud:, by joining him. And he concluded his invectives by giving them both orders to quit the province
:

xli.

immediately. They anfwered him, that if he had made the folemn vows in the Capitol for the fafety of the State, and had quitted the city in his coat of anms and preceded by his Li(5lors, as cuftom and the laws required, they

would

502
A. R.
575.

WAR
lius's

OF

T R

A.

"^I* f'

would make no difHculty to obey him. But till he had difcharged thofe obligations, they could not acknowledge the confular authority in him. This an-

He ordered Manfwer put the Conliil into a fury. Qujeftor to be called, and commanded f.im to bring chains, threatening to fend Junius and Manlius bound hand and foot to Rome if they did not obey. That officer fhewed no m.ore regard to his orders. The whole army furrounding their Generals, whofe defence they avowedly took upon themfelves, gave every body confidence and courage to defpife the commands and menaces of fo violent and unreafonable a Conful. Claudius, not being able to bear this oppofition and the raillery of the foldiers (for they added infult to difobedience) returned to Aquileja in the fame fhip that brought him. From thence he wrote to his Collegue to make the troops intended for Iftria repair to Aquileja, in order that when he fliould arrive at Rome, and have made the ufual vows in the Capitol, nothing fliould keep him in the city, and that he might immediately quit it with all the formalities of his command. His Collegue executed the whole pundlually, and ordered the troops in queftion to repair immediately to Aquileja. Claudius followed his letters as foon as polTible, and no fooner arrived at Rome, than having aflembled the People to inform them of what had paffed between him and the Proconfuls Manlius and Junius, he immediately performed the ceremony of the Capitol ; and on the third dav, in the ufual robe and attended by his Liftors, he returned into his province with as much expedition as he had before. Junius and Manlius had already for fome days atLiv.xli.ii. tacked the city of Nefartium, in which the principal Iftrians, with their King Epulo, had fnut themfelves But as foon as Claudius arrived with two new up. and legions, he difmiifed them and the old troops the fiege endeavoured continuing of that place, he to make hjimfelf mailer of it by tlie help of works and machines. For this purpofc, having by a work of
,

feveral

EXPEDITIONS
fcveral

IN

LIGURIA,

303

days turned the current of the river, which A.R. 575> "^'^^ running along the walls, prevented his attacks, and fupplied the befieged with water, of which they were in want, he no lefs terrified than furprized the Barbarians, who faw themfelves deprived of a fupport abBut by the extremity to folutely neceflary to them. which he had reduced them, he could not induce them Rather than furrender, thofe frantic to afk peace. People refolved to kill their wives and children, and
to exhibit to the befiegers a fight, v/hich fhewed

them

having cut their they threw their dead bodies throats before their eyes, camp. their Whilft thefe Barfrom their walls into thefe horrid employed in executions, and barians were the cries of their women and children made no impref-

of what they were capable

after

fion

on their cruel hearts, the Romans fcaled the walls and entered the place. As foon as the King judged from the cries of thofe who fled, that the place was in the enemy's power, to avoid falling alive into the
viftor's hands,

he killed himfelf with his fword. All were either killed or taken. The Conful alfo He found Liv.xH.i?. took and demoliflied two other cities. more plunder in them, than he expe6ted from fo poor a nation, and gave it entirely to the foldiers. He fold five thouland prifoners by auftion, and caufed the authors of the war to be whipt and beheaded. Iftria, by the death of its King and the ruin of the three cities, re-attained its formicr tranquility, and all its States gave hoftages to the Rom.ans, and fubmitted to their fway. Thankfgivings were decreed at Rome for
the
reft

thefe fuccelTes.

Expeditions

in

g u r

j a.

Two years before

ria

v/hat

we have juft

related,

had been given as a province to tlie "^^^ Q^ Fulvius and L. Manlius. The firft having over- Liv.xi.53. come the enemy, m.ade them quit their hills to fettle in the plains, and left troops upon the mountains to
fecure

Ligutwo Confuls

A. R. 573,
'

504
"^179.^

EXPEDITIONS
confiderable.

in

LIGURIA.

His collegue Manlius did nothing Gauls of the other fide of the Alps having at this time entered Italy to the number of three thoufand, without committingjany hoflilities, aflced land of the Conful and Senate where they might fettle and live in peace under the protedtion of, and in dependance upon the Roman People. The Senate ordered the Gauls to quit Italy, and the Conful Q^ Fulvius to find out thofe who had advifed this fwarm to pafs the Alps, and to puniih them. The next year paiTed without afting againft the LiA.R. 575. Ant. c. gurians. But in the year 575 Claudius had no fooner the Iftrians, than he received orders from the fubje6ted Liv^xH He gave Senate to march his legions into Liguria. iz, 13. the enemy battle, killed them fifteen thoufand men, and took above feven hundred prifoners, with fifty-one On his return to Rome he triumphed over enfigns. Iftria and Liguria. Ibid. 14, The Ligurrans did not long continue quiet. Clau^ ^^* dius received new orders to march againft them, and
A.R. 573.fecure thoie polls.
defeated them a fecond time. They retired to their mountains. The Conful Psetilius attacked them there. He was killed in battle. The enemy did not difcover it, and were ag-ain defeated with the lofs of five thoufand
after the

Ibid. 18.

men. Three years A.R. 579.

Ant. c.
Liv! xHii.
7'

Conful

M.

Popillius fought

xhQ Ligurians near Caryftos, in the territory of the Statiellates, where their troops had affembled on the
arrival

of the Romans.
:

At

firft

they kept within the

but perceiving that the Conful walls of that city was preparing to befiege them, they drew up in battle

before the gates.

This was what Popillius wanted.

The combat continued three hours, and was very The Ligurians left ten thoufand men upon bloody.
the field, and the victorious Romans loft above three After this defeat the Ligurians furrendered thoufand. at difcretion, in hopes that the Conful would not treat them more rigoroufly than the preceding Generals had done. But he took from them all their arms, un-

doubtedly

EXPEDITIONS

IN

LIGURIA.

305

doubtedly forbade them to make new ones, deniolifhed A. R, 579. ^^^^' ^" their city, fold them and their efteds by audlion, and 173. wrote an account to the Senate of all that had pafTed in
his province.

When
fence,

the Praetor

A.

Atilius, in the Conful's ab- ^^^^'

'

''^"

had read the letter in the Senate, there was not a fmgle Senator who did not think the Conful's conThey faid, " that the Staduct vile and infamous. telliates, the only people of Liguria, who had not borne arms againft the Commonwealth, who, even on this lad occafion, had not been the aggreffors, and had only defended themfelves againft the Conful who attacked them, undoubtedly deferved to be treated that notwithftanding, after with fome moderation they had fubmitted and abandoned themfelves to the faith of the Roman People, he had exercifed all the cruelties imaginable againft them that by felling fo many thoufand innocent perlbns for ilaves, who implored the juftice of the Roman People, he had fet a pernicious example, which in the confequence would only occafion, that they fhould have no enemy whp would not rather chufe to fight to the laft extremity, than fubmit." " That the Conful PoIt was therefore decreed, pillius ftiouid reinftate the Ligurians in thdr libertyg by returning their money to thofe who had bought them that he fliould take care to reftore fuch of their that they fhould be pereffefts as could be found mitted to make themfelves arms-, and laftly, that the Conful fhould quit the province as foon as he Ihould have re-eftabliihed the Ligurians in their former condition." The Senate's maxim was, * that what renders a victory glorious, is to fubdue thofe who oppofe in arms, and not to treat thofe cruelly who fubmit. The Conful was not in hafte to execute orders (o mortifying for him. He immediately put his legions
:

* Claram viftoriam vincendo pugnr.ntes, non faeviendo in affliiflos, This Virgil obferves in the fine verfe every body remembers. Parcere fuhjeclis, debellare fuperbos.
fieri.

&

Vol. V,

into

3o6

EXPEDITIONS

in

LIGURIA.

'^R- 579 into winter-quarters at Pife, and returned to Rome indignation. Having aficmbled the f*-^^^ ^ '"^S^ ^"^
^Ty'-i^'

Senate in the temple of Bellona, he made bitter complaints upon the decree which had been pafled againfl him, to which nothing was v/anting, laid he, but his he debeing delivered up to the conquered people manded that it might be annulled ; and that the Prastor, v/h had propofed and pafTed it, might be fined. He infifted miuch upon public thankfgivings, v/hich he pretended to be due to the Gods for the good fucHe received no other anfwer but cefs of his arms. reproaches as warm as he deferved, and returned to his army Vv^ithout obtaining any thing he had de:
>

manded.
A.R.
580.
'

C. POPILLIUS
P. JElIUS

L^NAS.

i^,.

LlGUR.

Liv.
'*

xlii.

'

^^'

The beginning of this year the difputes of the preThe Senators were for having ceding were revived. the aifair of the Ligurians brought again upon the carpet, and that the decree of the Senate in their favour might be renewed and this was moved by the On the other fide Popiliius interceded Conful ^lius. for his brother with his collegue and the Senate, declaring that he would oppofe all that iTiould be reHe had no difficulty to bring folved againd him. but the Senators were only the over his collegue more inclined in effed to perfift in their opinion. The Confuls did not let out for their provinces, becaufe they would not permit the Senate, who made inftances to that purpofe, to deliberate upon the affair of M. Popiliius ; and the Seftate on their fide were for deciding it previoudy to all others. In the mean tim.e M. Popiliius made himfelf flill more odious than before, by writing to the Senate, that in quality of Proconful he had given the Ligurians Statelliates battle a fecond time, in which he had So unjuit a war had killed them ten. thoufand men. induced all the other States of Liguria to refume their arms.
;
:

EXPEDITIONS

IN

LIGURIA.

307

The Senate then rofe up with great warmth A.R. 579.. arms. * j^'j. not only againft the ablent Popillius, who, contrary to juitice and the law of nations, had declared war up^ on a lubjecled people, and made a nation, that remained at peace, revolt, but alfo againft the Confuls, who negle6ted to repair to their province. Two Tribunes of the People, animated by this Liv, xlli, unanimous confent of the Senate, declared they would ^ifine the Confuls, if they did not go and take upon them the command of the armies and at the lame time they caufed the law they intended to propofe concerning the Ligurians, who had furrendered upon the faith of the Conful Popillius, to be read in the
,

Senate.

By

this

law

it

was decreed, that

if

there were

had not him, and were they had furrendered to fmce fold reftored to liberty before the approaching Calends (the firft day) of Augufl, the Senate, affembled upon to inform a commiflloner, oath, fhould appoint againft him who Ihould be found guilty of having unjuftly reduced them into flavery, and to make him This law fuffer the punifhment due to his injuftice. was propofed in effeft with the authority of the Senate. The People pafled it with joy-, and in confequence the Pr.Ttor C. Licinius demanded of the Senators,
any of the Ligurians Statelliates,
Popillius
that they

whom

would
;

direft the informations

it

decreed, to

be made

and they gave that commifllon to the Praefet

tor himfelf.

The

Confuls at length

out for their province,

where they took upon them the command of the army, which M. Popillius refigned to them. But that General did not dare yet to return to Rome, to avoid being obliged, odious as he adually was to the Senate, and ftill more to the People, to anfwer for his condu6t before a Prsetor, who had propofed the law To this in the Senate for brino-ing- him to a trial. defertion of the accufed, the Tribunes oppofed the menaces of another law, importing, that if he did
not return to the city before the Ides (the thirteenth)

>f

3o8
A.R.
580.

EXPEDITIONS
of November,

in

LIGURIA.
Licinius fhould pafs

the Prastor C.
for

^lyz^' ienten^e
Liv.
xiii.

upon him

contumacy.

"

Accordingly he reit was then neceffary to obey. As foon as he appeared in the Seturned to Rome. nate, the general difcontent of that Body revived by his prefence, drew upon him a thoufand warm reproaches followed with a decree, by which it was ordained, that fuchof the Ligurians, who had not been enemies of the Commonwealth fince the Confulfhip ofQ. Fulviiis and L. Manlius, fliould be reinftated in their liberty by the Pr^tors C. Licinius and Cn. Sicinius, and that the Conful C. Popiilius, the accuied's brother, fhould fettle them on the other fide of the Po. This regulation reftored the liberty of many thoufands, v/ho were made to pafs the Po, in order to cultivate lands which were affigned them. M. Popiilius, in virtue of the law pafTed by the Tribunes in favour of the Ligurians, was obliged to appear and take his trial before the Prastor, and to His afiair not being defend himielf at two hearings. But the determined, it was brought on a third time. Prastor then, having been influenced by his confideration for the abfent Conful C. Popiilius, and the interceffion of the whole family of thofe tw^o brothers, put off the fentence to the Ides (the fifteenth) of March, the day on which the new magifirates were to enter upon office, and he was to quit his to refume a private Thereby, not being any longer in authocondition. rity, he left the affair undecided. And this was the artificial evafion employed to elude the law, and procure impunity for Popiilius. But is it therefore allowable for a judge to elude the authority of laws in this manner, and to fcreen a perfon lb criminal as this from their jufl rigour ? Not to mention the inlblent contempt of fo venerable a body as the Roman Senate, can we with cool blood behold the misfortune of an infinite number of freemen, condem.ncd without reafon to a cruel flavery, and, which is much more horrid, the murder of twenty thoufand innocent perfons, in two battles fought by
this

AFFAIRS
this

of

SARDINIA

and

CORSICA.

309

Conful, contrary to the Senate's prohibition ? in fuch a cafe, * fhall recommendation, friendlliip, and credit take place of the views of public good ? Is it not fometimes as great a prevarication to acquit a criminal, as to condemn an innocent perfon

^- 5^*
*

And

jj,^.

fmce it is opening a door to licence, to leave guilt unpunifhed ? Does a magiftrate, in the exercife of his
he Ihall then becomes of that admirable principle fo flrongly inculcated by a Pagan That the -f State, in appointing a judge, does not give up its power abfolutely to his dilcretion, but confides it to him as a depofite for which he is accountable ? That he ought not to confult his own inclination, but the
funftion,
believe himfelf at liberty to adt as

think

fit ?

What

inviolable rule of his duty in the exercife of his office

That, though he fhould even have neither afTociates nor witnelfes, he ought not to think himfelf as alone, but to fee around him the laws, religion, equity, and
fidelity,

as

fo

many

coadjutors,

who

fit

in

judgment

with him., and will judge himfelf; and efpecially hear and regard the fecret voice of confcience, which can never be totally fupprefiied ? Lacinius on this occafion
violates all thefe rules.

Livy's cxprefllon, which

fufficiently ftrong.
eft,

dif-

tinguifaes his condudl as only fallacious addrefs, feems

to

me

far

from being

Ita rogatio

de Liguribus arte fallaci elufa

AFFAIRS
What

of

SARDINIA
is

and
of

CORSICA.
confequence. Ant, c/*

paffed in thefe iflands

little

TwoStatesof Sardinia difturbed its Conful Ti. Sempronius marched

*

tranquiUity.
his troops

The
againll

177;
jj^*

Jj^j

deviftum,

Itabonum publicum, Sallust. in

Eft fapientis Judicis

bell.

ut in plerifque negotiis folet, privata gratia Jugurth. cogitare, tantum fibi a populo Romano eiTe

permiiTum, quantum commiffum & creditum lit, & non folum fibi porefiatem datam, verum etiam fidem habitam efie meminiiTs Turn vero illud eft hominis magni atque fapientis, cum illam, judicandi caufa, tabellam fumpferit, non le putare effe folum, fed habere in confilio legem, religionem, Kquitatem fidem maximique ajftimare confcientiam mentis fns, quamab diis immortalibus accepimus, quae a nobis divelli non poteft. Cic. in orat, prcj Cluent. n. 159.

X3

them.

3TO
^^575*

AFFAIRS

of

ROME.

j^'^.

Liv.xli.
^'''--

Ibid. xlii.
'^~~^^'

them, and defeated them in a battle, in which they He fought them feveral loft twelve thoufand troops. times after, and killed them above fifteen thoufand men in different aftions. They fubmitted to the Romans, and gave them hoftages. In this manner the peace of the ifland was reftored. 'phe Fr^tor Cicereius defeated the Corficans in a battle, in which they had feven thoufand men killed, and more than feventeen hundred taken prifoners. Peace, which they earneflly follicited was granted them, and thefe iflanders were made to pay two hundred thoufand pounds in weight of wax, which are about our weight. Cicereius had the 1 56,230 pounds of '^ honour of a triumph for this victory.

AFFAIRS
A.R.574*
*

that happened at

ROME.

,78.

M. Junius Brutus. A. Manlius Vulso.

to

Epit.

1.

who had fuffered the eternal fire of Vefta go out, was whipt according to cuftom. Upon the clofing of the Cenfus by the Cenfors M. JEmilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius Nobilior, the number of the citizens amounted to two hundred and feventy-three thoufand two hundred and forty-four.
7^ veftal,

A.R.575.
Ant. c.
177.
Liv. xli.8.

C.

Claudius PuLCHER.

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.

Latine allies brought their complaints before Senate upon an abufe which was become comthe mon amongft them. The law permitted thofe who had families and left any child in their country, to go and fettle at Rome, and to caufe themfelves to be reMany, in eludgiftered upon the lift of the citizens. ing the law by different frauds, abandoned their country without leaving any children there to reprefent them. The Latines remonftrated, that if this abufe continued, in few years their cities and countries

The

would

AFFAIRS
ble of lupplying the

OF

ROME.
v/ith the

311^
A. R. 575, ^' ulual ^^^'

would be uninhabited, and they fhould not be capa-

Commonwealth

Samnites and Pelig-ni alfo reprejented, that four thoufand iamilies of their States were o-one to fettle at Freo-ell^, and that notwithHanding, the fame number of troops were required of them. The Senate deemed the complaints of their .allies reafonable, and to redrefs thegrievance,caufed the old law pafled upon that head to be ftriftly obferved.
foldiers.

number of

The

P. MuCIUsSc.tVOLA.

A. R. 577.
II.
^;'*;_^-

M. ^MILIUS LePIDUS

In the eleftion of Prsetor for the following year, avai. Max. thing happened worthy of remark. Five Prsetors had '^; 11.& already been chofen. The fixth vacancy was difputed, "'" ^' on one fide by Lucius, or, according to Valerius Maximus, by Cn. Cornelius Scipio, fon of the great Scipio Africanus ; and on the other by C. Cicereius, who had been fecretary to the fame Scipio. Could it be believed that the People would hefitate a fmgle moment to give the preference to Scipio's fon ? However the latter, by his bad conduft, had fo much effaced the imprefiion which the remembrance of his father had made upon people's minds, that all the Centuries declared for Cicereius. But he was fo generous as not to fuffer fjch an affront to be done to his mafter's fon, and quittinor the habit of candidate, he left him without competitor, and even fupported him with his credit. The omce was given to Scipio, but Cicereius had all the honour of it. The giory of fathers h of no greatweight to children, when their own merit falls iliort of it, and only ferves to make their defefts more confpicuous, and even, in eftefl, more contemptible. This the Scipio in queftion experienced, v/ho v/as the fame taken prifoner in back by the war with Antiochus, and afterwards that Prince to his father. He degenerated fo much

km

from the virtues of

relations,

his

father and anceftors, that his

to

according

Valerius ^Maximus,

were ob-

312

AFFAIRS

OF

ROME.

A. R. 577- obliged to ufe their interefi: to have him prohibited exAnt^ c. gj-^-j(]ng the functions of Praetor, and took from him

the ring on which his father's head was engraved, that he wore on his finger, as difhonouring the name and memory of that great man by his condudl. Scipio had another fon, by whom the fecond Scipio Cato, in the book which CiAfricanus was adopted. cero compofed upon old age, fpeaks highly in his faHe fays, that but * for the weaknefs of his vour. conftitution, which was extreme, he was capable of having been the other light of Rome, and that to his father's greatnefs of foul he added erudition and a tafte

Accordingly, Cicero fays in anofor polite learning. ther book, f that fome of his extant fpeeches, and an
hjftory wrote in

Greek

in a

very agreeable

ftile,

fhew

that if the force of his body had anfwered that of his mind, he might have been ranked in the number of the

moll eloquent orators.

A.R. Ant
578.

Sp.

Postumius Albinus.

C.

174.

MuCIUS Sc^VOLA. "*s

Liv.xli.2i.

There was a very great plague this year at Rome, which carried off abundance of citizens, and even of the moll illuftrious. Recourfe, according to the religious cuftom in all times obferved at Rome, was had to the Gods. Vows were made, and a great number
of viftims facrificed to them. The Cenforlhip of Q. Fulvius Flaccus and A. Poftumius Albinus was remarkable for the feverity
\vhich they
exercifed
againft
lift

Liv. Ibid.
37-

nine Senators,

whom

they ftruck out of the

of
*

whom we

of that body. The Scipio, have juft fpoke, was of that number.
!

Quam fuit imbecillus P Africani fillus is, qui te adoptavit " He fpeaks to the fecond Scipio Africanus)" quam tenui aut potius nulla valetudine Quod ni ita fuiffet, alterurn ille extitifiet lumen civitatis. Ad paternam enira magnitudinem animi dodtrina uberior
"
!

accefferat

De Senect.

35.
effet

Si

corpora valuiffet, in primis habitus

turn hiftoria

difertus.

Indicant
dulciffime.

cum oratiunculoE, Brut. 77.

quaedam Graeca,

fcripta

This

AFFAIRS

the office A.R. 57?, This punifhment did not "^^^ of Praetor. But it was not proper, that a man publickly difhonoured with a note of infamy, fhouid be employed in the adminiflration of juftice ; and it was for this reafon that his relations prevailed to have him prohibited the exercife of that office. Many of the Knights were alfo degraded, and ftruck out of

OF ROME. make him lofe

313

the

lift.

Cenfors alfo rendered themfelves very fanumber of public works which they undertook and compleated, Amongft others, * Livy obferves, that they were the firft who caufed the ftreets of Rome to be paved with flints, put pebbles and gravel under the ftones laid upon the great ways without Rome, and made caufeways for the convenience of perfons on foot. What Livy defcribes here in few words, and thofe fufficiently obfcure, may, in my opinion, be explained by what I have related in a former volume of this hiftory, fpeaking of the iEdilefhip, which I have ex-

The fame

mous by

a great

trafted

word

for

word from

father Montfaucon.

The

pafTage

may be confuked.

The end of this year was remarkable for a new and ^j^ important law relating to the women, and which oc- ver. i. calioned much noife and ftir in the city. Hitherto ^7- & de they had inherited all kinds of eftates in the fame diq\ J.^'iyi. manner as the men. From thence it often happened, that the fortunes of the moft illuftrious houfes were
transferred into ftrange families, which did the Commonwealth great prejudice, whofe intereft it is that

confiderable eftates fhouid be perpetuated in great families, to enable the heads of them to fupport the dignity of their births, and the expences attending
great
there was

employments with fplendor. Befides this reafon, room to apprehend, that as the fortunes of

private

perfons increafed continually in proportion with the power of the State, if the ladies fhouid come
* Cenfores vias fternendas filice in urbe, glarea extra fternendas, marginandafque, primi omnium locaverunt.

urbem fubLiv.

to

3H
A. R.
57?'

AFFAI RS
(^ijj^e^

OF

ROME.
is

to pofTefs confiderable riches, as the fex

naturally in-

Ant. c.

and ornaments, their wealth might induce them to give into luxury and expence, and to deviate from the antient purity of manners, by departTo obviate ing from the antient fimphcity of life. thefe inconveniences, Q^ Voconius Saxa, Tribune of the People, propofed a law, " by which it was pro" hibited for any one inrolled upon the lift of the Ro*' man citizens, fince the Cenforfhip of Aul. Poftu mius and Q^ Fulvius, to appoint any woman his *' heirefs, and that any woman lliould inherit any " eilate above the value of an hundred thoufand k{*' terces," fabout fix hundred and fifty pounds.) He added another article, which did not regard the women in particular. The firft, which excluded them in general from inheriting the eftates of Roman citizens, admitted great diflicukies. Cato, who always declared againft the ladies, and was then fixty-five years old, fpoke againft them now in favour of the law with great ilrength of voice and vivacity of aftion, and occafioned
tQ
fi^eviT

X"

xlii. 3.

being pafted. ^^^^ Cenfor Q^ Fulvius caufed a temple to be built at Rome to the goddefs Fortune, firnamed EqueJiriSy to accomplifn a vov/, which he had made in Spain in As he was ambitious a battle with the Celtiberians.
its

be the moft fuperb and magnificent city, he thought that marble tiles the of ftrufture With contribute to embellifli it. little not a would half Brutium, caufed the went to and he defign this to be the temple of Lacinia covered v^hich Juno tiles taken away. That quantity feemed fufficient for that he was building. FJe had veffels ready to carry oft'' thefe materials to Rome ; and the allies, out of refpe6t for his dignity as Cenfor, did not dare to oppofe
that
it

.lliould

this

facrilege.
tiles

Placcus,

on

his

return

to

Rome,

caufed the

to be unladen,

and ordered them to

be carried to the temple of Fortune. Though he did not fay from v/hence he had taken them, it was foon knov/n at Rome. The Senate murmured highly at it J and all demanded, that the affair ftiould be brought

upon

AFFAIRS
the carpet.

OF

ROME.

315

Cenfor's prefence was defired. ^'^- si}' upon they began to rife up againft appeared, foon as he As ,7^. \ him with more vehemence than before. Each Sena-

The

tor, in particular, and all in general, made him the moll cutting reproaches. " That not contented with failing in reverence for the moft revered divinity in all that country, whom even Pyrrhus and Flannibal had always' refpefted, he had uncovered her temple, and had aLmoft ruined it. That he had taken off its roof, and had expofed it to all the injuries of the weather. That a Cenfor, whofe office it was to watch over the manners of the citizens, and one of whofe principal funftions was to take care of temples, ran from city to city to ruin the temples of the Gods, and to rob tfeem of their fmell ornaments. That fuch a violence exercifed upon profane and private buildings, would feem vile to all the world but in refpedl to the temples of the Gods, it was an abominable facrilege, and the confequences were to be feared for the whole Roman People. Could he imagine that one temple could be adorned by the ruins of another ? As if the Gods were not every where the fame, and one was to be violated to honour another." Before they proceeded to voting, the whole Senate had evidently expreffed their fentiments. Accordingly it was unanimouily determined, that the tiles fhould be carried back to the temple from which they had been taken, and that the wrath of Juno fhould be appeafed by facrifices. This was punftually executed. But the perfons who had been appointed to carry back the tiles, declared to the Senate, that they had been left below in the avenue, becaufe there was no workman to be found there who had Ikill enough to replace them. The Cenfors Q^ Fulvius Fiaccus and A. Poftumius Uv. Albinus clofed the Luftrum. The latter performed ^' the ceremony. The number of the citizens amounted to two hundred and fixty-nine thoufaod and fifteen which v/as lefs than the Cenfus before, be:aufe the Conful L, Poilumius had decreed in the full alT^mbly,
:

xin.

that

3i6
A.R.57S. that
' "*, ^'
.

AFFAIR S

OF

ROME.

Liv.; xlii.

JO-

all the allies of the Latine States Ihould caofe themfelves to be enrolled in their own country, and prohibited their being included in the regifters made at Rome, conformably to the edid: of the Conful C. Claudius. great wind from the fea carried fo prodigious a cloud of grafshoppers into Apulia, that all the land in that country was covered with them. C. Sicinius, one

of the Praetors eledl, was fent into Apulia to deftroy that peft lb fatal to the produftions of the earth. With
a great number of the country people whom he drew together to deftroy thofe animals, he found it very difficult,

try

and employed much from them.

tim.e in delivering the

coun-

A.R.sSo. Ant. C.
172.

C. POPILLIUS LiENAS.
r. /Llius J_<igur.
^

x_.u
^^^-

The Ambafiadors of the Carthaginians, who were then at Rome had great difputes in the Senate with GuluiTa, the fon of MafmifTa. The firll complained " that befides the territory on account of which the Senate had already fent commiflioners into Africa, to examine upon the fpot to whom it appertained, MafiBifla, two years fince, had again poffelTed himfelf of above feventy cities and forts in the dependance of the Carthaginians by force of arms. That fuch ufurpations were eafy to a Prince, who had no regard to juftice and equity. That the Carthaginians however continued filent and without afting, having their hands tied, to ufe the exprelTion, by the claufes of the treaty, by which they were prohibited to pafs their frontiers with an armed force. That they indeed might undertake to drive that Numidian Prince out of the lands he had feized, without the imputation of having made war out of their own territory ; but that they were reflrained by another claufe not equivocal, which exprefly prohibited them from making war upon the allies of the Roman People. That accordingly they would have ftill been patient, if that had been paffible.

AFFAIRS
fible.

OF

ROME.

317
580,

But

that not being able any longer to bear the A.R.

and cruelty of Mafinifla, they were come to implore the Romans to grant them one of either to vouchfafe to hear both thefe three things parties equitably, to which they were equally allied ; or to fuficr the Carthaginians to oppofe juft and legal arms to the violence employed to crulh them or iaftly, if favour had more influence with them than reafon and juftice, to declare once for all exa6lly, to what a degree they thought fit to gratify Mafmiffa with
pride, avidity,
:
,

"'^j^*

the poffeflions of others.

ieaft

That the Senate Ihould

liberality,

at

be moderate
it

in
:

their

and adhere to

what

ordained

whereas the Numidian King ob-

ferved no other rule in his ufurpations than that dicThat if they obtated by his avidity and ambition. tained any of thefe three points, and had, lince the peace granted them by Scipio, committed any fault that had drawn upon them the indignation of the Ro-

man

People,

let

themfeives decree the punilliment they

deferved.
mailers,
vafions

That they chofe rather to be flaves under that would at Ieaft afford them fecurity, than
That
Iaftly,
all,
it

to retain a liberty continually fubjeft to the unjuft in-

of MafmilTa.
life,

was more for

their advantage to perilh once for

than to languifh

out a miferable

always expofedto the cruelties of

After having fpoken the moft violent of tyrants." thus, they proftrated themlelves upon the earth with
tears in tlieir eyes,

and by

their dejedlion

and forrow

indignation againft the King, as compalTion for themfeives. GululTa was afterwards afked what he had to anexcited as

much

l\v. xlh".

fwer to the objedlions of the Carthaginians, unlefs he ^4. chofe previoufty to acquaint the Senate with the reafons for his coming to Rome. That young Prince replied, " That it was not eafy for him to anfwer in fefpedt to affairs, concerning which his father had given him neither inftruftions, nor power ; and that though he fliould have thought fit to charge him with his orders, it would have been difficult for him to reply, not knowing what brought the Carthaginians to

Rome,

3i8
A. R.
580.

AFFAIRS
Rome,
J.Q

of

ROME.
had
fent

and not being even afTured that they intended

Ant.^C.

^Qjy^e thither.

That

his father

him

to re-

quefi: the Senate not to give credit to the accufations of a people, who were his enemies, as well as thofe of

the

Romans, and who only hated him

fidelity

for his conftant

interefts

and inviolable
the

and attachment to the

of

People. After the Senators had heard the difcourfes on both fides, and deliberated upon the demands of the Carthaginians, they anfwered, " That their intejition was, that Gulufla fhoiild return immediately into Niimjdia, to tell his father to fend Ambaffadors dire6lly to Rome, who might anfwer the complaints made againfl: him to the Senate by thofe of Carthage. That out of regard to him they lliould, as they had hitherto, do

Roman

but that every thing that fhould appear realbnable they fliould grant nothing to favour contrary to jufThat they defircd that both fides might keep tice. pofTeflion of what appertained to them in the country they difputed, and confine themfelves within the anThat the Rotient limits without formins; new ones. man People, after having overcome the Carthaginians, had not rcftored them their cities and countries with defign to feize unjuftly in time of peace, what they had not taken from them, as they might have done by Thele are fine words, but we fhall find right of war."
:

them

to

no

effe6t.

Liv.
38.

xlii.

Senate difmifled the Numidian Prince, and the Carthaginian Ambaffiidors with the ufual prefents, after having treated them with all the marks of amity and good-v/ill that friends and allies could expeft. The Cenfor Fulvius Flaccus, who had taken away the tiles from the temple of Juno, died a very miferOf two fons which he had, he received able death. advice that the one was dead, and the other taken ill

The

of a very dangerous difeafe. He funk under the grief and terror, v/hich this fad news gave him. His domefticks found him dead in his chamber, where he had It was the common opinion that he ftrangled hiirifelf his Cenforfhip, and his death after diftradted been had was

AFFAIRS ofROME.

3 19

was confidered as an effect of the wrath of Juno, and a punifliment for the facrilege he had committed for pJundcring her temple.
P. LiciNius Crassus.

A.R.

581.

C. Cassius Longinus.

>--./-,

Ant. C.
jj,j^

Under thefe Confuls a deputation fent by a people Liv. of a new kind cam.e from Spain to Rome. More than 3. four thoufand men, who faid they were the fons of

xlli.

Ibldiers and the women of that country, demanded, that fome city might be afTigned them, where The Senate ordered them to go to they might fettle. the Pr^tor Canuleius, and give in their names, and impowered that magiftrate to grant liberty to fuch of them as he iliould think fit, and to caufe them to go The inhabitto Carteia upon the coaft of the ocean. ants of that city were permitted to remain in it, upon condition that they would form a colony there in conjundion with thefe new comers, and divide the lands with them that iliould be allotted for their fubfiilance. The privileges of Latium was given this colony, which was called " the colony of the freedmen." Almoft at the fame time arrived from Africa Gu- Liv. ibid, luffa fon of King MafmilTa, and AmbalTadors from

Roman

The Numidian Prince havinobeen firft introduced to the Senate, mentioned the aids, which his father had fupplied for the war of Macedonia, and offered, by his order, again to fupply the Roman People, out of gratitude for their favours, with all fuch as they (liould require. For the reft, " he exhorted the Senators not to fuffer themfelves to be furprized by the artifices of the Carthaginians. That they had refolved to fit out a confiderable fleet, under pretence of aiding the Romans with it againit the Macedonians. But when they fhould have once put it into a condition to aft, it would be in their power to chufe their enemies and their allies." After thefe preliminaries, he no doubt proceded .<fo the matter in difpute between MafinilTa and the Cartha4
the Carthaginians.

320
A.R.
'

AFFAIRS
Carthaginians.

o F

kO

M E.

581.

chafni

here in

^'

knowing what pafTed on both

fides,

Livy prevents our and what was de-

It only appears, that this termined by the Senate. conteft continued undecided during many years, till being again {tt on foot, it terminated in a bloody war, that, having began between the Carthaginians

and

MafinifTa, infenfibly

quarrel,

engaged the Romans in the which did not end but with the ruin of Carthe loofe and detached fa6bs

thage.

To compleat collecting
of our
hiflory, before
I

enter

upon

relating the

war with

Perfeus, I am going to enumerate feveral circumftances, which will fhew how much Rome began to degenerate
herfelf, when riches and the luxury of Greece and Afia were introduced there. In the former times, the Roman magillrates fent into the provinces had adted with abundance of equity and moderation, and it very feldom happened that But for fome years, they abufed their authority. things had greatly changed, and complaints were brought to the Senate from all fides againft the cruelty, injuftice, and malverfations of the magiftrates. L. Poftumius, who was Confulin the 579th year of A.R. 579. Ant, c. Rome, received orders from the Senate to go into Li v^xlii. I. Campania, to put a ilop to the ufurpation of Particulars, v/ho pofTefilng lands bordering upon thofe of the Commonwealth, aggrandized themfelves continually at the expence of the State, and continually extended This magiftrate was incenied againft their bounds. the people of Prsenefte, for not having received any honours from the body of the city, or from any particular, when he came there in a private capacity fome time before, to otfer a facrifice in the temple of To revenge this pretended injury, he wrote Fortune. to their principal magiftrate before he fet out from Rome, and ordered him to come and meet him, to provide an houfe for him in the city, where he might lodge during his whole ftay there, and to keep horfes

from

and other carriage-beafts in readinefs for his ufe at his departure. This was the firft Roman magiftrate, that put

AFFAIRS

OF

ROME.

321
this fort a^.r,579. ^' "^*

put the allies to expence ; and to fpare them of charge and fervice, the Commonwealth fupplied its Generals with mules, tents, and all the other untenfils of which they had occafion in the field. On their marches, they lodged atthehoufes of private perfons, with whom they had entered into the ties of hofpitality, and to whom they rendered the fame offices in their turn at Rome. If it were necefTary to difpatch Deputies fuddenly upon any public affair, the cities on their route were obliged to furnifh them with an horfe ; and this was the only expence the allies were to be at. The refentment of Poftumius, which was perhaps jull, fays Livy, but little becoming a magiftrate, with the too modeft and timorous filence of the Pra^neflini, was an example, that not being condemned, gave the Generals a kind of right to impofe burthens upon the allies, which every day became more
heavy.

Spain felt the evils occafioned by this impunity, lIv, xHhV but by a different kind of abufe. The Deputies of *
that province laid their complaints before the Senate,

and proftrate upon the earth implored it, that having the honour to be the allies of the Roman People, it would not fufFcr them to be treated with more cruelty than even enemies.^ Amongft other grievances one related to corn. The States of the provinces were obliged to fupply the Magiflrates gratis with a certain quantity of corn for their own ufe, and that of their houfhold ; and alfo to furnifh a certain quantity as prefcribed for the armies of the Roman People, for whicli they received moneyv The,avariceof the Praetors, in the two impofitions of corn, found a double occafion to opprefs and plunder the allies, but in a quite different manner. Inflead of receiving the corn for their .ufe in kind, they received it in money, fetting the value upon it themfelves, which they rated very high this corn was called fntmentum ajiimatum. On the con:

trary, for the other fpecies

of grain,

cdX\it<\

frumentum
.t.he

emptum, they

fet

a very low price on that, and caufed

Vol. V.

-^

322
A.

AFFAIRS
579-

OF

ROME.
Roman

the whole quantity to be delivered to the

^T/i?'

People.

The Senate received the complaints of the Spaniards very favourably, appointed commiflioners to enquire into them, and gave the complainants liberty to

choofe advocates to plead their caufe out of the moft illuflrious of the Roman citizens. The moft confiderable both for their birth and merit voluntarily took upon them lb laudable an office. One of the accufed, after a long examination, repeated more than once, was acquitted ; two others, who were confcious of being too criminal to hope the fame fate, condemned themfelves to voluntary banifhment. Livy tells us, that the Spaniards could have accufed but their mouths were ftopt, becaufe thofe others were powerful citizens ; and the paft was forgot. The Senate, to prevent the like diforders for the future, decreed, on granting the Spaniards their requeft, that the magiftrates fliould receive the corn due to them for their domeftick ufe in kind or if they chofe rather to have its value in money, it Ihould be rated according to the current price in the markets ; and that, in refpedt to corn bought for the public, it Ihould alfo be paid for according to the current value. The Senate received complaints from all fides againft the Generals and Magiftrates fent into the provinces. CafTius and Licinius had been Confuls in the 581ft year of Rome. Cincibilus, King of a Gaulifti nation beyond the A.R. 581. Ant. c. Alps, which is no otherwile diftinguiflied by Livy, Liv.^xiiii. f^^nt his brother to Rome at the head of an embaffy,. 3 to accufe Caftius of having plundered fome people of the Alps, the allies of that Prince, of having carried away a great number of them, and of having reduced them into flavery. On another fide, the Iftrians and other neighbouring nations reprefented, that the fame Conful Caffius had put their whole country to fire and fword, and plundering every thing in his way, without their being able to guefs his reafon for treating
:
-,

them

AFFAIRS

OF

ROME.
A..
;

323
R. 581. ^'^*" ^'
171.

them as enemies. The Senate replied to both, that they had not forefeen thefe hoftilities and that, if they had been committed, they difapproved them. Than it was not juft to condemn a perfon of Confular digbut that if, at his return nity without hearing him from Macedonia, where he then ferved as legionary Tribune, they could convid him perlbnaliy of the unjuft aftions laid to his charge, the Senate would not fail to give them fatisfaclion. They even fent Ambaifadors to the Gaulifh King and the other States, to let them know their difpofition to do them juftice.
:

Licinius,
fent,

Caflius's

collegue,

as

if

he had been
diflreffed

^nit 1,43.

not to

make war upon

with the

Perfeus, but the Greeks

in

alliance

Roman

People,

the

where he, wintered, and in particular thou: of Coronea, in every manner. The latter complameu of this to the Senate, who decreed that all who had been fold for flaves fhould be ^fet at
inhabitants of BcEotia,
liberty.
It
is

eafy to
in

conceive, that the Prstors were not

their

Liv.
4-

xliii.

condu6l than their Confuls, whofe examples authorized them, and feemed to feThe Prsetor Lucretius, v/ho cure them impunity. commanded the fleet during the Confuliliii; of Licinius, had made the allies feel the fad ehcfts of his The Tribunes of the People incruelty and avarice. cefiantly declaimed againft him with abundance of ve-

more regular

hemence
the

in all the alTemblies.

His

friends

demanded

a delay, alledging that he was abfent for the fervice of

But at that time people v/ere of what pafTed even in the neighbourhood of Rome, that the very man, whom, his defenders faid to be in Greece, was aftually at an eftate he had near Antium, and employing part of the money he had brought from Greece, in bringing the a work which coil an water of Loracina to that city hundred and thirty tlioufand affes, (about two or three hundred pounds.") He alfo adorned the temple of j^fculapius with the paintings that were a pare of
fo very ignorant
:

Commonwealth.

his fpoils.

The

32i
A.R.

AFFAIRS
The
city

OF

ROME.

of Chalcis fent deputies againft him to 581. Ant. c. Rome. Their firft hearing fhewed the exceflive in171. Midio, the principal juries that city had fufFered. deputy, (who was an antient and faithful ally of the Romans) and had the gout fo as not to be able to walk, caufed himfelf to be carried to the Senate in a chair: a llrong proof of an indifpenfible necefTity, as
notwithftanding his condition he could not prevail to be difpenfed with from this voyage, whither he did not fuppofe his prefence ^bfolutely requifite. He began by laying, that of all the parts of his body his difeafe left him only his tongue at liberty to deplore the cala" He then repeated the fermities of his country.

both antient and recent, his State had done the Generals and armies of the Romans, and in the war which was ad:ually carrying on againft Pcrfeus. He afterwards proceeded to the exceffes of avarice and cruelty exercifed by the Praetor Lucretius againft the inhabitants of Chalcis ; and laftly to thofe they then fufFered from L. Hortenfius, who had fucceeded him adding, that after all, were they to be treated with greater inhumanity, they were determined to fuffer every thing, rather than join the King of Macedonia. That as to Lucretius and Hortenfius, it would havq been much more for the advantage of the people of Chalcis to have fhut their gates againft them, than to
vices,
:

have received them into their city. That the inhabitants of the cities who had done fo, had preferved their liberties and eftates whereas Lucretius, with horrid facrilege, had plundered their temples, and had caufed all the ornaments of them to be carried to Antium. That after having deprived the allies of the Roman People of their property, he had made flaves of their perfons i and that if any thing had efcaped his avarice, Hortenfius, by treading in his fteps, had entirely taken it from them. That in the winter as well as fummer, he filled their houfes with foldiers and feamen fo that thofe unhappy citizens had the
:
-,

grief to fee continually in the midft of themfelves,

their

..

A FFA IRS
their wives,

OF

ROME.

3^5
581*
'

and

children, people void of Ihame, hu- A. R.

inanity,

and

faith."
it

",',,

incumbent on them to fend might hear all that was advanced againft him, and objeft to it if he could. The reproaches made to his face, were ftill more ftrong than all that had been faid in his abfence, and he had two accufers much more powerful and formidable to oppofe in the perfons of two Tribunes of the People, who, not contented with inveighing againft him in the full Senate, exclaimed againft him before the People, and after having loaded him with reproaches, fumm.oned him in form to appear at the foyereign tribunal of the People, to anfwer their acciifations. As to the deputies of Chalcis, the Prstor Msenius was ordered to tell them, " That the Senate
Senate thought
for Lucretius, in order that he

The

they had advanced nothing but the truth, in fpeaking of the fervices they had done the Roman People in the prefent and former wars, and that they As retained all the gratitude they ought for them. to the injuries they had received from C. Lucretius, and at prefent from L. Hortenfius, they could not fuppofe that the Senate approved them, if they refleded in the leaft that the Roman People had declared war againft Perfeus, and before againft Philip his father, to deliver the Greeks from the tyranny of thofe Princes, and undoubtedly not with defign to draw

knew

upon them thofe oppreflions from the Romans themfelves. That the Senate would write to L. Hortenfius,

to fignify that they difapproved his conduft,

in refpedt

he

was accufed of
to order

to

the people of Chalcis

him

to find out the free perfons

^who had
foon

been made
as pofTible

flaves,

and to

reftore their liberty as

and to prohibit him from quartering any ; foldier or officer of the fleet upon them, except Captains of vefTels." Such was the fubftance of the letters wrote by the Senate to Flortenfius. The ufual prefents were made to the deputies, and carriages and other conveniences were fupplied Midio, in order to

accommodate him

to Brindifi.

Wherj

326
/k.K. 5S1. Aiit. c.

AFFAIRS
When
j^j-i-jy-ed,

of

ROME.

the day for the appearance of C. Lucretius the Tribunes accufed him before the People, and condemned him in a fine of a million of afTes,

Cabout two thoufand five hundred pounds.) All the Tribes unanimoufly fentenced him to pay that fum. What a difference is there between the magiftrates, whofe injuftice, rapine, and oppreflions we have juft related, and the great men, whofe wifdom, equity,

much honour to the RoPeople, and contributed more to their conquefts than the force of their arms, and the valour of their have feen the two Scipios, who perillied troops in Spain, as much and more lamented by the natives Their fucceflbr, than by the Romans themfelves. who was the fon of the one, and the nephew of the other, was confidered by the fame people, as a man come from heaven to conftitute the happinefs of manThe incampments of armies, winter-quarters, kind. and the refidence of Generals in the cities, feemed fo far from being a burthen to the allies, that the longer they ftayed with them, the happier they thought with fo much moderation, benevolence, themfelves * and humanity did the Romans then behave To feveral Generals, and efpecially the great Scipio, might be applied what Cicero fays of Pompey that-f under him the allies were not only exempted from any expence on the account of the foldiers, but that it was For, adds not allowed even when they defired it. the fame orator, our anceftors were of opinion, that the winter-quarters pafTed under the roofs of the allies, fnould be a retreat againft the inclemencies of the feafon, and not an occafion of avarice.
and
difintereftcdnefs did fo

man

We

aiidiebant anten, nunc prasfentem vident, tanta temperantanta nianfuetudinc, tanta humanitate, ut ii beatifJimi efle videantur, apud quos ille diutiiTime commoratur, Cic. de Leg. Man.
*
tia,

Hunc

n. 13.

f Non mode, nt fumptum faciat in milltem, nemini ris afFertur quidem cuiquam pernilttitur. Hlemis enim, non avarit!a2, perfugium majores noftri in Ibciorum atque amicoram teflis
fed ne cupienti
efle

voluerunt.

Ibid. 39.

Such

327 happy times of the A. R. 581 C. Commonwealth but they have began to lofe ground Ant. 171. very much during fome years ; and in the fequel we fhall fee them entirely difappear. And indeed * the different examples of malverfation which we have enumerated, fhew, that commanders were fent with auSuch were the maxims
:

AFFAIRS

OF

ROME.

in the

thority into the provinces, whofe entrance

into the

countries and cities of the allies, fcarce differed

lefs

from

an irruption of enemies, and was attended with no

depredations.
is remarkable, that this change of manners and government, thefe oppreffions of States fcarce heard of hitherto, and which begin for fome time to become very common, this unlimited liceace of enriching themfelves by the fpoils of the Gods and men ; are all, ^s we have already obferved, of the fame date with the introduction of luxury, and are undoubtedly the effefls of it. Thefe diforders increafe gradually, and at firfl infenlibly. Regulations were op|3oled to them ; and fome examples, though faintly, made from time to time. The evil however gains ground, and infe6ls the whole People. The face of the State then changes, and the government, from jufl and wife as it was, becomes tyrannical and infup^ portable. This is what the fequel of our hiflory

It

-f-

will evince.
* Ejufmodi in provinciam homines cum imperio mittimus, ut ipforum adventus in urbes fociorum non multum ab hoftili impugna.

tione difFerant.
f

Ibid. 13.

Hasc primo panlatim crefcere, interdvim vindicari. Poft, iibi contagio, quafi peftilentia, invalit, civitas immutata, imperium, ex jullillimo atque optumo, crudele intoleranduraque faftum. Sallust.
Sell. Catil.

THE

THE

ROMAN
Revised

HISTORY,
Mr.

&c.

fincethe Death of

ROLLIN,

By Mr, C

REVIE

R.

331

Mr.

C R E V

R's

ADVERTISEMENT
T O

TM

Eighth Volume

of the Firil Edition.

Hiftor)'- have appeared fmce the death of Mr. RoUin. However This, of which I am the Editor, is the firft that can properly be called Pofthu_mous. The Sixth and Seventh were printed, whilfl: the Author was alive, and were prevented from appearing only for Mr. D'Anville's maps, vv'hofe regard for the accuracy of his works makes him with reafon take the neceffary time for compleating them in fuch a manner, as may deferve the opinion of the Public. The eighth volume * is not in the fame cafe with Mr. Rollin put the firft thofe that preceded it. draught of it, according to his cuftom, into my hands, on fetting out for the country in July 1741, after and he never faw it from that time. his firft illnefs Accordingly he did not give this, nor many large parts, which he had prepared for the ninth volume, The revifal, in which he was very atthe laft hand. tentive, is wanting to this part of his work. And inftead of my offering my oblervations to him as heretofore, always with fubmifiion to his better judgment, I was obliged to take upon me to decide in refpeft to the additions and alterations, which feemed

^WO

Volumes of the Roman

already

neceffary.
;

* Including Books xxv, xxvi, xxvii.

It

332
It

Mr. CREVIER's ADVERTISEMENT.

was not without great repugnance that I took though I did not alTume it of myfelf, and in doing lb only obeyed his orders. The profound veneration, which I always had for him from my earliefr youth, would have induced me to refpecft every fyllable of his manufcript. But every one who compofes, perfedlly knows the dijfference between the firft draught from an author's pen, and the fame work made fit for the prefs. It was therefore neceffary, that a timidity, however well-founded, fhould give place to the good of the work, and the fervice of the publick, which Mr. Rollin diredted me to prefer and I conceived, that to every other confideration his own maxims and example would condemn me, if, out of an excefs of refpe<5l for his memory, I fliould leave thefe lail fruits of his labour in a condition he would not have left them himfelf and if I fparcd my weak endeavours to bring them as near as poflible to the degree of perfedion they would have had, if he had lived. I have at leafl taken care to adapt myfelf as much as pofTible to his view, and upon every doubt that arole, to confult the idea which I had of his tafte and manner of thinking and I have made no addition, nor alteration, which I am not affured my Mafter himfdf would have approved upon my reprefentation.
this liberty,
5 ;
:

is very inconfievery thing eflential is the fame Author's. I therefore venture to aflure the publick, that they will flill find Mr. Rollin here ; that is, not only the eafinefs, elegance, and elevation of his flile, but his generous and exalted fentiments, his zeal for every thing that regards the good of human fociety, his love of virtue, his reverence for the Divine Providence ; in a word, a profane fubject in a manner fandlified by the fpirit of Religion, with which it every where abounds. gladly Ihould I expatiate in tlie praife of this great man, whom it was my good fortune to have

After

all,

my

part in this

volume

derable

the whole matter, and

How
my

fqr

mafter, benefactor, and

father

But

have Tome-

Mr. CREVIER's ADVERTISEMENT. fomething to prefent the Reader, which is much

better than any thing that could

333

come from

my own

de Boze, who paid Mr. Rollin the tribute of praife, cuftomary in the Academy of Belles Lettres, with all the amity of a brother-fellow, all the franknefs of a worthy man, and all the ability of an excellent painter, has been pleafed to put fo valuable a piece into my hands, in order to its being printed in circumflance happy for the front of this volume. me, and which no doubt will be highly agreeable to
hand.

M.

the publick, has forced

him

to

anticipate the time,

in the

when this Elogium was to appear the Academy of Belles Lettres.

Memoirs of Refped for Mr.

Rollin, and the prejudice fo well founded in favour of every thing Mr. de Boze treats, had made fome perfons defign to commit one of thofe unavoidable piracies upon him, which only the mofl excellent orators are apt to experience. His difcourfe was taken down as he pronounced it in the AlTembly itfelf, and has been printed in the twelfth volume of a colledion intitled, Amufemens du Camr de I'Efprit^ with interpolations, miftaken fads, and defeds of

ftile,

that ftrangely disfigure

it.

And

it

is

to this I

now have
made by

the confolation of giving, and the publick the fatisfadion of reading, the Elogium of Mr. Rollin the illuftrious Secretary of the

Academy of

Belles Lettres.

Mr. de Boze has confined himfelf to what fuited the audience, before which he fpoke, and confidercd the perfon, whofe praife was his fubjed, only in refped
to his genius,
talents,

and hterature.
is

And

indeed

to^defcribe the heart of Mr. Rollin

fuperfluous, after

the pidure of it in his works. He has there drawn himfelf with a fimplicity and force, which no other

hand can equal. Every body knows, that the fentiments of a noble foul, expreffed in every ftroke of his pen, are what have acquired him moll admirers both in France and amongft Strangers, and that the man in him charms more than the Writer. I fliall therefore not undertake to applaud here his beneficent difpofition,

334
and

Mr. CREVIER's ADVERTISEMENT.

candor, his generofity, his charitable afts, and fincere piety. Let me only obfervc for the honour of Religion, and the confufion of thofe, who confider devotion as the attribute of little minds, that in him piety was as fimple as learned ; and that he perfectly verified the celebrated faying, that Religion is admired in great minds for the Little things, and in common minds for the Great things, it makes
fition, his

his tender

them

do.

happy Ihould I be, could I attain the two charafters of this admirable man's fpirit ; and, as I am appointed by his orders, and in a manner by
thofe of Providence, to continue his work, if I could preferve at lead a fhadow of his talents, and elpecially of the fentiments of Religion, which were the

How

folemnly aver, that in the fliall never lofe fight of fo excellent a model j and that I propofe to myfelf as near as poflible to purfue his tafte and plan that is, to render the Hiftory ufeful with refJDeft to morals, and always to make it fubfervient to virtue, and the glory of Religion. May it pleafe Heaven, that T may acquit myfelf worthily of this defign, and, after the example of my ever dear and venerable Mafter, in labouring for the improvement of Youth, that I may labour alfo for my
foul of
!

career

them I can upon which

at leaft

am

entering, I

-own

fandlification.

EL

O-

3S5

E L O G
O
F

U
I

Mr.

R O L L

N,

By Mr. de Boze, perpetual Secpiptary of the Academy of Infcriptions, and Belles Lettres.
Read
in

the

pnblick Aflembly of that Academy, Nov. 14, 1741.

fon of Peter

ROLLIN, fecond CHARLESMailer-cutler of

Rollin,
a

there

was born on the 30th of January i66j, and was

Paris,

intended, as well as his elder brother, for his father's bufinefs, who had made both take up their freedoms in their earlieft youth.

A
firft

whom

Benediftine, of the order called Whitemantles, he had often heard fay, or ferved at, mafs, be-

caufe their church was in his neighbourhood, was the who obferved in him a great capacity for letters. He knew his mother, who in her way was a woman
:

of merit

he fpoke to her, and told her that

it

was

abfolutely nccefTary to

make him

a Student.

Her

opinion alio fuggefted fomething of the fame kind to her ; but reafons fhronger in appearance always oppofed it. She was become a widow, without any refource on the fide of fortune but carrying on her hufband's trade. Her children were the only fupport Ihe had, and ihe was not in a condition to be at expences to give any of them a different education. The good Monk, far from defifting, continued his inftances ; and the principal obftacle having been removed by obtaining a fcholarfhip in the College of the XVIII, the fate of young Roilin was decided in.
confe-

own

336

ELO GIU

OF

Mr. R O L L

N.

confequence, and from thenceforth he appeared in a quite different light, even in the eyes of his mother. She began by perceiving more wit and delicacy in his manner of addrefs and obedience. She foon after was fcnfible of the progrefs he made, which was talked of every where, and not without a kind of aftonifh-

and what undoubtedly was no lefs grateful to was to fee the parents of his fellow-ftudents of the moft diflinguiihed birth and rank, fend or come themfelves to defire, that fhe would permit her fon to pafs holidays with them, and be the companion of their pleafures as well as of their fludies. At the head of thefe illuftrious parents was the Minifter Mr. le Peletier, whofe two eldeft fons had found a formidable competitor in this new-comer. Their father, who perfedlly knew the advantages of emulation, was follicitous to increafe it. When the young fcholar was Imperator, which frequently happened, he fent him the fame prefent as he did to his fons, and the latter loved him though their rival they carried him home with them in their coach ; they fet him down at his mother's when he had bufmefs there, and waited for him and one day obferving that he took the iirft place without ceremony, Ihe was going to reprimand him fharply for want of good manners but the Preceptor humbly anfwered, that Mr. Peletier had given orders, that they fhould always place themfelves in the coach according to their rank in the clafs. This brief account of Mr. Rollin's progrefs in his* fludies will fuffice, and we the more willingly fupprefs other particulars of it, as with fome little diffe:

ment

her,

rences, fuch details are but too often introduced into

the Hiftorical Elogies of the members of the Acait is deprived of by death. But we cannot difpence with relating however, that when he ftudied

demy

Rhetorick in the College of Pleifis under the celebrated Mr. Herfan, who was lludious to excite the ardor of his pupils by honourable Epithets, that Profeffor fa'id publickly, that he did not know by what term

ELOGIUMofMr. ROLLIN.
term to diftinguifli younT; Rollin fLifHciently, and that he was fometimes tempted to denominate him Divime.

337

He

referred almoll

all

thofe

who

afl<:ed

him
:

for

pofitions in

verfe or profe to his difciple

;

com" Apply

" to him," faid he " he will do it much better " than I." Some time after, a Minifter, to whom nothinor could be refufed, Mr. Louvois, engaged M. Herlan to quit the College of Pleflis, to be with the Abbot
de Louvois his fon, of whofc education he took great care, and who gave great hopes of his proficiency. Mr. Rollin was then only in his twenty third year, and lb early was confidered as worthy to fucceed Mr. Herfan. He was the only one of a different opinion, and it was not without doing violence to him, that it was refolved he Ihould be fecond profefTor, as Mr. Herfan had been before he was advanced to the chair of ProfefTor of Rhetorick, which he alfo had fome years after him and what compleated the entire conformity between them, was that Mr. Herfan who had the furvivorfliip of a chair of eloquence in the College Royal, refigned that alio with the King's permifTion in
:

favour of Mr. Rollin. The neceflity of compofmg tragedies for the dlflribution of prizes at the end of every year, was the only thing that gave Mr. Rollin fome difficulty. However fenfible he was in other refpedls to the beauties of the antient dramatick poets, he was convinced, that fuch reprefentations did not fuit Colleges, where they only made the mailers and fcholars lofe precious time and it was remembered on this occafion, that Mr. le Pelletier having been defirous, that fomre fhould be placed at his houie by his fons and the young perfons he had alTociated with them in their ftudies, Mr. Rollin was the only one, who could never be prevailed upon to aift any part. certain fund of ingenuous modefty, that attended him in every part of his charafter, prevented him from taking upon him only for an inflant any (Irange perfonage.
:

Vol. V.

Ex-

338

EI.

OGIUM

of

Mr.
this

ROLL IN.

Excepting almoft only

feffor exercired

his funfticns

in a

circumilance, no promore Hiining man-

ner.

He often made Latin orations, in which he ceas the iirft victories, lebrated the events of the times of the Dauphin, the taking of Phihpfburgh, and the But the Greek language alfollovv'ing campaigns.
-,

ways fcemed to him to defcrve the preference. It had began to be neglected in the Schools of the Unihe revived the fcudy, and was the true reverfity
:

of it. He very much regretted, that the cuftom of difputing in Greek had been difcontinued. Mr. Boivin jun. had let the laft example of it: and not having fufficient authority to re-cftablifli it, he introduced another ftill more ufeful, that of publick Exercifes upon the antient Greek and Latin Authors. He chofe the youngel'c fons of Mr. le Pelletier to do and the applaufes they rethe firfl of thefe exercifes emulation in the other Colleges, en ceived, excited
ftorer
,

v/hich

ftill

fubfills.

Mr. Rollin ufually augmented

the luftre of them by pieces of poetry, which he addreffcd, fometim.es to thofe who performed thefe exand many of ercifes, fometimes to their parents
-,

thefe pieces are

printed.

preferved the original

fcribed to

Mr. le Pelletier carefully of that, which Mr. Rollin in:

him upon the exercife of his fons. He eompofed three upon thofe of the Abbot de Louvois and the third is remarkable for explaining clearly and with inimitable graces the print of the famous Thefes, which the Marquefs of Louvois his father made him dedicate to the King on his return from taking Mons.

With

thefe talents
a

were united an indefatigable zeal,

and fuch

difccrnmient of different geniuffes, that he

inftantly faw what they were capable of, and the mieHis capacity in thod to be ufed in their inilrufdon. checking impetuofity, and exalting courage, in fparing delicacy, and fubduing indolence, enabled him to form abundance of learned men and excellent Profeffors, and to give the Clergy, Bench, and even proTlie PrefcfTion of arms, perfons of great merit. mier l^refident M. Portail ufed fometimes to tell iiim
.

by

ELOGIUM

OF Mr.

ROLL IN.
:

^^^

by way of jell, that he had made him labour too hard and Mr. Rollin fcrioufly replied; " It becomes you indeed to complain of that, Sir It is that application to bufinefs, which diitinguifhed you in the office of Attorney General, and railed you to that of Premier you are indebted to me for your fortune.'* Prefident
! :

After having been eight or ten years fuccefilvelv Profeflbrin the College of Plefils ; Mr. Rollin quitted it, to devote himlelf entirely to the ftudy of Hiitory, retaining of his publick funftions only the chair of eloquence in the Royal College, which he held however only with the title of Survivorlhip, without any advantage but he had an eltate of about 6 or 700 livres a year (about 35I. fterling) and believed himfelf extremely rich. The Univerfity, that perceived their lofs in the retreat of Mr. Rollin, foon recalled him. He was chofen Re6tor or Principal at the end of 1 694, and was continued io tv/o years, which was then a great diftinftion. In this quality he twice pronounced the panegyrick upon the King in the fchools of the Sorbonne, v^diich the city had lately founded. Never were Audiences more numerous and polite. Thefe
:

two orations

\wQrQ

confidered as

m after-pieces

-,

and

fubjed of which was the eftablill:iment of the Invalids. And however, as if that fubjedl had not fufficed the fertility of Mr. Rollin's genius, the fame day he caufed an ode upon the other ornaments of Paris to be diftributed in the affembly. The defcription of its gates alone as triumphal arches formed in this poem a new panegyrick ftill more worthy of the Hero. What we find in the Memoirs ot Mr. Amelot de la HouiTaye, in the article of precedencies, is to be dated at this time. He fays there, " that at a pubefpecially the lail, the

"
*'

Law, the Principal Charles Rollin would never fuffer the Archbifhoo of Sens (Fortindela Hoguette) " to take place of him." It is not neceilary to add, that at all other times, and on
lick difputation in Civil

every

34

KLOGIUM

OF Mr.

ROLLI

N.

every other occafion, he would never have difputed place with any one. The end of Mr. Rolhn's Reftorfhip did not enThe Cardinal de Noailles tirely reftore his liberty. engaged him to take upon him the direction of his nephews ftudies, who were at the College of Laon ; and he applied himfelf to this with pleafure, when Mr. Vittcment, to whom the education of the children of France was given, earneftly defired to refign his Coadjutoriliip in the office of Principal of the College The latter made great of Beauvais to Mr. Rollin. difficulty to accept of it ; and it appears from fome of the printed letters of the Abbe Duguet, that it was he who determined him to do fo. The College of Beauvais, now fo fiourifhing, was then a kind of defart, in which there were very few
fcholars,

and no difcipline

and what feemed

to

make

it impoffible ever to re-eflablifh order and application in it, was its being united with another college of the

fame nature.

"

fhall not fay in what manner Mr. Rollin fucceedcd in placing it in honour, and to people it almoft beyond what it could contain. may imagine juftly, that all the talents were necefTary which himlelf requires in a good Principal, in his Treatife upon Study. It is common enough for great mafters to prefcribe the true duties of an office, only by repeating, without thinking of it, the manner in which themfelves have difcharged tliem. And accordingly nothing equalled the confidence people had in him. rich man of the country, who knew him only by reputation, brought his fon to him t3 be admitted to board as a fcholar in the college of Beauvais, not believing That would admit of any difficulty. Mr. Rollin excufed himfelf from receiving him, becaufe there was not an inch of room to fpare : and to convince him of that, he carried him through all the apartments. The father in defpair did not " I am come,'* exprefs himfelf by vain exclamations. faid he, " exprefsly to Paris I fiiall fet out to mor" row J 1 fiiall fend you my fon with a bed. I have

We

We

" none

ELOGIUM
" none but him
:

OF Mr.

OLLIN.
:

341

you may lodge him in the court" yard, or in the cellar if you pleafe but he fhali be " in your college, and from this moment I fhall give *' myfelf no farther pain about it." He did as he faid. Mr. Rollin was reduced to admit the young man, and to lodge him in his own clolet, till he could provide an
ufual place for him.
12, he quitted the oHice of Principal of Beaurefume the firfl project of his ftudies more at leifure. He began by working upon Qiiintilian, upon whom he fet a great value, and of whom he faw with pain too little ufe made. He retrenched all from him, that he judged fuperfluous for forming orators, or improving the manners he explained his method and views in an elegant Preface he added Summaries fufficiently copious before the chapters he accompanied the text with brief but curious notes and the edition appeared in two volumes in 12 mo. the beginning

In

1 7

vais to

-,

ofi7i5.
whicli he was alfo fo dear and him to fpeak a Iblemn appointed 1719 oration, by way of thanks, for the Free Inftrudion which the King had lately inftituted. The fubjed was great, and the fublimity and pomp of exprefTions noc^ unequal to it he fpoke in it as a confummate Mafand ter of the order, choice, and tafte of ftudies Vy'hat he faid, made it ardently defired, that he would one day give the world a compieat treatife upon that

The

Univerfity, to

fo

ufeful, in

fubjed:.

The

univerfity

alfo

judging, that their antient

fta-

fome alterations in that refpect, and that no one was more capable of drawing them up than Mr. Rollin, eleded him Principal again in But particular circumftances fhortened this fely 10. cond Principallhip fo much, that the ftatutes were no longer thought of, and he had time to compcfe his treatife upon the manner of ftudying and teaching the Belles Lettres. He divided it into four volumes^ the firft two of which he publifned in 1720, and the two
tutes ilood in need of
laft in

1728.

Encouraged

^42

LOG UM
I

OF

Mr. ROLLIIvr.

fiiccefs of that wc:k, he undertook another of much greater extent, and which howthis ever was but a necelTary fequel of the former v.^as the Antient Hiftory of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, AffyrianSj Babylonians, Medes and Perfians, Macedonians and Grecians. He was at firft in hopes of bringing it within the compafs of fix or feven vobut it led him on infenfibly to the thirteenth. lumes They all appeared between the year 7 30 and 1 738 ; and during the publication of the two laft volumes Mr. RoLlin alfo publiflied the iirft volume of the Roman Hiitory, of which five have already appeared, aud the fixth and feventh are printed ofi\, and wait only for the maps to be inferted in them. The eighth, and part of the ninth, are done, and come down as low as after the v/ar with the Cimbri, which preceded the battle of A6lium, where Mr. Rollin's defign ended, only about feventy years. His illuftriou? pupils, whom he began to call his m.afters, cannot leave his work imperfeft in any relpeft. The publick will perhaps demand alfo of them the Latin orations of Mr. Rollin, becaufe none of theiti are printed and probably there is not one of them that does not deferve it. If it were incumbent upon us to point out, in the order of time, all thofe which are come to our knowledge, or of which the remembrance has been more happily preferved, there is one amongft the reft which we fhculd not have forgot this is that, v;hich he pronounced in 1701, two years after his entrance into the College of Beauvais, upon the acceffion of Fhilip V. to the Crov/n of Spain. little more care has been taken of his poems. They vvcre inferred in 1727 in a feleft mifcellany and befides thofe we have already mentioned, there are a gre?it number of equal fpirit and beauty. If we were to decide the preference to any of them, his Latin tranQation of Mr. Boileau's ode upon the taking of Namur would
:
',

Encouraged by the

'

not want voices.

all

There are alfo Tnany Epigrams, which have almoft of them their fingularity. For inftance, it would
be

ELOGIUM

OF Mr.

ROLL IN.

343

be difficult to find any thing, that feems fo well to prove the quality of Prophets, commonly enough afcribed to poets, than that which he lent in 1695, the firft year of his Principalfhip, to the grandfon of Mr. Le Peletier, who was only in his fixth year. He fent him on Candlemafs day, in the name of the Univerfity, fuch a wax-candle as it is the cuftom to prefent the Premier Prelidents and told him in writing, that he fhould accuftom himfelf to receiving that honour,
,

that he Ihould efpecially

take care to
oiiice

make

himfelf

worthy of it, becaufe that high

was a place v/hich Themis herlelf alTuredly aliotced him, after Ihe (hould have conferred it upon his P^ath^er.

Te mamt

h^ec fedes

fmnmum Themis

ipfa

Tribunal

Vera cano^ Palri

dejlinat, inde tsbr.

Both were then very far from it ; however, the father was Premier Prefident twelve years after, and the
now. In another Epigram Mr. Rollin makes He ingenious ailufion to his firil bufinefs. fends a knife for a new-year's gift to one of his friends, and tells him, that if this prefent feems to come rather from Vulcan than the Mufes, he ought not to wonder at it ; becaufe it was from the cave of the Cyclops that he firft fet out towards Parnaiibs. Two other pieces of Mr. Rollin have been printed feparately tkrid caf4ldb^^ addrefled in 1691 to Father Jouvency, upon his having lately publifhed at Paris,
ion
a
is

fo

mod

on the taking of Montmelian, in the name of one of his fcholars, the fame copy of verfes, v/hich he had publifhed before at Caen in his own name on the taking of Maeftrich in 1673. The fecond is Santol.tis Piethat made a great noife when it appeared ; the rench tranQation of which, afcribed to Mr. Racine, r was afterwards found to have been done by Mr. Boiviii junior. Santcuil's Epitaph engraved in the Cloider of Saint Viclor, is alfo Mr. Rollin's and it is certain, that if his modefty had permitted him to efteem his Latin works as much as they defer ved, that collection Vv^ould very agreeably have concluded the new edition Z s
nitins,
:

544-

ELOGIUM
edition of his treatife

of
upon

Mr.ROLLIN.
ftudies and of his Antient

Hiftory.

have faid nothing of the fuccefs his works have their fame is dill thefubjedl every where, becaufe had, The Duke as well in foreign countries as in France. of Cumberland and the Princeffcs his fillers had always the firft copies from the prefs ; they being defirous to read them as loon aspofllble, and who could give the beft account of them. The Prince faid, " I " know not how it is in Mr. Rolhn ; reflections every *' where elfe feem tedious, and I turn them over with

We

" "

negleft

-,

they charm

me

in his

book, and

do not

lofe a fingle

word of them."

The Queen their mother, a little before her death, intended to correfpond with him by letters, and had caufrd the moil obliging things in the world to be The letters of the Prince faid to him on that head. Royal, now King of PruHla, highly graced this trir But when he had the goodnefs to bute of efteem. notify his accefTion to the throne to him, amongft other learned men of the firft rank, Mr. Roliin obferved to him, that for the future he fhould have a due regard to his high occupations : and that having no longer any counfels to take but of his own glory, he wcuid no longer have the honour to write to him. Th.e example of Princes is of great force. poet

and ftill more by his difgraces, the celebrated Roufleau, was alfo defirous of a correfpcndence with Mr. Roliin. He wrote him feveral letters and infcribed Epiftles in vcik to him. Mr. Roliin did not think he ought to decline a commerce, in which he was in hopes of introducing reflexions of Chrifliianity and Piety with fuccefs. Happy beginnings emboldened him to fend the poet part of the Abbe Duguet's works, and the poet in return fent him his poen\s of the Amfl^^erdam Edition, but without the fupplement, at which he was afraid the fevere morality of Mr. Roliin might take offence. At length he came himfelf to Paris as much as pcffiblc Jnco^rito. He there faw Mr. Roliin almcft every day, ana

famous

for his v/orks,

ELOGIUM
and would not
fet

OF

Mr,

ROLLIN.

345

out on his return without reading In it he had difowned in the ftronghis will to him. couplets, which were the firil: immoral cfl terms thole
occafion of his misfortunes, and perfilied in afcribing them to the peribn he had at firft charged with Mr. Rollin took him up fhort in being their author. he urged with warmth, that the evidence this place
:

confcience fufficed to acquit him to himbut that having no equivalent proof for charging any perfon whatfoever by name, he would at lead render himfelf guilty in efFeft of a rafh judgment, and perhaps of an horrid calumny. The poet had nothing to reply ; and Mr. Rollin was extremely pleafed with having made him ftrike out that article. The King had nominated him a Fellow of this Academy on its re-eftablifhment in 1701, and as he had not had time to render t!:e College of Beauvais famous, that was little frequented before him, he did not forefee, that when it fliould be fo, he would find

of

his
;

own

felf

himielf engrofied there by fo many different cares, that he could no longer discharge the functions of a Member of the Academy at pkafure. As foon as he perceived this, he demanded to be fuperannuatedi which was granted him with all the diftinclion he deferved ; and he was, however, no lefs a lover of our exercifes. He came hither as often as pofiible, to
the publick aflemblies efpecially becaufe more things were read in
-,

not only, faid he,

it,

When he undertook his Antient Hiftory, he related the plan of it to the Academy-, he aflced its permifilon to make a free ufe of all that might be for his purpofe in our printed memoirs, and to have recourfe to thofe not yet in the prcfs. At the fame time he afked the Chancellor to appoint him a Cenfor of the academy, and that member happened And laftly, it was to be one of his former pupils. not till after we had received a copy of each volume of his work, that the publick knew it was finifiied and when he could not prefent it in perfon, he caufed
:

might reap advantag-e, but exprefs homage on his fide.

alio becaufe

from which he it was a more

the

345

ELOGIU

OF

Mr.

ROLL

N.

The fifth Vokime of the greateft excufes to be made. his Roman Hiflory, which has lately appeared, was brought me in that manner for the Academy only three or four days before his death. So many volumes publifhed fo foon after each other, fully demonftrated widi what facihty Mr. RolHn comNobody doubted it it was well known, that nature extremely laborious, and that his was by he zeal for the public good was the ftrongeft of motives with him. But during a very long time he had wrote only in Latin, which leemed fo much his natural language, that it was almofl: doubted whether he had any other and he was above fixty years old when he began to write in French. The elegance and purity of hi,s ftile were therefore new and uncxpedled obhe feemed to have acquired them in an inftant jefts The only from the defire of being more ufeful.
pofed.
:
,

Academic Francoife itfelf has frequently teftified this. But he thought lb modeftly of himfeif, that he always wondered he had ever become an author and far from having taken any premium for his v^^orks, of which the prodigious vent would have made the
,

fortune of any other perfon, his fole concern was, on giving them the Bookfeller, how he fiiould make him amends, if they had not a fufficient run. This manner of thinking extended to every thing Neat about his perfon, that had any relation to him. from the leaft pains, than and reaion more from habit death, that he had his furniture at he had the fame entered the college of when he made be caufed to when retired into and in Profefibr 1683 Pleffis as lived in fo fmall an Paris, he part of remotell the houfe, that moft of the (Irangers, whom his reputation drew thither, would willingly have wrote on his door, as on that of Eralmus, " Behold a little houfe, *' that contains a great man." Flis piety was warm, all that it becomes us to fay of tender and fmcere it, is, that nothing feemed little to him in Religion, and nothing great out of it. He died the 14th of September 1741, at the age of fourfcore years, feven months, aad fome days.
,

THE

347

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
HIS
feus

THE

TWENTY-FIFTH.

book contains the hiftory of PerKing of Macedonia, from the

573d year of Rome, in which he afcended the throne, to the 585th, v/hen he was led in triumph by Pauius ^^mihus.

SECT.
donia.

I.

Defig n formed by Philip to trafifplant the Bafiarn<e into the country of the Dardanians, bordering upon Macelatter confirm the treaty

the Rcmayis. 'The Ambafjadors frc7n Perfeus made with Philip his father.
t-).

Good

beginning!;.,

hafj'adors

from

Baftarua. Report of the

and virtuous qualities of Perfeus. Am'Dardaniam to Rome concernmg the Ambaffadcrs from Perfeus to Carthage.
the

Roman

Amhafjadors.-at their return from

Eumenes comes to Rome to exhort the SeThat Princess Ambafnate to the war with Perfeus. That Prince fuborns murthei-ers to fadors ill received. kill Kumems. The Senate., after having declared the crimes of Perfeus., prepare for the war^ and caufe it t9 Centius bebe declared againft him by Anibajfadors. Difpojilicn cf the king' ccmes fufpeEfed by the Romans. doms and free fates, in refpe^ to the Romans and PerMacedonia.
feus in the

war

of Macedonia.*

W^r

declared in

form

agatnfi

345

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
aiahifi Perfeus. nary application.
'The levies are

Confuls.
extraordi-

made with

Difpute concerning the Centurions. Speech of an old Centurion to the People, Perfeus^s yhibajpidors referred 'to the Ccnful, who is foon to retheir allies.

pair to Macedonia.

haffadors.

Amhaffadors from the Romans to Interview of Perfeus and the Roman AmTruce granted Perfeus., in order to his fend-

ing

new Jmbaffadors to Rome. Comr/iotions in Baotia. Almofi the whole province declares for the Romans.
Succours fupplied by
fit

The RhoRomans. Stratagem of the DeEmbafjte.i of Perfeus to Rhodes. The Ambaffaputies cenfured by the antient Senators. dors of Perfeus receive orders to quit Rome and Italy.
the Achaian league.

dians

out a conjiderable fleet to join the

fedion I ftopt at the death of Philip, Perfeus fucceeded in the kingdom of Macedonia. 1 afterwards, under different heads, united all the various events, that occurred, during the fpace of eleven years, with the reign of Perfeus, without any relation to it, to avoid being obliged frequently to interrupt the chain of our hiftory, and for the fake of relating it all together in its order, which will render it
the
laft

whom

his fon

more
A.R.S73.
Ant. C.
179.

clear

and agreeable.

Q^FULVIUS. L^ MaNLIUS.
happened very opportunely for dcwar menaced by the Romanr, and for That Prince had giving them time tp prepare for it. formed a fcrange defign, and had began to put it in this was to bring from the country of the execution Bailarnfe, a nation either of the Gauls or Germans by origin, tranfpianted from near the mouths of the
Philip's death

Liv.xl.57. Oroi. iv.

^^'

ferring the

Boriilhcnes, a confiderable
infantry and cavalry.

number of troops both of After they had paifed the Danube, he was to fettle them in the country of the Dardanians, whom he determined entirely to extirpate bccaufe as they were very near neighbours to Macedo;

nia,

FULVIUS, MANLIUS,
nia, they did not fail to

Confulg.
it,

make

irruptions into

349 when- ^^' 573

*

The Baftarnas, ever favourable occafions offered. leaving their wives and children in this new fettlement, were to go to Italy to inrich themlelves with the great fpoils they were in hopes of making there. Whatever the fuccefs might be, Philip expelled great advantages from it. If it Ihould happen, that the Eaftarnas were overcome by the Romans, he Ihouid eafily confole himfelf for their defeat, by being deby their means from the dangerous neighbourhood of the Dardanians and if their irruption into Italy fucceeded, whilft the Romans were employed in repelling thefe new enemies, he fhould have time to recover all he had loft in Greece. The Baftarnce had already began their march, and were confiderab-y advanced in it, when they received advice of Philip's death. This news, and various accidents, which befel them,
livered
:

i^^,

'

them

fufpended the execution of their defign and many of entirely abandoned it, and returned home into
:

their country.

Perfeus, with the view of eftablifhing himfelf better

Liv.xl.5S.

upon the throne, fent AmbafTadors to the Romans to demand, that they would renew with him the alliance they had made with his father, and that the Senate Ihould acknowledge him King. He only fought
to gain time.

M. Junius Brutus.
J

A. Manlius Vulso.
It

n>r

Tr

A. R.574. Ant. C.
.

i^g.

was under thefe Confuls that Perfeus's Ambafthat Prince.

fadors arrived at
fe6l

and did not doubt but upon the firft favourable occafion, and when he was fufficiently ftrong, that he would proceed to the rupture, for which his father had made preparations during lb many years, though he had
diftrufted him,

Rome. They

The Romans

did not af-

induftrioufly

However, to concealed his defign. avoid the reproach of having fought occafion of a breach 8

350
A. R.
574

CORNELIUS, PETILIUS,
manded.

Confuls.
all

breach during peace, they granted him

he

l\z-

^""^j^^'

Perfeus beheving his power firmly eflabliilied by the renewal of the treaty, applied himielf foiely in conciliating friends amongft the Greeks. With this view, he recalled into Macedonia all thofe who had quitted it, either to avoid paying their debts, or had been banilhed by fentence of the judges. He caufed
the edifts to this effedt to be fixed up in the feveral cities of Greece, by which they were promifed not only impunity, but the reltitution of their eftates,

with the profits of them from the time each had withHe alio remitted to all thofe who were aifludrawn. ally in his dominions all that they were indebted to the revenue, and he fet all fuch at liberty as were conBy this indulfined in the prifons for affairs of State. gence, he gained the confidence of infinite numbers, acquired the affedion of all the Greeks, and filled them with the moft grateful hopes. Befides vv'hich, his whole conduit, and all his attributes, feemed to denote him a Prince worthy of reigning. His ilature was advantageous, his phyfiognomy noble and engaging ; and as he was in the vigour of life, he was capable of fuftaining both the fatigues of war, and the weight of application and government. With all this he did not abandon himfelf to thofe excefies of debauchery and licentioufnefs, by which his father

had fo often diflionoured himfelf. By tJiefe good appearances in the beginning of his reign, thij Prince gave hopes, to which it were to be wifned the end of it had anfwered.
A.R.576.
Ant. c.
176.
o^yb.
L^iiat. 62

Cn. Cornelius Scipio FIispalus.

Q^ Petilius Spurinus.
Part of the Baflarnse, of v/hom we have fpoken behad purfued their route, and v/ere acftually at war with the Dardanians. The latter fent Ambafiadors to Rome, to inform the Senate, " I'hat their province was over-run by fwarm^s of Barbarians of gigantick
fore,
,

-n.

"

POSTUMIUS, MUCIUS,

Confuls.

351

gantick ftatiire and extraordinary valour, with whom A. r. 576 Ferfeus had made a treaty of alliance. That they "h^^* apprehended that Prince more than the Baftarnse. That they v/ere come to implore the aid of the Commonwealth agamft fuch enemies." The Senate fent Deputies into the country, with A. Poftumius at the head of them, to enquire into the foundation of theie complaints.
P. MuCIUS.
A. R. 577. Ant. C.
II.
175,

M. ^MILIUS LePIDUS

Thefe Deputies having found the affair, as the Dardanians had related it, made their report accordingly Perfeus excufed himfelf by his Amto the Senate.
was not he, who had had not had any fhare in their enterprize. The Senate, without entering any farther into the matter, contented thembaffadors,

and affirmed, that

it

called in

thofe Barbarians, and that he

ordering him to be told, that he lliould take care inviolably to obferve the conditions of the treaty made with the Romans. The Bailarn^, after having had fome firlt advantages, were at length obliged, at lead the greateft part of them, to return into their own country. It is laid, that having found f''^^' the Danube froze over, in their attempt to pafs it, the ice gave way, and almoft all of them were fwalfelves with

'^^'

lowed up by the river. This fa6t, which has no other authority but that of Orofius, perhaps requires a
better.

Sp.

PoSTUMIUS AlBINUS.

A.R.

578.

.Ant. C.

CX MuCIUS Sc.EVOLA.

174-

The Ambaffadors
after

fent

by the Romans

into Africa,

lIv. xli.

having conferred with King Mafmiffa, and gone ** from his Court to Carchage, returned to Rome. They had been much better informed by that Prince of what palTed at Carthage, than by the Carthaginians themfelves. rlowever, notwithilanding all the difguife with

552

POPILIUS, ^LIUS,

Confuls.

A.R.57?. with which they had been treated, they had difcovcrcd '^j'^^' with certainty, that Ambaffadors from Perfeus had

been there, and that the Senate of Carthage had given the night in the temple of i^fculapius. Mafmiffa had befides alTured them, that the Carthaginians, on their part had fent fome to Macedonia, and the Carthaginians but faintly denied it. It was judged proper to fend Deputies into Macedonia, to have a watchfu.l eye over the King's conducft.

them audience in

A.R.

579.

Ant. C.

L. PosTUMius Albinus. jyj^ POPILIUS L^NAS.

Liv. xlli. ^*

Thefe Ambaffadors on their return reported, that they could not have accefs to the King, who had always kept at a diftance, under falfe pretexts either of indifpofition or abfence. That for the reft it plainly appeared to them, that every thing was preparing for war, and that it ought to be expefted every day. Accordingly, difpofitions were made for it at Rome, which began by religious ceremonies, that amongft the Romans, always preceded declarations of war j that is, by expiation of prodigies, and different facrifices offered
to the

Gods.

A.R.

5S0. Allt. C.

C. POPILIUS
-D

L^NAS.

172.

717 T r. yiLLlUS J_IGUR.

Liv.

xlii.

2> 3'

Under Eumenes

thefe

Confuls, who were both Plebeians, Kino; of Perojamus came to Rome. He

was received with all poffible marks of diftin<5tion He declared, " that befides his defire to come to Rome to pay his homage to the Gods and men, to whom he owed a powerful and glorious eftablifhment that left him nothing to wiffi, he had exprefsly undertaken this voyage to apprize the Senate, to be upon That their guard againft the enterprizes of Perfeus. that Prince had inherited his father Philip*s hatred for the Romans, as well as his crown ; and that he negle6ted no preparations for a war, which was in a manner defcended to him by right of inheritance.

That

POPILIUS, ^LIUS,

Confuls.

353
:

That the long peace Macedonia had enjoyed, fupplied ^^- 580. * "^j. him with numerous troops in very good condition
that himthat he had a rich and powerful kingdom ardor full of for of life, military flower felf was in the been had enured in he the fight, which to expeditions, father, and his in which conduct of he the under and by various fince exercifed expeditions much been had againft his neighbours. That he was highly confidered in the cities of Greece and Afia, without its being eafy to fay by what kind of defert he had acquired fuch credit, except it was by his enmity for the Romans. That the moft powerful Kings fought his alliance. That he had efpoufed the daughter of Seleucus, and That he had o-iven Prufias his filler in marriao-e. .CI D known how to attach the Boeotians, a very warlike
:

people,
intereft
,

whom

his father

could never bring over to his

and that but for the oppofition of fome individuals well affeCled to the Romans, he would aftually have re-eftablifhed commerce with the Achaian league. That it was to Perfeus, and not the Romans, that the ^tolians had applied for aid. That, fupported by fuch powerful allies, he was befides making fuch preparations for war, as enabled

reign
five

alTiftance.

him to difpenfe with foThat he had thirty thoufand footj

thoufand horfe, with provifions for ten years. befides the immenfe revenues that he annually received from the mines, he had enough in his coffers to pay ten thoufand foreign troops for the like number of years, v/ithout including the national forces. That he had laid up in his magazines fufficient arms for three fuch armies as he had aftually on foot and that though Macedonia Ihould not be in a condition to fupply him with troops, he had Thrace at his devotion, which was an inexhaufnble nurfery of men.'* Eumenes added, " That he advanced nothing on this occafion upon mere conjecflure, but from his certain knowledge of facts from exad informations. For the reft, taid he in concluding, after having acquitted myfelf of a duty, in which I was bound by my regard and-gratitude for the Roman People, and having, if a I "may Vol. V.

That

^r^
A.R.
'

POPILIUS, iELIUS,
5S0.I

Confuls.

Ant. c.
'

to ufe the expreflion, difcharged only remains for me to pray the j^^y Gods to infpire you with fuch thoughts and defigns, as fuit the glory of your empire, and the fafety of your friends and allies, whofe fate is attached to yours." The Senators were much afFe6led with this dif-

may be allowed
confcience
;

it

For the reft, what had paffed in the Senate, courfe. was not known, except that King Eumenes had fpoke fuch inviolable in it, and nothing tranfpired abroad fecrecy was obferved by that wife body, which conIt was fifted of no lefs than three hundred perfons. not till after the war was terminated, that the difcourfe of that Prince, and the anfwer given him, were divulged. A great, extraordinary, and almoft incredible example of difcretion and wifdom. Some days after audience was given the AmbalTaThey found the Senate highly predors of Perfeus. judiced againft their mafter, and they fcarce vouchfafed to hear them. Harpalus, the chief of the embaffy, gave ftill greater offence by the haughtinefs of his difcourlb-.^ He fiid, " that Perfeus defired to be believed upon his ovvn word, when he declared he had neither faid or done any thing that could give caufe to confider him as an enemy. That for the reft, if he perceived, that pretexts for a war were fought
;

againft him, he Ihould know how to defend himfelf with courage. That the fortune of arms is always hazardous, and the event of war uncertain." The cities of Greece and Afia, in pain for the effe6ls which thefe embafTics might produce at Rome, had alfo fcnt Deputies thither under different pretexts ; the Rhodians efpecially, who apprehended, that Eumenes might have given them a place in his accufations againft Perfeus ; and they were not miftaken. In an audience granted them, they inveighed violently againft Eumenes, reproaching him with having made Lycia take arms againft them, and that he had made himfelf more infupportable to Afia than Antiochus himfelf. This difcourfe pleafed the Afiaticks.

POPILIUS, .^LIUS,
ticks,

Confuls.

555

favoured Perfeus ; but was greatly A.R. 580* ^^j\^' difliked by the Senate, and had no other effed, than to render the Rhodians fufpecled, and to augment their confideration for Eumenes by this kind of confpiracy which his attachment for the Romans drew upon him. They difmiiled him with the higheft honours and great prefents. Harpalus having returned to Macedonia with all ^^^' '^^" *^* poflible diligence, reported to Perfeus, that he had left the Romans in a difpofition not long to delay making war upon him. The King was not in pain upon that head, believing himfelf in a condition, with the great preparations he had made, to fuflain But he was moil incenfed againft it with fuccefs. Eumenes, whom he fufpe6led to have givtn Rome information of all his mofb fecret meafures ; and that he began to a6t, not by it was againfl him, the method of arms, but by that of the vileft treachery. He ordered Evander of Crete, the Ge-

who

fecretly

neral of his auxiliary troops,

and three Macedonians,

he had before employed on the like occafions, Perfeus had been apto afiaflinate that Prince. prized that he was preparing for a journey to DelThe aflaflins feeing him in a very narrow dephi. file in the midft of mountains, rolled down two great ftones upon him from the eminence where they had placed themfelves, and poured a great many fmaller upon him, like hail, with which they intended to deftroy him, after which they withdrew, leaving him for When the King, who was long v/ithout modead. tion, and almoft without life, was a little come to himfelf, his officers carried him bathed in his blood to
Corinth, and from thence to the ifland of ^gina, where no pains v/ere fpared to cure his wounds and when he was fo well as to bear the fea, he returned to Pergamus. A woman, at vv^hofe houfe the affaffins had lodged at Delphi, was carried to Rome, and difThey were covered the whole villany to the Senate. lefs defign odious informed at the fame time of a no Roman formed by Perfeus this was to poifon the Genea 2
:

whom

^^6
A.R.
580.

POPILIUS, ^LIUS,

Confuls.

j^'^^'

Liv.
^^'

xlii.

Generals and AmbafTadors, who lodged together at Brindufium in the houfe of the principal citizen of The King of Macethat place named L. Rammius. donia had endeavoured to engage this Rammius to do him fo criminal a fervice. But Rammius abhorring fo black a defign, informed the Romans of i^ The Senate, after being informed of fuch horrid fatls, deliberated no longer, whether it was ncceffary to declare war againft a Prince, who employed poifon and affaflination to rid himfelf of his enemies. The reft of this year was paiTed in making the ncceffary preparations for the fuccefs of this important enterThey began by fending AmbafTadors to Perprize. fcus with the complaints of the Commonwealth, and to demand fatisfaftion of him. Seeing that they could not obtain audience daring many days, they let out The King caufed them to be to return for Rome. They reprefented to him, that by the treaty recalled.

concluded with Philip his father, and fmce renewed with himfelf, it was ftipulated in exprefs terms, that he Ihould neither make war out of his kingdom, nor They afterattack the allies of the Roman People, wards enumerated all his contraventions to this treaty, and demanded that he fhould reftore to the allies all he had taken from them by force. The King replied only with paflion and reproaches, complaining of the avidity and pride of the Romans, who treated Kings with infupportable haughtinefs, and believed they had The Ama right to give them the law like Haves. baifadors infifting upon a pofitive anfwer, he referred them to the next day, when he would deliver it in It v/as, " I'hat the treaty concluded with wi-iting, That if he had achis father did not regard him. cepted if, it 'was not becaufe he approved it, but becaufe he could not "do otherwife, not being well eila-

blilhed

upon

his throne.

That

if

the

Romans would

and propofe reafonable conditions, he would deliberate upon what he fhould do." The King, after having delivered them this writing, The Ambaffadors declared to him, retired abruptly.
confider of a
treaty,

new

that

A. R. 580. the He returned full of wrath, and in a menac- ^)j'^' amity. ing tone told them, they had to quit his kingdom On their return to Rome, they within three days. gave an account of all that had paffed in their em-

that

LICINIUS, CASSIUS, Confuls. Roman People renounced his alliance and

'^c^j

and added, they had obferved in aU the cities bafly of Macedonia through which they paffed, that great preparations were making for war. The report of the Deputies from liTa, who came at that time to the Senate, gave reafon to fear alfo, that Gentius, King of the Iliyrians, would declare For, after having complained, that againft Rome. that Prince had ravaged their lands, they added, " That he lived in a flridt union with the King of Macedonia that they were both preparing to make war with the Romans and that the Iliyrians, who Vv'ere come to Rome with the feeming quality of Ambafiadors, were in reality only fpies lent by Gentius, The Iliyrians were to obferve what pafied there." anfwer as their connrm.ed this fufpicion, and fent for and the Senate appointed difmiffed, Depuwere they ties to go and complain in their name of the grievances, with which the allies charged Gentius. At the fame time it was refolved to begin the v/ar in and till greater forces could be earneil with Perfeus aflembled and fet out under the command of a Conful, the Prseter Cn. Sicinius was fent into Macedonia with fome fea and land troops, fufficient to keep the King in alarm, and to open the enterprize.
,

Liv. xlli.
^^'
^''*

P. LiCINIUS CraSSUS.

a. R.

581.

C. Cassius Longinus.

171.

All the Kings and States both of Europe and Afia their eyes turned upon the two potent nations, that v/ere upon the point of entering into a war. Eumenes v/as actuated by an ancient hatred for Perieus, and ftill more by the atrocious attempt lately committed againil his perfon in his journey to

Liv.

xiii.

had

^5> 30.

Delphi,

a 3

Pru-

35^
[.

LICINiUS, CASSIUS,
Prufias, that the
in their

Confuls.
refolved to remain
flattered himfelf,

King ofBithynia, had

not
infift

,^'

neuter, and to wait the event.

He

his taking arms favour againft his wife's brother j and he was in hopes, if Perfeus were vidtorious, that that Prince would eafily fuffer himfelf to be fwayed by the intreaties of his filter. Ariarathes, Kingof Cappadocia, befides having promifed the Romans aid, inviolably adhered, both in war and peace, to the fide efpoufed by Eumenes, after he had contrafted affinity with him, by giving him his daughter in marriage. Antiochus conceived thoughts of poflefTing himfelf of Egypt, relying upon the weaknefs of the minor King, and the indolence and cowardice of his guarHe imagined, that he had found a plaufible dians. pretext for making war upon that Prince, by difputing Coelo-Syria with him, and flattered himfelf, that the Romans, employed in the war of Macedonia, would In the not be any obllacle to his ambitious defigns. mean time lie had offered the Senate, by his AmbaiTadors, all his forces for the fervice of the Commonwealth ; and he had repeated the fame promife to the AmbafTadors Rome had fent to him. Ptolomy, through the weaknefs of his age, was not His guardians in a condition to difpofe of himfelf. prepared for the war with Antiochus, to fecure the poflefTion of Ccelo-Syria, and promifed the Romans every thing for the war of Macedonia. MafiniiTa aided the Romans v/ith corn, troops, and elephants and intended to fend his fon MalT'agenes His plan and political views, according to this war. to the different events, which this war might have,
,

Romans would

upon

were

as follows.

MafinilTa was defirous to ruin the

If the

power of the Carthaginians.

torious,
his defign

Romans were

vic-

was to remain

in the ftate

he then

v/ithout going further, becaufe the Romans would never fuffer him to reduce the Carthaginians to extreIf, on the contrary, the Roman power, which mities. alone, through policy, prevented him from extending

was

his

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
iiis

Confuls.

359
Carthage, A. R. 581.
^^[^

conquefts, and which then fupported Jhould be worited, he affured himfelf of the conqueft
Africa.

of all
felf

Gentius, King of Illyricum, had only rendered himmore fufpeded by the Romans, without knowing however which fide to take ; and it feemed as if this would be the occafion, rather than a fixed plan and

concerted defign, to determine him to efpoufe either .the one or the other. And laftly, Cotys of Thrace, King of the Odryfse, had declared openly for the Macedonians. Such was the difpofitions of the Kings in refpecl to the war between Perfeus and the Romans, As to what regards the Free States and cities, the multitude almoil every where, who ufually take the worfl: fide, inclined to that of the King and the Macedonians. The opinions of the principal citizens of thofe States and cities were in a manner divided into
three clafTes.

gave into the Roman fide, that and authority with their fellow citizens, in effedt of fo blind a devotion and fo avowed a partiality and of thefc, few were fwayed by the juftice of the Roman government ; the major part re-

Some

fo fervilely

they

loft all credit

garded only their own intereft ; convinced that they be confidered, and have credit in their cities only in proportion to the fervices they fhould render
fliould

the

Romans.
:

fecond clafs was of thofe, who were abfolutely devoted to the King fome, becaufe their debts and 'the bad ftate of their affairs made them defire change, not believing it poffible to fubfift without fome revo-

The

others, becaufe their natural vanity, and fondnefs for noife and oftentation, determined them to fide with the multitude, who had openly declared in favour of Perfeus,

lution

judicious, if

and this was the moft prudent and had been abfolutely neceffary to take either fide, and they had been at liberty to chufe their mafler, would have preferred the Romans to the
third
clafs,
it

a 4

King;

360
A. R.
581.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
King
:

Confuls.

but they defired ftill much rather, if that had poflible, that neither of the two powers ihould ^^^^ ^Tyi^' much augment their ftrength by the redu(ftion of the other, and that retaining a kind of equahty and balance, they fhoLild continue at peace with each other ; becaufe in that cafe one of the two taking the weak States under its protection, which the other might be
for opprefling,

would render
In

their condition
this

much

Ijv

xlii.

kind of indeterminate neutrality, they confidered, as from a place of fafety, the bcttles and dangers of thofe who had joined either with the one or the other. We fhall fee, after the war is terminated, that they were much miftaken in believing themfelves fafe by this condud. '^^^ Romans, after having difcharged, according
to their laudable cullom, all the duties of religion, of-

more

tranquil and fecure.

50, 31.

prayers and facrifices to the Gods, and them for the fuccefs of the enterprize for which they had been fo long preparing, declared
fered public

ma^e vows
in

to

form againft Perfeus King of Macedonia, if he make immediate fatisfaftion in refpedt to different grievances, which had already been iniifted upon more than once.' The levies were made with more care than ever. The two legions which were to ferve in Macedonia, confifted each of fix thoufand foot and three hundred horfe, whereas the ordinary legions were only of five thoufand two hundred foot the number of horfe was always the fame. The Conful alfo, who was to command in this war, was allowed to incorporate into his army all the veteran Centurions and

war

did not

Soldiers he fnould think

fit

to chufe, to fifty

years

of age.

And

laftly,

the People, in confequence of

^ decree of the Senate, ordained, that the legionary

Tribunes fliould be chofen this year, not by the fuffrages of the citizens, according to the ufual cuftom, but by the Confuls and Prastors. All thefe precau^
for Macedonia, and

were highly advantageous to the legions intended fhewed how important this war was deemed,
tions

The

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
The
Italy.

Confuls.

361
fell

Conilils

havino;

drawn

lots,

Macedonia

A. R. 581,
j^i,

to Licinius,

and

Caflfius his

Coilegue remained in

lately been decreed in refpeift to the Cen- Vw. xlii, gave occafion for a confiderabie difpute. 1 3235have obferved ellewhere, that there were two Centuries, and confequentlytwo Centurions in each maniple. He who commanded the firft century of the firll maniple of the -f Triarii, v/as the molt confiderabie of all the Centurions, and was admitted to the councils The other Centuof war with the principal officers. rions, or Captains, were alfo diftinguiflied by the rank of their companies, in the different orders of the leo-ion and the firft Captains of the Kaftati and Principea were good pofts. They rofe from an inferior to a fu-

What had

turions

by feniority but merit. This diftinclion of ranks and pofts of honour, which was beftowed only on valour and real fervices, occafioned an incredible emulation amongft the troops, that kept every thing in exercife and order. A private foldier became a Centurion, and rifmg afterwards through ail the different ranks, was capable of advanc-* ing himfelf to the principal pofts. This view, this hope, fuftained them in the midft of the rudeft fatigues, animated them, prevented them for committing faults or difgufting the fervice, and carried them on to And this is the manner the greateft actions of valour. of forming invincible troops. Hitherto we have feen no example amongft the Roman officers of piquing themfelves upon always retaining the rank to which they had once been railed. On the contrary it is manifeft, that they rolled between different pofts, fometimes fuperior, fometimes inferior, at the General's difcretion ; every one thinking himfelf honoured in ferving his country in any rank whatfoever. A nicenefs in this point of honour fliewed itfelf for the firft time on the prefent occafion. Whiift
perior rank, not only

f The Hsftati, Principes and Triarii were three bodies of troops of which each legion was compoiedj and which in battle, were drawn
up
in three lines.

the

3^2

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

\^i Ant. C.
S74.

5S.

the Conful Licinius, whom the Senate had impowered to recal into the fervice as many of the veteran Centu-

and Soldiers, as he fhould think fit, of the numthofe under fifty years of age, was intent upon of ber twenty-three Centurions, who had been choice, this Primipiii, refufed to ferve, except in the fame rank they had held in preceding campaigns. The affair was brought before the Tribunes of the M. Popillius, who had been Conful two People. years before, taking upon him to fpeak in favour of the Centurions, reprefented, " that thofe veteran officers, befides having ferved their full term of years, (Emeriti) were worn out with age, and the fatigues they had undergone during a great number of years. That, however, they were ready to devote the reft of their lives to the Commonwealth, provided their condition was not worfe than it had been, nor their rank inferior to that they had held in their laft fervice.'* The Conful reprefented on his fide, " That the Centurions had no pretence for making fuch a demand, and that it was contrary to the right which he had by his office to diftribute the pofts of honour according and as a proof of this, he caufed a dea-ee to merit of the Senate to be read, which ordained, that he ihould lift as great a number of the veteran Centurions as he could, and that no one fhould be exempt from a the fervice, except he was above fifty years of age decree, which did not fay one word of the new preHe concluded with detenfion of the Centurions." " not to interrupt Tribunes the People, the of firing in the levies they were to legionary Tribunes the make and not to oppofe the Conful, when he Ihould affign each ofiicer the rank and employment, in which he fhould judge him n^oft fit to ferve the Comrions
,

monwealth."

one of the Centurions, who had implored the

After the Conful had fpoke, Spurius Liguftinus, aid of the Tribunes of the People, defired permifTion of the Conful and thofe Tribunes to fpeak his fenfe to the People which being granted, he faid as follows.
',

" Romans,
6

'

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
Romans,
I

Confuls.
I

3^3

am

called Sp. Liguftinus.

am of the

A- ^- 5^
*

Tribe Cruftumina, of the country of the Sabines. My father left me an acre of land, and a fmall cottage, where I was born, and brought up ; and where I now live. As foon as I was of age to marry, he gave me his brother's daughter for my wife. She brought me no portion but liberty, chaftit^^, and a
have
fecundity that would fuit the greateft houfes. fix fons, and two daughters, both married. Of my fix fons four have taken the robe of manhood,
(toga virilis)
I

^j\^

We

and the two others ftill wear the*Prebegan to bear arms in the Confulfhip of I ferved two years P. Sulpicius and C. Aurelius.
texta.
as a private foldier,
in the

army

fent into

Macedo-

nia againft
tius

King

Philip.
to

Flamininus,

The third year, T. Quinreward me for my courage,

captain of the century in the laft maniple of the Haftati. I afterwards ferved as a Voluntier
in

made me

M. Porcius Cato and good a judge of merit, deemed me worthy of being placed at the head of the firft maniple of the Haftati. I again became a private Voluntier in the army fent againft Antiochus and the iEtolians and it was in this war, that Manius Acilius made me firft Centurion of the firft
Spain under the Conful
;

that General,

who

is

fo

veral campaigns,

maniple of the Principes. I have fince made feand in no great number of years I have been four times Primipilus, and I have been rewarded four and thirty times by the Generals. I have received fix f Civic crowns. I have ferved two and twenty. eampaigns, and am above fifty years old. Though I had not ferved out my term of years in the field, though my age did not give me m.y difcharge, being capable of fubftitutingfour of my fons in my ftead, I ftiould well deferve to be exempted from the neceffity of ferving. But in all

* Prffitexta. robe bordered with purple, which children wore to the age of feventeen, when they took the Toga virilis. t Thefe were crowns of oak-leaves, given for laving a citizen's
life

in battle.
**

that

364
A.R.
581.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
"
that I have faid,
I
li

Confuls.

Ant. c.
*^^'

have no view but to fhew the For the reft, as long as thofe, " who make the levies, fhall judge me in a condition " to bear arms, I fhall not refufe the fervice. The " legionary Tribunes fhall place me in what rank they
juftice

of

my

caufe.

" think fit that is their part mine is fo to a6t, that " no one may be ranked above me for courage, as I " flill retain that, and do not fear to call for witnefTes
;
:

" of it on
"'

this occafion,

as well the Generals,

under

whom

have ferved,

as all

my

fellow foldiers.

As

fame caufe with *' myfelf, though you as well as I have implored the " aid of the Tribunes of the People, as however dur*' ing your youth you never oppofed the authority of *' the Magiftrates and Senate, I fhould think that it ** were confiftent at your years to fhew yourfelves obe" dient to the Senate and Confuls, and to think any " poft honourable, that will enable you to render the
to you. Centurions,

"

who

are in the

'^

Commonwealth

fervice."

Liguftinus had done fpeaking, the Conful, after having given him the higheft praifes before the People, quitted the Aflembly, and carried him into the Senate. Publick thanks were there given him in the name of that auguft Body, and the legionary Tribunes, as a mark and rev/ard of his valour and zeal,

When

appointed him Primipilus, that is to fay, the poft of firft Centurion in the firft legion. The reft of the Centurions, following his example, defifted from their appeal, and made no farther difficulty to obey. Nothing gives us a more juft idea of the Roman genius than fa<5ts of this kind. What a fund of good fenfe, equity, and even greatnefs of mind, appear in this foldier ? He fpeaks of his poverty without fhame, and of his glorious fervices without vanity. He is not tenacious improperly of a falfe point of honour. He modeftly afferts his rights, and gives them up. He
ages not to difpute againft their country, their private interefts give place to the pviblick good ; and he is fo happy as to bring over all thofe into his fentiments, who were in the fame cafe with
teaches
all

and

to

make

^.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
!

Confuls.

3%
fide

Of what force is A.R. 581. with himfelf, and had joined him. and well-difpofed wife perfon is femeexample One jj
times
all

that

is

wanting, to bring over

many to the

of reafon.

About the time of which we are fpeaking, arrived lIv. xlix. Ambaffadors from Perfeus, who laid, that their si^mafter was much aftoniihed that troops had been fent and that he was ready to give the to Macedonia Senate all the latisfadtion which could be required of him. As it was known, that Perfeus only fought to gain time, they were anfwered, that the Conful Licinius would foon arrive with his army in Macedonia ; and that if the King defired peace in earneft, he might make his propofais to him but that he fhould not think of fending any new Ambafladors into Italy, where they would be received no more and for themfelves, they were ordered to quit it in twelve days. The Romans omitted nothing that might contribute j^j^j^ to the fuccefs of their enterprize. They lent AmbafTa- 37, 3^. dors into all parts of Greece, to animate and flrengthen fuch of their allies as had conftantly adhered to them, to determine fuch as were fluftuating and uncertain, and to intimidate thofe who appeared ill-afFedled. Whilfl two of thefe Ambafladors, Marcius and Uv. xlii. Atilius were at Larifla in Thefl^aly, Envoys arrived 39> 4^there from Perfeus, who had orders to addrefs themfelves particularly to Marcius, to put him in mind of the ancient union and friendfhip, that had fubfifted between that Roman's father and King Philip, and to afl<. an interview between him and their mafter. Marcius anfwered, that he had indeed often heard his father fpeak of the friendfhip and hofpitality between him and King Philip, and he named a place near the river Peneus for the interview. They repaired thither fome days after. The King had a great train, and was furrounded with a crowd of his Lords and guards. The Ambafladors were as well attended, many of the citizens, and of the deputies from other States, who had repaired thither, making it a duty to follow them, and the rather as they were glad of an occafion to
j
:

carry

366
A. R.
521. ^"*- C*

carry

LICINIUS, CASSIUS, Confuls. home what they might fee and hear.

Befides

which, people were curious to be prefent at this interview between a great King, and Ambaffadors from the moft powerful People of the earth. After fome difficulties, which arofe concerning the ceremonial, and which were foon removed in favour The reof the Romans, they proceeded to confer. They did ception was very obliging on both fides. not treat each other as enemies, but rather as friends Marcius, united by the facred ties of hofpitality. who fpoke firft, " began by excufing himfelf for the unhappy neceffity he was under of reproaching a He afterPrince for whom he had an high regard. wards enumerated at large the iubjefls of complaint which the Roman People formed againft him, and the different violations of treaties committed by Perfeus. He dwelt ftrongly upon the attempt upon the life of Eumenes ; and concluded with declaring, that he fhould be very glad if the King could fupply him with good realbns for his conduct, andfenable him to plead his caufe, and entirely juftify him before the Senate." Perfeus, after having flightly touched upon the affair of Eumenes, which he was furprized any one fhould prefume to impute to him v/ithout any proofs, rather than to the many other enemies of that Prince, entered as to the reft into a long detail, and replied as well as he could to all the heads of the accufation *' What I can affirm," faid he in conagainft him. cluding, " is that I cannot reproach myfelf with hav" ing knowingly and with deliberate defign committed *' any wrong againft the Romans and if I have done ; *' any thing through inattention, apprized as I have " iuft been of it, it is in my pov.^r to amend it. '^ Certain it is, that I have done nothing to deferve to " be purfued with fuch irreconcileable hatred as I am " by you, in fuppofing me, as it fcems, guilty of the " moft enorm.ous and atrocious crimes, that can nei'' ther be expiated nor pardoned. It is with little ** foundation, that zhc clemency ar^d goodnefs of the

" PvOman

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.
if

'^i^-j

" Roman
"

People

is

iiniverfally cried up,

for fuch A. R. 581.

flight fubjedls, which fcarce deferve to be repeated, ^J^*-^^" you take up arms, and make war againft Kings, *' who are your allies." The refult of the conference^ was, that Perfeus Liv. xlli.

Ihould fend new Ambaflfadors to Rome, in order to try all pofTible methods to prevent a rupture and open This was a fnare laid for the King by the Amwar. At firft he affeded to find baflador to gain time.
great difficulties in refpeft to the truce, which Perfeus

+^*

demanded

for fending ambalTadors to

Rome, and

feemed
intereft

at length to

come

into

it

only out of confidera-

He however defired it, and the of the Romans made it neceffary. They had at this time neither troops nor General in a condition to a6l ; whereas on the fide of Perfeus every thing was ready, and if he had not been blinded by a vain hope of peace, he ought to have feized the prefent moment fo favourable to him, and fo much againft the enemy, and have taken the field immediately. After this interviev/, the Roman AmbaiTador went Liv. xlfi. to Bceotia, where great commotions had been fo-44j45 mented, fome declaring for Perleus, others for the Le/^t.' g^^ Romans, but at length the party of the latter pretion for the King.
vailed.
all

The Thebans, and by

their

example almoft
alliance with

the other States of Bceotia,

made an

People, each by their refpefcive Deputies, (for the Romans chofe that method) and not by the confent of the whole body of the nation, according to the antient cuflom. Thus the Boeotians, for havinorafhly efpoufed the part of Perfeus, after having long formed a Republic, which, on different occafions, had happily delivered itfelf from the greateft perils, faw themielves difunited, and governed by as many Councils as there were cities in the province. For after that time they all remained independent of each other, and no longer formed one league, as before. And this was an effed of the Roman Policy, v/hich divided them to
the

Roman

weaken them, knowing it was thereby much more eafy

to

368
A. R.
581.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

'^^^j^'
Liv. xiii.

43> 44-

to influence and fubjeft them, than if they had continued united together. From Bc3eotia the Deputies went to Peloponnefus. The aifembly of the Achsean league was fummoned They demanded a thoufand men only to to Argos.

garrifon

Chalcis,

till

the

Roman army

arrived

in

Liv. xlii. 42-

Leit! 64

and thofe thoufand men were fent thither immediately. Marcius and Atilius, having terminated the affairs of Greece, returned to Rome in the beo;innins of the winter. About the fame time, Rome again fent Deputies into the moll confiderable iflands of Afia, to exhort them to give her a powerful aid in the war with Perfeus. The Rhodians fignalized themfelves on this occafion. Hegefilocus, who was then Prytanis, (chief Magiftrate) had difpofed the people, and reprelented, that it was neceifary to efface by aftions, and not merely by words, all the bad imprefTions with which Eumenes had endeavoured to prejudice the Romans in refpecl to their Accordingly, on the arrival of the Ambaffidelity. fadors, they fhewed them a fleet of forty gallies entirely equipped, and ready to put to fea on the firll order.

Greece

So agreeable

who

a furprizegave the Romans great pleafure, returned from thence extremely fatisfied with (o

diftinguiflied a zeal,

which had even prevented

their

demands.
Perfeus, in confequence of his interview with
cius,

Mar-

Liv. ibid. 46-

T'^^" ^ Legat. 65,

Ambafladors to Rome to negotiate the treaty of peaces which he fuppofed he had began in At the fame time he wrote to differthat conference. account an of what had palfed in the interent States things giving fuch a turn, as feemed to leave view, his advantage on fide. He did more in relpe<5t ^^^ He difpatched an embafly to them, to the Rhodians. to exhort them to remain neuter, and to wait the event r rr ot affairs as mere Ipectators, " It the Romans, contrary " to treaties, attack me, you will," faid he to them, *' be mediators between them and me. That office " fuits no people better than the Rhodians. Defend" ers, as you are, not only of your own liberty, but " of
fent
,

r^

T-i

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
" " " " " "

Confuls.

3^9
in glory A.R. 581.

of that of all Greece ; the higher you rife and power above all the reft, the more interefl you You * well have in maintaining the balance. Greeks depend upon the a fmmake know, that to leaving them any refource, is without gle people,
to reduce

^^\^'

them

into real

flavery."

The Ambaffa-

dors were received with politenefs ; but the anfvver was, " that in cafe of war, which they hoped would not happen, they defired the' King not to rely upon the Rhodians, and to demand nothing of them, that

might

interfere with the

aUianee

which
little

they

had

made with
went

the

Romans."

The fame AmbafTadors

reafon to be fome fmall cities, embrace the King's

to Boeotia,

where they had

to

better fatisfied, except in refpeft to

that feparated
party.

from the Thebans

Marcius and Atilius at their return to Rome re-Liv. What they47ported their commiflion to the Senate. dwelt moft upon, was the ftratagem and addrefs, with which they had over-reached PerfeuSj in concluding a truce with him, that made him incapable of beginning the war then, as he might have done, to his advantage, and gave the Romans time entirely to comThey pleat their preparations, and to take the field. did not forget to boaft their addrefs in difuniting the General Aflembly of the Boeotians, and in laying thofe States under the impofllbility of joining again to make an alliance with the Macedonians. The majority of the Senate were well pleafed with fo prudent a conduft, which argued profound policy,

x'.iu

and uncommon dexterity in the old Senators, who had principles, and adhered to times, faidi " that they did
rader
in

tranfa6ling

affairs.

But

been educated in other the maxims of antient

not fee the

Roman

cha-

more upon

fuch condudl. true valour than fraud, ufed to make v/ar That fuch mean openly, and not by undermining.
* Cum cscterorum id intereffe, turn prxcipue Rliodiorura, quo plds quae ferva atque inter alias civitates dignitate atque opibus excellant obnoxia fore fi nuUus alio lit quam ad Romanos refpe^lus.
:

That

their anceflors, relying

Vol. V.

1?

and

370
A. R. 581.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
and unworthy
artifices

Confuls.
the Carthaglglorious to

fhould be

left to

^^jj^'

nians and Greeks, with

whom it was more

deceive an enemy, than to conquer him fword in That indeed ftratagem fometimes, at the inhand. ftant it was neceffary, feemed to fucceed better than valour but that a viftory openly gained in battle,
:

wherein the forces on both fides were tried, and which the enemy could afcribe neither to chance nor fraud, was of a much more permanent duration ; becaufe it left in the mind a conviction of the fuperiority of the forces and valour on the fide of the vidor." Notwithftanding the remonftrances of the antient Fathers, who could not relifh thefe new maxims of policy, the part of the Senate, that preferred the
ufeful to the honeft, had fufficient credit to caufe it to pafs by a plurality of voices, that Marcius's em-

j^.^.

^y.
'

48,"

and that he Ihould be fent to compleat what he had begun, and to do every thing that he fhould judge necefi!ary for the good of the Commonwealth. Aulus Atilius was alfo fent into Thefiialia, to fecure Larifl^a, left upon the expiration of the truce Perfeus might make himfelf mafter of that important place, which was the capital of the country. At the fame time Lentulus was fent to Thebes, to have an eye over Boeotia. Though the war with Perfeus was determined at Rome, the Senate gave audience to his Ambafiadors. They repeated almoft the fame reafons, which that Prince had ufed in the conference with Marcius, and endeavoured to juftify their mafter, principally in ref~ pe6l to the black attem.pt he was accufed to have committed upon the perfon of Eumenes but without being able to convince the Senators of his innocence, the fa6l being too notorious to be palliated. The reft of their difcourfe was confined to very humble intreaties but every body was fo prejudiced in refpedl to them, that far from fuff^ering themfelves to be moved by their fupplications, they would fcarce They were ordered to quit give them the hearing.
baffy fiiould be approved
;

back

into Greece with

power

-,

the

LlCINIUS, CASSIU5,
the city immediately, and
thirty days.
1

Confuls.

371
Ant. C,
,7,.

all
"

Italy, in the fpace ofA-R-sSi.

_

_ The Conful I^icinius, who was to command in Ma_

cedonia, had orders to prepare to fet out as foon as army. The Prsetor C. Lucretius, who had the command of the fleet, fet out with fortypoflible with his
five galleys,

and in five days arrived from Naples at Cephalenia, where he waited the arrival of t;he land-

forces.

E C
war

T,

II.

Deparlure of the Conful Licinius.

cil^

Perfeus holds a coun-

in

"which the

is

refolved.

He

affcmhles his

troops^

flops in

and harangues them. He takes the field, and The Conful moves thither alfo. Eu'Theffaly.
Slight fkirmifh.

menes joins the Conful.

cavalry^
in

Alion of the
'The

which Perfeus has the advantage.

Conful makes his troops pafs the river Pencus in the night, to pofl them in fafety. Perfeus perceives the er^

he has committed. Grief and fhame of the Romans. Joy and triumph of Perfeus and his a?Tny. He fends to demand peace of the Conful. Upon his anfwer, Want of prudence in he prepares ag^in for the war. The Greeks applaud the vi5iory of that Prince, Perfeus.
rors

taking of Haliartus.
againfi the
gies.

The two

armies, aftnt fomefight

ciipeditions, retire into winter-quarters.

Epirus declares

Romans.

Livy's opinion concerning prodi-

Expedition of Perfeus againjt Llyricum. Sordid The Romans are rccnved into avarice of that Prince. The Conful IVJarcius adStratus inflead of Perfeus. Succours prepared by the vances towards Macedonia.

Achaans for
ways of

the Conful.

Perfeus pojis bodies of troops

in the pciffes of the mountains.

incredible difficulty.
to

phants are made

the mountains.
the

Marcius marches thro* in which the elethe fteep declivity of defcend from

M^mner

Polytius

tells

Achdeans.

He

fets out on

the Conful the offers of his return to Achaia,

Extreme terror of the King on the approach of the eneThe Conful enters Macedonia. Various expeditions. my. Return B b 2

372

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

Prujias and the RhoReturn of FolyUm into Achaia. dians fend Aynhaffadors to Rome in favour cf Perfeus. The Senate's anfiver to the infolent difcourfe of the RhcLetters of the Conful Marcius to the Senate. dians. Onefimus a Macedonian 'Nobleman goes over to the Romans,

A.R.

sSi.

Ant. c.
Liv.xlii,

49-

having offered his out from Ji^ the city in the ufual robe (Paludamentum.) This ceremony of the Conful's departure, fays Livy, was always attended with great folemnity, and an incredible concourfe of the people, efpccially on an imporBefides tant war, and againft a formidable enemy. the intereft, which many individuals might take to themfelves in the glory of the Conful who fets out,
Conful Licinius,
to the
after

^T^HE

vows

Gods

in the Capitol, fef

the citizens are attradled to this fight by their curiofity to fee the General, to whofc conduft and courage thouthey confide the fate of the Commonwealth.

fand anxious thoughts occur then to their minds concerning the fuccefs of the war, which is always doubtThey reprefent to themfelves the ful and uncertain. happened through the ignorance which have defeats, of Generals and on the contrary, the temerity and viftories, which have been gained by their valour and good conduft. " What mortals," fay they, " can " know the fate of the Conful, who is upon the point *' of fetting out, and whether they fhall fee him re" turn with his vi6lorious army, and afcend in tri*' umph to the fame Capitol from whence he departs, " after having offered in it his prayers to the Gods " or v/hether the enemy will not have that caufe for " rejoicing ?" The antient glory of the Macedonians, that of Philip, w^ho had rendered himfelf famous by the war he had made with the Romans, highly exalted the reputation of Perfeus ; and every body was fenfible, that from his afcending the throne an approaching war had been univerfally expefted. Full of thefe thoughts, the citizens in a throng conduced him out of the city. C. Claudius and Q^ Mucius,
-,

who

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
who had both been commanded armies, to ferve under him

Confuls.

373

Confuls, and confequendy had^.R. 5*1. did not think it degraded tliem ^^\^"
as

legionary Tribunes, (that

is

much the fame as our Colonels or Brigadiers) and fet out with the Conful. Three other illuftrious young Romans were remarkable amongft the legionary TriPublius Lentulus, and two called Manlius ; Licinius repaired with them to BrunduAcidinus. and fium, which was the rendezvous of the army having pafled the fea with all his troops, he arrived at Nympha^um, in the country of the Apollonians. Some few days before, Perfeus, in confequence of Liv.xliii

bunes

the report of his

Ambaffadors

at
it

their return frorri

^'

Rome, who
vided
in
it.

aflured

him

that

for peace, held a great

council.
it

was in vain to hope Opinions were dineceffary, either to

Some

believed

fome part of his upon it ; in a word, to fuffer, for obtaining peace, all that might be fupportable, rather than expofe his perfon and kingdom to the danger of entire ruin. That if part of his dopay
a tribute, if required, or to cede
if the

dominions,

Romans

infilled

minions were left him, time and occafion might produce favourable conjun6lures, which might enable him, not only to recover all he fhould have loft, but render

him formidable
tremble.

to thofe

who now made Macedonia

opinion.
little,

The majority were of a very different They maintained, " that if he ceded ever fo
fliould

he whole kingdom. That it was neither money nor tra<5ts of land, that the Roman ambition had in view. That they afpired at univtrfal fovereignty and dominion. That they knew the greateft kingdoms and the moft powerful States werefubjeft to many revolutions. That they had fubverted the power of the Carthaginians, and fet up over their heads and in their neighbourhood a potent and warlike King. That they had driven Antiochus and his pofterity beyond mount Taurus. That there was no longer any kingdom, but Macedonia, capable of giving th^ Romans umbrage, becaufe, being fituated in their
refolve to iofe his

B h

nti|h^

374
A. R.
5S1.
"

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

"^"'i.

neighbourhood, it could, on the firft blow they might receive, refume its priftine vigour, and revive in its Kings the loftinefs and ambition of their predecefTors. That he had now to confider, whilfl he had yet time, whether, by ceding different parts of his dominions one after another, he would fee himfelf at length deprived of his whole power, driven out of the kingdom of his anceftors, and obliged to ai]<. the Romans as a
favour, permiiTion to confine himfelf in Samothracia, or in fome other ifiand, there to pals the reft of his days in contempt and mifery, with the grief of furviving his glory and empire ; or whether he would ^ihufe, by taking arms for the defence of his fortunes and glory, to expofe himfelf valiantly to all that it might pleafe the Gods to ordain in refpedl to his fate ; and in cafe he lliould be vidlorious, to have the glory of delivering the Univer'fe from the yoke of the Romans. That he might drive them out of Greece, as they had driven Hannibal out of Italy. That it would be the higheft difgrace for Perfeus, after having defended his kingdom with valour, againft a brother who had unjuftly difputed it v;ith him, meanly to give it up to ftrangers, who were for depriving him of it. That laftly, though peace were preferable to war, all the v/orld agreed, that there was nothing more fhameful than to give up Empire v,^ithout refiftance, and nothing more glorious than to have left no means untried
for retainino; it."

Liv. xlil.
5"*

lace of the

Perfeus, without hefitating declared for the latter opinion, " As you

This council was held at Pella, Kings of Macedonia.

in the ancient

pa-

" judge thus," faid he, " let us then make war, and " pray the Gods to be propitious to us." At the fame
time he ordered all his Generals to afiemble their troops at Citium, a city of Macedonia and he repaired thither foon after with all his guards and all the Lords of his court. He there found the army already alTembled. It confifted, including the foreign troops, and thofe of the country, of thirty nine thousand foot,
-,

of

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

^y^

of which almoft one half formed the * phalanx, and A. r. 581, ^' It f was agreed, fays Livy, ^^l' four thoufand horfe. that no Macedonian King had ever had fo numerous an army on foot, fince that which Alexander marched
into Afia.
It was fix and twenty years, fmce Philip had made peace with the Romans ; and as during all that time Macedonia had been in tranquillity, and without any r --^fiderable war, fhe had a numerous youth at prefent capable of bearing arms. Perfeus had kept them in exercife by flight expeditions againfl the neighbouring Thracians, more proper to difcipline than fatigue them. Befides which, Philip and Perfeus after him, had long formed the defign of making war with the Romans. Thus every thing was in readinefs for commencing it with advantage. Perfeus, before he took the field, thought it necef- Liv. fary to harangue his troops. Accordingly he afcended s*. a tribunal, which had been prepared for him in the middle of the camp, and with his two fons by his fide he fpoke from thence in a manner highly proper to " He began by making a long animate his foldiers. enumeration of all the unjuft acftions the Romans had committed in refpecSl to his father, which would have induced him to have refolved upon a war with them, if death had not prevented him from putting his defign in execution. He added, that after the death of Philip, the Romans had amufed him with fallacious interviews, and a difi^embled truce, under pretence of

xlH,

negotiating a reconciliation.
ful's

He

compared the Con-

army, which was adtually upon its march, with that of the Macedonians, according to him much fu" It perior to the other both in number and valour. * therefore only remains for you, Macedonians," faid he in concluding, " to fliew the fame courage now " as your anceftors did, when after having fubjeded
* An. exact defcription of the phalanx
Hiftory.

may be

feen in the Antient

q^uite fo nii-.
.

t According to all authors, Alexander's array was not merous as this of Perfeus.

B h 4

'' ail'

376
*

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
went to Afia
;

Confuls.
fetting

A.R. 581-" all Europe, they

171

no

othe^'

" bounds to their conquefts than thofe of the univerfe' " The queflion now is, not to carry your arms to the
'^

remoteft India, but to preferve poffeffion of your

againft the

" own country Macedonia

'^

Romans. That

ambitious people cannot fuffer any King to be their '^ neighbour, nor leave arms in the hands of any " warlike nation. For you may be affured, if you " do not fuftain the war with vigour, if you are capable *' of fubmitting to the will of thofe proud matters, " you mufc refolve to deliver up to them your arms, " with your King and his kingdom." At thefe words, the whole army, which had already interrupted him feveral times, abandoned themfelves (till more ardently to the different emotions that tranfported them, and raifed cries of rage and indignation, exhorting the King to entertain the beft hopes, and eagerly demanding to be led againft the

enemy.
Perfeus afterwards ga\'e audience to the Ambafladors of the cities of Macedonia, who came to offer him money and provifions for the ufe of the army. The King thanked them in the kindeft manner ; but did not accept their offers, giving for his reafon, that he was abundantly fupplied with all that was neceffary. He afked only carriages of them for his rams, catapultas, and other machines of war. He afterwards fet out with all his forces, and marching towards Eordsea, arrived the next day in Elimea,

^ -,jj-^
-I'

upon

the banks of the river Haliacrnon

and having

paffed the
try called

Cambunian mountains, he
Pelagonia or Tripolis.

fcized the coun-

He

afterwards be-

and Myle, which he took by aifault. Not daring to attack Gyrton, which he found too well defended, he feized Elatia and Gonna, cities fituated at the entrance of the defile which leads to Tempe ; and laftly, he halted at Sycurium at the foot of mount
fieged Cyreties
Gila, refolving to wait the
Ibid. 53.

enemy there. During the fame time the Conful Licinius quitted the country of Apollonia, and in order to lead his army
into

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
into Theflalia, croiTed Epirus,

Confuls.

^-j^

where the ways were A. R. 5i, * But when he had entered Athaat firft eafy enough. ,1,,^ mania, the rough, and ahnoft imprafticable country did not permit his making long marches, and it was not without great difficulty and much expence of time,
that he arrived at

Gomphi

in Theffaly.

If Perfeus

had taken his tin-je to have advanced in order of battle to meet an army newly raifed, and of which both the men and horfes were next to difabied by fatigues, the
themfelves confefTed, that they could not have fought him, without expofmg themfelves to an inevitable defeat. When Licinius faw, that he had reached Gomphi without any oppofition from the Macedonians, the joy of having got fafe through fo dangerous a pafTage, made him only defpife an enemy who knew fo little how to take his advantages. Being informed that the Macedonians made incurfions into Theffaly, and plundered the lands of the allies of the Commonwealth, as he found his troops fufficiently recovered of their fatigues, he marched them towards Lariffa, and incamped on the banks of the river Pe^
jieus.

Romans

Eumenes at this time arrived at Chalcis with his brothers Attalus and Athenasus the fourth, named Phileteres, was left at Pergamus for the defence of the country. Eumenes and Attalus joined the Conful with four thoufand foot, and a thoufand horfe. They
:

had

to reinforce

thoufand foot at Chalcis under Athenasus, the garrifon of that important place. Some troops alfo arrived from other allies, but little cqnfiderable in number, with fome galleys. Perfeus in the mean time fent out feveral detachments to ravage the country in the neighbourhood of Phers, in hopes that if the Conful quitted his camp to aid the allies of the Commonwealth, he iliould be able to furprize and attack him at advantage. But his hopes were vain he only took fome plunder, efpecially cattle of all kinds, which he diftributed amongft his
left t\yo
:

foldiers.

The

378
A.R.
Llv.
57-

LICINIUS, CASSIUS, The Conful and

,

Confuls.

5S1.

Ant. c.
171,
xlii.

the both held a council at time, to determine where thev fhould begin O ^^ The King, flufhed with having been fufthe war. fered to ravage the lands of the Phersans with impu^j^g |-^j^g
^
rf

Kmg

nity, v/as for marching without lofs of time to attack The Romans rightly perthe Romans in their camp. ceived, that their (lownefs and delays would lefTen them in the opinion of the allies, and they reproached themfelves with not having aided thofe of Pheras. Whilft the Conful with the principal officers, and Eumenes and Attalus, were dehberating in council

how

to aft,

news was brought them on a fudden that

The fignal for the foldiers to ftand to their arms was immediately
Perfeus approached with his whole army.
given, and an hundred horfe were detached with as many foot-archers to view the enemy. Perfeus about
ten in the

league from the

iroops.

morning finding himfelf only a fhort half Roman camp, made his infantry halt, and advanced with his cavalry and light-armed

Liv.
^
'

xlil.

^^'

had fcarce moved a quarter of a league, the Roman detachment, and on his fide fent a fmall body of horfe, fultained by fome light-armed foot, againft it. As the nuir.ber was very near equal, and neither fide detached new troops to their aid, the fkirmifli ended without either party being vidorious. Perfeus returned to his camp at Sycurium. The next day at the fame hour, he again made all his troops advance towards the camp of the Romans. They were followed with carriages laden with veiTels filled with water for there was none for alinoft four leagues, and the way was very dully. In effe6l of which the troops might have fuffered much by thiril, when they Ihould have been to engage, which would have greatly incommoded them. The Romans keeping clofe, and having even made their advanced guards re-enter their works, the King's troops returned to their camp. They did the fame thing feveral days together, in hopes that the Roman Cavalry would be detached to charge their rear, and

He

when he perceived

that

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

379

that then, facing fuddenly about, they fliould bring A. R. 581. them to a battle at a confiderable diftance from their "^"J,,^* camp. And as the King's horfe was much fuperior to that of the Romans, as well as his light-armed troops, they alTured the.Tiielves of giving a good ac-

count of them. This firft defign not fucceeding, the King moved to incamp nearer the enemy at the diftance of little more than a league and an half from them. Having drawn up his infantry, at day -break, in the fame place, where he had ufuaily done fo the preceding days, that is, at a thoufand paces from the enemy, he led on all his cavalry and light-armed troops towards The duft, which feemed the camp of the Romans. more near than ufual, and raifed by a greater number of troops, gave the alarm there ; and the firft, who brought the news, could fcarce be believed, when he faid the enemy were fo near becaufe during feveral days together before, they had not appeared till ten in the morning, whereas it was now only fun-rife. But the repeated cries of many, who declared the fame thing, leaving no room to doubt it any longer, the
,

camp was
fides

in great confulion. The officers from all repaired to the Conful's tent, and the foldiers

ran precipitately to arm. The Conful's negligence in being fo ill informed of the motions of an enemy who was fo near him, and ought to have kept him night and day upon the watch, gives us no great idea of
his

merit.

Perfeus had drawn up his troops at lefs than five hundred paces from the Conful's intrenchments. Cotys. King of the Odryfse in Thrace commanded the left with the Cavalry of his nation the light-armed troops v/ere diftributed from fpace to fpace along the
:

The Macedonian cavalry, mingled with the Cretan, formed the right wing. On the fides and within the two wings were diftributed the horfe, which Livy calls Royal (perhaps becaufe they formed part of the King's Houfholdj and fome auxiliaries of different nations. The King was in the centre with the
front.

body

3^0
A. R.581.
Ant. c.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

body of horfe, that always attended his perfon ; and he pofted before him the (lingers and other troops, that ufed miflive weapons, who might amount to about four hundred. The Conful having drawn up his infantry within his camp, made only his cavalry and light-armed troops quit it, which he drew up before his intrenchments. The right wing, that confifted of all the Italian cavalry, was commanded by C. Licinius Craflus, the Conful's the left, compofed of the cavalry of the brother Greek allies, by M. Valerius Levinus both were intermingled with their light-armed troops. Q^ Mucius was pofted in the centre with a chofen body of horfe, and he had in his front two hundred Gaulifh horfe, and three hundred drawn out of the troops of Eumenes. Four hundred Theflalian horfe were pofted a little beyond the left wing, as a body of referve. King EumiCnes, and Attalus his brother, with their troops, occupied the fpace between the intrenchments and the
-,

rear ranks.

This was only a battle of the cavalry, which were very near equal in number on both fides, and might amount on each to about four thoufand men, without The aftion began including the light-armed troops. by the ftingers and miflive weapons, who were pofted But after this prelude the Thracians, in the front. like wild beafts long confined, and in efteft only more fierce, fell furioufly upon the right wing of the Italians, who, all brave and intrepid as they were, could The lightnot fuftain fo rude and violent a charge. armed troops, which the Thracians had amongft them, beat down the lances of the enemy v^'ith their fwords,^ and fometimes cut the legs of their horfes, and thruft them into their fides. Perfeus attacked the Greeks in perfon, put them into diforder at the firft charge, and The Theflalian cavalry, purfued them vigoroufly. which, feparated from the left-wing by no great fpace, as we have faid before, formed a body of referve, and which in the beginning of the aclion, had only been fpeftators of the battle, was of great fupport to the

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

381

For this A-R, ^st. the left-wing, when it began to give way. * "^ cavalry, retiring before the King llowly and in good j^ order, after it had joined the auxiliary troops of Eumenes, gave thofe who fled, as well as that Prince, a fecure retreat in their ranks ; and feeing that the enemy did not purfiie them with the fame vigour, they even ventered to go farther, and to fupport and reThe Macedonians, who had broke in animate them. the purfuit, were afraid to hazard a new attack with troops that marched in good order, and with an intrepid afpeft. Hippias and Leonatus, who had remained with the infantry of Perfeus, having been apprized of the advantage gained by the cavalry, that the King might not be wanting to fo favourable an occafion of compleating the glory of the day by pufning the enemy with vigour, and attacking them in their works, of their own accord and without orders led on the MaAnd indeed itfeem.ed, cedonian phalanx to join him. that the King with fome little effort might have rendered his victory compleat and that, in the prefent ardour of his own troops, and the terror they had fpread amongft the Romans, the entire defeat of the latter was
,

certain.

Whilft that Prince, divided between hope and fear, was irrefolute how to adt, in fo critical a conjuncture, Evander of Crete, in whom he repofed great confidence, having fecn the phalanx advance, ran immediately to Perfeus, " and exhorted him in the ftrongeft terms not to abandon himfelf to the blind joy of ^ a (light advantage, and not to enter rafhly upon a new aflion, which was not neceffary, and in which he would rifque all things. He reprefented to him, that this firfb fuccefs, if he lay ftill, would enable him either to conclude peace with honour, or to bring over to his party a greater number of allies, to join with him in the v/ar againft the Romans." The Kingr was already inclined to this opinion. For v/hich reafon he made his cavalry retreat from the battle, and ordered his infantrv to march back into the camo.
Oil

^S2
A. R.
581.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
the fide

Confuls/

^jji.^*

Liv. ^*

xlii.

of the Romans, there fell this day two On and more than two thovJand foot horfe, hundred whereas Perfeus did not lofe above twenty horfe, and twice that number of infantry. The viftors entered their camp full of joy, and cfpecially the Thracians, who fmging and in a kind of triumph carried the heads of the enemies they had killed upon the points of their fpears. The Romans, on the contrary, in the utmoft affliftion kept a mournful filence, and {truck with terror expected every

moment, that the enemy would attack them in their camp. Eumenes was of opinion, that it was neceffary to decamp to the other fide of the Peneus, in or-^ der to cover their troops with that river, till they had
recovered

from

their

confternation.

The Conful

would not come

into this retreat without pain, which,

Ibid.

as it was a manifeft confefiion of fear, was entirely fhameful for himfelf and his army ; but, however, overcome by reafon, and yielding to necelTity, he made his troops pafs without noife in the night, and incamped on the other fide of the river. Perfeus the next day, advanced to attack the enemy, and to give them battle but the time was pafled, and he found their camp abandoned. When he faw them intrenched on the other fide of the river, he perceived the enormous fault he had committed the day before, in not purfuing them vigoroufly immediately but he owned that it was Itill a after their defeat greater, in having remained quiet and una<5tive durFor without making the reft of his ing the night. army move, if he had only detached his light-armed troops againft the enemy whilft they were pafUng the river with precipitation, he might without difficulty have defeated part of their army. Thefe tv/o faults, and particularly the laft, has fomething fo ftrange in it, that it manifeftly argues a blindnefs of mind exprefsly fent by God, who had
: :

deftined

Perfeus and his kingdom to deftrudtion. Neither the King, nor any of his officers fo much as think of obferving the enemy's motions in the night.

Such

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
Such a ftupefadbion feems only
that of Saul's officer?, of
in thefe terms
*'
it,
:

Confuls.

to be

385 compared with A.R. 58,.

^^j\ ^'
Sam.

whom the Scripture fpeaks " And no man faw it, nor knew
:

were all afleep, be- ^^^^' "* " caufe a deep deep from the Lord was fallen upon them." The Romans, indeed, having placed a river between them and the enemy, were not any longer in the immediate danger of being attacked and put to the rout: but the blow they had juft received, and the blemifh they had given the glory of the Roman name, afflifted them extremely. The whole council of war, which the Conful had called, laid the blame upon the JEtolians. They faid, it was they, who had taken the alarm, that the reft of the Greeks had been drawn away by their example, and that five of the principal perfons of their nation had been feen to On the contrary, the ThefTalians were praiffly firft. ed for their courage, and their leaders rewarded with various marks of honour. The fpoils taken from the Romans were confider- i-J^. xlH. ^^* above fifteen hundred fhields, a thoufand cuiable rafles, with a great number of helmets, fwords and darts of all kinds were brought off'. The Kins save them as rewards of honour to all the officers, who had diftinguifhed themfelves moft, and having affembled the army, " he began by faying, that what had lately happened was in refped: to them an happy prefage, and an aflured pledge of what they had to
neither

awaked

for they

expe6t

for the
in the

future.
aftion
;

He

praifed the troops

who

had been

extolled in

pompous terms

the victory gained over the Roman cavalry, in which the principal force of their army confifced, and v/hich they had hitherto believed invincible. He promifed himfelf a ftill greater over their foot, which had only

efcaped out of their hands by a fhameful retreat during the night, but that it would be eafy to force them in their intrenchments where fear kept them fiiuc
up.'*

The

384

LICINIUS, CASSIUS, Confub.

vicftorious foldiers, who carried the fpoils of they had killed upon their fhoulderSj enemies the heard this difcourfe with great pleafure, and promifed themfelves every thing from their courage, judging of the future by the paft. Tlie infantry, on their

The

fide,

efpecially that

which compofed the Macedonian

phalanx, prompted by a laudable emulation declared that on the firft occafion they would equal and even All, in a furpafs, the glory of their companions. word demanded with incredible ardour only to be The King, after having led on againft the enemy. difmiffed the alTembly, marched the next day and incamped near Mopfia, an eminence between Tempe

and

LarifTa.

The Romans,
neus,

without quitting the banks of thePe-

moved

to

incamp

in a

more fecure

poll,

where

Mifagenes, the fon of Mafiniffa, joined theConful with a thoufand horfe, as many foot, and two and twenty
elephants.

Perfeus at firft enjoyed the good fuccefs of fo imHe confidered portant a battle to the higheft degree. himfelf as fuperior to a people, who were fo themfelves It was not in refpedt to all other Princes and nations. a vidory gained by furprize, and in a manner ftolen by llratagem and addrefs, but carried by open force, by the valour and bravery of his troops, and that before his eyes, and

by

his

times in one day before him firft by ftiutting themfelves up in their camp ; then, when they had ventured out of it, by IhamefuUy flying; and laftly, in flying again during the darknefs of the night, and in finding no fafety but within their intrenchments, the ufual refuge of fear and Such thoughts were highly foothing, and cowardice. capable of dazzling a Prince already but too full of his
the
haughtinefs give
:

Roman

own orders. way three

He

had feen

own
Liv. xUi.

merit.

p^j ^
Legat*. 69.

thefe firft emotions were a little abated, intoxicating vapour of a fudden joy was difthe and

But when

pelled, and

made way

for refledion, Perfeus

in

being
all

come

to

himfelf,

and confidering

cold blood

the

LICINIU5, CASSIUS,

Conful's.

^Bs

the conFequences his viflory might have, he began in A^R* s^J Ant. C. fome mealure to be terrined at them. All the wife 171. courtiers about him, taking advantao-e of thefe crood
diipofitions,

ventured to give him. the counlsl,

\vhich they

made him capable

the advantage he had lately They reprefented honourable peace of the Romans. " the and of one that fign of wife Prince, a to him, fuccefs, rely upon the prefcnt deferved was not to who favours of fortune, nor to abandon himfelf to the glitThat accordingly he ter of a dazzling profperity. would do v/ell to fend to the Conful to renew the treaty with him upon the fame conditions that T. Qtiintius, when viftorious, had impofed upon his father Philip. That he could not terminate the war more glorioufly for himfelf, than after fo memorable a battle ; nor ever hope a more favourable occafion of concluding a fafe and lading peace, than in a conjundture when the blow which the Romans had received, would render them more tradlable, and better difjpofed to grant him good conditions. That if, notwithftanding this blow, the Romans, through an haughtinefs but too natural to them, rejedled ajuft and equitable accommodation, they would be manifeftly in the wrong ; and that as much as they would have the juft wrath of the Gods, who abhor pride, to fear, fo much would the moderation of Perfeus render both Gods and men favourable to him." The King gave into thefe wife remonftrances and the counfels which tended to peace found him always difpofed to hear them. The majority alfo of his counfel were inclined the fame way. Accordingly Ambaffadors were fent to the Conful, who affembled a nume,

of was to employ gained for obtaining an

:

this

rous council to give them audience. They faid, " That they came to afk peace. That Perfeus would pay the Romans the fame tribute as Philip had done,

and
all

that he would evacuate the cities, territories, and the places which Philip had evacuated." When they withdrew, the council deliberated upon
it

the anfwer

was. ne(;Qirary tp give.

The Roman

con-

VcL. V,

ftancy

386
A. R.
sSi.

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,

Confuls.

It * was ftancy appeared on this occafion with luftre. the affurance to fhew all and loftinefs cuftom then the ^"l*.^ 171. of o-ood fortune in adverfity, and to a6t with modera-

The anfwer was : " That Perfeiis tion in prolperity. iinlefs he left it to the Senate for peace, hope not muil
to
difpofe of his perfon

and kingdom

as they

Ihould

think Ht."

who compofed
,

anfwer was brought to the King, thofe his council, were ftrangely ftruck with fo extraordinary, and, according to them, fo ill-timed and moft of them believed, that peace was a pride no longer to be nientioncd, and that the Romans would ibon be obliged to demand that themfelves, which they now refufed. Perfeus was not of the fame He faw plainly that Rome was only fo opinion. hauo-hty, becaufe fhe was confcious of her fuperiority ; and this gave him terrible apprehenfions. He lent aQ,ain to the Conful, and offered a more confiderable When he faw-, tribute than that impofed upon Philip. that the Conful would abate nothing of his demands,, having no fartlier expectations of peace, he returned to his camp at Sycurium, from whence he had let out, determined to try again the chance of war. This whole condud of Perfeus gives reafon to think, that he muft have undertaken this war very imprudently, and without having compared his own ftrength and refcurces v/ith thofe of the Romans, in believing himfelf happy after a fignal viftory, and in being capable of alking peace, and fubmitting to fuch grievous conditions, as his father Philip had not complied with, Itfeems clear, that he had till after a bloody defeat. fcarce taken his meafures judicioufly, nor well concerted the means of fucceeding, as after a firft action^ in which the whole advantage is on his fide, he begins by perceiving all his weaknefs and inferiority,
this

When

and inclines was he the

* Ita turn

in

feme
to

fenfe tov/ards defpair.

W^hy then

firft

break the peace

.?

Why

was he

mos

erat, in adverfis

vultum fecundac fortima: gerere,

moderari

aniir.es in lecundis.

Liv.

the

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
the aggrefTor without ncceRlty
?

Confuls.
^-

387
^; sSi*

he fo hafly, he wait to and yet llop at the firft ftep ? know his weaknefs, till his ow^n viftory taught it him ? Thcfc things do not denote a wile and difcerning
Prince.

Why was Why did

j!'i,

of the battle of the cavalry having fpread ^^^' ^' in Greece, it made known what people thought there, and dilcovered in full light the difpofition of the cities. For not only the Partifans of the Macedonians, but a great number of thofe, who had received the moft confiderable advantages from the Romans, even thofe, who had experienced the violence and pride of the Kings of Macedonia, evidenced their joy upon this occafion ; moft of them having no other reafon but a fantaftical caprice, though common enough, which even at the (hews, fays Livy, where the gladiators combat to pleafe the multitude, occafions people to declare

The news

'^^"

warmly

for the

weaker againft the ftronger.

At

the fame time the Prastor Lucretius beiieged

Ha- ^^^'^'

After a long and vigorous defence, that city was at length taken by ftorm, plundered, and then entirely demolifhed. Perfeus in the mean time, who was not far from the camp of the Romans, incommoded them very much,
liartus in Bceotia.

harrafling their troops,

if

and cutting off their foragers they ftraggled ever fo little. He one day took a thoufand waggons, moft of them laden with corn, which the Romans had juft reaped, with fix hundred prifoners. He afterwards attacked a fmall body of troops in the neighbourhood, of which he v/as in hopes of making himfelf mafter with no difficulty but he found more refiftance from it than he expe<fled and the Conful coming to their fupport with his whole army, Perfeus retreated not without fome lofs. Having left a ftrong garrifon at Gonna, he led back his troops into Macedonia. The Conful, after having fubjcfted Perrhtebia, returned to Larifia, From thence, he difmifted all the allies except the AchiEans, difperfed his troops in Theffaly, where he left them in winterquarters, and v/ent to Bceotia at the requeft of the
:

The-

5S8
A. R. 58i.Thebans,

LICINIUS, CASSIUS,
upon

Confuls.

whom

the people of Coronsca

made

^Tjx?' incurfions.

Perleus did not remain idle on his fide

he gained

fome advantages both over the Roman fleet near Oreum a city of FAibsa, and in Thrace againft the enemies
of Cotys
'Pc.wh,

his ally.

i'Diod.
Va?ei"

the fame time the nation of the Epirots went over to his party, determined fo to do particularly by the autliorjty or Ceplialus, one of the principal perfons of Epirus, who was however rather forced by necefTity to throw himfeif into the arms of Perfeus, than induced to it by inclination. For this Cephalus was a wife and judicious man, and thought in tlie fame manHe was ner with the molt Vv'orthy perfons of Greece. very forry that a rupture fh'ould happen between the Romans and Perleus, wifely perceiving that Greece would be the prey of the victor. After the war had been declared contrary to his wiilies, he had refolved to adl as a good and iaithful ally to the Romans, and to do all for them that was necelTary, but vvithout meannefs, and liurrying into flavery. It was not poifible for him to purfue fo well concerted a plan; There was at that tim.e in Epirus one Charopus, grandfon of another of that name, who in former times had rendered the Romans a fi2;nal fervice, in fupplying the Conful Qtiintius with the means of forcing the defile, where Philip had intrenched himfeif on the banks of the river Aous. Young Charopus liad been fent to Rome by his grandfather to learn the Roman language and letters. On his return into Epirus, proud of the friendfliip of a great number ot Romans, and beino- befides of a turbulent malignant difpofition, he incefiantly attacked and harraijedthe principal perfons of the nation, either by declamations and invedives in publick, or fecret informations, in which mingling a little truth with much falfehood, he gave a bad turn to all their aflions, and laboured not unfucccfs fully to render them fufpeded and odious to thiC Romans. Cephalus, and thole \\'ho thought like him, at firft delpifed this fadlious

At

young

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
young man,
relying

Confuls.

3S9
^- ^- 5^^
'

upon the

clearnels

of their con-

dud:, and being confcious to themfelves, that if they

/^j^

had formerly been under engagements with the royal family of Macedonia, it had been without prejudice to the alliance with the Romans, to whom they had But when they law, retained an inviolable fidelity. that the Romans gave ear to the difcourfes of Charopus, moved in particular by the example of fome of the mod illuftrious ^tolians, who upon loofe and flight accufations had been carried to Rome, they believed it necefiary for them to prevent the like difgrace ; and not finding any other refource but in the amity of Perfeus, they were reduced to have recourfe to it, and to make their nation enter into alliance with him. fhall fee in the fequel what misfortune this fadrew upon Epirus, the caufe of which is folely ftep tal to the calumnies of Charopus imputed to be and in this manner a wretched informer may occafion the ruin of an whole nation.

We

A. HOSTILIUS MaNCINUS. A. Atilius Serranus.

A.R.5S2.
*^'- ^'
170,

The Conful
in

Hoftilius, to

whom Macedonia

ha.d

fallen as province

by

lot,

Theffaly,

pafTed

haftening to join his army through Epirus. He did not

know

the change which had happened there, becaufe it had not yet been declared openly againfi: the Romans. He was very near being furprized and feized

by treachery concerted with the King of Macedonia. Having entered Theffaly, Perfeus defeated him in a battle, and obliged him to fly. His conduct was neither nor more fuccefsful during all the reft of the
campaign.

Q^ Marcius
The Romans nian war. The
the condiidt of

Phflippus, Cn. Servilius C/epio.

II.

A R
165.

s-

Ant. q,

were highly intent upon the MacedoConful Q^ Marcius was charged witli

it.

Cy

Livy,

390
A.R.
Liv.
^3-

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
^^^

Confuls.

585.

"^160^'
xliii.

Liv. ibid.

Livy, before he relates the prodigies, according to cuftom, makes a reflexion, which fhews as v/ell a religious as judicious manner of thinking in him, exempt from luperftition, but at the fame time, without " I knov/, fays he, the affe6tation of free-thinking. that few prodigies are now talked of, and that hiftorians do not deign to mention them in their writings. This negligence is an effect of the fame irreligion, which at prefent induces many people to affirm, that the Gods do not intermeddle in what pafTes here below, nor inform mankind of what is to happen to them. As for my part, in relating the ad:ions of the Antients, I affume alfo the antient tafte ; I adopt the fentiments and maxims of our forefathers ; and I fhould make a kind of fcruple of confcience to judge fadls unworthy of a place in my annals, for which the wifeft perfonages of their times have believed, that the Commonwealth and Religion ought to have fo ferious an attention." Perfeus had believed it neceffary for him to take the advantage of the winter-feafon to make an expedition againft Illyricum,

which was the fole part frorrj which Macedonia had any irruptions to fear, whilfl the King fliould be employed againft the Romans. This enterprize fucceeded very happily for him, and He began by the almoft without any lofs on his fide. fiege of the city Ufcana, which had fallen into the hands of the Romans, and took it after a fufficiently

Ibid,
19. 20.

Lel^^'

6
'

77^

'

He afterwards made himfelf mafter defence. long CD of all the fortreffes of the country, in moil of which were Roman garrifons, and he took a great number of prifoners. -^^ ^^^ fame time he fent AmbafTadors to Gentius one of the Kings of Illyricum, to engage him in an ^l^i^^ce with him. Thefe AmbafTadors, having pafled the fummit of mount Scodrus, crofled the part of Ilr lyricum, which the Macedonians had purpofely laid entirely wafte by ruining the whole country, in order to deprive the Dardanians of the means of entering
illyricum or Macedonia
j

and

laftly,

after

infinite

pains

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,

Confuls.

391

King Gentius was then ^- ^- 583. pains they arrived at Scodra. at LifTa. He gave them audience there, and received j^l. '
them in a very obliging manner. After having heard the propofals, v/hich they made him from their mafhe replied, that he was much inclined of himfelf but that having alliance with Perfeus neither preparations of war, nor money, he was not in a condition to declare againft the Romans. This was explaining himfelf clearly enough. Perfeus, who was avaricious, did not, or rather would not, feem to underftand his demand. He fent a fecond Embaffy to him, without fpeaking of money ; and received the fame anfwer from him. Polybius obferves, that this fear of expence in important and decifive conjunftures as the prefent was, a fear which argues a mean and fordid fpiric and ^tntiments unwortliy of a Prince, made Perfeus lofe many fair occafions ; and that if he would have facrificed no confiderable fums, he might have engai/d feveral Republicks and Princes on his fide. He cannot conceive how a King, for faving wealth, which is only eftimable from the good ufe made of it, can expofe himfelf and kingdom to deflru6lion ; and he conliders this blindnefs as a terrible punilhment from th Gods. Perfeus fome time after -^hat we have juft related, lIv. xliu. made part of his troops march towards Stratus, a^^^ " very llrong city of ^tolia above the gulf of Ambracia. He had been made to hope, that it would furrender as foon as he appeared before the walls y but the Romans prevented him, and threw fuccours into the place. Pie retired into Macedonia, highly regretting the ufelefs pains he had taken in fatiguing his troops by a precipitate march in very difficult ways, to fee the gates of a city fliut againft him, into which he expefted to have entered without refiitance. All that we have juft related pafted during, winter. Early in the fpring, the Conful Marcius fet outLIv. xHv. from Rome, advanced tov/ards Macedonia, perfuaded '' * that it was neceffary to attack Perfeus in the heart of
ter,

to

make an

his

392
A.R.
583. his
16''^'

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
dominions.

Confiils.

The Prstor

C. Marcius Figulus,
lefs

who

commanded

the fleet, ufed no

diligence.

Polyb," Legat, 7S.

Roman armies were ready Archon, the principal magiftrate of the Achaians, to jnftify his Republick from the fufpicions and bad rumours which had been fpread againft it, advifed the Achaians to prepare a decree, by which it fhould be ordained, that an army fnould march into Theffaly, and that they fhould fliare in The all the dangers of the war with the Romans. pafTed, orders were given Archon to being decree necefTary preparato make all the troops, and raife tions. It was afterwards refolved, that AmbafTadors fhculd be fent to the Conful, to inform him of the refolution which the Republick had taken, and to know from him where and when he judged it proper Polybius, our hiffor the Achaian army to join his. torian, was chcfen with fome others, for this embaffy; on their arrival they found the Romans out of Theffaly, incamped in Perrhsebia between Azora and Doliche, and highly perplexed concerning the way they were to take. He follov;ed them, to wait a favourable occafion for fpeaking to the Conful, and fhared
Upon
the report that the
^Q ^2Lke the field,

with him
cedonia.
Ti". xllv.
*

in

all

the dangers

he ran in entering

Ma-

Perfeus, who did not know what route the Conful took, had pofted confiderable bodies of troops in two places, through which it was probable he would attempt to pafs. He incamped the reft of his army at Dium, fcouring the neighbouring coafls in perfon with a fmall body of horfe, and marching fometimes

on one
defign.
Ibid.

fide

and fometimes on another without much

after

Marcius,

long deliberation,

3 5*

pafs the mountains near a place called in the

determined to text of
:

it, Odolopha. It is not certain not an error in this name But it is, that the place in queftion mufl not be confounded with 06loiopha in the country of the DafiTaretians to-

Livy

as

we now have
is

whether there

wards the weflern part of Macedonia

~

and

tliat oiir

hi(to-

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
fmall diftance from
Phila.

Confuls.

393
585.
^69.*"'

hiflorian intended to fpeak of a place fituated at fome A. R.

mount Olympus,

Dium, and

that be, the Conlul had incredible furmount, in fuch fteep and impradicable ways. He had taken the precaution to feize an eminence, which favoured his pafTage, and from whence they could fee the enemy's camp, that was not above a thoufand paces diftant, and the lands round Dium and Phila; which exceedingly animated the foldiers, who had fuch opulent countries, where they hoped to inrich themfelves before their eyes. Hipdifficulties to

However

pias,

whom

the

King had pofted

in

this

pafs to de-

fend it with a body of twelve thoufand men, feeing the eminence feized by a detachment of the Romjans, marched againft the Conful, who was advancing with his whole army, harraffed his troops during two days, and incommoded them extremely by frequent
attacks,

Marcius was very anxious, not being able either to advance with fafety, or retreat without fhame, and even without great danger. The only choice he could now make, was to purlue an enterprize with vigour, formed perhaps with too much boldnefs and temerity, but which might fucceed by a tenacious perfeverance ; the only refource in the like cafe, and often fuccefsful. It is certain, that if the Conful had been to aft againft an enemy like the antient Kings of Macedonia, in the narrow defile where his troops were fhut up, he would infallibly have received a great blow. But Perfeus, inrtead of fending frelli troops to fuftain thofe of Hippias, to whom he was fo near, that lie heard
the cries they raifed in fighting ; inftead perfon to attack the enemy, continued his ufelefs excurfions with his cavalry in the neighbourhood of Dium, and by that neglefl gave the Romans opportunity to extricate themfelves from the bad ftep they had taken. It was not without infinite difficulty they efi^edled this the horfes that carried the baggage finking under
in his

camp
in

of going

their loads

on the

declivity of the mountain,

and

fall-

394
^"g" ^*

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
particular gave

Confuls.

A.R-iSs-ing almoll every ftep they took.

The

elephants in

them great trouble. It was necelTary to find a new means to make them defcend in thefe extremely fteep places ; and this was as follows. Along the fteep parts of the mountain they laid two long beams fuitained at top by the ground, and at their lower extremities by props driven into the earth, which fo raifed up the lower ends, as made the declivity little and eafy. Thefe beams were laid fomethinomore diftant from each other than the breadth of the body of an elephant. Acrofs thefe two beams, which
planks thirty fctt long, which formed a kind of bridge, and covered them with earth. At the end of this firft bridge, but at fome diftance a fecond of the fame kind was ereded ; then a third, and fo on, wherever the declivity was too fteep for thofe animals to go dov/n without help.

were

parallels, they afterwards laid

The

elephant walked from firm ground upon the bridge, and before he came to the end of it, the props were cut, the bridge fell, and the animal was obliged

to fxide gently

down and move forwards

till

he came

to the beginning of another

bridge, ^whcre finding level footing he advanced on quietly as on the firft

bridge

and the fame was d6ne

as before.

We muft

fuppofe, which Livy does not fay, that each bridge was capable of being ufed for all the elephants in the Roman army and their number could not have been
,

great.

The manner

in

which Hannibal made

:

his ele-

phants pafs the Rhone, has fome fimilitude to what the Romans do upon this occafion but the trouble was far from being fo great. It is not eafy to exprefs the fatigues, which the Romans had to fuffer in this pafs, the foldiers being often obliged to Hide alfo along the ground with their arms, becaufe they could not keep upon their legs walking upright. It was agreed on all hands, that with an handful of troops the enemy might have entirely defeated the whole Roman army. At length, after many pains and dangers, it arrived in the plain, and was then
fafe.

As

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
As

Confuls.

S95

the Conful feemed then to have happily com- ^;^- s^?* pleated the mod difficult part of his enterprize, Poly- " 169. bius took this favourable moment for preienting to Polyb.

him the decree of the Achaians, and to afTure him of^^^^^'^^' the refolution they had taken to come with all their forces, and fhare with him all the fatigues and danMarcius, after having thanked the gers of this war. Achaians for their good intention in very obliginoterms, told them, that they might fpare themfelves the pains and expence, in which this war would engage them that in the flate wherein he faw affairs, he did not believe he had occafion for the aid of allies.
:

After this difcourfe, Polybius's Collegues returned into Achaia. Polybius only remained in the Roman army, till the Conful having received advice, that Appius, furnamed Centho, had afked the Achaians for an aid of five thoufand men to act in Epirus, fent him back to his country, exhorting him not to fuffer his Commonwealth to fupply thofe troops and to engage in expences
entirely ufelefs.

Whilft the King was bathing, he was informed enemy approached. This news threw him Uncertain how to a<5b, into a terrible confternation. and changing refolution every moment, he vented cries, and lamented his fate, to fee himfelf conquered without fighting. He caufed the two officers, whom he had polled to guard the paffes to return, ordered the gilt ftatues which were at Dium to be carried on board his fleet, left they lliould fall into the hands of the Romans, that the treafures he had at Pella fhould be thrown into the fea, and that all his galleys at Thcffalonica fhould be burnt. As to himfelf, he Terror and confufion on the profretired to Pydna. pedt of fudden danger unveil the inmoft heart of a iPrince, and fnew him fuch as he is. The Roman army owed its fafety to the imprudent and ftupid fear of Perfeus, which caufed the Conful's temerity, in engaging himfelf in a country, from which he had never got off, if his enemies had been
that the
in

^iv. xliv,
^'

396
A. R.
Ant. c.
'j-j^gj-e

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,

Confuls.

583. in their fcnles,

to be confidered as a laudable boldnefs.

^ere two ways for extricating himfelf out of the one by penetrating through the valdanger this leys of Tempe, in order to enter Theflaly ; tlie other Now thefe in pafling by Dium, to enter Macedonia. two important polls were occupied by good bodies of troops, which the King had placed there. If Perfeus therefore had had a little more refolution, and had only withltood the terror he was leized with on the approach of the Romans, for ten days, the Conful could neither have retired through Tempe into Theffaly, nor have had provifions in the denies into which he had advanced. For the ways through Tempe have precipices on their fides fo very fleep, that the eye The King-'s cannot view them without being- dazzled. troops guarded this pafs in four different places, the ialt of which was fo narrow, that ten well-armed men only were capable of defending the entrance of it. Thus the Romans not being able to receive provifions through the narrow defiles of Tempe, nor to pafs there themfelves, they would have been obliged to regain the mountains, from whence they had defcended, which would have been impracticable if the enepiy had continued to occupy the eminences. They would then have had no other refource than to penetrate into Macedonia on the fide of Dium by pafling through which would not have been lefs difficult, the enemy *' if the Gods," fays Livy, " had not deprived Per*' feus of counfel and prudence." Tor, by making a foilc and intrenchments in the very narrow defile at the foot of mount Olympus, he would abfolutely have But Ihut them out of it, and Hopped them fhort. " the King's terror had thrown him into fuch a blind" nefs of mind, he neither law nor did any thing that " might fave him," he left all the entrances into his kingdom open to the enemy, and took refuge witl\ Livy's exprefllons are veryprecipitation at Pydna. remarkable in this place, and finiews us what means employs for deitroying the greateft empires.
, -,

God

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
Nifi

Conruls."

397
cum
^'^- 5^3-

Dnmenlnm Regi

ademijjeut

^orum

nibil

dec at a mens fuhito t err ore. Confui, feeing tiiat he might hope every thing from the terror and imprudence of the enemies, gave orders to the Prsetor Lucretius, who was at LarifTa, to leize the polls adjacent to Tempe, which Perfeus had abandoned, in order to provide a retreat for his troops in cafe of neceffity, and fent Popillius to examine the When he knew that the ways were paffes near Dium.
difpcxijjei

"h

The

Liv.xliv.

open and undefended, he advanced, and arriving at Dium the fecond day, he made his army incamp near a temple of Jupiter, which was not far off, to prevent When he entered the city, it from being plundered. which was full of magnificent buildings, and very well fortified, he was aftonillied in the higheft degree to find, that the King had abandoned it fo eafily. He continued his march, and made himfelf mailer of many places almoll without any refillance. But, the more he advanced, the lefs provifions he found, and the famine increafed in proportion this reduced him to return to Dium He was even obliged to quit that city, and to retire to Fiiiia, where the Praetor Lucretius had inform.ed him, that he would find provifions in abundance. This lail Hep much difgulled the
:
:

and made way for difcourfes very little in the And indeed his departure from Dium inftru6led Perfeus, that he was now to recover that by his courage, which he had loft by his exceflive timidity; He accordingly repolTelTed himfelf of that city, and foon repaired the ravages which the Romans had com-

army

Conful's favour.

mitted, there.
Popillius, on his fide, befieged and took Heraclea, which was but a quarter of a league from Phila. The Confui moved, and incamped near that place^ as if he had defigned to drive Perfeus from Dium, and to go on from thence to Pieria. But his real intent being thtn to take up his winter-quarters, he fent fome bodies of troops to fecure the way?, by which the neceflary provifions v/ere brought him'from Theffaly, and to chufe the places where magazines might be commodi-

oufiy

39^
A. R.
583-

MARCIAS, SERVILIUS,
,

Confuls.

Ant. C.
J69.

oufly fettled, and to ere6t ftations for thofe

^

who

-^

g-uarded

the convoys. Perfeus, having recovered his fright with his reafon, would have been very glad if his orders for throwino;
his treafures at Pella into the fea, his

galleys at TheflTalonica, had

Andronicus, to whom the laft had been given, had delayed the affair, to leave time for the repentance which might foon follow this command, as it really happened. Nicias, who had not fo much precaution, had thrown all the money he found His fault was foon remedied at Fella into the fea. by divers, who brought up almoft all that money from the bottom. For their reward, the King caufed them all to be put to death fecretly, as well as Andronicus and Nicias ; fo great was his fliame for the abje6l terror to which he had abandoned himfeif, that he could not bear to have any witnefies or traces of it But ought a flight fault in Ibme fenfe, as it in being at leaft only affedled him who had committed it, to have been covered with a cruelty more than barbarous and tyrannical ? Was fuch a condu6l a proper means to that effeft ? And had he even fucceeded in flifling the complaints of his fubjefts in refped to fo black an a6lion, could he hope alio to abolifh the remembrance of it? Several expeditions were made on both fides both Liv. xliv. 1013. |3y fj-a and land, which had not much confequence, and were not very important. The Praetor C. Marcius formed fome fieges, which he was obliged to raife. When Polybius returned into Peloponnefus after Pol 'b Legat! 78. his embafiy, the letter of Appius, by which he demanded five thoufand men, had already been received
!

and for burning all not been executed. of thefe commiflions

there.

Some

fhcrt time

after, the

council that

af-

fembled at Sicyon to deliberate upon this affair highly Not to execute the order he had perplexed Polybius. received from the Conlul Marcius, had been an inexOn the other fide, it was dangerous to cufable fault. refufe the troops wliich might be of fervice to the Romans, and for which the Ach^ians had no occafion*

To

MAPvCIUS, SERVILIUS,

Confuls.

^9
"

To extricate himfelf out of fo delicate a dilemma, he ^- ^ s\i' had recoLirfe to a decree of the Roman Senate, which "^j^ prohibited the having any regard to the letters of Generals, unlefs tliey were attended with an order of the SeHe acnate, which Appius had not annexed to his. cordingly laid, that before fending any thing to Appius, it was neceflary to inform the Conful of his demand, and wait the decifion he fhould think fit to make. Polybius hereby faved the Achaians an expence, which would have amounted to above an hundred and twenty thoufand crowns. In the mean time AmbalTadors arrived at Rome Liv, xllv. from Prufias King of Bithynia, and from the Rho- ^^> ^^' The difcourfe of the dians, in favour of Perleus. former had nothing in it but what was modcft in refpeft to the Romans, but argued little integrity in refpe6l to him for whom Prufias pretended to intereit They declared, " that their mailers had alhimfelf. ways adhered to the fide of the Romans, and fhould 'never ceafe to do fo, as long as the war fhould continue but that having promifed Perfcus to employ his good offices for him with the Roir.ans for obtaining peace, he defired them, if they could refolve to
:

lay afide their refentment, to let

him know,

that

it

was

in

make The Rhodians talked in a much different ftile. " After having made a pompous enumeration of the fervices

confideration of him, in order that he might a merit of it with the King of Macedonia.'*'

they had

rendered the

Roman

People,

and

afcribed to thcmfeives moft of the victories gained with their aid over the enemies of Rome, and parti-

That during cularly over Antiochus, they added the peace betv/een the Macedonians and Romans, they had began to enter into a negotiation with Perfeus,
:

that they had broke up this treaty againft their will, and v/ithout any fubjed: of complaint againil the King, becaufe the Romans had thought fit to engage them in the v/ar. That for three years, which this war had fubfifled, they had fufFered many inconveniencies from^it. That their trade by fea being inter,

ruptcd.

400
A.R.
^j6
523-

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
^'

Confuls.

rupted, their ifiand was greatly ftraitened by the reand advantages they derived from it. That not being able to fuTbain fuch confiderable lofTes, they had fent Ambafladors into Macedonia to King Perfeus, to declare to him, that the
du(5lion of the revenues

Rhodians judged
others to
if

it

neceflary

that he fhould

make
That

peace with the Romans.

That they had

alio fent

Rome,

to

make

the fame declaration.

the two powers refufed to comply with fo reafonable a propofal, and to put an end to the war, the Rho-

dians Ihould confider v/hat they had to do," It is eafy to judge in what a manner a difcourfs {o ridiculouily vain and arrogant v>?as received. Some
hiftorians tell
us,

that

ail

to caufe a decree of the

the anfwer given to it was Senate to be read in their

prefence, by which the Caryans and Lycians were deThis Vv'as touching them to the quick^ clared free.

and mortifying them in the moft fenffDle part for they confidered thofe two nations as their fubjefts^ who had been made fo by a decree of the Senate after According to others, the the war with Antiochus. " That the difpofition Senate replied in few words of the Rhodians, and their fecret intelligence with Perfeus, had been long known at Rome. That when Kome fhould have conquered him, which was expedled to happen every day, Ihe would in her turn confider what fhe had to do, and treat every people according to the cond'u61: they fhould have cbferved in this war.'*
:
:

dors
Liv, :dlv. '^*

prefents were however offered the Annbaffabut they did not accept them. The Conful Q^ Marcius's letter was afterwards read, in which he gave an account of the manner in which he had entered Macedonia, after having undergone incredible difficulties in paffing a very narrow deHe added, that the Prstor had got provifions file. for the winter from all the neighbouring counhim for tries, and that in particular the * Epirots had fupplied

Theufual
,

* It has been faid above, that the Epirots had joined Perfeus. Either there muft be a fault here in the text, or part f the people of Epirws had coatiimed ia the Roman intereft,

him

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,

Confuls.

401
ten A. r. 583"so.^*

him with twenty thoufand meafures of wheat, and

Ambaffadors then
to fend
at

thoufand of barley, which was to be paid for to their

Rome.

But

that

him

cloaths for the foldiers

was neceflary from Italy, and

it

had occafion for two hundred Numidian horfe, That the country where he was if they could be had. fupplied him with nothing neceflary to an army. All thefe articles were executed punftually and immedithat he
ately.

Audience was afterwards given

to a

Lord of Mace-

^'^' xllv,
'
*

He had always perfuaded cedonia, called Onefimus. And putting him in the King to continue the peace. mind, that his father Philip, to the lad day of his life, had always caufed the treaty he had concluded with
be read to him twice every day, he to do the fame, if not with the fame regularity, at lead from time to time. Not being able to diflliade him from the war, he at firft had withdrawn from his counfels under different pretexts, that he might not be a witnefs of the refolutions taken in them, which he could not approve. At length finding that he was become fufpeded, and tacitly confidered as a traitor, he took refuge amongft the Romans, and was of great fervice to the Conful. Having related all that has been faid to the Senate, he was exceedingly well received, and the Senate gave him an honorable fettlement at Tarentum, which was a fine houfc in the city, and two hundred acres of land in the
the
to

Romans

had exhorted him

country.

Vol. V.

SECT.

402

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,

Confuls.

SECT.
General concern at
tion cf Cc7ifub.

III.

Rome in

refpcEl to the

approaching

elec-

Paulus ALmilitis

is elected

Conful with

Wife precautions of Paulus Mmilius. The Commiffioners reEmhaffy from Epypt to Rome. turned from Macedonia^ give an account of the armies The departure of the Generals is hafhy fea and land.
Licinius Crojfus.

Number of the forces. Attention in chuf,ng the Speech of Paulus Mmilius to the Legionary Tribunes. Preparations of Perfeus People before his departure.
tened.

againfl the
to Gentius.,
Perfeus.,

Romans.

the Rhodians^ Eiimenes.,

Different embaffies of that Prince and Antiochus.

through his avarice^ deprives himfelf of the Avarice and perfidy of p:.v)erful aid of the B aflame.

Rapid conquefi of IllyAnkius. Prator Perfeus incamps advanby the ricum jEmilius re~irjiates Paulus difcipline in his tagecvfly.
Perfeus in rsfpeB to Gentius.

amy.
rives.

He
The

di[covers

water

in

a place where

it

was

W)anting.

News

of the vi^ory gained in Illyricum arAmbaffadors of the Rhodians arrive in the

Paulus Mm'dius deliberates upon the manner of He fends Scipio Najica with a great ditachnr/it to feize Rythimn. He amufes Perfeus by Scipio flight Jkirwfhes upon the banks cf the Er.ipius.
camp.
attacking Perfms.
feizes Pythium,

and remains in poffeffwn of the pafs. Terfeus quits the Rnipeus^ and advances towards Pydna^ Paulus jEmilius rcfohed to venture a battle there.
wifely defers
eclipfe of the

ej:gaging.

Sulpicius Galliis foretells

an

Moon

to

the Romans.

Paulus JEmilius

explains his reafons for deferring the battle.

is

The

battle

at

laji

fought,

Perfeus
II.

is

defeated

and put

to flight.

Q^Marcius
A.R.

Cm. Servilius.

sSj.rx^HE
-L

"^"g ^"
Plut. in

^mii.

p.

time of the affemblies for the eleftion of Confuls approaching, evTry body was in pain concerning the perfon upon whom fo important a choice would fall, and nothing elfe was talked of in
^jj

-59, z6o.

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
ill

Confuls.

40^
A. r. 58^. '^"^- ^'

People were not fadsned with the had been employed a^ainft Perfeus, who had but very indifferently fupported the honour of the Roman name. They called to mind the famous victories gained over Philip his father that powerful King of Macedonia, who had over Antiochus, a been obliged to implore peace Prince whofe famous exploits had acquired him the firname of the Great, who had been driven beyond mount Taurus, and forced to pay a great tribute ; and iaftly, over a much more formidable enemy than any King upon earth, that is, over Hannibal, compelled fome years before to quit Italy after a war of above fixteen years duration, and conquered in his own country almoit at the very walls of Carthage. They conceived it a kind of difgrace for Rome, that its Confuls fnouid be fo long at blows with King Perfeus, when he kept the field againft them with only the miferable remains of his father's defeat. They did not know, that Philip had left Macedonia more povvcrful at his death, than it had been before his defeat. It was evident, efpecialiy after the lafl news from Macedonia, that it was no longer a time to give the command of the armies to fadion or favour 1 and that it was necefiary to employ the utmoil attention in chufing a General, v,'ho had wifdom, experience, and valour ; in a word, who was capable of conducing a war fo important as that now on foot. All the world cad their eyes upon Pauius ^milius.
converlations.

Confuls

who

for three years paft

-,

There

are occafions
its

when

finsulaf merit unites all fuf-

and nothing is more foothing ; than fuch a judgment, founded, nor upon birth or credit, but upon the knowledge of the fervices a perfon has already done ^ upon the efceem which the troops have of his capacity, and the prefiing occafion, which the State has of his vv^ifdom and valour. Pauius ^milius was near fixty years old but age, without having at all impaired his ftrength, had only added to his charailer, maturity of counfel and prudence, ftill more nece/Tary to a General than courage and bravery, He d 2
frages in

favour

404
A.R.
585.

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,

Confuis.

He had been ele6ted Conful for the firfl time fouryears before, and having acquired general efteem ^^^^ ^^l'^'
by his good condud, he had ended his Confulfhip with a glorious vidory, which had gained him the honour of a triumph. As he found himfelf capable of ferving his country, he had defired a fecond Confulfhip, and had even once flood for it with thofe who The People had rejeded him afpired at that office. having loft that hope, fubftii^milius, Paulus and tuted the fweets of repofe to the fplendor of employAs Augur he applied himlelf folely to the afments. fairs of religion ; and as a father, to the education of He was very referved and frugal in his children. every thing that tended only to luxury and pomp, but noble and magnificent in refpeft to expences of in confequence of which he fpared honour and duty nothing to procure them an education worthy of their
:
,

birth.

Grammarians,

tors, painters,

ing horfes ; the chace ; mafters that were neceftary in forming both their minds and bodies. When he was not employed in publick affairs, he would be prefent at their ftudies and exercifes, * by thefe affiduous cares evincing, that of all the

rhetoricians, philofophers, fculpmafters expert in breaking and managhunters who taught youth the exerciles of in a word, he gave his fons all the aids and

Romans

he was the father,

who had moft love and

ten-

dernels for his children. It were to be wiftied that this example were followed

by

all

perfons in high ftations,

who

are indeed account-

able for their time to the publick, but who are not thereby difcharged from the cares, which they owe
their children

by
as

a natural

and imprefcriptible right

is

and the more

labouring for their inilrudlion

ferv-

ing the publick. All the relations and friends of Paulus i^milius prefled him to comply with the wilhes of the People, who called upon him to accept the Confulfhip. As for himfelf, he had no thouglits but of fhunning the Peo-

pie's

MARCIUS, SERVILIUS,
pie's ardour, as not caring for

Confuls.

405
583.

command, and chufing a.r.

life

he had led ^"g" fome time. However, when he faw that the people affembled every morning in crowds before his door, that they called upon him to go to the Forum, and exclaimed highly againft his obflinate refufal, he could no longer refill fuch ftrong inftances, and joined thofe who afpired at that dignity. This was matter of great joy and a kind of triumph to the Roman People, who confidered, as a certain omen of vidlory over the enemy that which they had juft gained over Paulus 7?milius, in forcing him to accept the Confulfhip. This honour was conferred upon him with unanimous confent. C. Licinius CrafTus was given him for a Collegue. The People would not abandon the diftribution of provinces to the caprice of chance, and decreed the command of the armies in Macedonia to Paulus i^milius. Licinius commanded in Italy. Livy fays however, that they did draw lots. But Plutarch's account feems more probable, for the lots might have rendered the people's intention and ardour
rather to confine himfelf to the quiet
ufelefs.
It is faid that

^"

Paulus ^milius, on

his return

home

attended by the people who followed him in a body to do him honour, found his daughter Tertia, then an infant, weeping. He killed her and afls.ed her the reafon of her tears. Tertia clafping him in her little arms and kilTing him " You don't know then, father," laid Ihe, " that our Perfeus is dead." She Ipoke of a little dog, which fhe had brought up, and called Perfeus. Paulus ^'Emilias, ftruck with thofe words " And in good rime, my dear child, I acfaid to her " cept the omen v.^ith great pleafure." The Romans oirried their fuperilition very high in refpecl to thefe accidental circumilances. The manner in which Paulus JEmilius appHed him- lw. \iw. felf in preparing for the war, with which he was^^charged, gave room to judge of the iuccefs to be expected in confequence. Before he entered upon office,
:
:

he deman

icG

of thv Senate, that comm^iOA^rs .(hould

d 3

be

4o6
A.R.
583.

i^MlLIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuis.

^g' ^'

be fent into Macedonia to infped the armies and fleets, and afterwards to make their report, when they had made an exadl enquiry, of what they had learnt, and what augmentation of troops both for land and fear They were alfo to inform fervice would be neceffary. themfelves, as far as poffible, to what number the King's troops amounted j where they adually were ; if the latter had their as well as thofe of the Romans camp in the defiles of the mountains, or had entirely what allies were pafied them, and were in the plain who thofe were whofe fideaffuredly to be relied on and what States lity feemed doubtful and wavering were to be confidered as declared enemies. For what time the army had provifions, and from whence they were to be brought either by land-carriage or in velfels. And lallly, what had pafied during the laft campaign, as well by land as fea. As an able and experienced General, he was defirous to enter into this detail, convinced that the plan of the campaign, upon which he v/as going to enter, could not be formed, nor the
:
:
,

operations regulated
thefe
things.

without the knowledge of all Perfons fliilled in military affairs, knov/ of what value this forefight and exadnefs are, which cannot be carried too far. The Senate highly approved fuch wife meafures, and nominated Commiffioners

approved by Paulus iEmilius, who

fet

out two

days
A.R.
524-

after.

L. ^MiLius Paulus

JI.

Ant. C.
,68.

^- jLICINIUS LraSSUS.

Liv.xliv.
^9-

Paulus ^milius and his Collegue entered upon of-. before the Commiflioners returned. In that interval the Senate gave audience to the Ambafi^adors of Ptolemy and Cleopatra King and Queen of Egypt, who brought complaints to Rome againft the unjuft enterprizes of Antiochus King of Syria. Three Deputies were fent into Egypt, this affair is related at length in the Antient Hillory.
fice

The

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
The CommilTioners had
Rome,
their return to
:

Ccnfuls.

407
A. R. 58+.
1

On ufed great diliprence. C " That Marcius had Ant they faid ^^g/^' forced the pafles of Macedonia, but with greater dan-Liv.xiiv. That the King was matter o^' ger than advantage. Pieria, into which the Roman army had entered. That the two camps were very near each other, being only feparated by the river Enipeus. That the King avoided a battle, and that the Roman army was not in a condition either to oblige him to fight or to force his lines. That, amongft other inconveniencies, the winter had proved very fevere, was very fharply felt in a mountainous country, and

made

it

utterly impoffible to aft

and that provifions only for a fhort time remained. That the Macedonian army was faid to amount to That if Appius Claudius had thirty thoufand men. had a fufficiently confiderable body of troops in the neighbourhood of Lychmidum in Illyricum, v/here he was incamped, he would have been able to make a powerful diverfion againft Perfcus but that that General and the troops he had with him, were actually in
:

great danger, if a confiderable reinforcement were not immediately fent him, or he was not made to quit the That after having vifited the camp, poft he occupied. they had repaired to the fleet. That they had been informed, that part of the men had died of difeafe, and
that thofe

the fleet was abfolutely in the utmofl: want of feamen and foldiers that thofe who had remained had not received their pay and were in

returned

who efcaped, home and that

;

efpecially the Sicilians,

were

want of cloaths. That Eumenes and his fleet, after having Ihcwn themfelves a little, had difappeared almoft immediately without any good reafons that could be given for it ; and that it feemed as if they neither could, nor ought to rely upon his difpofition but that as to Attalus his brother, his good will was not to be doubted." Upon this report of the Commiflioners, the SenateLiv. decreed that the Conful fliouid fet out immediately^^. for Macedonia, as well as the Prsetor Cn. OcSbavius, ^ffho had the command of the fleet, and L. Anicius^ D d 4 another
:

xliv,

4o8
A. R.
584-

another
in the

JEMILIUS, UCINIUS, Confuls. Frastor, who was to fucceed Appius

Claudius

'^"gg^*

neighbourhood of Lychnidum in Illyricum. The number of troops, which each of them was to command, was regulated in the following manner. The troops, which compofed the army of Paulus ^milius, amounted to twenty five thoufand eight hunbeing two Roman legions each of fix dred men thoufand foot and three hundred horfe, which made twelve thoufand fix hundred men, more than that number of infantry, and double the cavalry of the
,

J,

The reft of the troops affigned him, Latin allies. were to reinforce garrifons. Thofe v/hich compofed the army of the Praetor Anicius, who was to command in Illyricum, amounted to twenty one thoufand eight hundred men being two Roman legions, each confifting of five thoufand two hundred foot and three hundred horfe ; with ten thoufand Latin infantry and The Prastor Odavius, admiral eight hundred horfe. of the fleet, had five thoufand men affigned him, who were to ferve under him. As it was propofed to terminate the war with Macedonia this year, all the precautions that could be imaThe gined for the good of the fervice were taken. Tribunes of the foldiers were the principal officers of the legion, and commanded it alternately. It was faid, that none ought to be chofen for this employment, except fuch as had commanded, and of the forty-eight Tribunes, which were to be appointed for the eight legions, v/hich the Commonwealth had on foot, Paulus ^milius had the liberty of chufing fuch as he pleafed, to the number of twelve for the two legions which were to ferve under him. Rome, it muft be owned, a6ted on this occafion She had, as we have {ten elected with o[reat wifdom. with unanimous confent for Conful and General, the perfon who of all the Romans v/as indifputably the moft able warrior of his time. She is now for raifing officers to the poft of Tribunes, who have the moft merit, experience, and ability, proved by aftual fervices ; advantages, which are not always the efieft eir
-,
.

ther

iEMILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

409

ther of birth or feniority, and to which indeed the Ro- A-^- 5^4. * "^g. mans were far from being much prejudiced. Rome

does more, and by a fingular exception, compatible with RepubUcan Government, fhe gives Paukis ^milius full power to chufe amongft the Tribunes fuch as well knowing of what importance he Ihould approve it is, that a perfed union fhould fubfift between a General and the officers that ferve under him ; in order that the commands given by the firll, who is in a manner the foul of the whole army, and ought to diredl all its motions, be executed with the utmoft exaftnefs which cannot be, if a perfeftly good underftanding, founded in the love of the publick good, does not prevail amongft them, which neither intereft, ambition, nor jealouly are capable of interrupting. After all thefe regulation had been made, the Con- Liv. ful Paulus ^milius went from the Senate to the aflem- 22* bly of the People, and made the following fpeech. " Romans, in charging me with the care of the war " of Macedonia with unanimous confent, you feem " to have conceived an almoft certain hope, that this " war, which has beenfpun out to a great length, will " be terminated under my aufpices to the glory of the *' Roman people. I hope, that I fhall be fupported " by the protection of the Gods in fo great an un" dertaking, and fulfil your defires but this I may " venture to affure you, that I fliall ufe my utmoic " endeavours not to fruftrate your expeftation. " The Senate has wifely regulated every thing necef" fary for the expedition with which I am charged, " and as it has ordered me to fet out immediately, i *' I leave any thing undone in refpedt to the levy and *' departure of the troops allotted for me, I know " that C. Licinius my Collegue, full of zeal for the *' publick good, and affeftion for me, will provide " for it with the fame ardor and expedition, as if it
,

xliv.

" was for himfelf.

"
''

"

take care to give you exact accounts of you may rely upon the certainty and truth of the news I fliall lend either
I

fhall

all

that fhall happen, and

" to

4IO
^^g^*

^'MILIUS, LICINIUS,
"
that

Confuls.

A-^'SH' " to the Senate or you.

" " no
*'
*'

But I defire as a favour, believe nor give v/eight by your credulity to flying reports, and fuch as have

you

will neither

certain author.

For

in

the

manner

in

which

things pafs amongft you, efpecially fince this war, there is no General, let his conftancy of mind be

it will, whom the difcourfes held here would not fliake and difcourage. " There are people, v/ho in circles and converfa" tions, and even at table, lead armies, regulate the *' motions of the Confuls, and lay down all the ope" rations of the campaign. They know better than *' the General, who is upon the fpot, where he lliould " incamp, and of what polls he ihould feize where *' it is proper to fettle magazines by what way, ei"= ther by fea or land, provifions muft be brought " v/hen it is neceifary to give the enemy battle, and " when to lie ftill. And they not only prefcribe " what is beft to be done, but if their plan be ever " [o little departed from, they make it a crime in " the Conful, and cite him to their tribunal. " Know, Romans, that this licence taken at Rome, ** is a great obftacle to the fuccefs of your arms and *' the publick good. All your Generals have not *' the fteadinefs and conftancy of Fabius, who chofe

" what

"

"^

" of an
*'

rather to fee his authority infulted by the rafhnefs indifcreet and frantick multitude, than to

ruin the affairs of the

Commonwealth, by piquing

*'

"
*'
'

himfelf at a wrong time upon bravery to put a ftop to popular runiours. " I am far from believing that Generals have no On the contrary, I occafion to receive advice. think, that whoever defires to dire<5l every thing by

his fingle abilities, and without taking counfel, What then fhews more prefumption than wifdom. *' may be reafonably required ? Why that none fhould " take upon themfelves to obtrude their advice upon " your Generals, but thofe in the firft place who are ^' verfed in the art of war, and who have learnt by ^" experience what it is to command and fecondly^ j
*'
^*

"

thofe

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
*<
*<

Confuls.

4H
5Sf4,

thofe

who

are

upon the

fpot,

who know
different

the enemy, A. R.

" " "

*'

"
*'

conjundures, and who, being in a manner embarked on board the fame vefTel, fhare the fame dangers with us. If therefore any one conceives himfelf capable of aflifling me with his counfels in the war with which you have charged me, let him not refufe his fervices to the Commonwealth, but let hiiri go along with me
:

are capable of

judging of

'^j^^g^^*

"

fhip, horfes, .tents, provifions, in into Macedonia " a word, he fhail have every thing at my expence.

" But,

if

he will not take thefe pains, and prefers

" the quiet life of the city to the dangers and fatigues " of the camp, let him not take upon him to hold " the helm, and remain idle in the port. If they
^'

have

fo great

an itch for talking, the

city,

of
:

itfelf,

" will fupply them with fufficient matter this is " not within their fphere. In a word, I would have " them know, that we Ihall have no regard to any " counfels, but fuch as fhall be given in the camp itfelf."
It
is

not pofTible to conceive,

how much

this dif- Plut.

which Paulus ^milius fpoke to his mafters^"^with a wife and noble loftinefs, requiring of them not to amufe themfelves, according to their cuftom, in controuling the aftions of their General, drew upon him their efteem and refpeft. Every citizen in particular applauded himfelf for having had the courage to defpife the flattery of thofe, v/ho meanly follicited voices, in the choice of a Conful, and for having
courfe, in

confided the
greatnefs of

command of

the army to a man mind and freedom, who refufed

full
it
:

of
fo

much,

fays Plutarch, did the

Roman
make

fake of reigning over others,

to virtue and true merit.

People, for the themfelves flaves

For the
complains

reft,

the abufe of which Paulus ^Emilius

difcourfe didlated

in this

by reafon and
it

good

fenfe,

Ihews us that

men

are in all times the fame.

They

take a fecret pleafure and themfelves to examine, criticife,

make

a merit in

and condemn the

condud of

Generals, and they do not perceive, that they 4

4T2
A. R.
584.

JEMILIVS, LICINIUS,
:

Confuls.

they acl manifeftly contrary both to good fenfe and Contrary to good fenfe for what can be equity. ^^6s^' more abfurd and ridiculous, than to fee perfons of no knowledge of war, and void of all experience, fet themfelves up for Cenfors of the moft able Generals, and pafs fentence upon their aftions in the ftile of for even the moft exContrary to equity mafters. pert cannot judge properly of them without being upon the fpot, the leaft circumftance of time, or place, the difpofition of the troops, and even fecret orders which are not known, being capable of abfolutely changing the ordinary rules. But we are not to hope, that this fault will ever be corredted, v/hich has its and rife in the curiofity and vanity natural to man Generals a6l wifely, who, after the example of Paulus ^milius, defpife thefe city-rumors, and the tattle of idle people, who have generally more leifure than
:
,

Liv. xliv.
*^*

after having performed the duof religion, fet out for Macedonia with the Pr^tor Cn. Oftavius, who was to command the fleet. Never was Conful, in departing for his province, attended by fo great a multitude of citizens. From that inftant, the Romans in general conceived a kind of affurance, that he would terminate the war of Macedonia, and foon return to Rome vi6lorious and trities

judgment. Paulus i^milius,

umphant.
Polyb. Legat. 85.

ajll^//'

Whilft preparations of war had been making at Pcrfcus on his fide had not been inadlive. The fear of the approaching danger with which he was threatened, having at length taken place of his avarice, he agreed to give Gentius King of Illyricum three hundred talents of filver (three hundred thoufand crowns) and to purchafe his alliance at that

Rome,

price.

At the fame time he fent AmbafTadors to Rhodes, convinced that if that ifland, which was then fo powerful by fea, fhould join him, Rome would be highly diftrefled. He fent others alfo to Eumenes and Antiochus, the tv/o greateft Kings of Afia, v/ho were highly

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

413

highly capable of aiding him. It was wife in Perfeus A.R. sH' "53^' to take thefe meafures, and to endeavour to ftrengthen himfelf by fuch fupports but he thought of them too late. He fliould have began there, and laid the foundation of his enterprize in thofe alliances. He did not ferioully think of calling in thofe remote powers, till the danger was too near ; which was ra:

ther to

call

in

fpecflators

and

affociates in his

ruin,

than aid and fupports. The inftrudions, which he gave his AmbalTadors were very folid, and highly capable of convincing, as we fhall foon fee but he fhould have ufed them, three years before, and waited the effedl of them, before he had imbarked alone in a war againft fo powerful a people, who had fo many
:

refources in their misfortunes.

The AmbafTadors had

the

fame

inftru6lions

for

Eumenes and Antiochus. They reprefented to them, " that there was a natural enmity between Monarchies and Commonwealths. That the Roman People attacked the Kings one after the other
;

and

to

make

the indignity as great as poffible, employed the forces of the Kings themfelves to ruin each other fucceffively.

That they had cruflied his fatficr Philip by the aid of Attalus ; that by that of Eumenes, and partly alfo by that of Philip, Antiochus had been fubdued and that they had aftually armed Eumenes and Prufias againft Perfeus himfelf. That when the kingdom of Macedonia Iliould be deftroyed, it would be Afia's turn next, of which they had already polTefTed themfelves of a part, under the fpecious pretext of reinftating
,

the cities in their antient liberty; and that Syria would That they already befoon after have the fame fate.
tions of

above Eumenes by peculiar diftinchonour i and that they had * obliged Antiochus to renounce the fruit of his viftories in Egypt.

gan to

fet Prufias

Perfeus exhorted

Romans
*

to leave
to

Macedonia

them, either to prevail upon the in peace ; or, if they perallude, will be related in the be-

The

faft,
th<;

which thefe words

giaiiing of

next book.

fevered

4.14

^MILIUS, LICINlUS,

Confuls.

A.R.

584..

^.^gg ^*

fevered in the unjuft defign of making war upon him^ to confider them as the common enemies of all Kings.'* The Ambafladors aded openly, and without evafions

with Antiochus.

As to Eumenes, they covered their voyage with the pretext of ranfoming prifoners, and treated only in feThere had already cret concerning the real caufe of it. at different times, and in difbeen many conferences upon that had made that head, which ferent places, fufpe6ted by the much Romans. It was Prince very becaufe Eumenes deHred, that Perfeus bottom, at not might be victorious over the Romans the enormous
:

power which he would have had in confequence would have given him umbrage, and not a little inflamed
his jeaioufy.

Neither v/as he inclined to declare openly, or to declare war, againft him. But, believing that both parties were equally inclined to peace, Perfeus through fear of the misfortunes that might happen to him, and the Romans through difguft of a v/ar that had already been fpun out to a very great length his view was to be a mediator of this peace, and to fdi his mediation, or at leaft his inaftion and neutrality The price was already agreed upon, dear to Perfeus. which was a thoufand talents (about an hundred and fifty thoufand pounds) not to give the Romans any aid either by fea or land, and fifteen hundred talents (two hundred and twenty-five thoufand pounds) to prevail upon them to give Perfeus peace. The only difpute that remained, v/as about the time of payment. Perfeus was for liaying till the fervice was done, and in the mean time to depofite the money in the ifland of Sam.othracia. Eumenes did not think the fum thereby fufficiently fecured to him ; becaufe Samothracia was dependant upon Perfeus, and he infifted that part of the money ftiould be immediately paid

down.
Plut. in

for the

Smil
6o, a6i.

This broke up the treaty, which was neither honour of the one or the other. Perfeus failed alfo in another, Vv^hich would not have he:en lefs to his advantage. He had caufed a body of Gaulifh troops to march to his aid from the other fide of

JEMILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

41

of the Danube, confifting of ten thoufand horfe and ^j^- s^*as many foot, and he had agreed to give ten pieces of ,^g^ gold to each of the horfe, five to each foot foldier, and i^iv. xliv. Thefe Gauls were the ^ ^^' a thoufand to their General. fame, of whom we have fpoken already under the name of the BaftarnGc, a Gaulifh Colony fettled upon
'

the banks of the Boryftxhenes, now called the Nieper, This nation was not accuftomed either to till the ground, feed cattle, or to trade ; they lived by war, and fold their fervice to fuch States as would employ

them.
rived

When

he received advice, that they were ar'

upon the frontiers of his dominions, he went to meet them with half his troops, and gave orders, that the towns and villages, through which they were to pafs, Ihould have provifions prepared for them in abundance, as corn, wine and cattle. He had fome
prefents for the principal officers, as horfes, furniture,

arms, and veils. To this he added fome money, which was to be diftributed amongft a few. And as to the multitude, he believed that the hopes of fomething future would fufiice to attraft them. The King flopped near the river * Axius, and encamped there with
his troops.

He deputed Antigonus, one of the principal perfons of his court, to the Gauls, who were about five and twenty leagues from thence. Antigonus was furprized, when he faw men of extraordinary flature dexterous in all the exercifes of the body, expert in the ufe of arms, haughty and bold in exprefTions, and full of menaces and bravadoes. He dwelt much upon the orders his mailer had given for their good reception in all the places through which they Ihould pafs, and the prefents he had prepared for them he afterwards invited them to advance to a certain place, which he mentioned, and to fend their principal perfons to the The Gauls were not people to be paid with King. words. Clondicus the Chief and King of thefe flrangers, prpceeded direftly to the point, and alked whe:

* In Mygdcnia,

ther

41

/EMILIUS, LICINIUS,
s8+.

Confuls.

A.R.

Ant. c.

ther he had brought the money agreed upon. *' Go," faid he, pofitive anfv/er was given him ;

As no
"
tell

" your Prince, that till he fends the hoftages and " money agreed on, the Gauls fhall not ftir from " hence." The King on the return of his Deputy
-

He forefaw their opinions aflembled his council. as he was a much better guardian of his money, than of his kingdom, to cloak his avarice he expatiated very much upon the perfidy and ferocity of the Gauls, adding that it would be dangerous to fuffer fo great a multitude of them to enter Macedonia, from whom every thing was to be apprehended, and that Every five thoufand of their horfe would fuffice. body faw, that he was only in fear for his money, but no body ventured to contradift him. Antigonus returned to the Gauls, and told them, that his mailer had occafion for only five thoufand On thofe words a general murmur and rage horfe.
and
arofe againft Perfeus,

who had made them come

fo

Clondicus having again afked far to infult them. he brought money for the five whether Antigonus, thoufand horfe, as the latter fought evafions, and did not anfwer to the purpofe, the Gauls were in the higheft fury, and were very near falling upon him to cut him in pieces, which he himfelf very much appreHowever they refpefted the quality of Dehended. puty, and difmiffed him without any bad treatment. The Gauls fet out immediately, refumed their route to the Danube, and ravaged Thrace, which was on their way. Perfeus, with fo confiderable a reinforcement, might have given the Romans no fmall trouble. He might have made thefe Gauls enter Theffaly, where they might have plundered the flat country, and taken In confequence, by continuing the ftrongeft places. quiet near the river Enipeus, he would have made it impradlicable for the Romans either to have penetrated into Macedonia, of which hefhut up the entrance by his troops, or of fubfifting longer in the country, becaufe they could nor, as before, have had their 6

iEMILIUS, LICINIUS, Confuk

their

417
*

provifions from Theflaly, which would have A- R. 5S4.. been entirely laid wafte. Avarice, which was his "^g^ ruling paflion, prevented him from ufmg fo great an advantage. It alfo prevented him from the benefit he might have Liv. xllv. had from another alliance, upon which he ought to Zf* have fet a great value. PrefTed by the ftate of his af- Paul. 261, fairs, and the extreme danger that menaced him, he had at laft confented to give Gentius the three hundred talents he had afked above an year for raifing troops and fitting out a fleet. Pantauchus had negotiated this treaty for the King of Macedonia, and had began by advancing the lllyrian Prince ten talents (ten thoufand crowns) of the fum promifed him. Gentius made his Ambafiadors fet out, and with them trufty perfons to bring away the reft of the money. He alfo ordered them, when every thing fhould be terminated, to join the AmbafTadors of Perfeus, and to go with them to Rhodes, in order to induce that Republick to make an alliance with them. Pantauchus had reprefented to him, that if the Rhodians came in to it, Rome could not hold out againft the three powers vinited. Perfeus received thefe Ambafladors with all pofTible marks of diftinftion. After hoftages had been exchanged on both fides, and the ufual oaths taken, it only remained to deliver the two hundred and ninety talents. The Ambafladors and Agents of the lllyrian Prince repaired to Pella, where the money was told out to them, and put into chefts ; fealed with the feal of the Ambafladors in order to its being carried to IIlyricum. This feemed to make it fecure enough for Gentius. Perfeus had given fecret direftions to thofe, who were to carry it, to move flowly and by Ihort days journeys, and, when they fliould arrive on the frontiers of Macedonia, to ftop there and to wait his orders. During all this time, Pantauchus, vv^ho had remained at the court of Illyricum, prefixed the King very much to declare againft the Romans by fome a6t of hoftility. Gentius had already received ten talents by way of earneft, and having been advifed Vol. V. that E e.

41

JEUILIVS, LICINIUS,
upon

Confuls.

R. sH' that the whole funi was Ant. c. jf already in his coffers.
'
'

the road, he reckoned the repeated inftances

Upon

of Pantauchus, in violation of all rights human and divine, he imprifoned two Roman Ambaffadors, which were then at his court, under pretext that they were
fpies.

Liv. xiiv.

zi^'

had received the news of this ftep, and irretrievably embroiled with the Romans in effect, he made thofewho carried the three hundred talents return, congratulating himfelf lecretly upon the fuccefs of his perfidy, which had But he only kept it and laid it up faved his money. for the enemy, whereas he ought to have ufed it for defending himfelf againft, and conquering them. He ought to have knov/n that it was the maxim of Philip and Alexander, the moft illuflrious of his predeceflbrs, " That viftory fhould be purchafed with money, and " money not faved at the expence of vidlory." The Ambaffadors of Perfeus and Gentius being arThe derived at Rhodes, were highly well received. cree was imparted to them, by v/hich the Republick had refolvecl to employ its whole credit, and all its forces to oblige the two parties to make peace, and to de'clare againft that which fhould refufe to enter into an accommodation. At the beginning of the fpring, the Roman Generals had repaired to their refpeftive provinces the Conful to Macedonia, 06lavius to Oreum with the fleet, and Anicius to Illyricum. Xhe fuccefo of the la'l was as rapid as happy. He ^as to make vv^ar aga'nft Gentius. He terminated it, before Rome knew that it v/as began. It continued
as Perfeus

As foon

believing

him

fufficiently

only thirty days. As foon as he entered Illyricum, all the cities fubmitted to him v/ith the more eafe, as he treated the conquered with abundance of clemency and juftice. Gentius fliut himfelf up in Scodra, his capital and having made a fally without fuccefs, he loft courage, and came to throw himfelf at the feet of Anicius, imploring his mercy, and confefTing, with tears in his eyes, his fault, or rather phrenzy, in having
:

iEMlLIUS, LlClNiUS,
treated

Confuls.

'419

The Pr^eto!* A. R, 584. ing taken arms againft the Romans. him with humanity. His fir(t care was to take ^^^'^^' He fent one of the two Ambafladors out of prilbn. them, caHed Perperna, to Rome with the news of his vi6lory ; and fome few days after, caufed Gentius, his mother, wife, chiklren, brother, with the principal Lords of the country, to be carried thither. The li.jht of fuch ilkiftrious prifoners highly increafed the people's joy. Publick thankfgivings were made to the Gods, and great crowds of perfons of all ages and fexes wenc to the temples. Paulus i^milius did not remain inactive on his fide. Piut. in When he approached the eilemy, he 'found Perfeus P^ul.^m. advantageoufly incamped near the fea at the foot of ^j.' mount Olj^mpus, in places that feemed inaccefllble. He had the Enipeus before him, which might be forded, but its banks were very high ^ and on that which was on his fide, he had raifed good works with towers from fpacc to fpace, where he had planted baiiftas, and other machines to difcharge darts and ftones upon the enemy, if they ventured to approach them. Perfeus had fo fortified himfelf here, that he believed himfelf in abfolute fecurity, and was in hopes of wafting, and at length of difcouraging Paulus i^iimilius by length of time, and the difficulties he would have in fubfifting his troops, and maintaining his ground, in an enemy's country. He did not know what kind of an adverfary was fent Liv. xliv. againft him. Paulus ^Emilius was folcly intent upon ^l^^"^' preparing every thing for an a6lion, and continually mediated every kind of expedient for rendering all the enemy's precautions ineffedual. He began by
eftablifhing a itvld: and fevere difcipline in his army, which had been corrupted by the licentioufnefs in which it had been fuffered to live. He reformed many things, as well in refpeft to the manner in which the General's orders were to be diftributed in the army, as to the fentinels and guards. The foldiers had been accuftomed to criticize upon their General, to examine into all his adions, to prefcribe him his duty, and to

e 2

lay

420
A. R.
I

>EMILIUS, LICINIUS,
584.

ConRils.

Ant. C.

down what he was, and was not, to do. He fpoke to them with fheadinefs and dignity, as he had done at Rome to the citizens. He gave them to underftand, " that fuch difcourles ill became a foldier that he ought to be intent only upon three things, the care of \m body, to render it robuft and adlive of his arms, in order that they might always be clean and in good condition y and to have always provifions dreft, that he might be ready to march on the firft noThat as to the refl, he ought to rely upon the tice. goodnefs of the Immortal Gods, and the General's That as to him, he fhould omit nothing vigilance. that might be necefTary to give them occafion to that they had only to take care lliew their courage to do their duty well, when the fignal fhould be given them." When things are reafonable in themfelves, and are fpoke with an air of dignity and authority, they always make impreflion. It cannot be exprefled, hov/ much this difcourfe, though mixed with a kind of reprimand, pleafed and animated the troops. The old foldiers declared, that they had not learnt their duty till that day. wonderful change was foon perceived in the camp. No body was idle in it. The foldiers were feen fharpening their fwords, polifhing their helmets, cuiralTes and bucklers ; pradlifmg to move nimbly under arms, brandifliing their javelins, and handling their naked fwords ; in a word, breaking
lay
:
,

and inuring themfelves to all the military exercifes fo that it was eafy to judge, that on the firft occafion they fhould have of coming to blows with the enemy, they were determined to conquer or die. The camp was fituated very advantageoufly in all refpects, except the want of water, which was a great inconvenience to the army. Paulus ^milius, whofe prefence of mind extended to every thing, feeing mount Olympus before him very high, and covered with very branching green trees, judged from the number and quality of them, that there muft ne;

ceffarily

be fprings in the earth of that mountain, and

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confiils.

421
^- R- sH'
*

and gave orders to open the ground at the bottom, and to dig pits in the land. They had not dug far before ftreams of water appeared from feveral fources, at firft muddy in fmall quantity, but foon after very clear and abundant. This event, which was merely natural, w^as confidered by the foldiers, as a fmgular favour of the Gods, who had taken Paulus TEmilius under their prote6lion, which made him flill more the object of their affeflion and refpedt. When Perfeus faw what palTed in the Roman camp, the ardor of the foldiers, the pains they took, and the exercifes by which they were preparing for battle, he was not a little anxious, and plainly perceived, that he had no longer to do with a Licinius, an Hoftilius, or a Marcius, and that every thing was changed in the Roman army with the General. He redoubled his cares and attention on his fide, animated the folliiers, applied himfelf alfo in forming them by different exercifes, added new intrench ments to the old ones, and fpared no pains to cover his camp from infult.

"(^j^

In the mean time arrived the news of the victory gained over the Illyrians, and of the taking of the King with his whole family. This occafioned incredible joy in the Roman army, and an extreme ardor amongH the foldiers to fignalize themfelves in the fame manner on their fide. For it is common between two armies, that adt in different parts, for the one to be unwilling to e;ive place to the other in valour and glory. Perfeus at firft endeavoured to ftipprefs this news but the care he took to difguife it, ferved only to make it more publick and certain. The alarm fprcad univerfally amongft his troops, and made them dread a like
:

Liv. xllv.
34 35-

fate.

It

was
to

at this time,

that the

Rhodian AmbafTadors

Hji^], .,_

the fame propofal to Paulus /Emilius, which had excited fuch great indignation in the Senate at Rome. It is eafy to judge in what manner it was

came

make

Some, tranfported with rage, received in the camp. were for having them difmiffed with infult. The E e 2 Con.

42 2

JEMILIVS, LICINIUS,

Gonfuls.

A.R. 584.Gonful thought his contempt was better exprefled, by "^168.^' telling them coldly, that he would give them an anfwer in fifteen days. tiv. xHv. To fhew the little regard he had for the pacifick ^^' mediation of the Rhodians, he alTembled his council of war, to deliberate upon meafures for entering upon a(5tion. Some were for endeavouring to force the jntrenchments of the enemy upon the banks of the Enipeus they declared that the Macedonians, who had been driven the year before from higher and better fortified places, could not fuftain the charge of the Roman Legions. Others were of opinion, that 06lavius, with the fleets fhould go to Thcffalonica to ravage the fea-coaft, in order to oblige the King, by that diverfion, to withdraw part of his troops from the Enipeus for the defence of his country, and thereby leave fome pafs open. It is of great importance for an able and experienced General to be at liberty to ad according to the diftates of his own judgment.
:

Paulus ^milius had quite different views. He faw that the bank of the Enipeus, as well by its natural fituation, as the fortifications that had been added to it, was inacceffible, Befides which, he knew, not to mention the machines planted on all fides, that the enemy's troops were much more expert than his in difcharging javelins and arrows. To undertake forcing fuch impenetrable lines, had been to expofe the troops to Daughter ; and a good General fpares the blood of his foldiers, becaufe he confiders himfelf as their father, and believes he owes them the fame care 2is he does his children. He therefore lay ftill during fome days without

making
diers,

the leaft motion,

In

all.

other times the fol-

of ardour and impatience, would have murmured but Paulus iEmilius had taught them to acquiefce in his condu<ft. At length, in etfe6t of enquiring and gaining intelligence, he was informed by two Parrha^bian merchants, whofe prudence and fidelity were known to him, that there was a way which le4 to Pythium, a place fituated
full
:

upon

i^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
upon the top of mount Olympus
not of
difficult accefs,
,

Confuls.
that this

42^

way was
:

A. R.

584.'

^"^but that it was v/ell guarded Perfeus had fent a detachment of five thoufand men thither. Paulus ^milius conceived, that if this body of troops could be furprized by a fudden and unforefeen attack, it would perhaps be eafy to drive them out of that poft, and to feize it.

^*

queftion was to amufe the enemy, and conceal fent for the Prstor Odavius, and having opened himfelf to him, he ordered him to go to Heraclea with his fleet, and to take with him prohis defign.

The

He

enough for a thoufand men for ten days ; in order to make Perfeus believe, that his intent was to ravage the fea-coaft. At the lame time he made Scipio Nafica, the fon-in-law of Scipio Africanus, fet out with Fabius Maximus his Ion, then very young gave them a detachment of five thoufand chofen troops, and made them take their route for the fea towards Heraclea, as if they were to embark there, as had been propofed in the council of war. When they were arrived, Nafica imparted the orders he had received to the principal officers. As foon as it was night, they quitted the way towards the fea, and advanced without halting tov/ards Pythium over the rocks and mountains, conduced by the Parrhsebian guides. They had concerted to arrive there the third day, and to attack the fort towards the end of the
vifion
,

night.

to amufe the employ him in fuch a manner by prefent objeds, that he might have no thoughts of any thing elfe, the next day early in the morning detached

In the

mean time Paulus ^milius,

to

enemy, and

light-armed troops to attack the Macedonians, the entrance of the river, the declivity of whofe banks on each fide v/ere three hundred paces in depth from the top to the bottom, and the ftream was above a thoufand broad. It was in this fpace that the action pafTcd in view of the King and the Conful, *vho were each with their troops in the front of their
his

who guarded

camp.

The Conful

caufed the retreat to be founded

atour

424
A. R.
584..

about
^i^^s*

^^^^6i?'

iKMILIUS, LICINIUS, Confuls. noon. The lofs was very near equal on both The next day the battle began again in the
:

fame manner, and almoft at the fame hour but it was warmer, and continued longer. The Romans had not only to do with thofe, with whom they were engaged but fuftained a fhowcr of darts and ftones difcharged upon them by the enemy from the tops of
-,

the towers difpofed along the fhore. abundance more men this day, and
retire later.

The Conful
made
his

loft

troops
ftill,

The

third day Paulus iEmilius lay

and feemed
the
riut. in

to intend to attempt another paiTage nearer

iea,

Perfeus did not in the kaft fufpefl the dannight of the third day near
;

ger, that threatened Iiim.

Scipio arrived in the

Jbmil.

and he them during the remainder of the night. The Macedonian officers, who guarded the pals at Pythium, were fo negligent, that nobody perceived the approach of the Romans, Scipio, according to Polybius, found them aOeep, and had no difficulty to diflodge them from that poll. Moft of them were kilrefted

Pythium.

His troops were much fatigued

led the reft efcaped by flight, and carried terror into the camp.
:

FkiL, ibid.

Perfeus feized with dread, and apprehending that Romans, after having opened themfelves that paffage, would attack him in the rear, immediately decamped for his greater fecurity. He afterwards held a great council upon the meafures it was neceffary to take. The queftion was to know whether he ffiould Hop before the walls of Pydna, an adjacent and well fortihcd city, to try the event of a battle, or divide his troops into the places of ftrength, and expec5l the enemy there, who could not fubfift long in a country, vvhich he fnould take care to deflroy, and which could iupply neither forage for the horfcs, nor provifions for the men. This laft method had great inconvethe
niences, and argued a Prince reduced to the laft extremity, without either refource or hope ; not to mention the hatred, which the ravaging of the lands,

commanded and executed by

6

the

King

in

perfon,

would

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
would
excite againfl him.
officers reprefented to

Confuls.

425
*

Accordingly the principal ^-^-sH. ""^^ him, that his army was much i68. fuperior to that of the Romans , that the troops were relblved to do their duty well, being to defend their wives and children ; that being himfelf the witnefs of all their adions, and fighting at their head, they would behave with double vigour, and emulate each other in giving proofs of their valour. Thefe reafons re-animated the Prince. He retired under the walls of Pydna, eflablifhed his camp there, prepared to give battle, forgot nothing for his advantage that the iituation of places would afford, afligned each their po/?s, and gave all the necelTary orders, refolved to attack the Romans as foon as they fliould appear. In the mean time Paulus ^milius having joined Scipio's detachment, marched againft the enemy in order of battle, keeping always along the coafl of the
fea,

from whence the

Roman

fleet lent

him

provifi-

ons in fmall barks. When he came in view of the Macedonians, and had confidered the good difpofition of their army, and the number of their troops, he halted to confider upon v/hat he had to do. The place where Perfeus was incamped was an open level country, very proper for drawing up in battle a body of heavy-armed foot, as the phalanx was. On the right and left were fmall eminences, which being contiguous to each other, afforded a fecure retreat to the light-infantry and troops armed with milTive weapons, and gave them means to conceal

their motions, and to furround the enemy by attacking them on the flanks. It was now the hottefl part of the fummer, and near noon. The Roman troops had made a long march, in a way full of dufl:, and burnt up by the fun. Their heat and wearinefs were evident ; and at this time of the day, it was plain that both muft increafc. Paulus JEmilius refolved therefore, for ail thefe confiderations, not to bring them to blows with an enemy

entirely frefli

and repofed.

But

426
A.R.
584.

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
But the
defire

Confuls.

of

fiorhting;

was

fo

warm

in

both

ar-

,6g.

rni^s, that the Conful had no lefs difficulty to elude the ardor of his own foldiers, than to repel that of the

enemy. As they were not all drawn up in battle yet, he affeded to order the Tribunes to repair each to his He ran through the ranks, exhorting his troops poft. And at firft they demanded the to do their duty well. But infenfibly and in prolignal with great eagernefs. portion as the fun grew hotter, the air of their countenances appeared lefs animated, the tone of their voices grew fainter, and fome of them, already fatigued, even leaned upon their fhields and javelins. He
then openly commanded the Captains of the legions to mark out a camp, and to poft the baggage. The foldiers were rejoiced to find, that their General was not for leading them on to battle, tired and fatigued as they
were.

The
the
as

Conful had around him

his Lieutenants,

and

commanders of

the foreign troops, amongft

whom

who all approved his defign of fighting, ; they fuppofed-, for they did not yet know his thoughts. When they faw he had changed his opinion, Scipio, whole courage and they all remained filent. boldnefs were much increafed by his late fuccefs on mount Olympus, was the only one who ventured to He refpeak, and to make warm inftances to him. prefented, " that the Generals who had preceded him, had given the enemy by their delays occafion to efcape
was Attalus
out of their hands.

That

it

was to be feared, that

Perfeus v/ould fly in the night, and that they Ihould be obliged to purfue him with great pains and danger acrols the impenetrable defiles of the mountains of Macedonia, as had happened in the paft years. He therefore advifed him, whilft the enemy was in the open field, to attack him diredlly, and not to lofe fo fair an occafion

of defeating him."

" Formerly," replied the Conful to Nafica," " I " had the fame way of thinking as you have now, and " you will one day think as I do at prefent. I will !* give you the reafons for my condud at another
time
i

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
**

Confuls.

427

time ; till when, rely upon the prudence of an old A.R. 584. " General." The young officer faid no more, well "^^^g^* perfuaded that the Conful had good reafons for adting as he did. On faying this, he commanded, that the troops, who were at the head of the army in the view of the enemy, Ihould draw up in battle, and prefent a front They were difpofed, acas with defign to engage. cording to the cuftom of the Romans, in three lines. At the fame time the pioneers, covered by thofe troops,

were at work in forming a camp. As the workmen were very numerous, the intrenchments were foon tinifhed. The Conful then made his battalions file off gradually, beginning by the rear, which was next the workmen, and drew his whole army oif into his intrenchments without confufion, diforder, or its being in the enemy's power to prevent it. The King, on his fide, after having continued in order of battle during that day, made his troops alfo return into their camp, not omitting to obferve to them, that it was the enemy who had declined fighting. It * was an inviolable rule with the Romans, whether they were to ftay but one day or night in a place, to fhut themfelves up in a camp, and to fortify it well. They thereby avoided all infult, and prevented all furprize. The foldiers confidered this military abode as the intrenchments ferved them inftead of their city v/alls, and the tents for houfes. In cafe of a battle, if the army was defeated, the camp ferved it for a retreat and an afylum and if it was vidlorious, it found there a place of reft. When the Romans were fafe within their works, C, LW. xliv, Sulpicius Gailus, Tribune of the fecond legion, who ^had been Prsetor the year before, with the Conful's jEmii. permiffion, affembled the foldiers, and informed them,
:

* Majores veftri caftra munita poftum ad omnes cafus exercitus ducebant elfe Patria eft militaris hafc fedes, vallumque pro moenibus, Caftra & tentorium fuum cuique millti domus ac penates funt Liy. xliv. 39. f)iai yi^tori recepjaculuro^ viclo perfugium.

'

that

42 8
A. R. 584.
^"Jg^'

i^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
"
that the

Confuls.

fame night there would be an eclipfe of the the fecond hour of the night to the fourth, from moon they might not be terrified, as at a prothat order in digy, by a phenomenon which happened at certain periodical times, from caufes merely natural, and for which reafon, it was eafy to forefee and declare it beThat therefore, as they were not furprized forehand. at the rifmg and fetting of the fun and moon, becaufe both happened at certain known hours, no more than at the inequalities which they were accuftomed to fee in the difk of the moon, which was fometimes greater and fometimes lefs \ fo they ought not to confider the darkening of that ftar as a prodigious event, which was occafioned only by the fliadowof the earth that hid it from our fight." This eclipfe, which happened in the night upon the third or * fourth of Auguft, caufedSulpicius to be confidered by all the foldiers of the Roman army, as a man infpired by the Gods ; and filled the Macedonians with terror ; as if it had been a prognoftick of the ruin of the kingdom and of the whole nation. Nothing was heard in their camp but cries and howlthe moon recovered its ufual light. next day at fun-rife, Paulus ^milius, who was a very religious obferver of all the cerem.onies prefcribed in the facrifices, or who rather was very fuperftitiOus, applied himfelf in offering oxen to HerHe facrificed twenty, one after anotJier, withcules. out being able to find any favourable fign in thofe vidlims. At laft, in the one-and-twentieth, he imagined he faw one that promifed him vi(5lory, if he only a6led upon the defenfive, and did not attack. At the fame time he made a vow to facrifice an hundred oxen to that God, and to celebrate public games in honour of him. Having finiflied all thefe ceremonies of religion about nine in the mornino^, ^ he aiTembled the council
ing,
till

The

Liv. xliv.

^Plut.

The reader may

confult

Mr.

Crevicr's note 33

upon book

xliv.

of

livy.

of

of war. made of thought

^MILIUS, LICINIUS, Confuls. He had heard the complaints which

his
fit,

429
were A. R.
584.

flownefs in

attacking the enemy. He in this afTembly, to give an account of

to

"Jg^*

his condu6l, efpecially in refpe6l to Scipio,

whom
for not

he had promifed

it.

" His principal reafons

:

Firll, becaufe giving battle the night before, were the enemy's army was much fuperior in number to his own, which he had been obliged to weaken confiderably by the great detachment neceflary for guardIn the fecond place, would it have ing the baggage. confiited with prudence to have engaged troops quite frelli, with his who were exhaufted by a long and painful march, by the exceffive weight of their arms, by the fcorching heat of the fun, and by the thirft which gave them great torment ?" In the laft place, he ftrongly infilled upon the indifpenfible neceffity for a good General not to give battle, before he has a camp w^ell intrenched behind him, which in cafe of accident, may ferve as a retreat for the army. He concluded his difcourfe with bidding them prepare for a

fame day. here * fee the difference between the duty of foldiers and fubordinate officers, and that of a General.
battle the

We

have only to defire to fight and to a6l well but it is the General's part, who ought to forefee, weigh, and compare every thing, not to refolve without the moft mature deliberation. And often, by a wife delay of fome days, or even of fome "^ hours, he faves an army, which an inconfiderate ardour would have expofed to the danger of perifhing. Though both fides had refolved to give battle, it lw. xlJv. was however rather a kind of chance that brought +'4ithem to blows than the order of the Generals, who " were not in hafle to engage on either fide. Some Thracian foldiers charged fome Romans on their return from foraging. Seven hundred Ligurians ran to the aid of thofe foragers. The Macedonians made
firft

The

in battle

'

pugnandi convenire

* Divifa inter exercitum dacefqiie munia. Militibus cupidinem duces providendo, confultando, cunJtatioae liepius quum temeritate prodelTe. Tacit. Hilt, ili. 20.
:

fo

mp

430
A.R.5S4.

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.
;

fome troops advance to fuftain the Thracians and the ^68^* reinforcements fentto both fides continually augment^ ing, the battle at length became general.
It is a misfortune that we have loft the palTage, in which Polybius, and Livy after him, defcribed the This makes me incapable of order of this battle. giving ajuft idea of it ; what Plutarch fays of it being quite different from the little that remains of it in

Livy.

The

charge being given, the Macedonian phalanx

diftinguifhcd themfelves in a particular manner from Paulus i?milius then the reft of the King's troops.

advanced
nians,

to the front,

and found that the Macedo-

who formed

the front of the phalanx, thruft the

ends of their pikes into the fhields of his foldiers, fo that the latter, whatever efforts they made, could not reach them with their fwords ; and at the fame time he faw the whole front-line of the enemy had their Ihields joined together with their pikes prefented. This rampart of brafs and foreft of pikes impenetrable to his legions, filled him with aftoniftiment and He often fpoke afterwards of the impreffion dread. that terrible fight made upon him, fo as to give him But, not to difreafon to apprehend being defeated. courage his troops, he concealed his anxiety from them, and affuming a gay and ferene afpeft, rode through all the ranks without helmet or cuirafs, animating them by his words, and ftill more by his exThe General, above fixty years old, was ample. feen expofing himfelf to fatigue and danger like a

young

officer.

* Peligni, who had attacked the Macedonian phalanx, not being able to break it wi^h their utmoft efforts, one of their officers took the enfignof his company, and threw it into the midft of the enemy. The foldiers upon that fprung forwards like men in defpair Unheard to avoid the fhame of lofing their colours.

The

A people

of Italy, who, as

allies, furniflied

the

RomaBs with

troops.

of

iEMILIUS, LICINIUS,
of actions of valour
fides

Confuls.

43c

in confequence paffed on both A. r. js^, with dreadful flaughter. The Peligni endeavour- ^^;*^* ed to cut the pikes of the Macedonians with their fwords, to force them to give v/ay with their fhields, to pull them out of their order with their hands, and to thruft them afide in order to open themfeives an But the Macedonians keeping clofe order entrance. continually, and holding their pikes in both hands, prefented a rampart of iron, and gave fuch wounds to thofe who advanced upon them, as, penetrating their fhields and armour, laid the boideft of the Peligni dead at their feet, who ruflied on regardlefs of danger, like wild beafts, fpitting themfeives on their fpears, and precipitating upon a death which they faw before

their eyes.

put into began to (lacken aiid be difcouragedPaulus yEmilius faw with extreme grief, that his firft troops had given way, and that the Rodiforder,

The whole

front-line being in confequence

the fecond

mans did not dare

ed a
order
terrible front
:

to attack the phalanx.

It prefent-

covered with long pikes in clofe

and there feemed no means poffible either for But at length the inequality breaking or opening it. of the ground, and the great extent of the front of battle, not permitting the enemy to continue this front of fhields and pikes everywhere, Paulus ^milius obferved, ti)iat the phalanx of the Macedonians was forced to leave openings and fpaces, and that it remained backv/ards on one fide, whilft it advanced on the other. The Conful, like an able General that obferved every thing, and who knew how to improve
the occafion the inftant
it

arofe,

into fmall parties, ordered

them

to

dividing his troops throw themfeives

into the void fpaces in the enemy's line of battle,

to attack

and

them no longer

in a

body

in front,

but by

detached troops, and at diiTerent places all at once. This order, given fo opportunely, occafioned the gaining of the battle. The Romans at firft threw themfeives into the fpaces, and thereby made the enemy incapable of ufing their long pikes. They took them
in

4^2
A.R.
584* in

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
flank

Confuls.

"^afis^*

and rear where they were uncovered. The was immediately broke, and its whole llrength, which confifted folely in its union, and the effort it made in a body, vanifhed and was no more. When they came to fight hand to hand, or in leperate platoons, the Macedonians with their little fwords gave but weak Itrokes upon the fhields of the Romans, which were ftrong and folid, and covered them and on the contrary, they almoft from head to foot oppofed only fmall bucklers to the fwords of the Romans, which were heavy and ftrong, and handled with fuch force and impetuofity, that they never difcharged a ftroke, that did not pierce, and break bucklers and armour in pieces, and make the blood appear.
phalanx
:

The phalanx being thus taken at difadvantage, refifted but weakly, and were at laft entirely broke and put to
the rout.
fear,

of Macedonia abandoning himfelf to his had rode off full fpeed from the beginning of the battle, and retired into the city of Pydna, under pretext of facrificing to Hercules as if, fays Plutarch, Hercules was a God to receive the abje6i; facrifices of cowards, and to hear impious vows :.for it is notjuft that he, who dares not face an enemy, fliould gain a whereas that God received the prayers of vidlory Paulus iEmilius favourably, becaufe he implored vi6lory fword in hand, and made himfelf worthy of it by fighting valiantly. It was in attacking the phalanx, that the greatefl effort was made, and from which the Romans found mofl refiftance. And it was there alfo, that Cato's fon, the fon-in-law of Paulus iEmilius, after having performed prodigies of valour, unfortunately loll his fword, which had (lipt out of his hand. On this accident, out of his fenfes and inconlblable, he ran through the ranks, and drawing together a body of bold and determinate young perlbns, he feil with the utmoft impetuofity, and in a manner defperate, upon the Macedonians. After extraordinary efforts and an horrible fiauglucrj he puflied them, and remained
: :

The King

mailer

iEMIIJUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

43^

mailer of the ground, when himfelf and his followers A.R.584. fought for his fword, which was not found at laft jcs. without great difficulty, under heaps of arms and dead Tranfported with this good fortune, and bodies. raifing cries of victory, they threw themfelves with new ardour upon fuch of the enemy as maintained their ground ; fo that at length a body of three thoufand chofen Macedonians who were the flower of the nation for ftrength and courage, was entirely cut to pieces, without one of them quitting their rank, or
ceaflno- to fight to their laft breath.

After the defeat of this body all the reft fled, .and number of them were killed, that the whole plain, to the foot of the mountain, was covered with their bodies. It is faid, that on the fide of the Macedonians above five and twenty thoufand perifhed the Romans loft only an hundred men. (This feems very improbable and perhaps tliere may have been fome error in the cyphers.) They took eleven or twelve thoufand priibners. The cavalry, who had not ated in the battle, feeing the defeat of the foot, had retired, and the Romans, in their fury againft the troops of the phalanx, had no thoughts ?.t that time of purfuing them. This great battle was decided in fo fhort a time, that it began about three in the afternoon, and viftory declared for the Romans before four. The reft of the day was pafTed in purftiing thofe who fled, which was done fo far, that the troops did not return till late in the night. Ail the ferNiants of the army ran out to meet their mafters with great cries of joy, and lighted them with torches to their tents, where they had made illuminations, and covered them v/ith *
fo great a
:
-,

.feftoons of ivy

and crowns of lawrel. But in the midft of this joy, the General was extreme afflidion. Of the two fons which he had

in Uv.
in tf\
Jriiit.

xllv.

* This was the aiftoni of the Romans. C?efar obferves in the third book of the Civil War, that in Pompey's camp he found the tents of Lentulus and fome others covered with ivy. L. etiam Lentuli 6c nonnullorurn rabernacula prote5la hedera.

Vol. V.

this

434
A.R.
^"fis^*

^MI'LIUS, LICINIUS,
584. this battle,

Confuls,

the youngeft, who was but feventeen years ^^ ^S^' ^"^ whom he loved the moft tenderly, becaufe he even then gave great hopes of his future It was apprehended that he was merit, was miffing. The camp was in a general alarm, and killed. changed their cries of joy into a mournful filence. He was fought for amongft the dead with torches, At laft, when it was late in the but ineffectually. night, and every body defpaired of finding him, he returned from the purfuit, accompanied only by two of his companions, covered with the blood of the enemy. Paulus i^milius thought to have found him amongft the dead, and did not tafte the joy of his vicHe was referved for other tory till that moment. The young Roman, tears and loiTes no lefs fenfible. of whom we are fpeaking, was the fecond Scipio, who was afterwards firnamed Africanus and Numantintis, He had for having ruined Carthage and Numantia. fon The the of Scipio Africanus. been adopted by made diftinctioii three couriers of Conful immediately fct our, (Fabius his eldeft fon was orie of them) to arry the news of this vi6lory.

SECT.
V he

IV.

Perfeus jlks from Pella to AmphipoUs^ aud from thence into the ijland of Samotlracia. 'The Conful marches in that Prince. letter PcrfeUi^s to Paulus jEmifi'vfuit (f
lius.

Roman feet
is
hivii to

anchors at Samothracia.
cited before the judges.
killed.

drr of Crete

aaujcd and
he

EvanThe
y

King caufes
iind
is

betrayed by Oroandes.

He contrives He fur renders

to efcape

himfelf td

05favius,

who

caufes

him

to be carried to the Conful.

paulus Mmilius recei"jes him and fpeaks mildly to him. Difcourfe of Paulus ALmilius to the young Romans. End Fate of cf the zvar and of the kingdom of Macedonia. that kingdom. News of the vi^ory of Paulus jEmilius brought to Rome. Commiffwners appointed for Macedonia and Illyricum.

Regulations in refpe^ to thofe two

new

J^MiLIUS, LICINIUS,
new
conqtiefts.

Confuls.

435
EpirWy

Anicius^ after having reduced

returns into Il<yricum.

Promulgatwn of the new rigulaPaulus jEmilius

vifiis the

tions concerning Illyricum.

cities

He returns into Macedonia. 'He fettUs of Greece. the affairs of that -province in concert ijoilh the comToung Scipio exercifes himfelf in hunting. tnifftoners.
Paulus An:ilius gives magnificent games at A'inphipoUs. His noble difinterefiednefs. Epirus plundered. Paulus jEmilius arrives at Rome^ and after him Anicius and The Senate decrees them a triumph. 'The Oolavius.
fcldiers

of Paulus AEmilius, at the infiigation of Galba, Speech of Servilius combine to prevent his triumph. triumph is granted in favour oj Paulus Mmilius.

him with unanimous confent. He lofes two of his fons, the 07te before and the other after his triumph. His Pe-Zfcus is kept under a guard fpeech to the People. 'Triumphs of O^avius and with his fon Alexander. Cotys is The Anicius. fet at liberty. fon of

no time. Cbn-A.R.5?4. from Pydna, he arrived in the '^^g, Alarmed by the almoft general denight at Pella. fertion of his officers and courtiers, he did not think himfelf fafe there, and fet out the fame night for Amphipolis, carrying with him the greateft part of his
after his defeat, loft
'

iERSEUS,

liing his flight

treafures.

When

he arrived there,

to Paulus
fion to

^milius with a Caduceus,

he fent Deputies to afk permif*

make propofals to him. From Amphipoiis he went to the ifland of Samothracia, and took refuge in the temple of Caftor and Pollux. All the cities of Macedonia opened their gates to the viftor, and made

their fubmiffion.

The Conful having fet out from Pydna, arrived the uv. xHv. next day at Pella, the happy fituation of which he ad-4^mired. The King's treafures had been kept in this ^'* city \ but only the three hundred talents were then found there, (three hundred thoufand crowns) which Perfeus had caufed to fet out for Gentius King of lUyricutn, and afterwards to be brought back. Paulus iEmilius being informed that Perfeus was in Ff 2 Samothracia,

436
A- R.
5S4.
"

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,

Conllils.

168.

Samothracia, repaired to Amphipolis, to go from He advanced into the Odothence to that iQand. mantic country, beyond Strymon, and incamped at
* Sires.*

Liv. xlv.
*'

He there received a letter from Perfeus, which was prefented to him by three Deputies of no confiderable birih and condition. He could not help fhedding tears on reflecting upon the inconftancy of human things, of which the prefent ftate of Perfeus, compared with what it had been juft before, gave him a
:But, when he faw the letter words, " King Perfeus to the " Conful Paulus 7m.iiius, health ;" the ftupidity of that Prince in refpC(5b to his condition, fays Livy, ftifled all fenfe of compaffion in him ; and, though the tiile of the letter was humble and fuppliant, and ill fuited the royal dignity, he difmiffed the Deputies without giving them an anfwer. What haughtinefs Republicans, thefe proud in this manner in who had an inftant degrade and depcfe an unfortunate King Perfeus then perceived v>^hat title he was from thenceHe wrote a fecond letter, in which forth to forget. Pie defired, he only ufed his name without quality. that Commiffioners might be fent to him, with whom he might treat which was granted. This negotiation was ineffedlual, becaufe Perfeus on one fide would not depart from his title of King, and Paulus i^milius on the other infifced, that he Ihould fubmit entirely to the difcretion of the Roman Pecnle. During this time, the Prsetor Oftavius, who commanded the fleet, had landed at Samothracia. He did not take Perfeus by force from that afylum cut of relpedk for the Gods who prefided there ; but he endeavoured by promifes and threats to induce him ta quit the temple and furrender himfelf to the Romans. His endeavours were inefi^eftual. young Roman (called Atilius) either of his own head, or in concert with the Praetor, took another

very fenfible example.

was inlcribed

in thefe

ib.d,

5.

* An obilure and C-douia.

unknown

city

at the wefteru

extremity of Ma-

method

437 method for drawing the King out of his afylum. A.R. 5S4. Having entered the affembly of the Samothracians, "^"J'g*^* which was then held, he faid to them, " Is it with or
is faid to be whole extent to be facred *' and inviolable r" Every body having declared the " Why therefore," continued he, ifland to be facred " is an homicide, contaminated with the blood of " King Eumenes, fuffered to violate fo auguft and " facred an abode ? and whilft all the ceremonies of " religion are begun, by excluding from them thofe " whole hands are not pure, how can you fuffer your " temple itfelf to be defiled and profaned by the pre" fence of an infamous murtherer ?" This accufation regarded Evander, who, as every body knew, had been the inftrument in the aiTafTmation of Eumenes. The Samothracians in confequence declared to the King, that Evander was accufed of affaflination that, according to the eftablifned laws of their afylum, he fliould juftify himfelf before the judges ; or, if he was afraid to do fo, that he fnould provide for his fecurity, and quit the temple. The King having fent for Evander, advifed him in the flrongeft terms not to fubmit to fuch a fentence. He had reafon to give him this counfel, apprehending that he would declare, it was by his order he had attempted this afTalTmation. Accordingly he gave him to underftand, that he had nothing left to chufe, but to die by his own hands. Evander feemed to comply, and declaring that he chofe rather to ufe poifon than the fword for that effedl, he was foiely intent upon making his efcape by The King being apprized of this, and fearfiight. ing that the Samothracians would turn their wrath againft him, as having faved the criminal from the punifhment he deferved, he caufed him to be killed. This v.c;o p;oianing the afylum with a new crime,: but he corrupted the principal magiftrate witl:i great prefcncs of money, who declared in the Alferably, that JEvander had killed himfelf. ^' *'

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

without foundation, that your ifland

its

holy, and throughout

f 3

The

438
A. R- 584"^"68^*
Liv. xlv.
^^
.

^IVriLIUS, LICINIUS, Confuls.

The

PrjBtor not having been able to perfuade Per-

^mil.

afylum, was reduced to deprive hio"^ of all means of embarkins; and flying. However, notwithllanding all his precautions, Perfeus fecretly gained one Oroandes of Crete, who had a merchant-fhip, aiid perfuaded him to take him on board with all his they amounted to two thoufand talents, (that riches But, is, to about three hundred thoufand pounds.) fufpicious as he was, he did not difpoffefs himfelf of every thing, and fent only part of them, referving The Cretan, the reft to be carried along with him. according:; to the knavifn and deceitful character of his nation, embarked in the evening all the gold and filver fent to him, and let Perfeus know, that he had only to come to the port at midnight with his children, and the people abfolutely neceflary to his
feus' to quit his
:

fervice.

Liv xliv
6, 7.

Plut.

time for the embarkation drawing nigh, Perthrough a very narrow window, crofied a garden, and went off through The reft a ruined houfe with his wife and children. of his treafure followed him. But what was his grief and defpair, when he was informed that Oroandes, with his rich freight, was already put to fea It was necefTary thathefhould return to his afylum with PhiHe confided his other children to lip his eideft fon. the care of Jon of ThefTalonica, who had been his favorite, and who betrayed him in his adverfity. For he gave them up to Oclavius \ which was the principal caufe that induced Perfeus to furrender himfelf tq thofe who had his children in their hands. -^^ ^" ^^ Oftavius was mafter of the King's perfon, he made him embark, in order to fend him to tj^e Conful, to whom he had before given advice of it. ^milius confidering this event with reafon as a fecond vidlory, immediately offered a facrifice to the Gods ; and having aftembled the council, after having caufed Oftavius's letters to be read in it, he fent Q^ ^lius Tubero, his fon-in-law, to meet the King, ordering all the reft to continue with him in his tent, and to
feus, with infinite difficulty, crept
!

The

wait;

JEMILIUS, LICINIUS,
wait his comino; there.

Confuls.
fight

439
A. R.
"

draw more Syphax, many years before, had people together. been brought prifoner to the Roman camp. BiU befides his not being comparable to Perfeus either in his own perfon, or the dignity of his nation he was then only an afTociate in the war of Carthage, as Gentius was whereas Perieus was the prinin that of Macedonia cipal in the prefent war, and was not only highly important in his own perfon, but by the remembrance of his father, grandfather, and the many other Kings whom he reckoned either amongft his anceftors or predeceffors, amongft whom Philip and Alexander, who had fubjeded the univerfe to the Macedonians, made the

Never did

5V

j^s

greateft figure.
in black robes, at-Liv.xliv. could not move forwards 7' ^* for the great crowd that preffed to fee him, and (lopped the way, till the Conful fent his Liftors to clear it and open him a palfage to his tent. Paulus ^milius rofe up, and ordering every body elfe to continue fitting, he advanced fome fteps to meet him, and offered him his hand. That Prince was for throwing himfelf at the feet of the vidlor, and for embracing his knees ; but the Conful would not fuffer it, and raifing him up, made him fit down oppofite to thofe who formed the aiTembly. He began by afking him, " what caufe of difcontent had induced him to undertake a war againft the Roman People, that expofed himfelf and his kingdom to inevitable ruin." As, inilead of the anfwer which every body expeded, the King kept his eyes upon the ground, and fhed tears without fpeaking, Paulus iEmilius continued as follows ''If you had afcended " the throne in your early youth, I Ihould be lefs fur*' prized at your having been ignorant of v/hat weight *' it was to have the Romaxi People for your friends *' or enemies. But having had part yourfelf in the '* war which your father made againft us, and re*' membring the treatyof peace, with v^rhich it was 1' followed, and of which we have on our fide ob-

Perfeus arrived

in the

camp,

tended only by

his fon.

He

['

ferved

440
A.R.
5S4.

JEMILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

^i^6s^'

" fei"ved the conditions with the utmoft ftridnefs " ^"^^^ could you chule rather to be at war than at " peace with a people, whofe valour in the one and " fidelity in the other you had experienced ?" Perfeus making no more anfwer to this reproach, than to the " In whatfoever manner," refumed the firfl queftion " thefe things may have happened, either Conful, " througherror, to which every man is liable, through
:

*'

"
*'

L5v. xlv.
^"'lat

The confequence will realon to be pleafed." Ihew what we are to think of this foothing promife. He fpoke this in Greek to Perfeus then turning towards the Romans, and refuming the Latin tongue " You fee," faid he to them, " a great example of
;
:

" " " " have

chance, or the inevitable decrees of fate, take couThe clemency with Vv^hich the Roman Peorage. pie have a6ted in refpecl to many Kings and States, ought to infpire you, I do not fay only with fome hope, but an almoft afTured confidence, that they will treat you in a manner with which you will

*'
*'
-

the inconilancy of
to you,

human

things.

It

is

principally

young

v/arriors, that 1 direft this difcourfe.

uncertainty of what may happen to us from " day today ought to teach us not to behave with " pride or violence to any one whatfoever in profpe^' rity, and not to rely ^too much upon our prelent *' good fortune. The proof of true merit and true " courage is, neither to be too elate in good, nor too
'' much dejected in bad, fortune." Paulus iEmilius having difmilTed the afiembly, gave Tubero the care of tlie King's perfon. He made him fup with him that day, and gave orders that he fliould be treated with all the honours his prefent flate would admit. He af-

" The

Liv.
5'

xi\'.

terwards diftributed his troops into winter-quarters, the to Amphipolis, and the reft into the neighbourino; cities. Thus terminated the war between the Romans and Perfeus, after having continued four years and thus ended a kingdom, which had rendered itfeif fo famous both in Europe and Aha. Perfeus had reigned eleven
greateft part
:

vears.

yEMILIUS, LICINIUS,
years.

Confuls.

441

He was reckoned

the * thirty-ninth
coft

Caranns,
nia.

who was the lirft that So important a conqueil:

King from A-R- 584. had reigned in Macedo- '^"Jg^*

Paulus iEmilius
Liv. xlV.
9'

but
till

fifteen days.

The kingdom of Macedonia had

been very obfcure

the time of Philip the fon of Amyntas. Under that Prince, and by his great exploits, it made confi-

derable acquifitions, however not beyond the bounds it took in part of Thrace and Illyricum, of Europe
:

and acquired a kind of dominion over Greece. The fame kingdom afterwards extended into Afia ; and during the thirteen years of Alexander's reign, it fubje6led all the provinces, that formed the vaft empire of the Perfians, and extended itfelf on one fide as far as Arabia, and on the other to India, which were then confidered as the extremities of the world. This empire, the greatefl of the earth, being divided or rather
torn into different

kingdoms

after

Alexander's death
their part

by

his fucceffors,

who each ufurped

of

it,

Macedonia during fomething more than an hundred and fifty years, till it was entirely fubverted by the arms of the Romans. And thus ended the fo much boafted exploits of that famous conqueror, the terror and admiration of the univerfe, or, more properly fpeaking, the example of the moil vain and franfubfiited in

ambition that ever was. Paulus i^milius, immediately after the battle, in which Perfeus had been defeated, had fent Deputies to Rome to carry thither the news of his vidiory. Long before their arrival, and only the fourth day after the battle, whilft games were celebrating in the Circus, a rumour had fpread, that a battle had been fought in Macedonia, and that Perfeus had been deThis news occafioned an univerfal clapping feated. of hands with cries of vidory throughout the Circus. But, when the magiftrates, upon flricfl enquiry, had found that this report had neither author nor foundatic
>

* Livy, as we have him, fays the twentieth. But there midoubtedly muil be a fault in the cypher, The chronicle of Eufebius fays the thirty-ninth.

tion,

^42
A.R.
584. tion,

JELIVS, JUNIUS,
this falfe
it

Confuls.

^^^'" hind

and fhort-lived joy ceafed, and left beonly a tacit hope, that it was the prefage of a victory either already gained, or which foon would be Co. The arrival of the Deputies fome days after made Rome eafy. They brought advice, that Perfeus had been entirely defeated, that he was flying, and that he The people's joy then, Ould not elcape the vidbor. which had been fufpended hitherto, now broke out immoderately. The Deputies read a circumftantial account of the battle, firft in the Senate, and afterwards Publick thankfgivin the AfTembly of the People. ings and facriEces were decreed, and all the temples were immediately filled with perfons of all ages and
thither to thank the Gods for the glowhich they had vouchfafed to grant the Commonwealth. Some time after news was brought of Perfeus's being taken ; which raifed the publickjoy to the higheft pitch. New thankfgivings and facrifices were decreed.
fexes,

who went

rious vi6lory

A.R.

5S5.

Ant. C.
167.

O. ^- ^LIUS P^TUS.

M. Junius Pennus.
Not
return.
to interrupt
I

Paulus iEmilius,
Liv. xtv.
^7>

what relates to Macedonia, and omit fome fadls to which I fhall

iS.

After the election of the new Confuls at Rome, command of the armies in Macedonia was continued to Paulus ^milius, and in Illyricum to Lucius Anicius ten commilTioners were then appointed to regulate the affairs of Macedonia, and five for thole of Illyricum ; the whole to be tranfadled in concert with the Generals. Though the perfons chofen for this commifilon were fuch, whofe prudence might be fafely relied upon, it was believed, that the importance of the affair required, that it Ihould be maturely difcuffed in the Senate, in order that the plan mighc be laid down for the Generals, and that they might have no more to do than to put the lail hand to it.
the
:

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
It

Confuls.

443

was previoufly to all other things decreed, " that A.r.jSs* ^' the Macedonians and lUyrians fhould remain free, in ^'^5* nations, to all that the end of order to make known the Roman arms was not to enflave free people, but fo that fome might alto deliver them from flavery the proteflion of the liberty under their ways retain the government of under others, and name ; Roman Kings, might be treated by them with greater moderation and equity, out of confideration for the Romans or that, if war Ihould ever arife between fuch Kings and the Roman People, the nations might know, that the event of thole wars would be viftory to the Romans, and liberty to them."
,

" The Senate alfo abolifhed the duties upon the mines, and revenues of certain countries becaufe thofe taxes could only be levied by the miniftration of tax-farmers, commonly called Publicans j and wherever thofe farmers were fettled, one thing of two If they were commanded to necelTarily happened. treat the people with lenity, thofe taxes were reduced almoft to nothing if they were permitted to ufe rigor and feverities, that was either to licence or command the oppreiTion and ruin of the people. The Macedonians themfelves might have been impowered but it was judged, that the handling to levy them of the publick money always inriching thofe who had it, it would be an occafion of envy and difcord between them, and continual matter of fedition. Therefore the befl method feemed abfolutely and for ever to fupprefs them. They decreed that there fhould be no general coun: : :

of the whole nation in Macedonia, left the infolent multitude Ihould make the liberty the Senate gave them, degenerate into a pernicious licentioufnefs, which liberty could not be falutary, but whilft ufed with moderation.' Macedonia fhould therefore be divided into four regions, of which each fhould have its particular council, and fhould pay half the taxes, ufually paid the Kings, to the Romans." And indeed, this partition of a State into four parts very
cil

much

444
A.R.
585.

JELIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

"^"h

^"

power, and feems a confequence, and equitable, of that great principle of government, " Divide and reign," Di-

much weakened
but on

its

this occafion wife

vide
Liv.xlv.
tt.6.

Q impera.

for Illyricum fet out firft, and The Propraetor Anirepaired thither immediately. cius had entered Epirus with part oi' his .rmy. That

Thofe appointed

country, as we have related above, had embraced the and it was now to be fubje6led to party of Perfeus The city of Phanotum furrendered firft the Romans. to the Romans, and moft of the reft did the fame. That of Paliaron at firft refufed to open its gates. Two of the principal citizens of that place, who in concert with Cephalus had made the whole nation take arms againft the Romans, rightly perceiving, that they had no pardon to hope, in order to bury themfelves in the ruins of their country, perftiaded the inhabitants to make head againft Anicius, exhorting them to prefer death to flaveiy. Nobody dared
:

to open their mouth againft two men, whofe power was abfolute. Theodotus, a young citizen of illuftrious birth and rank, had the courage to fpeak in oppofition to them, not fearing them io much 'as the Romans. " What phrenzy has feized you," faid he to his countrymen, " and induces you to involve fo ** many innocent perfons in the puniftiment of two
*' *' *'

criminals ? I have often heard of private perfons, v/ho have died generoufiy for their country ; thele two are the only men to this day, who have be-

" lieved, that their country ought to perifli for them, " and with themx. Let us rather open our gates to " the Romans, and fubmit to a power, to whom the " whole univerfe is fubjefted," The two authors of the revolt feeing that the multitude followed this young
citizen, attacked the neareft poft of the enemy, and prefenting themfelves to their fwords, found the death they fought. The city immiCdiately furrendered to the Romans. Cephalus in that of Tecmcn acted al-

moft

in the

thofe I have juft mentioned

fame manner, and had the fame fate with after which the Romans
:

met

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

4^5
'

met with no farther refiftance. Anicius having re-^-R-s^s* Ant C duced Epirus, and put his troops into winter-quar^^^^ ters in the moft commodious places, returned into
Illyricum.

He there found -the commiffioners of Rome atLiv. Scodra, the capital of the country, who communi-*^* After Anicius had cated to him the Senate's orders. he called an alTembly them, of the Illyriconfulted ans, and having afcended his tribunal, he declared, that the Senate and People of Rome granted the IIlyrians liberty, and that the garrifons fhould evacuate all the cities and citadels of the country as foon as poffibie. As to lome countries, which before and after the war had declared for the Romans, to their liberty was added an exemption from all taxes the reft were dilcharged from half they before paid to King Gentius. Illyricum was divided into three regions or parts, each of which had its peculiar pubAfter having eftabliihlick council and magiftrates. ed this form of government there, he returned to his winter-quarters at Paffaron in Epirus. Before the commiffioners for Macedonia arrived Liv.
:

xlv.

xlv,

^milius, who was at leifure, refolved, pf%^^' during the autumn, to vifit the moft famous cities JEniiL of Greece, and to fee with his own eyes things of which all the world talked without knowing them. Having left the command of the camp to Sulpicius Gallus, he fet out with a very fmall train, accompanied by his fon young Scipio, and Athenaeus brother of
there, Paulus

King Eumenes.

He
mous
which

croffed Theflalia to

go

to Delphi, the

oracle of
this

the univerfe.
ftatues,
iilled,

The

moft famultitude and

riches of the

prefents,

vafes, tripods, with

him extremely. there offered a facrifice to Apollo. On feeing a great fquare pillar of white ftone, on which a golden ftatue of Perleus was to be placed, he ordered his
temple was
furprized

He

own

to be fet

upon

it,

faying,

" That the vanquilhed

" ought

to give place to the vidors.'*

At

446
A.R.
585.

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
At Lebadea he favv named Trophonius, and
which

Confuls.

"^167.^

the temple of Jupiter, firthe entrance of the cave^ into thoie defcended who confulted that oracle.

offered a facrifice to Jupiter and to the goddeft Hercynna. She was believed to be the daughter of Trophonius, At Chalcis, he had the curiofity to fee the Euripus, and all that is faid of the ebbing and flowins; of the fea, which are much more frequent here than any where elfe, and entirely irregular. From thence he went to the city of Aulis, from which port in former times fet out the famous fleet of Agamemnon. He vifited the temple of Diana, upon whofe altar that King of Kings facrificed hia daughter Iphigenia, to obtam an happy voyage from

He

that goddefs.

After having palTed through Oropus into Attica, where the prophet Amphilochus was honoured as a God, he repaired to Athens, a city famous for its antient grandeur, which prefented to his view abundance of objeds capable of exciting and gratifying his curiofity, the citadel, the ports, the wails which
joined the port Pirseus to the city, the arfenal', the monuments of great Captains and laftly, the flatues
-,

of Gods and heroes, in which the workmanlhip far excelled the riches and variety of the materials. He did not forget to offer a facrifice to Minerva, the tutelar goddefs of the citadel. Whilft Paulus iEmilius was in this city, he afked the Athenians for an excellent philofopher to compleat the education of his children, and a fKilful painter to defign the ornaments of his triumph. They immediately call their eyes upon Metrodorus, who excelled We fee here what both in phiiofophy and painting. attention the great men of antiquity had to the education of their children. The fens of that Roman General had taken the robe of manhood, as the youngeft, afterwards known by the name of the fecond Sci-

He pio Africanus, v^as then feventeen years old. notv/ithftanding thinks of placing a philofopher with thtm,

'

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls,

447.
the A. R.
585,
"^'.^

them, capable of forming both their minds for fciences, and their hearts for moral virtue, which of all fludies is the m.ofl important, and however the mod neglected. Paulus JEmilius, after having found in the perfon of Metrodorus the trecfure he fought, quitted Athens well fatisfied. He arrived in two days at Corinth. The citadel and Ifthmus afforded him a curious fight The citadel of prodigious height, and abounding with waters fupplied by an infinite number of fprings ; the IfthmAis, which by a very narrow trad: of land feparated two adjacent feas, the one on the weft, and the otiier on
:

-j

the

eaft.

Sicyon and Argos, two very illuftrious cities, were the next on his way then Epidaurus, lefs opulent than the two others, but well known from the famous temple of iEfculapius, where there then was an infinite number of rich prefents, offered by difeafed perfons in gratitude for cures they imagined they had received
,

from

that

God.

Sparta was not diftinguifhed by the magnificence of its buildings, but the wifdom of its laws, cuftoms, and
difcipline.

Having paffed through Megalopolis, he arrived at Olympia. He there faw abundance of things worthy of admiration ; but when he caft his eyes upon the ftatue of Jupiter, (which was the mafterpiece of Phidias) he was as highly ftruck with it, fays Livy, as if he had feen that God himfelf Jcvem velutl pr^fentem intuensy -motus animo efij and he cried out, " this * Ju'' piter of Phidias is the very Jupiter of Homer." Accordingly full of veneration, as if he had been in the Capitol, he offered a more folemn facrifice here than any where t\(G. When he had thus made the tour of Greece, without inquiring what each place had thought in relpecc to Perfeus, to avoid leaving the allies under any anxi:

To
is

have

fo well exprelfed the idea

j

praife of Fhidi.is

God,

much

of Homer, is highly for the but to have fo well conceived all the niajefty of the inore for Homer's,

448
A. R.
^^l'
585.

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
ety,
^'

Confuls.

he returned to Demetrias. He had met a body of iEtolians on his v/ay, who came to inform him of an horrid violence committed upon the principal perHe ordered them to meet him fons of their nation. Being informed, that the ten comat Amphipolis. miflioners had already pafied the fea, he quitted all his other affairs, and went to meet them at Apollonia, He was only one day's journey from Amphipolis, very much furprized to meet Perfeus there, whom his guards fuffered to go from place to place with great liberty ; for which he afterwards warmly reproached Sulpicius to whcfe care he had confided the keeping of that important prifoner. He then put him into the hands of Podumius, as well as his fon Philip, with orAs to his daughter and feders to guard him better. cond fon, he caufed them to be brought from Samothracia to Amphipolis, where he ordered all the care to be taken of them that fuited their birth and condition.

Liv. xllv.
Pi'ut^"

When the day arrived, on which he" had ordered ten of the principal citizens to attend him at Amphipolis, with all the publick regifters wherefoever depofited, and all the King's money, he placed himfelf on his And tribunal in the midft of the ten commiffioners. though the multitude of the Macedonians around them, had been accuftomed to the fplendor of their Kings, the Liclor, who kept off the crowd, the Herald

who cited

Officers v/ith their rods and axes, all objefts

their eyes

perfons before the magiftrate, and the new to

and ears, and capable of intimidating not only conquered enemies, but even allies of the Commonwealth, flruck them with furprize and terror. Paulus iEmilius having caufed filence to be made, repeated in Latin what the Senate, and himfelf with the ten comand miiTioners had regulated in refpect to Macedonia the Prstor Oftavius who v/as prefent explained the
:

Vv^hole to

the affembly in the

The

principal articles were

Greek tongue. " That the Macedoni:

ans ihould be free, fhould retain their cities, lands, and laws, and create new magiftrates everv year.

That

JELIUS, JUNIUS,
That they
lliould
:

Confuls.

449

pay the Romans half the taxes theyA. R. 585, ''^^'' ^' had paid their Kings (Plutarch makes this moiety 167, amount to an hundred talents, that is, an hundred That Macedonia fhould from thoufand crowns.) thenceforth be divided into four regions, or cantons, each of which Ihould have its own council, wherein all affairs Hiould be finally determined. The capital cities, where the affemblies of each canton v/ere to be held, were for the firfl Amphipolis, for the fecond ThefTalonica, for the third Pella, and for the fourth Pelagonia. It was in thefe four cities, the people of each government had orders to affemble by their deputies, carry in their taxes, and ele(5l their magiflrates. None were allowed to contrach marriages, or buy lands They were prohior houfes, out of their own diftrift. bited to work- in the mines either of gold or filver ; only thofe of brafs and iron were abandoned to their induftry ; and thofe who employed themfelves in them were taxed only half what they ufually paid the King. They were alfo prohibited to ufe foreign fait, and either to cut themfelves, or fuffer others to cut,

wood

proper for building fhips. The diftricfls, bordering upon barbarous nations, (as all were except the third were permitted to keep {landing troops upon their
frontiers."

Thefe regulations, which were prbmulged

afTembly,

in full

made

different imprelTions

upon

the hearers.

of liberty and that of the diminution of gave the Macedonians, who little expefled them, extreme pleafure. But they confidered the partition of Macedonia into different regions, which were no longer to have any commerce with each other, as tearing a body in pieces by feparating its members, which only live and fubfift by their mutual aid and fupporc ef each other. The Proconful afterwards gave the ^tolians the l;^^, audience he had promifed them. I fhall fpeak of its^elfewhere. After an interval which was paffed in other affairs, a fecond general afTembly of the Macedonians was held, to kt the new government on foot. Vol. V G g A?
article

The

taxes,

^i^^

45
A. R. 585. At this "^"g ^' fons of

JELIUS, JUNIUS,
Macedonia,

Confuls.

time he canfed the names of the principal perwhom it had been refolved to remove to Italy, with fuch of their children, as were above fifteen years old, to be publickly read. This
order,

which

at

firft

feemed rigorous and

cruel,

was

afterwards acknowledged to be neceffary to the liberty of the people. * For none were named in this lift except the great Lords, Generals of armies. Captains of fhips, with all who had exercifed offices, ov been employed in embaflies, in a word, all the officers,
confiderabie or
not,

make

their court fervilely to the

others with pride

who had been accuftomed to King, and to command and inlblence. In this number were

included the very rich and powerful perfons of themfelves ; and others, who being much inferior to them

and fortune, affefted to equal, and even exboth living alin luxury and expence moft like Kings as to their tables and equipages. Such kind of men would not eafily have been reduced to lead a quite different hfe, in which Hberty makes all the citizens equal, and every body without diftinftion is alike fubjeft to the laws. All thefe had orders to quit Macedonia, and go to Italy upon pain of death. The regulations made by Paulus JEmilius for Macedonia, were fo wife, and fo judicioufly concerted, that they feemed intended not for enemies conquered by force of arms, but for faithful allies, with whom there was entire realbn to be fatisiied ; and ufe, which alone proves what may have been weak and defedlive in laws, during a long feries of years, found nothing to corred in thefe inftituted by this wife main birth

ceed,

them

giftrate.
Polyb. in
p:xcerpt.

Whilft Paulus j^milius was employed in thefe important cares, Scipio his fon, whom age did not yet
* Nominati funt enim Regis amici purpuratique, duces exercituum, praefedi iiavium, aut prstlidioram ; fervire Rcgi humiliter, alijs iiiperbe imperare affueti pra:divitcs alii, alii quos foituna non equarent, his fumptibus pares Regius omnibus viftus vellitufque nuUi Liv. civilis animus, neque legum ncque Ubertatis asquse patiens.
: : :

per-

'

451 permit to Ihare in them, amufed himfclf in the exer- A.r. 585. ^' "5* cife of hunting, of which he was very fond. Macedonia fupplied him abundantly with what was neceflary
becaiife hunting, which gratify his inclination was the ufual diverfion of its Kings, having been fufpended for fome years on account of the war, game of Paulus iEmilius, inall kinds abounded very much tent upon procuring his fon innocent pleafures, to divert him from fuch as reafon forbade, gave him entire liberty to take that of hunting during the whole time

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

to

Roman troops remained in the country, after The young the vidtory he had gained over Perfeus.
that the

Roman employed

his leifure in this exercife fo fuitable

lefs fuccefs in this innocent war, which he declared againft the beaits of Macedonia, than his father had had in that he had made againft the inhabitants of the country. Paulus iEmilius himfelf made games and fhews fuc- ? Jut. m ^ ceed his ferious occupations, for which he had been long preparing, and to which he had taken care to Liv. xlv. invite all the moft confiderable perfons in the cities 5^* of Afia and Greece. He made magnificent facrifices to the Gods, and gave fuperb feafts, finding in abundance wherewith to fupply fuch great expences in the King's treafures, but only in himfelf the good order and fine tafte that prevailed in them. For, having fo many thoufands of people to receive, he fhewed fb juft a difcernment and fo exaft a knowledge of what was due to them all, that every one was lodged, placed, and treated according to his rank and merit, and there was not one who had not reafon to be fatisiied with his politenefs and humanity. The Greeks could not fufficiently admire that even in Games a thing unknown before amongft the Romans, he. fhould introduce fo much exaflnefs and difcernment ; and that a man, employed in the greateft affairs, fhould not neg-

to his age, and he had no

decorum in fmall ones. all the fpoils, which he did not think fit to carry to Rome, to be piled up together, bows, quivers, arrows, javelins, in a word arms of all kinds,
le6t the leaft

He had

caufed

an<^

452
Vi^5^5-

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

^'jl'jf'

and had ranged them in form of trophies. With a torch in his hand he fet hre to them firft himfelf, and the
principal officers after lum. next expofed to the view of the fpeflators, on an

He

higher place, prepared for that purpofe, all that was richeft and moll magnificent in the booty he had taken in Macedonia, and which was to be carried to Rome: rich moveables, fcatues and paintings, executed by the greateft mafters, vafes of gold, filver, brafs, and ivoiy, which in magnificence furpafled all that had ever been feen of the kind, even in the palace of Alexander.

But the greateft fatisfa6l"ion Paulus ^imilius received from this magnificence, and which moft foothed his felf-love, was to fee, in the midft of fo many curious things, and fights capable of attracting the eye, that nothing appeared fo wonderful and fo worthy of And when attention and admiration, as himfelf. fome exprefiTed their iurprize at the fine order that appeared at his table, he faid * pleafantly, that the ffime genius which v/as necefiary in drawing up an army, v/as alfo necefiary in difpofing a feaft the one for rendering an army formidable to an enemy, and the other for making an entertainment agreeable to the
,

guefts.

His

difinterefiiednefs

and magnanimity were no

lefs

For he praifed than his magnificence and politenefs. did not fo much as fee all the gold and filver found
and which amounted to very it to be put into the hands of the Qii?Efi:ors, in order to be laid up. He only fuffered his fons, who loved ftudy, to keep the books of Perfeus's library. The young Lords of thofe times, and thofe who were intended one day to command armies, did not exprefs contempt for ftudy, nor believe it either unworthy of their birth, or ufelefs in the profefiion of arms.
in the King's

treafury,

great funis, but he caufed

Y'MC,

Vulgo dicliim ipfius ferebnnt, ivr conviviiim inftruere ejuldem elle qui vincere bello Iciret. Liv.

Sc

ludos

pa--

Paulus

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
lour,

Confuls.

453

Paulus ^milius, in diftributing the rewards of va^'^\'^^l^^' gave only a filver cup of five pounds weight to ,67. his fon-in-law Tubero. It was the fame Tubero, who, with fixteen perfons of his family, lived on a fmall piece of land, which fufficed for their fubfiftance and fupport. This cup was the firft piece of palate that and it was itill necefentered the houfe of the .^lii fary, that virtue and honour fnould introduce it into that little poor family, worthy indeed of being called the palace and temple of poverty. If Paulus JEmilius, when mafter of the immenfe treafures of Perfeus, had converted a part of them to inrich himfelf, could it be alio faid, that virtue and honour had introduced thofe riches into his houfe ? He was far from fo fliameful and infamous a proceeding. I call it fo after Cicero, who declares, * that avarice is the moil fhameful of all vices, efpecially in thofe who are charged with the government of a State and that to make fo noble an employment the means of gain, is not only the moft infamous, but the vileft and moft criminal of all things. He had faid before, fpeaking of Perfeus, that nothing had entered that General's houfe, except the immortal glory of his virtue. / hk nihil domum fuam frater memoriam nominis femfitcrnam de-,

-,

tulit.

When Paulus ^Emilius had made all the rich fpoils Liv. of Perfeus embark in order to be carried to P^ome, in hthe charge of Cn. 06tavius, and had regulated all the affairs of Macedonia, he took his leave of the Greeks, and after having exhorted the Macedonians not to abufe the liberty v/hich the P.omans had granted them, and to preferve it by good government and unity, he fet out for Epirus, with a decree of the Senate, which ordered him to let his foldiers plunder all the cities of that country, that had revolted againft the Romans, and efpoufed the King's party. He had alfo
* Nullum vitium tetrlus quam avaritia, prssfertim in principibus rempublicam gubernantibus. Habere eniin quxftui rempublicaiii,
}\on

xlv.

modo

turpe

eft,

fed fceleratum etiam

&

nefarium.

OfF.c. II. 77.

f^qt

^54

JELIVS, JUNIUS,
^'

Confuls.

R. sSs-fent Scipio

'^"g"

Nafica and Fabius his fon with part of his the country of the Illyrians, which had ravage troops to Prince. that aided When the Roman General arrived in Epirus, he thought it necelTary to a(5t with caution in executing his commiiTion, that his defign might not be forefeen.

He fent officers into all the cities, under pretext of withdrawing the garrifons, in order that the people of Epirus might enjoy liberty as well as the MacedoniAnd this is called prudence At the fame time ans. he fignified to ten of the principal citizens of each city, that on a day fixed they fliould bring all the gold and filver that were in the houfes and temples into and he diftributed his cohorts the publick places into all the cities, in order to feize thofe fums, and to guard them fafely. On the day fixed, the gold and filver was brought early in the morning into the places, and delivered to the Roman officers, and at ten of the clock, the fignal having been given, all the reft was plundered by the foldiers. An hundred After and fifty thoufand men were made flaves. having plundered to the number of feventy cities, the walls of them were demolilhed. All the fpoils were fold, and out of the fum, to which they amounted, each foot foldier had about five pounds, (two hundred denarii^ and each of the horfe ten. This violent execution fliews, that the Romans knew the maxims of
!
,

conquerors, cruel

when they

are to eftablifh their fway,

which is fafe in being afterwards made fupportable by the wifdom and lenity of their government. After Paulus i5]!milius, contrary to his difpofition, Vv'hich was mild and humane, had cauied this decree to be executed, he marched towards the fea to the city ot Oricum, made his whole army embark, and repaired into Italy. Some days after, Anicius having affembled the reft of the Epirot3 and Acarnanians, or^ dered the principal perfons of them, whofe fentence was referved for the judgment of the Senate, to follow

him

into Italy.

Paulus

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

455
*

Paulus iEmilius being arrived at the mouth of the A.R. 5S5. Tiber, went up that river in the galley of King Per^^'^^ feus, which was of fixteen benches of oars, and in Liv. xiv. which were difplayed, not only the arms taken, but 3^* the rich ftufFs and the fine purple carpets found amongft tl^ plunder. All the citizens went out to meet this galley, accompanied it in crowds along the Ihore, and leemed to anticipate the honours of a triumph, which the Proconful had fo well deferved. Some days after arrived Anicius and O^avius with the fleet. The Senate decreed them all three triumphs, and ordered C. CafTius to engage the Tribunes of the People in the name of the Senate to propofe the law, or ufual decree in the like cafes, to impower thofe Generals to retain the title of command for the day they fhould enter the city in triumph. * Envy commonly negleds inferior merit, and aims Liv. ibid. its venom at that which is o-reateft and mofb diftin- 35>^i^' guifhed. Anicius and 06lavius found no obitacle to their triumphs Paulus iEmilius, to whom they would have been afhamed to compare themfelves, was the only one oppofed. That General had made his fol-diers obferve the fevere difcipline of the antient Romans. The part of the plunder which he had promifed them was infinitely fhort of their expectations ; and if he had fully fatisfied their avidity, he muft have abandoned all the King's treafures to them. The army of Macedonia in confequence v/as difpofed to exprefs little zeal for their General in the affembly which was upon the point of being held for pafTmg the law. But Servius Galba, as a Tribune of the fe* cond legion, and who was perfonally the enemy of Paulus jJEmilius, had prejudiced his legion againft him, and by their means engaged the whole army to be prefent in the affembly, and to be revenged of a cruel and avaricious General, in rejecting the law propofed for his triumph. Pie called the (triftnefs, with Paulus which ^milius had caufed the difcipline to
:

* Intafta invidia media funt

ad fumma ferme tendit,

g 4

be

456

i^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

A-R-s^s-be obferved, cruelty-, and his care in preferving the ^'^5!^* riches of the conquered country for the publick trea-r
fury, avarice.

Such difcourfes however made a great upon the foldiers and their difcontent, which arofe. from their infatiable avidity, injured the excellent qualities of their General, to whom howimpreffion
:

ever they were

felves,

all forced to do juftice within themby acknowledging the fuperiority of his merit

in every refpeft.

On the day of the alTembly, as a triumph was upon the point of being decreed him unanimoufly, Galba feeing that nobody offered to oppofe a law, which did not feem to admit any diflicuky, came forwards, and
faid

that particulars having a right

to fpeak for on
affair

againft

Laws

propofed, he demanded, that the

might be deferred till next day, becaufe it was already pail two in the afternoon, and the four remaining hours did not fuffice for deducing all the reafcns he had to alThe ledge againft the triumph of Paulus ^milius. Tribunes having ordered him to fpeak immediately, if he had any thing to fay, he began a long difcourfe the end full of injurious expreffions and reproaches cf which was to animate and incenfe the foldiers, by
-,

exaggerating the cruelty of the Generals in refpedl to them, and giving them to underfland, that if all of them in concert rejefted the law, they would teach the great perfons of Rome by that firmnefs of behaviour to treat the troops with lefs rigor than they did. In this manner he took up the reft of the day. The next day, the foldiers came in fo great a number to the aficmbly, it was almoft im.poftible for the other citizens to enter it to give their fuffrages. The firft Tribes abfolutcly rejefted the propofal of the triumph. The Senators upon that, highly enraged, that Paulus TEmiHus fliould be denied an honour, which he had fo well deferved, and alarmicd befides

by

a confpiracy, which was upon the point of fubjedjng the Generals to the foldiers, and of rendering them the victims of their licentioufnefs and avarice,
a great noife
in

made

the affembly.

After the tu-

mult

JEUUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

457
'

mult had been appeafed, M. Serviliiis, who had been A-R-fSS" Conliil, and had killed three and twenty enemies, "5^^ who had challenged him, in fmgle combat, defired the Tribunes to begin the deliberation again, and to permit him to fpeak to the people. This being granted, he explained himfelf to the following effed:. " Romans, it feems to me, that we may now more ^i^^ xlv. " than ever know the great ability of Paulus ^milius 373?" in the art of war, fmce having an army to command ^^^jj^" " fo inclined to licentioufnefs and revolt, he has known " how to keep it within the bounds of duty, and to " perform with it fuch great and glorious adlions. But " what I cannot conceive, is, that after having expreft " fo lively and univerfal a joy, and even paid thankf" givings to the Gods on only the news of the vidory " gained in Macedonia, now that this viftory is in a " manner fet before your eyes, by the prefence of the " General, to whom you are indebted for it, you appear " indifferent, and inclined to refufe the fame Gods the " honours and acknowledgment you owe them, for fo

"

diftinguifhed a protection.

" Could one have believed,

that there

was a

fingle

" perfon at Rome, that could diflike triumphing over " the Macedonians, and that the perfons Ihould be the " very foldiers of Paulus j^milius, who fought to ob" fcure the glory of their viftory. But what com" plaints then do they make of their General ^ He has " obliged us, fay they, to guard our polls with extreme " feverity. He has made our fentinels and rounds do " their duty with more rigour than any of thofe who " commanded before him. He has exacted from us " more afliduity in fatigues, than had been required " before, being every where in perfon, and affording *' us no relaxation. And laftly, having it in his power
" "
by the fpoils he took, he has chofe rather keep the King's treafures to adorn his triumph, *' and to caufe them afterwards to be carried into the " publick treafury. You would be afhamed, foldiers, " to exprefs yourfelves in thele terms. Thefe however <^ are the only reproaches you can make your General, " and
to inrich us
to

458

MELIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

A.R- 5^5' " and the only reafons you have to oppofe the honour " Rome is for granting him. '^^I'f'' J.67. " But do not deceive yourfelves, foldiers. It is not
'
'

'

'

'

Paulus i^milius that your refufal will hurt. A trican add nothing to his glory, univerfally acknowledged as it is, and confirmed by fo many noIt is the Roman People themfelves, ble exploits. it is the whole Commonwealth, you injure. You mufl: not imagine, that a triumph is a particular, a It is an honour common to the private ceremony. whole nation. Have the many triumphs over the Gauls, Spaniards, Carthaginians, rendered only the Generals illuftrious who conquered thofe nations ? Has not the greateft part of their glory been refleded upon the Roman name. " Can there be a more delightfiii fpeftacle, than to fee a confiderable number of Generals of armies, great Lords, and Perfeus himfelf with his children, Perfeus, the moil illuftrious and moft opulent King of Europe, all laden with chains, walk before the chariot, and almoft under the feet of the triumpher?

umph

And
'

this

is

the delightful fcene, the fhining glory,

all

of which a malignant envy labours to deprive

'

Rome. " Inftead of thefe honours, you

'

'

'

' ' '

' '

are preparing fhame and infamy for the Roman People, which will for ever fully their renown, in caufing them to be confidered as enemies to true merit. And at the fame time you do an irreparable injury to the Commonwealth. For what Roman will endeavour to imitate Scipio, or Paulus -^^milius, in a city which repays the moft important fervices of its Generals only with

ingratitude

.''

" But
'
'
'

'

:'

'

in the wrong, foldiers, to impute to of you fentiments fo remote from your character,' and the conduft you have hitherto obferved. So black and criminal a confpiracy can only be the effeft of the hatred and phrenzy of fome particulars, the perfonal enemies of Paulus i^milius. The fuffrages you are this inftant going to give, and which
I

am

all

"

I afllire

JELIUS, JUNIUS,
*'

Confuls.

459

I aflure myfelf cannot but be in his favour, will fully a.r. 585, " juftify you." ^J^-^fThis difcourfe made fuch an imprefllon upon the Liv. xlv. foldiery, that upon the tribes being called upon again 39* to vote, they unanimoufly decreed Paulus i^milius a Triumph. The merit of this General having thus prevailed over the malice and jealoufy of his enemies, he triumphed over Perfeus and the Macedonians during three days fucceffively. The triumph of which we are fpeaking far ex-piut. ceeded all which had hitherto been feen at Rome, ei- Liv. xlv. ther for the greatnefs of the conquered King, the''""* number and excellence of the ftatues and paintings expofed to view in this fhew, or the immenfe fums carried into the publick treafury. [A circumftantial defcription of this pomp may be feen in the little tra<ft upon Triumphs.] Thefe fums were fo confiderable, that the citizens paid no more taxes till the time of Hirtius and Panfa, who were Confuls the year after C^far's death. It is eafy to conceive how much the fight of fo powerful a King as Perfeus, reduced to fo humbled a Hate, accompanied by the Queen his wife, and followed by his children bathed in tears, muft have excited the compafTion of the fpedtators. That Prince had defired Paulus ^milius not to exhibit him for a fhow to the Roman People, and to fpare him the indignity of being led in triumph. Paulus iEmilius anfwered coldly r *' The favour he afks of me, is in his own power he *' can grant it to himfelf." What he intended by thefe words wants no interpretation. When the pomp arrived at the foot of the Capitol, the prifoners were carried, according to cuftom, to the publick prifons. Paulus ^milius gave an hundred denarii to each foot foldier (about fifty (hillings) twice as much to the
,

Centurions, and thrice to the horfe. For the reft, Perfeus, laden with chains and led Liv. ibid, through the city before the chariot of the vi6lor, was Plut. in ^^^not the only one, who ifi thofe days afforded a great

example

46o
A- R.
5S5.

MELIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls..

'^"L ^*

example of the incorxfvancy of jiun^an things. Paiilus iEmilius, in the midft of his triumph, all glitterii^g
with gold and purple, gave alio a proof of it, no lefs Of the four fons which he had, the fad and affefting. two by his firft wife, Fabius and Scipio, had been adopted into two other families. Of the two others, whom he had by his fecond wife, and kept in his houfe to be the heirs of his name, fortunes, and glory the youngeft died at twelve years of age, five days' before his triumph, and the other, who was fourteen, was taken off three days afterwards. Every body was fenfibly touched v/ith the afflidion of that unfortunate father, whofe fucceffes and joy were mixed with fo affeding a lofs and fo cruel a fubjeft of grief. After fome days, he repaired to the alTembly of the People, to give an account of his fervices, according to the ufual cuftom, and made a fpeech worthy of a " Though my triumph and the funetrue Roman. " rals of my children, which have ferved alternately " as fights for you, cannot have fuffered you to be ig" norant either of the good fuccefs of my Confullhip, *' or the fad fate of a family twice ftruck from heaven *' in fo fhort a fpace permit me, however, Romans, ; ' to relate to you in fev/ words the happinefs of the *' Commonwealth, and the misfortune of my houfe. " Having fet out from Brundufium, at fun-rife, I ar" rived three hours after at Corcyra with my whole " fleet. Five days after I offered a facrifice to Apollo *' at Delphi for myfelf and my armies, by land and fea. " From Delphi I arrived in five days more at the " camp, took upon myfelf the command of the army, *' and, after having reformed fome abufes which were
*'

LIv. xiv.

^}-

" of
*'

a great obftacle to fuccefs, I advanced within fight the enemy. But finding that it was neither pof-

" " " " "

King in his intrenchments, nor to bring him to a battle, I feized the fort and defiles of Pythium^, notwithftanding the troops which
fible to force the

guarded them

marched down by

that

means into
it,

the plain, forced Perfeus to a battle, gained

re-

dyced

his

whole kingdom into fubjcdlion

to the

Ro-

ma ti

MELIUS, JUNIUS,
.

Confuls.
fif-

4^1
A- ^- s^sjVy/*

" man People

''

and

laflly,

terminated a war in
years,

teen

days, which had lubfifted three

and

" which
^'

the preceding Confuls had conduced in fiich a manner, that the lail always tranfmitted it to his

luccefTor more dimcDlt and dangerous than it was " when he came to the command. The fucceeding " events have been no lefs fortunate. All the cities " that had been fubjeiSi: to Perfeus furrendered, I feized
*'
*'

"

all

the treafures of that Prince.

I afterv/ards

made

"
*'

"
*'

" "
*'
*'

him prifoner in the temple of Samothracia, where the Gods feem to have pur him into my hands, with It was at this time, judging myfeif, his children. v/as too favourable to me, I began to fortune that I was afraid, that Pliq appreliend her inconftancy. would lay fome fnare for me at fea, when I fhould have embarked to carry the rich fpoils of Macedonia
with

my

victorious

army

to Italy

for

it is

at fea

that fortune feems to exercife her fway v/ith

entirely at a

" power. But our voyage was " treafures and my troops arrived
*^'

moft good the good port in

:

There feemed nothing farther for me to afk Italy. " of the Gods. Hov/ever, being perfuaded that it is

" often after her moft fignal favours, that fortune " talies pleafure in evidencing her malignity, I im" plored of the Gods, that they would let fall the " ills, which fuch great profperity feemed to denounce, " rather upon me than upon the Commonwealth. " * At prefent therefore the funerals of my children, *' as if to deride human profperity, having happened " before and after my triumph, I have room to hope " that fo diftinguiilied a difaftcr in my family has ac" quitted the Commonwealth in the fight of the Gods,
and leaves it nothing fartiher to fear on their part. " Perfeus and myfeif have been equally fpeftacles to " mankind, to inftru6l all mortals, how little they " ought to rely upon their prefent felicity. There is
*'
efie fortunam publicam mea tarn infigni calaquod triumphus meus, velut ad hidibrium cafuum huxnaaorum, duobus fimeribus liberorum nieorum eft interpofitus. Liv.

* Itaque defunflam
;

niitate fpero

'

" how-

462
A. R. 585.

iELIUS, JUNIUS,
however
tj

Confuls.

a great difference between us.

^^
l^g

Am.

Reduced

c.

"
*'
*'

children into captivity, he has ken them dragged before him in triumph but afterwards he has the confblation to fee them alive and
^^
:

^^^

well.
feus, a

And for me, who

ftill

have triumphed over PerI

*'
'^

more unfortunate father than him,

" went from

*'

the funeral of one of

my fons

in

my

cha-

"
*'

" "
" " "

riot to afcend to the Capitol, and defcended from thence almoft only to fee the other expire before my eyes. Thus, of four fons with whom I was furrounded, not one remains that bears my name, the two firft having paiTed by adoption into other But your good fortune, and the publick families.
felicity,

confole me for my loffes, and the Iblitude which my houfe is now reduced." This difcourfe, full of force and conftancy, touched the hearers more, than if he had endeavoured to move their compafTion by deploring his misfortune in a plaintive and mournto
ful tone.
Liv. xlv.

JJ-

However fenfible P, TEmilius might be to the misfortunes of Perleus, he could do nothing more for him, than to caufe him to be removed from the publick prifon into a

more commodious

place.

He was

carried

by

order of the Senate to Alba, where he was guarded and fupplied v/ith money, moveables, and perfons to ferve Moft authors fay, that he deftroyed himfelf by him, abftaining from food. He had reigned eleven years. Macedonia was not reduced into a province till fome
years after.

Of the
and

three children of Perfeus, two, his daughter

who was called Philip, and who was only his fon by adoption, and his brother by birth, His youngeft fon, called Alexandid not live long. der, by a fate Hill more unhappy than captivity and death itfelf, was reduced to work with his own hands and afterwards, as he had for the means of life learnt the Latin tongue, he became a regifter under What 3 fall was the magiftrates of the city of Alba. this for tlie fon pf the greateft King upon earth, and
eldeit fon,
:

what

iELIUS, JUNIUS,
pride!

Confuls.

46
A-^-

:>

wlmt example can be more capable of humbling human

s^S'

^l"^;^-

Cn. Oftavius and Plur. ibid. and "^^^ ^'^' to the other, for the conqueft oflllyricum. In this laft triumph. King Gentius was led before the vigor's cliariot with his wife, children, brother, and many of the principal perfons of his nation. Cotys, King of Thrace, fent to demand his fon, who had been imprifoned after having been led in triumph. He excufed himfelf for his attachment to the interefls of Perfeus, and offered a confiderable ranfom for the young Prince. The Senate, without accepting his excufes, replied, that having more regard to his former fervices than his recent fault, they returned him his fon, without accepting a ranfom. That the Roman People did not fell their'favours, and chofe rather to leave the value of them in the hearts, and to the gratitude of thofe they obliged, than to require a price that would difhonour them.
alfo granted to
firfl,

Triumphs were

L. Anicius:

to the

for the fuccefles at fea

THE

4^4

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
^HIS
THE

TWENTY-SIXTH.

book contains more than the fpace of one and twenty years. It includes principally a feries of affairs which arofe from the war of the Romans with Perfeus, the beginnings of the fecond Scipio Africanus, the third Punic war, and the deftruftion of Corinth.

SECT.
cf iheir

I.

JlmhaJJadors fent hy the Senate into Egypt.

They go cut

In conjequence of their difcoiirfe all ivho had declared for Perfeus againft the Romans are -put to death. Haughtinefs of Popilius : Anto

way

Rhodes.

Retuni of the Amhafjadors Rome. Emhafpes cf the Kings of Syria and Egypt to Rcme. Mafgaba^ fon of Mofm'.ffa^ comes Ambaf He is received there very horioiirahly. fador to Rcme. tlomurs paid to his brother Mifagenes. The Freedmen are all reduced into a fingle Tribe. Embajfy of Attains He hearkens to the wife remonflrar.ces of to Rome. Stralius his phyfician. The Rhcdians are ill received at Rcme. Harangue of their Ambaffadors. Cato declares in favour cf the Rhodians. The Senate's anfwer^ The alliance of Rome is at length granted to the Rhcto

fwer of King Jnticckus.

dians.

iEMILIUS, LICINIUS,
dians.
lus JEmiiiUS.

Confuls.

4^5

Lamentable complaints of the Mlolians to Pau^ The credit They do }tot obtain jujiice. and infoknce of the partifms of Rome increafe extremely, The Achaians^ XJnjuft and cruel policy of the Romans. fufpc5lcd of having favoured Perfeus, are fent to Rome^ The Achaihanifhed^ and dtfperfed into different cities. in ions to Rome favour of the ans fend fever at d^ put at
exiles,

but always ineffeSlually.

to their

The

exiles

are at

lajl

Great friendfhip befent home Meannefs of tween Scipio the younger and Polybius.
country.

own

foul of Prufias.

End

of Livfs

hijlory,

the preceding book we have IN Evergetes and Cleopatra

feen, that

Ptolemy

a. r, 584,

being vigor- Ant. c. cully attacked by Antiochus the Illuftrious, King of ^5^^/^^^^^ Syria, had fent AmbafTadors to the Romans to implore 19. their aid. The Senate, moved with the extreme dan- ^"IjJ'* * ger in which Egypt was, and befides convinced, that **" ^ it was not for the intereft of Rome to fuffer Antiochus to aggrandize himfelf fo much, refolved to C. Popilfend an embafly to put an end to the war. lius Lsenas, C. Decimius, and C. Hoililius, were charged with this important affair. They were inftruded to go firft to Antiochus, and afterwards to
his filler,
*

Ptolomy
:

to declare

to

them from the Senate, that

they muft fufpend all hoftilities, and put an end to the war and that, if either of the two refufed, the Roman People would no longer confider him as their
ally.

Knowing

that the

danger was urgent, three

days after the refolution taken in the Senate, they fet out from Rome with the AmbafTadors of Egypt. After having ftopt fome time in the ifland of Delos, When they arrived at the they refumed their route. port of Lorima in Caria, oppofite to Rhodes, the principal peribns of the Rhodians came to them, and
earneilly defired

liv. xlv, !

them

to

come

to

Rhodes

reprefent-

it v/as important for the fafety and honour of their Republick, that they fhould know from theififelves what had been done hitherto, and what ftill actually pafied at P.hodes, in order that they

ing to them, that

Vol. V.

might

466
A.R.
584.

i^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
might inform the Senate of
it,

Confuls.

^^68*^'

in refpeft to the falfe reports,

and undeceive them which might have been

fpread againft the Rhodians at

fadors long refufed to ftop
:

Rome.

The Ambaf-

but the Rhodians prefled

at

them
Liv. xlv.
10.

fo ftrongly, that they

length confented to
it

their requeft.

They

v/ent therefore to

Rhodes, where

was ne-

ceflary to

But the manwhich they fpoke there increafed the alarm of a people already trembling, inflead of abating it. Popillius reproached them with all that their Republick, or even every particular amongft them, had either done or faid againft the interefts of the Romans, fmce the war had been declared againft the King of Macedonia ; the wliole with a countenance glowing with rage, and the tone of an accufer, which was natural to him, and made them befides perceive the wrong they had been For guilty of, and the difcontent of the Romans. they judged from the indignation of a fingle Senator, who had no perfonal caufe of anger againft them, of the difpofition of the whole order in refpeft to them. C. Decimius, the lecond of the AmbafTadors, fpoke to them Vv'ith more moderation. For in refuming the difcourfe of Popillius, he faid, " that moft of the faults, with which they were reproached, ought to be attributed, not to the people of Rhodes in general, but to fome incendiaries who had animated them That thofe fycophants, whofe againft the Romans. tongues were venal, had di6lated decrees full of extravagant praifes of the King of Macedonia, and charged their Ambafladors with fenfelefs orders, which could not but occafion the Rhodians as much repentance as confufion, and of which the puniftim.ent would undoubtedly fall upon the guilty." He was heard with great applaufe, and in confequence of what he had opened, a decree v/as pafTed immediately, by which all, who fhould be convifted of having faid or done any thing in favour of Perfeus, fhould fuffer death. But moft of thofe who were within this cafe, had
ner
in

make new inftances to them, duce them to come into the affembly.

in order to in-

^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
had
it,

Confiils.

467
entered A.R.
584.

either quitted the city,

when

the

Romans

&
^

or had voluntarily killed themfelves. The Am- "^"Jgf* bafladors flayed only five days at Rhodes, and immediately departed for Alexandria.

They
to

arrived there,
it.

befiege

when Antiochus was preparing LIv. xW, They went to meet him at Eleufis, a "

of a league from the city. he had known particularly at Rome, whilfl he was an hoftage, offered
fituated afmall quarter

town

The King

feeing Popillius,

whom

his hand as an old friend. The Roman, who confidered himfelf no longer as a private peribn, but in a publick character, defired to know, before he received his civility, whether he was fpeaking to a He prefented him the friend or an enemy of Rome.

him

decree of the Senate, and bade him read it. Antiochus, after having done fo, faid, that he would deliberate upon it with his council, and give him his anfwer. Popillius, inraged that the King fhould talk of delays, drew a circle upon the fand round that Prince, with a little flaff which he had in his hand and afTuming the haughty air, and fevere tone that were natural to him, " Before you quit this circle,'* faid he to him, " give me the anfwer I am to carry " back from you to the Senate." Tlie King dafhed at fo haughty a proceeding, after a moment's reflexion, replied humbly " I will do what the Senate demands.'* Popillius then offered him his hand as the friend and What haughtinefs of ally of the Commonwealth. foul, * what infolence of language was this This Roman, with a few words, terrifies the King of Syria and faves the King of Egypt.
:
!

What gave the one fo much boldnefj, and the other fo much docihcy, was the news which had been jufl before received of the great vi6tory gained by the Romans over Perfeus King of Macedonia. From thenceforth every thin'g gave way before them, and
the

Roman name became

terrible to all Princes

and

nations,
* Quam efficax eft animi fermonifque abfcifTa gravitas Eodem mforaento Syris regnum terruit, iEgypti texit. Val, Max.
!

Antiochu5

iEMILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

A.R.54. Antiochus having quitted Egypt on the day fixed, "^68^* Popiiiius with his Collegues entered Alexandria, where he concluded |:he treaty of accommodation between the * two brothers, which hitherto had only

Llv.xlv,
b8.

been in embrio. From thence he went to the ifland of Cyprus, which Antiochus had almofl conquered already, caufed it to be reftored to the Kings of Egypt, to whom it belonged of right, and returned to Rome to give an account of the luccefs of his embafTy. Aimoft at the fame time AmbafTadors from Antiochus and the two Ptolomies and Cleopatra their fifter, The firft faid, " That the peace which arrived there. the Senate had thought fit to eftablifh between their mafter and the Kings of Egypt, feemed preferable to him to all the vidories he could have gained, and that he had obeyed the orders of the Roman AmbafFlattery fadors as thofe of the Gods themfelves." They afterv/ards congraequally mean and impious tulated the Roman People upon the vidory they had
!

lately gained over Perfeus.

The Egyptian AmbafTadors, no lefs excefllve than " That the two brothers thofe of Syria, declared Ptolomy, and Cleopatra, believed themfelves more indebted to the Senate and People of Rome than to
:

own parents and the Gods themlelvcs, having dehvered by the protection of the Romans from been the calamities of a fiege, and reinflated upon the throne of their anceflors, from which they were aimoft entirely
their

expelled."

The

Senate replied

" That Antiochus had done

wifely in obeying the AmbafTadors

and that the Se; were well pleafed with him upon that account." Might not one fay, that here feems to arife a difpute between adulation and meannefs on one fide, and haughtinefs and arrogance on the other ? As to the Ptolomies, and Cleopatra, they^ were anfwered " That the Senate was very glad of'
nate and People of

Rome

* The two Ptolomies, Philometor and Evergetes. Thefe facts, that _ are treated h^e only incidentally, are itiated more at large in the Aucient Hiftory.

having

iiaving rendered their iituation

469 more happy and that ^-R- sH* it would endeavour to make them lenfible, that they "gg^ ought to confider the amity and protedion of the Ro-,

iEMILIUS, LICINIUS,

Confuls.

man People as the firmeft fupport of their kingdom.'* The PrjEtor had orders to make the AmbafTadors the
ufual prefents.

This Antiochus, whom we here fee fo mean and was however firnamed Epiphanes, that is, " Illuftrious and Glorious." At his return from Egypt, befides feeing a crown wrefled from him by the Romans, of which he had affured himfelf, and. of which he was almoft in poflelTion, he made the whole weight of his wrath fall upon the Jews, againft
abje(5l,

he exercifed the greateft cruelties. The God whofe worfhip he had endeavoured to abolifh at Jerufalcm, let fall his hand upon that impious King, and caufed him to die in the midil of the moft acute torments. All the events of this Prince's reign, and his miferable death, had been foretold by the prophet

whom

of

Ifrael,

Daniel.

EmbafTies came to Rome from feveral parts in ef- Liv. xlv* of the defeat of Perfeus. Mafgaba, the fon of ^3> h Mafinifla, having landed at Puteoli, found there the Qu^ftor L. Manlius, whom the Senate, having had advice of his arrival, had fent to meet him, in order to conduft him to Rome at the expence of the Commonwealth. He was received there in a very honourable manner, and had audience immediately. The things which he had to fay to the Senate, though very agreeable of themfelves, feemed ftill more fo from the refpeilful and fubm.ifllve expreffions with which " After havins; faid fomehe accorTiDanied them. thing of the cavalry and infantry, elephants and corn, with which his father had fupplied the armies of the Roman People, he added, that two things had given him pain, and occafioned confufion. The firil was, that the Senate had defired, inftead of ordering him, to furniili the Roman People with thole aids and the fecond, that they had fent money to pay for the corn. That MafmiiTa had not forgot that he was indebted to the h 2
fedl
:

470
A. R. 584. the

iEMIUUS, LICINIUS,
:

Confuls.

^"^9^*
i6g.

Roman People for his kingdom, and for all the augmentations it had received that accordingly, confidering himfelf as only the tenant of his dominions, he reckoned the property of them to belong to thofe who had given them to him. That they therefore ought to ufe commands and not requefts with him ; and to difpofe, as of their own, of the fruits which the lands produced, that he held from their liberality. That MafmifTa Hiould alv/ays be contented vv'ith fuch part as the Romans fhould leave him, after having That thefe taken what they fhould have occafion for. v/ere the orders his father had given him at his departure. But that having afterwards received advice of the defeat of Perfeus, he had difpatched horfe after
v/ith inftru6lions to

him
it
;

congratulate the Senate upon

and to

proteil, that this

news had given him

fo

much

joy, that he was earneflly dcfirous to

come

to

Rome to offer a facrifice to Jupiter in his temple of the Capitol, in gratitude for fo great a bleffmg ; and that
he defired the Senate's permiffion to take that journey.'* The Senate anfwered the young Prince, " That the King carried his gratitude too far, when he declared fo high a fenfe of a benefit which was no more than the juft reward of his fervices. That in the war with Carthage, he had aided the Commonwealth with equal fidelity and valour ; and that the Romans were highly pleafed with having feconded his bravery in the conquefts of the dominions, of which he was in poffcflion. That he had afterwards aided the Romans with the fame zeal and attachment in the wars they had fuflained againfl three Kings fuccefTively, without ever departing from himfelfThat it was no wonder, that he took part in the victory of the Rom.ans, who had united his fate with theirs, and had refolved to fhare good and bad fortune with them. That he ought to be contented with thanking the Gods for the victory of his allies in his own palace ; that his fon might do it in his name at Rom.e ; and that befides its being ufelefs for him to take fo lonc^ a journey, the interefl itfelf of the Roman People required, that he

.^MILIUS, LICINIUS,
he fhould not quit
his

Confuls.

^y.t
fo far A. R. 5X4.
^'^l'^^^

kingdom, nor remove

from Africa."

Some time

after his departure, the Senate received

advice, that Mifagenes, another fon of Mafinifia, having been difmifled by Paulus ^mihus, in tranfport-

ing his cavalry to Africa, had met with a ftorm in the Adriatick, which had difperfed his fleet, and driven himfelf with three of his fhips to Brundufium, where he remained fick. The Qusftor L. Stertinius was fent to him, and was ordered to hire him an houfe in that city, to fupply him abundantly with every thing he fhould have occafion for, and to provide him fhips to carry him fafely to Africa, as foon as he recovered
his health.

This fame year, the Cenfors Ti. Sempronius Gracchus and C. Claudius Pulcher fettled an affair in concert, upon which they had long differed. It related to the freedmen, who after having been twice particularly included in the four Tribes called " the Tribes " of the city," had a third time fpread into the other Tribes. Thefe city-tribes, Urban^^ were tlie leaft honourable, containing only the tradefmen and artificers of Rome ; whereas thofe of the country, Rtijlic^, were compofedof the more confiderable citizens, who polTefled eftates in the country, where many were fettled, and others often withdrew. After long contefts the Cenfors reduced all the freedmen into one of the four Tribes of the city called Efquilina^ decreeing,
that for the future, they fhould give their fuffrages in
that Tribe only. This regulation did the Cenfors great honour in the Senate. Cicero afcribes it to Gracchus only, who aftually had the greatcft fhare in

and he gives us a great idea of the wifdom and * find it very dif" importance of this decree. ficult, he makes Scsevola fay, to keep our government in a tolerable flate. But if Gracchus had not confined the freedmen within the Tribes only of the
it
:

We

* Atque is {Ti. Gracchus) libertinos in urbanas tribus tranftuiit quod nifi feciffef, rerapublicarn, quam nunc vix teaemus^ jamdiu

nullam haberemus.

Lib.

I.

de Oral. n.

38,

h 4

city.

^^y^
city, the

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
entirely ruined."

Confuls.
fince

Commomvealth would long

have beea

A.R.

585.

Q. ^LIUS P^TUS.

'.

167.

M. Junius Fennus.
Amongft
*

Polyb.

the

different

embafTies

of Kings and

States which came to Rome after the vifbory gained ilv^xlv^' jj/zo. over Perleus, Attalus attrafted the regard and atten-

tion of the
in the

Romans more than all the reft. He came name of his brother Eumenes, to congratulate them upon their new victory, and alfo to implore their
aid againft the Gauls of Afia, who great ravages in the dominion of the
nius.

of

was received at and amity, that a Prince could expert, who had given proofs in the war of Macedonia of his conftant attachment and fidelity exempt from all fufdiftinclion

He

had committed King of PergaRome with all the marks

picion.

The extraordinaiy honours paid to Attalus, the true reafons of which he did not penetrate, loothed him extremely ; and in confequence he gave ear to
propofals, v/hich in other circumftances
Ibid.

would have immediately ftruck him with horror. Moft of the Romans had no longer any efteem o His fecret negotiations with affed:ion for Eumenes. Perfeus, of which they had been apprized, made them believe that Prince had never been fincerely in their intereft, and that he had only abftained from declaring againft them for want of occafion. Full of this prejudice, fome of the moft diftinguillied Romans, in their private converfations with Attalus, intimated to him, " that Rome formed very different judgments of himfelf and his brother. That as to him, he was confidered as the true friend of the Romans ; and Eumenes, on the contrary, as an ally, who had neither been faithful to them, nor to Perfeus. That he was lure of obtaining wliat he fnould demand for himieif, and what he fliould aflc againft his brother, the whole Senate being difpofed to grant him at leall one

JELIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

473

one half of his brother's kingdom. That accord- A. r. 585. * ingly, when he lliould appear before the Senate, he "^"g f ought to confine himfelf lolely to that demand, and to i'peak only of his own interefls, without mentioning the affair for which his brother had fent him." V/hat a propofal was this made to a brother againft
his brother

and King

Thefe ftrokes of

felf-interefted

policy, which began then to take place amongft the Romans, may ferve as a key to explain their conduct

on other occafions, wherein they more induilrioufly

conceal
it.

temptation was great to a Prince, who doubtlefs did not want ambition, and to whom the occafion of fatisfying it prefented itfelf without being fought.

The

He

therefore hearkened to thefe bad counfels ^ and the more, as they were given him by fome of the principal perfons of Rome, of great reputation for

wifdom and probity. He promifed them, would demand in the Senate, that part of
ther's

that

he

his bro-

kingdom fhould be given him. Attalus had a phyfician with him, called Stratius, whom Eumenes had caufed to attend him to Rome, to alTift him in his conduct, and to keep him by wife
counfels within the bounds of his duty, in cafe he
Stratius had, with fhould incline to depart from it. penetration, manners highly infmuating and perfuafive. Having either apprehended, or known from Attalus himfelf, the defign with which he had been infpired, he took the advantage of fome favourable moments, for making judicious remonftrances to him " That the kingdom of Pergamus, weak of itfelf and but lately eftabiiflied, had only fubfifted and been augm.ented by the union and good intelligence of the brothers in poiTeffion of it. That only one of them indeed bore the name of King, and wore the diadem.^ but that they all reigned in reality. That Eumenes having no m^ale iffue (for the fon lie had, and who reigned afterwards, was not then known) mufl leave his throne to the brother immediately Diext to himfelf. That confequently the right of At:

talus

474
A.R.
^'^l' 585.

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
talus to fucceed
rn

Confuls.
inconteftable

the

kingdom was

^'

age and infirmities of his broand ther, the time for fucceeding him could not be veryWherefore then Ihould he anticipate and remote. haften, by an unjuft and criminal enterprize, what would foon happen by a natural and legitimate means ? Did he intend to divide the kingdom with his brother, or deprive him of it entirely ? That if he only had a part of it, both weakened by fuch partition, and expofed to the infults of their neighbours, might foon be alike deprived of the whole. That if he afpired at reigning alone, what would become of his elder brother ? Would he reduce him to live as a private perfon, or would he banifli him at his years and with his infirmities, or put him to death ? That he did not doubt, but fuch thoughts would give him horror. That not to mention the tragical ends of fraternal difcord related in books, the quite recent example of Perfeus ought to ftrike him. That that unfortunate Prince, who had fhed his brother's blood to fecure the crown to himfelf, purfued by the divine vengeance, had lately laid down the fame crown at the feet of a vi6lor in the temple of Samothat, confidering the

manner before the eyes and by the order of the Gods, who prefide there, the witneffes and avengers of his guilt. That the very perfons who flattered the ambition of Attalus, m.ore out of hatred for Eumenes than amity for him, would praife his moderation and greatnefs of foul, if he perfifled in his fidelity to his brother, to the laft." Of what value upon a like occafion ought a fincere, prudent, and difintereHed friend to appear What an advarjtage is it for a Prince to give thofe who approach him the liberty of fpeaking their thoughts freely, and to be known to them in that light The wife reprefentations of Stratius had their effe-6t upon the mind of Attalus. When that Prince was introduced to the Senate, without fpeaking againft his brother, or aflcing to fhare the kingdom of Pergamus with him, he contented himfelf with congratulating ttie Senate in the
thracia, in a
!
!

the

i^LIUS, JUNIUS, Confds. name of Eumenes and his brothers upon

475
the vie- A. R.
585.

had lately terminated the war of Macedonia. He mentioned with great modefty his own fer"Vlce?. He defired, that Ambaffadors in that war. might be fent to check the infolence of the Gauls, who ravaged the countries dependant upon Pergamus, and to put a flop to the hollilities of thofe Barbarians. He concluded with demanding for himfelf in particular the inveftiture of lEr^os and Maron^a, cities of Thrace, which had been conquered by Philip, father of Perfeus, and difputed with him by Eumenes. The Senate imagining, that Attalus would demand a fecond audience, in order to fpeak in particular of his own pretenfions to a part of his brother's kingdom, promifed, that they would fend the Ambaffadors, and made the Prince the ufual prefents. They alfo promifed to put him into poffeflion of the two cities he had demanded. But, when it was known that he was fet out from Rome, the Senate, offended to fee, that he had not done what they expected from him, and not being able to revenge themfelves in any other manner, they revoked the promife which perfonally regarded him, and before the Prince v/as out of Italy, declared i^nos and Maron^ea free and independant cities. However, an embaffy was fent to the Gauls bufcwith what orders is not faid. The Roman policy here ihews kklf in full light, and that in a manner which highly difgraces not only fome particulars, but the whole Senate, to whom Polybius afcribes the low and unworthy revenge, with which it punifned the laudable fidelity of Attalus in refpedb to his brother, and his declining to betray him by the black treachery he was advifed to perpetrate. Livy, whofe admiration for the Romans has no bounds, does not mention this lall circumftance, which might indeed difgrace them not a little in the fenfe of every impartial reader and he concludes this cir" Attalus received at Rome, cumftance with faying as long as he was there and when he quitted it, all the prefents and all the honours which tiie Senate and I People
tory, that
; ;
:

^sj?'

47^
A. R.
'

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

585- People ufually grant to thofe they moil efteem." Such "5^' an omifiion is no fmall fault in an hiftorian *, whofe principal duty is, firft never to advance any thing falle ; and fecondly, not to fear faying all that is true in a word, to avoid even the fufpicion of faying any thing through favour or enmity to perfons. The Rhodians came next in play. Full of anxiety Polvb. Legat. gs-tliey had fent two embaffies to Rome upon the necks & ioT' of each other. But the Senate at firft refufed to hear Liv. xlv. them, as having rendered themfelves unworthy of that ^>^S' honour, and declaring war againft them was even

talked of. obtained an

at
it

At

length, after great

inftances having

audience of th; Senate, they

appeared

ibid.

mourning habits, with their cheeks bathed in tears. Aftymedes fpoke, and with all the figns of the moft lively and moft humble grief took upon him the defence of his unfortunate
as

fuppliants, dreft in

took great care not to feem owned, that it had juftly drawn upon it the anger of the Roman People he owned the faults it had committed he did not palliate the wrong their indifcreet embaffy had done, which infolent haughtinefs of him who fpoke had rendered fcill more criminal. But he deftred the Senate to make a difference between the v/hoie body of the nation, and fome particulars, whofe condu^ they difavowed, and whom they were ready to deliver up to them. He reprefented, that there was no city nor CommiOnwealth that had not in it fome fenfelefs and frantic members. That after all, no other crimes were imputed to them but words, foolifh, raili, and extrax'agant indeed, (which he owned to be the character and failing of his nation) but of which the wife feldom take much notice, and do not punifli with the utmoft rigour, no more than Jupiter darts his thunder upon all thofe who fpeak of him with little refpedl." " But, added he, the neutrality we obferved in the
country.
'

He

at firft
it.

to intend to juftify

He

* Prima eft hiftoriae lex, ne quid falfi dicere audeat ; deinde, ne qyid veri non audeat ne qua fufpicio gratiae iit in fcribendo, ne qua fimultatis. Cic. de Orat. 11. 6z,
:

late

MELIUS, JUNIUS,
will to you,

Confuls.

477
ill-

late v/ar, is confidered as a certain

proof of our
effect, is

A.R.

585.
'

* Is there a tribunal in the world, in

^^^^

which the

intention,

when without
?

punifh-

But fliould you carry your rigour to that excefs, the punifhment cannot with juilice fall upon any but thofe who have had that intention, and much the greateil number of us are And even fuppofmg that this neutrality innocent. and inaction render us criminal, are the real fervices we did you in the two preceding wars to be reckoned as nothing, and may they not cover the omiffioa imputed to us for the laft ? Let Philip, Antiochus,
ed as the aftion
itlelf

and Ferieus be confidered as three fuffrasres in our caufe ; the two firft will certainly be for us, and carry it in our favour ; and the third, though taken in the ftrifleft fenie, will appear doubtful and uncertain. Can you, in this light, pafs fentence of death againft Rhodes ? For your fentence is upon the point of deciding, whether it fhall fubfift anylonger, or be entirely deftroyed ? You may, if you pleafe, declare war againft us but you cannot make for not a fingle Rhodian v/iil take arms to deit fend himfelf. If you perfevere in your anger, we fhall only afk time to go to Rhodes to report our unfortunate embaffy and that inftant ail the men, women, and free perfons of our ftate v/ill embark with all our eftates and effedls abandoning the Gods of our country and our houfhold Gods, we fhall come to Rome, and after having thrown all our gold and filver at your feet, we will all deliver up ourfelves to your difcretion. We will fuffer here before your eyes all that you {hall decree. If Rhodes is deftined to be plundered and burnt, at leaft v/e fhall fpare ourfelves the fight of its deftruftion. You may, by your fentence, declare us enemies : but there is a fecret fenfe within ourleives, that will pafs one quite different ; and whatever hofcilities you
-,

fi

Neque moribus neque egibus uUIus civitatis ita com:^ratum elTe, quis vellet inimicum perire, ii nihil feceyit quo id fiat, capitis
Liv.

damnetur,

"

exercifc

478
A.R.
585. <c

iELIUS, JUNIUS,
exerclfe againft the Rhodians,
vaffals."

Confuls.

you

will find in thera

^x67,^'

" only f^e^^s ^"^

After this difcourfe, all the Deputies proftrated themfelves upon the ground, and holding olive branches in their hands, extended them towards the When they had Senators to implore peace of them. proceeded give their fuffrages. to withdrawn, the Senate Macedonia as Confuls, in ferved Pr^etors^ All who had
or Lieutenant-Generals, and had feen their fenfeleft pride and ill-will to the Romans with their own eyeSj were much, againft them, Cato, fo well known for
the feverity of his charafter, which often rofe even to was foftened at this time in favour of the Rhodians, and fpoke for them in a very lively and
cruelty,
Liv. xlv.
'' ^^*

eloquent manner. Livy does not repeat his difcourfe, becaufe it was then extant in a work of Cato's, intitled, de Originibus, of which we have fpoken elfewhere, and in which he inferted his harangues. Aulius Gellius has preferved fome fragments of this fpeech of Cato's, by which it appears, that he ufed almoil the fame reafons as the Rhodian Ambaffadors. i fnall cite what I think the moft remarkable in it at the bottom of the page, in order to give the reader

fome examples of a manly and energical ftile, which was the charadler of the Roman eloquence in thofe antient times, when people were more attentive to the force and folidity of thoughts, than to the elegance and harmony of words. Cato begins his difcourfe with reprefenting to the Romans, that they ought not, in confequence of the vidory gained over the King of Macedonia, to abandon themfelves to the tranfports of excefTive joy. " * 1 know, fays he, that profperity ufually begets " pride and infolence for which reafon I am afraid, *^ left in the prefent deliberation fome bad refolution
,

" may
* Scio folere plerifque

hominlbus rebus fecundis atque proKxis ani:

raum excellere, fuperbiam atque ferociam augefcere atque crefcere quod mihi nunc magnx curas eft:, c^uia hsec res tam fecunde proceflit, ne quid in confulendo adverfi eveniat, quod noftras fecundas res confutet
J

neve hare

l;ctitia

nimis luxuriosc eveniat.

Adverfje res

fe

do-

mant.

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
**

Confuls.

479
sss'

may be

taken, which

"v^ill

draw upon

Rome fome A.R.

in

misfortune, that may make the frivolous joy " which fhe abandons herfelf vanilh. Adverfity
*'

to ^%'j?'

humbling our pride, reftores us to our reafon, and *' teaches us what it is fit for us to do. Profperity, on " the contrary, by the joy it occafions, puts us out of " our biafs, and makes us lofe fight of the end, which ** a calm fituation of mind would make us perceive " and follow. For this reafon I am abfolutely of

"
" "
*'

opinion, that

we

affair for fome days,

fhould defer the decifion of this till having recovered from the

of our joy, we come to poffefs deliberate more maturely. 1 can and ourfelves, *' did wifh, Rhodians that the the that indeed believe " Romans had not conquered Perfeus but that deviolent emotions
:

" fire is only common to them with all other States. " And this is not the effe6t of enmity to the Romans, '* but love of their own liberty, for which they have
" jufl: reafon to fear, if there be no longer any power " capable of balancing ours, and of preventing us " from doing all that we think fit For the reft, " the Rhodians have not aided Perfeus. Their whole " crime, by the confeffion of their moft inveterate " accufers, is to have intended to become our ene" mies, and to declare againft us. But how long has " the will, the intention only become criminal Is
.''

& decent quid opus fit fafto Secunds res Isetitia tranfverfum trudere folent a refte confulendo atque intelligendo. Quo majors opere edico fuadeoque, uti hsec res aliquot dies proferatur, diim ex Atque ego quidem tanto gaudio in Poteftatem noftrum redeamus arbitror Rhodienfes voluifle nos ita depugnare uti depugnatum eft, neque regem Perfen vicilTe Non Rhodienies id modo voluere, fed multos populos ac multas nationes idem voluifle arbiter. Atque baud fcio, an partim eorum fuerint, qui non noftrx contumelice caufa id noSed enim id metuere, fi nemo effet homo quern veluerint evenire. reremur, & quicquid luberet faceremus, ne fub folo imperio noitro ia Libertatis fux causa in ea fuilTe fententia arfervitute noftra effent. Atque Rhodienfes tamen Perfen publice nunquara adjuvere. bitror. Qui accerrime adverfus eos dicit, ita dicit hoftes voluifle fieri. Et quis tandem & noftrum, qui, quod ad fefe attinet, aquum cenfeat quempiam pcenasdare ob earn rem, quod arguatur male facere voluiflTe? Nemo, opinor nam ego, quod ad me atciuet, nolim. Rhodienfes Sint fane fuperbi. fuperbos efle aiunt Quid id ad nos attinet ? Inde irafciminij fi quis fuperbior eft quam nos ? C.^TO apud Aul.
mant,
:

Gell, vii.

3.

"

there

48o

iELIUS, JUNIUS,
" there amongft us a
<t

Confuls.

R. 585.
^6/'

fingle perfon

who would
I

fubjedt
not.

Ant. c.

tt

"
*'

himfelf to this rule ? For my part y\^Q Rhodians are proud, fome lay. to us ? Would it become us to make them to be prouder than we are."

would
is

What
it

that

a crime for

..

.jj^.
'

25.'

opinion of fo grave and fo refpefced a Senator war from being made againft the The anfwer given them did not declare Rhodians. them enemies, but at the fame time did not treat them
as Cato, prevented

The

as allies,

and

left

things

fl"ill

in fulpence.

They

v/ere

ordered to withdraw the governors they had in the Thofe provinces had been cities of Lycia and Caria. abandoned to them after the defeat of Antiochus, and they were deprived of them on the prefent occafion by way of puniiliment for their infidelity. They were alfo ordered fome time after to evacuate the cities Caunus and Stratonicea. They had bought the firft for two hundred talents of Ptolomy's Generals, and the fecond had been given them by A^itiochus and Seleucus. Their yearly revenue from thefe two cities was an hundred and twenty talents. The Senate's anfwer having difpelled the fear at Rhodes, that the Romans would take arms againft their Republick, made all other ills feem light ; and it is ufual for the expeftation of great misfortunes, when people fee themfelves delivered from them, to ftifle the fenfe of fuch, as in other circumftances would have feemed very confiderable. I low hard foever the Senate's orders were, the Rhodians fubmitted to them, and executed them dire6bly. They immediately decreed the Rom.ans a crown of ten thoufand pieces of gold in value, and made choice of the Admiral Theodotus to prefent it.
Polyb.
*

Hq
mans
then.
:

|^^(j

orders to folHcit the alliance of the

10^.

reafons of policy had prevented

it

afking

hitherto.

Rothem from This favour was not granted them

it till

the year following, Tiberius Gracchus, who was very lately returned from Afia, whither he had been fent as commiflioner to examine into the
after long

They

did not obtain

and great

inltances.

ftatc

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

481
'

He declared, A. R. 585. ftate of it, was of great fervice to them. that the Rhodians had pundually obeyed the Senate's ^^'^^ Orders, arid had pafled fentence of death upon the After fo favourable a teftimony, partifans of Perfeus. the alliance of the Commonwealth was granted to the Rhodians. I have obferved in the preceding book, that theiiv. xlri ^tolians had prefented themfelves to Paulus iEmilius^^mourning habits on his return from making the The fubjeft of their complaint was, tour of Greece. that Licifcus and Tifippus, whom the credit of the Romans, to whom they had devoted themfelves, had rendered all-powerful in iEtolia, had furrounded the Senate with ibldiers, lent them by B^bius, who commanded in the country for the Romans i that they had malTacred five hundred and fifty of the principal pepfons of the nation, whofe whole crime was having appeared to favour Perfeus ; that many others had been banifhed and that the eftates of both had been given
in
-,

to thofe

who informed

againft them.
affaif, ibid, ai,

If Paulus
it is

^milius had been fole judge in this probable that he would have done juliice
In
fenfe,

to the

all the occafions wherein he a6ls from he Ihews a generous foul, that abounds his But the council of the with fentiments of humanity. commifiioners was aduated by different principles. All the informations made to them were reduced to knowing, not who had done or fuffered wrong, but who had been for Perfeus or for the Romans. The The exmurtherers in confequence were acquitted. iles had no morejuftice done them than the dead. Only Bsebius was fentenced, for having lent his afliftance But why was he condemnin this bloody execution. ed, if it was juft and if not, why were thofe acquitted, who were the principal authors of it ?

iEtolians.

own

This fentence fpread terror amongft all thofe who ibid. declared any attachment to Perfeus, and extremely augmented the haughtinefs and infolence of the Roman adherents. Amongft the principal perfons of each city, there were three parties. The one was enV-OL. V.
I
i

tirely

482

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
Kings
,

Confuls.

A. R.525. tirely devoted to the Ant. c. ^-^.j^ j.|^g and

Romans, another was In amify both making their court to their protestors with abjed flattery, rendered themfelves powerful in their cities, which they greatly oppreffed. The third party of citizens, oppofite to the two others, obierved a kind of medium, efpoufing the party neither of the Romans nor of the Kings, but devoted themThefe felves to the defence of their laws and liberty. in beloved laft at bottom were much eftcemed and them. in cities, authority but had no their refpeftive All offices, embaiTies, diftindions, and rewards, after the defeat of Perfeus, were conferred on thofe who had followed the party of the Romans, and they employed their credit to ruin thofe inevitably, who were Jiot in the fame intereil. "With this view, they repaired in great numibers from all parts of Greece to the commiffioners appointed by They informed the Senate to regulate its affairs. them, that befides thofe, wha had openly declared for Perfeus, there were many others fecretly enemies to the Romans, and whoy under pretence of fupport^ ing liberty, prejudiced every body againll Rome and that Greece would never remain quiet and entirely fubmiflive to the Romans, unlefs that after having crufned the oppofite party, the authority of thofe was firmly eflablifiied, v/ho had no intereft at heart but that of the Roman Commonv/ealth. The ten commiffioners perfe6lly approved all thefe reflexions, and made them the rule of their conduct. What juftice can be expeded from a tribunal, determined to confider and treat ail as criminals, who are not of the Roman party, and to befl:ow all kinds of favour upon thofe, who will declare themfelves enemies and informers againft them fee here to what the ambition of rule leads mankind. It makes them blind to all fenfe of duty and decency ; and juftice itfelf, when an obftacle to the projects they have formed, is facrificed as well as every thing elfe. The more we advance in the hiftory of the Romans,, the more corrupt we fee them, and the more they de.?

We

part

i^LIUS, JUNIUS,
j^iirt

Confuls.

48^
*

from the antient fentiments of generofity and-^-.R. 585. "5, equity, to abandon themfelves to a policy contrary to

all

new maxims
felves
is

The conlequences of thefe the rules of virtue. are upon the point of evidencing themby the
nioft unjuft

and notorious perfecution

it

pofTible to imagine.

The Ronian General, in effe(5t of orders which he did not approve, but which he thought himfelf obliged to execute, having received the lift of the names iof the fufpeted, fent for them from ^tolia, Acarnahia, Epiriis, and Boeotia, and ordered them to follow him to Rome, to defend themfelves as:ainft what was Commillioners were alfo fent to laid to their charge. Afia, to take informations againfl thofe, who had favoured Perfeus either publickly or in fecret.

Of all the little States of Greece none gave theRoman Commonwealth lb much umbrage as the Achaian
of its Generals, and efpecially by the union that prevailed between the cities which compofed it. The Romans, who had long been jealous of a pov/er capable of op po Ting their ambitious defigns, efpecially if it had joined either the King of Macedonia or the King of Syriaj had laboured on diiferent occafions to weaken, by dividing, it but it was not till the prefent conjuncture, that they began to ac5t with open violence, and to trample under foot the rights and liberty of the Achaian Commonwealth. After the defeat of Perfeus, Callicrates, entirely to ruin the advocates of liberty, whom he confidered as his enemies with the Romans, to v,/hom he had fold himfelf, gave in the names of all the fufpeded to have favoured Perfeus to the ten commJiTioners. They
:

Liv. xlv.
p^*^^|^^

league, which had hitherto caufed itfelf to be refpefl- inAchaic, ed by the number and valour of its troops, the ability P-4i6;iir

did not think it lufHced to write to the Achaians, as they had done to the other States, to order them to fend luch of their citizens as were accufed of having favoured Perfeus to Rome but they deputed two of their own number to go in perfon to make known this order to the League. Two reafons induced them to
,

Ii2

aa

484
A.R.
5^5.

^^l'^^'

JELIUS, JUNIUS, Confuls. The firft was the fear left the a6l in this manner. Achaians, who v/ere very jealous of their liberty and
full of courage, fhould refufe to obey the letters, which Hiould be fent them, and that Callicrates and the other informers Ihould run the rifque of lofmg their the fecond was, that nothing lives in the aiTembly was found amongft Perfeus's papers to convidt the Achaians informed againftj and they v^^ere however for deftroying them. The tvv'o commiffioners fent into Achaia were C. Claudius and Cn. Domitius iEnobarbus. The one of them, more prone to injuftice than the other, (Paufanias who has preferved this fa6l does not fay which) complained in the aflenibly, that many of the moll powerful perfons of the league had fupported Perfeus a;^ainil the Romans, and demanded that they Ihould be condemned to fuffer death, after which he fliould Tiime them. This propofal fliocked the whole AfTembly. They cried out on all fides, that it was unheard of for perfons to be condemned before they were accufed, and he was defired to point out the guilty. Being thus forced to explain himfelf, he replied, at the fuggeftion of Callicrates, that all thofe who had been
:

in office, and had commanded the armies, were guilty of that crime, Zeno then, who was highly conlidered amongft the Achaians, rifing up fpoke as follows " I am of the number of thofe who have been Pras-

"

tors,
I

and commanded the armies.

in

I proteft,

that

" "

nothing contrary to the interefts of the Romans ; and I offer to prove it either in " this afikiibly of the Achaians, or at Rome before " the Senate." The Roman laid hold of his laft words, as favouring his defign, and ordered that all thofe whom Callicrates had informed againft in particular, and whom he named, fhould be fent to Rome. The whole affembly were in the higheft afflidion. Nothing of the like nature had ever appeared, not even under Philip, nor his fon Alexander. All-powerful as they were, they never thought of making thofe who were againft them come to Macedonia.
-,

have afted

There

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
There were regular D
affairs

Confiils;

4S5
*

tribunals in Greece, in which the-^j^'^ii* ' Ant C^ of the Greeks were determined according to all ^67. the formalities prefcribed by the laws. Thofe Princes left the decifion of fuch affairs to the council of th^ Amphidbyones, their natural judges. The Romans did not a6l in this manner. By an enterprize which may be called tyrannical, they caufed above a thoufand of the moft confiderable citizens of the Achaian league to be feized and carried to Rome. Caliicrates became more than ever the objedl of horror and deteftation to all the Achaians. They Ihunned the fight of hirn as of an infamous traitor, and nobody would bathe in, the pubHck baths after him, till all t{ie water had firft been emptied out of them. Polybius, the famous hiftorian, was of the number of theie accufed perfons. When they arrived at Rome, the Senate, without hearing them, without examining their caufe, or obferving any form of juftice, and fuppofing without the leaft foundation, and contrary to what was publickly known, that they had been heard and condemned in the affembly of the Achaians, banifhed them all into Hetruria, where they remained difperfed in the different cities. Polybius was treated with lefs rigor. The two fons of Paulus i^miiius ob-

tained permiffion for

as I fhall foon obferve

him
:

to ftay at

Rome.

This

fer-

vice to Polybius was of great advantage to themfeives,

but firft

it is

neceffary to relate

in this place

all

that concerns the

unhappy condition
af?li6bed at Poly!).

of

thefe exiles.

The

Achaians, extremely furprized and

the fate of their countrymen, fent Deputies to Rome ^J^^'^" to defire that the Senate would take cognizance of
their caufe.

They were anfwered,

and

that themfeives

the Achaians fent

that had been done, had tried it. Upon this anfwer, the fame Deputies back to Rome,

^Eureas was

at their head) to proteft again before the Senate, that the accufed had never been heard in their country, and that their affair had never been brought to a trial. Eureas accordingly entered the Senate

with the other Deputies,

I
i

who accompanied him.

^

He

related

^^^S
A. R.
585.

JELIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

^"^' ^'

related the orders he had received, and defired, that cognizance might at length be taken of the affair, and that the acciifed fhould not be fuffered to perifh without judgment paffed on the crime with which they were charged. That it was to be defired that the Senate itfelf would enquire into the affair, and make known the guilty but that, if their greater occupations did not afford them leifure, they had only to refer the affair to the Achaians, who would dojuftice in it in fuch a manner as lliould fhew the averfion they had
:

for the offenders.

Nothing was more equitable than this demand ; and the Senate in confequence was extremely at a lofs, how to anfwer it. On the one fide, they did not believe it proper for them to try it, for the accufation was entirely falfe and on the other, to difmifs the exiles without any trial, was to condemn their firft condufl, and befides irretrievably to ruin their friends in Achaia. The Senate, to leave the Greeks no hopes of recovering their exiles, and to make them more dependant and fubmiffive to their orders, wrote to Callicrates in Achaia, and to the partifans of Rome in the
:
,

it did not appear for their intereft, nor that of the States themfelves, that the exiles fhould yeturn into their country. This anfwer not only put the exile?, but all Greece, into a confternation. It caufed an univerfal mourning. Every body was affured, that there was nothing further to be hoped for the accufed Achaians, and that their banifhment was

other States, that

perpetual,
?olyb. Legat.
jtai

However, the Achaian Commonwealth

fent

new

Deputies whom they inftru6ted to demand the return of the exiles, and efpecially of Polybius and Stratius for rnoft of the reft had died during their banifhment, and efpecially the principal perfons. Thefe Deputies had orders to afl<. this favour as fuppliants, left, by infifting upon the innocence of the exiles, they might feem to reproach the injuftice of the Senate. Nothing cfcaped them in their harangue, that was not extremely referved. Notwithftanding that, the Senate continued
inflex-

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
inflexible,

Confuls,

4S7

and declared they would adhere to what A. R. 5S5. ^'* "g" had been regulated. Is the ancient Senate of Rome to be feen in this condu6l ? The Achaians did not defift, but decreed feveral Polyb, deputations at different times. They had reafon to ^^g^**^
applying to the Senate in favour of their countrymen. Though their repeated inftances had no other effedl than to {et the injuftice of the Romans in greater light, they cannot be confidered as But many of the Senators had been moved ufelefs. with them, and fupported fo juft a demand with their
perfevere fo
in

much

^^^' ^^'

voices.

The Achaians having received advice of this, piut. m thought it neceffary to take the advantage of fo fa- ^aton. vourable a difpofition, and decreed a lafh deputation, ^' ^^^' The exiles had now been banifhed feventeen years, and many of them were dead. Great debates arofe in the Senate about them, fome being for having them fent back into their country, and reinftated in their fortunes, and others oppcfing it. Scipio ^milianus, at the requeft of Polybius, had follicited Cato
in
their

'

favour.

fpeak

in his

turn

That grave Senator rifing up to " To fee us difputing an whole day,"

" whether a few old men of Greece fhall be buried by our grave-diggers, or thofe of their own " country, one would think we had nothing to do, " and that our purpofe was to murther tim.e." * This jell perhaps had its efre<5l, and macie the Senate alliamPolicy alfo ed of their long tenacious oppofition might have more ihare than regard to juftice in the Senate's fuffering themfelves to be at laft prevailed It was when they v/ere upon the point of enupon. tering into a vv^ar with Carthage, that they difmified It is probable that they were glad to give thefe exiles. the Achaians fome fatisfaftion, at the time, v/hcn they were going to have fuch powerful enemies as the Carthaginians upon their hands.
faid he,

"

* Ri4iculum

acri Fortus ac melius

magnas plerumque

fecat

res.

HORAT.
I
i

Pol7=^

'

488
A.R.

JEhlVS, JUNIUS,

Confiils.

Polybius was further for defiring, that they Ihould 585. Ant. c. i^g reinftated in the honours and dignities they poffeffed but before he prefented his before their banifhment memorial to the Senate, he thought it proper to found " Polybius, you do Cato, who fmiling faid to him. *' not imitate the wifdom of Ulyfles. You are for " going back into the cave of the Cyclops for fome " wretched cloaths you have left there." The exiles but of a returned in confequence into their country thoufand that came out of it at that time, only about Polybius did not ufe this three hundred remained. permifllon or if he did, it was not long before he rejoined Scipio, as three years after he was with him at the fiege of Carthage. Pqlyb. aScipio, when but eighteen yea,rs old, had contra<^ed pud Valef. 2^ great intimacy with Polybius after his return from ^' Macedonia. They had been a little acquainted before. But it was undoubtedly upon the occafion of the important fervice done Polybius, as we have f^id above, by the fons of Paulus i^milius, that Scipio contracted this friendfhip with him, which became fo advantageous to that young Roman, and which has fcarce done him lefs honour with pofterity than all his vi(5tories. It appears, that Polybius liyed with the twQ brothers. One day when Scipio was alone with him, he opened his heart to him without referv?, and complained, but in a very kind and tender manner, that Polybiu^s
: :
,

'

always addrefled his difcourfp in their converfations at ^' I perceive plainly,'-* faid he, " that this indifference for me proceeds from *' your believing, that I am a thoughtlefs young man, *' and void of the tafte that now prevails in Rome, " becaufe I neither apply myfelf to the ftudies of the " bar, nor cultivate eloquence. But how fhould I do ** fo. I am perpetually told, that the world does not *' expeft an orator from the houfe of the Scipio's but ** a General. I muft own, and hope you will pardon " the freedom, with which I tell you fo, that I am " fenfibly concerned and afflicted by your indifference.
table to his brother Fabius.
.

<>

for me.''

Poly-

^LIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls;

4^9
'

Polybiiis, furprized at this difcourfe,

pot exped, conibled him as well as fured him, " that if he ufually addrefled his difcourfe to his brother, it was not for want of efteem and affeftion for him, but folely becaufe Fabius was the eider ; and befides knowing that both brothers thought in the fame manner, and lived in the greateft union, he believed that fpeaking to the one was fpeaking to both." " For the reft," added he, " I offer you my
'

which he did ^-R-sSshe could, and af- * '^l^^

fervice fmcerely,

**
*'

me.
are

As to the Sciences now employed, you

the great
is

and you may difpofe abfolutely of in the ftudy of which you

" from
*' ^^

will find affiftance enough number of learned men who come

every day from Greece to

Rome
to

but as to war,

which
you."

peculiarly your profeflion as well as your

it is

*' ^'

p^fllon,

in

my

power

be of fome ufe to

him by the hands, which he " Oh when," faid he, " Ihali *' I fee the day, when free from all other engage" ments, and living with me, you will have the
Scipio then taking
prefled in his

own

^'

goodnefs to apply yourfelf in forming me.

It will

" be then that I fliall really believe myfelf worthy of " my anceftors." From thenceforth Polybius, charmed and tenderly affeded with fuch noble fentiments in a young mari, attached himfelf particularly to him. Scipio, on his fide, could not quit him ; his greateft he refpecled him pleafure was to converfe with him as his father, ^nd Polybius on his fide loved him as
:

his fon.

The

fequel will fhew,

how much

Scipio
fo in-

improved from the converfations and advice of

cftimal^le a friend
;

an ineftimable treafure for young Noblemen, when they are fo happy to acquire, and
Prufias,

fo wife as to

know, King of

its

value.

Bithynia, being

come

to

Rome

to congratulate the Senate and People

fuccefs of the
jefty of

upon the good

war againft Perfeus, degraded the MaKings by his abjedl flatteries, which rofe even to impiety. He had before exercifed himfelf in that ftile and when Roman Ambafladors had been fent
;

to

490

JELIUS, JUNIUS,

Confuls.

A. R. 55.to him, he went to meet them with his head fhaved. Ant. c. ^ ^^p^ ^i^^ the <^j-efs of freedmen ; then faluting the
'
^'

Deputies " You fee," faid he to them, " one of " your freedmen, ready to do whatever you pleafe, * and to conform entirely to all your cuftoms." He did not depart from the fame abjeft fentiments, when
:

he came in pei-fon to Rome, On his entering the Senate, he kept near the door, holding down his hands, oppofite to the Senators who continued fitting; and proftrating himfelf kified the threfhold. Afterwards, addrefiing himfelf to the affembly he cried out,
*' I falute you, Gods prefervers." The reft of his Polybius fays, that he difcourfe fuited this prelude. Prufias concluded ftiould be aiLamed to repeat it.

Roman People would review and grant him a certain territory conquered from Antiochus, which the Gauls had feized without its being given, them by any body.
with
ailiing,

"

that the
;

the alliance with him

And

he recommended his fon Nicomedes to Every thing was granted him only commiflioners were appointed to examine the ftate of the territory in queftion, and to be affured whether it belonged to Antiochus, in which cafe the Roman Peolaftly,

them."

ple freely gave

it

to Prufias.

audience, omits the which he fays the Roman hiftorians did not fpeak. He contents himfelf with repeating at the end, part of what Polybius had faid of it. He had reafon. For this bafe behaviour, 'if real, difgraced the Senate as much that fuffered it, as the Prince that committed it. Here ends all that remains of Livy. His Roman

Livy,

in

his

relation

of

this

abjeft fubmiffions of Prufias, of

Hiftory, containing an hundred and forty, or an hundred and forty-two books, extended from the founda-^ tion of Rome, to the death and funeral of Drufus, which happened in the 743d year of Rome, and con-

Of fequently included the fame number of years. thefe hundred and forty-two books only thirty-five, as I have already obferved, are come down to us, of which fome are not entire, Thefe are not the fourth
part

^LIUS, JUNIUS,
part of world
!

Confuls.

49,

What a Icis is this to the learned A. r. 585, his work. ^* hiltory, for the reft of it, will make it "^"g'

My
I

ought not to wonder that hitherto it has The beauties of Livy, not difpleafed the pubhc. which were the admiration of Rome at a time, when tafte had attained its higheft perfection, and which have been univerfally admired by all fucceeding ages, though much diminifhed in a foreign tongue, could not but meet with fome fuccefs, efpecially in an age like ours, which has had, and ftill retains, fo much Plutarch, who fimilitude with that of Auguftus.
evident.
will

now be my

principal guide, will confole

lofs

me

in

fome degree for the

In the fequel

of Livy.
great ufe of the fupplereader may fee what I

I Ihall

ment of Freinfhemius.

make The

have faid of that excellent work, in a former Volume. But notwithftanding the lights which I fhall have both from ancient and modern authors, there will ftill be barren years from time to time, that will afford but little matter, and fads, of which the exa6t Thus I ftiall not be able to date cannot be affigned. difpofe my hiftory by years with the fame regularity 1 fliall however take care as in the preceding books. and without determining the to avoid confufton year, in which each fad: pafled, becaufe that is impoflible, I ftiall join thofe together which have any gelation to each other.
:

SECT.

492

SECT.
Different emhqffies at Rome. menes from entering Rome.
accufes

II.

The Senate prevents

Ett-

Prujias by his Afnbojjadors

Eumenes

before the Senate.

Attains and Athe-

ftaus juftify their brother

Eumenes.

Imprudent conduct

with
bles

Alliance renevsed of Sulpidus in Afia c.gainji Eumenes. Ariarathes Philopator. Cenforfhip cf Fauius
Sun-dial. Trouj^milius and of Marcius Philippus. in Syria after the death of Antiochus Epipba'aes.

Demetrius demands in vain permiffion of the Senate to Muriher of Ociaviiis. Demetrius return into Syria. efcapes from Rome, and is univerfally acknowledged Sicknefs and death of Paulus jEmilius : his fuKing. Love of p:.verty of Tubero, and neral', and praife. Generous his wife the daughter of Paulus AEmilius.

which Scipio JEmilianus, the fon of Paumakes of his riches on various cccafions. Tuhero compared with Scipio yEmilianus. Xs^afica prevails upon the People to have a Theatre almofl finifhed,

and

noble ufe

lus jEmilius,

demolifhed.

Affairs of Rome.

Decree for bani/h-

and rhetoricians from Rome. Embaffy Two Confids abdicate upon accf Carneades to Rome. count of the want of fome religious forms in their elecing philofopl:^rs
tion.

Tribune of the People punifhed for having failed

Wars with the Maximus. Dalmatians and fome fiates of the Ligurians. The Dalmatians are defeated ly Figulus and Najica. The
in refpe^l to the Pontifex

Maffyltans are revenged by the

Romans en

the Oxibians
Andrif-^

and Deceates.
cus,

Affairs of Macedonia.

who

calls

iedonia.

Rome.

He Two

himf elf the fon cf Perfeus^ feizes Ma-r is at hngth defeated, taken, and fent to new impojlors rife up in Macedonia^ and

ere defeated.

JVI.

Claudius

CLAUDIUS, SULPICIUS,
M. Claudius,
C. SuLPIClUS.

Confuls.

493

WE

have already obferved, that fince the defeat A. R. 586,, of Perfeus new Embaffies came every day to ^^^^

Rome, either to congratulate the Romans upon that victory, to juftify themfelves or excufe the attachment they leemed to have for that Prince, or lallly, to lay
complaints before the Senate.
Prufias was fcarce fet out-, when news the point of arriving.

came

thatPolyb.

This ad- ^^S^^' 97That Prince, in the war vice perplexed the Senate. with Perfeus, had acted in fuch a manner as to be There confidered neither as a friend, nor an enemy. were violent fufpicions, not certain proofs againft him. To admit him to an audience was to declare him innocent and to condemn him as criminal, was to lay themfelves under the neceffity of making war with him, and openly to proclaim, that they had been wanting in point of prudence in loading a Prince with honours and poffefTions, whofe charadter they had little known. To avoid thefe inconveniences, the Senate paffed a decree, by which all Kings were and they caufed prohibited from coming to Rome this decree to be fignified to the King of Pergamus, who was not at a lofs to comprehend the fenfe of it. Accordingly he returned into his dominions. This affront encouraged his enemies, and cooled Ibid. i+, the ardour of his friends. Prufias fent AmbaiTadors to Rome, to complain of the irruptions which he

Eumenes was upon

added, that that Prince held he oppreffed all thole who feemed to favour the Romans, and in particular the Gallo-Grecians his neighbours, not oblerving the decrees of the Senate in refpect to them. The latter had alfo fent Deputies to Rome, to carry their complaints thither, which they often repeated The Senate did not afterwards, as well as Prufias. declare themfelves yet. They contented themfelves with
into Bithynia.
fecret intelligence with Antiochus, that

made

He

4^4
A,R.
5^6. Y^jth
'

CLAUDIUS, SULPICIUS,
as poflible

Confuh.

aiding and fupporting the Gallo-Greeks as

much

'^'ee.

underhand, without openly injuring Eu-

menes.
Polyb. Legat. *^'

^^^ ^^"g

of Pergamus,

who had been

forbade to

enter Rorne, fent Attalus and Athenjeus his two brothers thither, to anfwer the accufations with which he
folidly to refute

^olyb. in Excerpt.
^^^'

Polyb. L-gat. 109

apology which they made, feemed the complaints, that had been brought againft the King ; and the Senate was fo well fatisfied with them, that they were fent back into Afia They however did with great honours and prefents. rot entirely efface the impreffions conceived againft They could not be perfuaded, that there brother. their was no intelligence and combination formed beAnd though Titween him and the King of Syria. berius Gracchus, who had been fent fome time before into Afia to enquire into the difpofition of the Kings and States in refpe<5i to Rome, had given a favourable account of the conduct of thofe two Princes, who had treated him with all poflible politenels and refpeft, the Senate again difpatched Manius Servius and Sulpicius Gallus with orders to penetrate things to the bottom, and ftridlly to examine the condud: of Eumenes and Antiochus. Sulpicius a6led in this commiffion in a very imipru(jgrit manner. He was a vain man, who loved noife, and fought to make a figure by braving Eumenes. When he arrived in Afia, he caufed publick notices to be fixed up in all the cities, that thofe who had any complaints to make in refped to that Prince fhculd come to him at Sardis. There, during ten days, he gave a calm hearing to all the accufations people thought fit to form againft Eu menes a liberty which fet all the malecontents at work, and opened the door for all kinds of calum.nies. About this time died Ariarathes King of CappadoHis fon Ari^j^^ whofe fifter Eu menes had married. arathes, furnamed Philopator, fucceeded him. The father had intended, when his fon came of age, to refign the crown to him, but the young Prince would not

was charged.

The

all

'

SEMPRONIUS, JUVENCIUS,
not confent to
it
:

ConRils.

495
^'^' s^^*

occafioned him to be called Pbilopator, that is " Lover of his father :" a very laudable adlion, at a time when it was common for Princes to acquire Thrones by parricide As foon as young Ariarathes became King, he fent Deputies to Rome to demand, that the alliance, which his father had with the Romans might be renewed this was granted him with great profeffions of efteem and good will. The Senate was prejudiced in favoiir of thefe Princes, in confequence of the report which Ti. Gracchus had made of their difpofition, on his return from the embafly of which we have fpoke above. I pafs over feveral refpeftive complaints of the
this
!

"^^^

Kings of Pergamus, Bithynia, and Cappadocia, as well as different embaffies on both fides to Rome. I have fpoke of them in the Antient Pliilory. On the ciofmg of the Cenfus in the 588th year of piut. la Rome by the Cenfoi-s Paulus iEmilius and Marcius ^'^^^' Phiiippus, the citizens amounted to the number of three hundred and thirty {itvQn thoufand four hundred and fifty two. A new Sun-dial was ereded in the place of the old PHn. viL one, which had been {ct up near the tribunal of ha- ^rangues an hundred years before. I have fpoke of it in a former volume. I refer fpeaking of fome laws pafTed about this time agamft the luxury of the table for another place. The fa6ls which we have juft related took up three years, 580, 587, p,'iZ, and part of 589.
Ti.

Sempronius Gracchus.

t.

M'. JuvENCius Thalna. '

^f-^' 163.

The death of Antiochus Epiphanes, which hap- Poiyb. pened the preceding year, made way for great troubles Legat. Antiochus Eupator his fon, only nine years ju^in, in Syria. of age, had fucceeded him under the tuition of Ly- xxxiv. 3. But Demetrius, the fon of Seleucus Phiiopator, j^^g^'^"' fias. who was adttially an hoftage at Rome, pretended, that the crown was his right.. He,t4ierfore demanded
liberty
;

49^
A. R.
^"J*
589.

CORNELIUS, MARCIUS,
^'

Confuls.

liberty of the Senate to return into Syria, and earneftly entreated it to aid him in afcending a throne, to which he was lawful heir, as the fon of Seleucus the eldeft To brother of Epiphanes, who had reigned before. induce the Senate to favour him, he reprefented that having been brought up at Rome from twelve years old (he was now three and twenty) he fhould always confider that city as his native country, the Senators

as his fathers,

and

their fons as his brothers.

nate had

more regard

to the interefts of the

The SeCommon-

wealth than to the rights of Demetrius, and judged, it would* be more advantageous to tlie Romans, that there fhould be a minor King upon the throne of Syria, than a Prince like Demetrius, who might in the Equity and pubfequel become formidable to them. lick Faith are now feen to decline every day in the Senate. The Senators pafied a decree to confirm Eupator, andfent Cn. 06tavius, Sp. Lucretius, and L. Aurelius into Syria, with the character of Embafladors, to

^gulate all things there conformably to the articles of the treaty made with Antiochus the great. Their view was to weaken that kingdom as much as poffible.

A.R.

590.

P.

Cornelius Scipio Nasica.

FiGULUS.

Ant. C.
cic. Phiip. jx. 4.

Q MaRCIUS
^-^Q

"When the Embafladors arrived, they found that King had more (hips and elephants than were allowed by the treaty. They caufed the fhips to be
burnt and the elephants to be killed, that exceeded the number ftipulated by the treaty, and made fuch regulations in all other things, as were moft for the This treatment feemed advantage of the Romans. infupportable, and incenfed the People againft them. One called Leptinus was fo much exafperated, that in his rage, he fell upon -f Oftavius, whilft he was in
* Senatu, tacito judicio, tutius apud pupUlum, quam apud eum> [Demetrium] regnum futurum arbltrante. Justin, f Tbis 06tavius had been Conful fome time before, and was the Cic.Philipp. ix< firft of his family who had obtained that honour.

die

CORNEIJUS, MARCIUS,
the
bath,

Confuls.

^<^^
R. 590.
"

and killed him. Lyfias, the regent ofA. the kingdom, was fufpefted of having underhand AmbafTadors were lent to Ihared in this aflairmation. Rome, to juitify the King, and proteft that he had not had any Ihare in this fa6l. The Senate difmifled them without any anfwer, not having fufficient proofs againft Lyfias, and on another fide not believing it confident
with the dignity of the Roman name to accept a flight fatisfa<5tion for fuch an infult from a perfonjuftly fiifpeeled. By their filence they referved the enquiry into and puniihment of the crime to themfelves. Demetrius believed, that the difTatisfadion of the Romans with Eupator, was a favourable conjundture it was proper for him to improve, and he applied a lecond time to the Senate for permifTion to return into Syria. He took this ftep contrary to the opinion of moft of his friends, who advifed him to make his efcape without faying any thing. The event fhev/ed him, that they judged right. As the fame reafons of intereft, which the Senate had at firft for keeping him at Rome ftill fubfifted, he had the fam.e anfwer, and the grief to experience a fecond refufal. He then gave into the firft counfel of his friends and Polybius the hiftorian, who was then at Rome, was one of thofe who prefixed him moft to put it fecretly, but fiiddenly, in execution. He hearkened to him. After having taken all his meafures, he quitted Rome under pretext of an hunting-match, repaired to Oftia, and embarked with a fmall train on board * a Carthaginian fliip bound to Tyre. All that the Senate could do, was fome days after to depute Ti Gracchus, L. Lentulus, and Servilius Glaucia, into Syria, to oblerve what effed: the return of Demetrius would pro;

"^j^

duce
4.

there.

name of Auguftus, was of

Oftavius Csefar, afterwards Emperor, fo well known under the the fame family, but of another branch, of which none had ever been Confuls. Sueton.
firft-fruits

* This fliip was going to carry the thage to Tyre, according to cultom.

and revenues of Car-

Vol. V.

Kk

Deme-

,i^8

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,

Confuls.

A.R.590. Demetrius having landed at Tripoli in Syria, caufed Ant. c. ^ i-eport to be fpread, that the Senate had fent him to take poffeiTion of his Dominions, and that they were Eupator was imfully refolved to fupport him in it. irretrievably ruined, and every as confidered mediately go over to Demetrius. to him Euabandoned body pator and Lyfias were feized by their own troops, and delivered up to their enemy, who put them to Thus Demetrius found himfelf eftabliflied death. upon the throne without oppofition, and with prodi-

gious rapidity.
I fhall fay little in the fequel of the affairs of the Eafl and of Egypt, except when fuch fadts occur as are For the clofely interwoven with the Roman Hiftory. reft, the reader will permit me to refer him to the An-

tient Hiftory.

A.R.

s9a.

L. Anicius Gallus,

Ant. C.
360,

M. Cornelius Cethegus.
1 have faid fomething before of the Ccnforfliip of Paulus i^milius, in which he acquired, as in all his other employments, great reputation. On quitting this office, he was taken ill of a diftemper, that was at firft believed very dangerous, but which afterwards Teemed of ^ lingering kind. The phyficians having advifed him change of air, he embarked for Velia, where he remained a confiderable time in a very folitary and retired houfe near the fea. The Romans ibon lamented his abfence, and on more than one occafion teftified by their regret their impatience to fee him again. He could not refift fentiments fo grateful to him, and returned to Rome, which had not long the happinefs to pofTefs him. He died foon after, univerlally regretted by all orders of the citizens. His funeral was folemnized with a pomp truly worthy of the merit and charafler of that great man. It did not confift in the fumptuous magnificence that ufually attends this kind of ceremonies, but in the moft fincere affedion, true forrow, and warm grati-

'

tude.

'

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,

Confuls.

4519

tude, exprefled not only by the citizens, but the ene- ^^- 59^' "6p. mies themfelves. The Ambafladors of Macedonia, who were then at Rome, afked as a favour to be permitted to carry the bier of Paulus i^mihus on their Upon which Valerius Maximus makes flioulders.
this
ftill

reflexion

more

extraordinary, if

" This mark of elleem will appear we confider, that the fore-

part of this bier was adorned with paintings, wherein were reprefented the triumphs which the perfon whofe memory they honoured had gained over Macedonia. * And indeed, what veneration and refpefl for Paulus

^milius did not

for him, did

thofe exprefs,

who, through

affedlion

not conceive horror in carrying themfelves through an whole people, the evidences of the This fight made his funeral defeats of their nation. feem lefs a pomp of that kind, than a fort of fecond

triumph."

But what
his

conftitiites the
is

mofl exalted praife of Pau- o^c.

^*

ii,

lus iEmilius,

the very moderate fortune he left at"

death.

The fum which

he caufed to be carried

on the day of his triumph, amounted to about one million three hundred thoufand pounds flerling ; and it muft indeed have been very confiderable, as it fufficed to caufe the taxes paid by the Roman citizens to be aboliihed. Believing himfelf too happy in having inriched the
iinto the publick treafury
-f-

Commonwealth, he did not let the leaft part of thofe immenfe fpoils enter his own houfe, but contented himfelf with leaving it the remembrance of his name,
and a glory that could only expire with the world. In order that his eftate might be in a condition to pay his wife's dower, which amounted to about three thoufand eight hundred pounds, it was neceflary to fell part of*

um

* Quantum enim Paulo tribuerant, propter quera gentis fuse eladiindicia per ora vulgi ferre non exhorrueruiit. Quod fpeclacalum
hie nihil

funeri fpeciena alterius triumplii adjecit.

nam
.

f At

doraum fuam

prseter

memoriam nominis
:

fsrapiter-

detulit.

Cic.

Penates fuos nulla ex parte tocupletiores

exLftimans,

tum

quod ex

ilia viiSloria alii

fecit praeclare fecum acpecuniiirnj ioie gloriam. oc

cupaflet.

Val. Max.

iv. 3.

his

50D
A.R.
Ant. c.

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,
591. his (laves,

Confuls.
:

moveables, and fome farms after which the remainder of his whole fortune was only about nine thoufand three hundred and feventy-five pounds. That Paulus iEmilius, defcended from one of the moft noble and antient houfes of Rome, which had

been rendered

dignities, inherited

by the greateft offices and only fo moderate a fortune from his anceftors, refleds honour upon a long fucceflion of them. But that in the midft of fo many occafions of inriching himfelf by legitimate means, and in an age, wherein the antient maxims were almoft univerfally defpifed, he fliould conftantly keep within the bounds of a moderate patrimony, is a glory peculiar It certainly required an extraordinary to himfelf. force of foul and fuperiority of courage not to give way to the torrent, and to fet himfelf above examples
illuftrious

and difcourfe. The. antient tafte of efleem and love of fimplicity, and even poverty, \^as ftill fupported in fome families by good domeftick examples, and by the extreme
care taken not to ally with perfons of different prin-

Paulus i^milius chofe man of the JEHus Tubero for greateft v/orth, fays Plutarch, and one who bore poverty more generoully and more nobly than any other Roman. There were fixteen very near relations, all of the name and family of the ^lii, who had only one fmall houfe in the city, and another in the country, in which they all lived with their wives and a great number of fmall children. I have mentioned the fame Tubero above in fpeaking of the filver cup, given him by his father-in-law Paulus ^milius, which was the firft piece of plate that ever entered the houfe of the .^lii. The wife of this illuftrious lover of poverty did not degenerate from the noblenefs of his fentiments, Plutarch relates, that Emilia, the daughter of a father twice Conful, and who had twice triumphed,
ciples.
It

was

in this

fpirit

his

fon-in-law, * a

A)if

Sfis-i(,

KaJ

f-'.':yu.}:^?r:'.7f(~xTA 'p."/.'

ami- vixis

ymxf/.ix^,

was

501 was not afhamed of her hufband's poverty, but ad- A. r. 591. mired the virtue in him, that made him confent to ^^l' ^' continue poor ; that is, the motive which kept him in his flate of poverty, by profcribing the means of making himfelf rich, which are ufually far from hoFor legitimate methods ned, and full of injujftice. for a noble Roman to acquire riches, were very rare, to whom thofe of trade and manufafture were prohibited, and who could not, in reward of the fer vices he rendered the State, expe6l either gratification, penfion, or any of the advantages which officers in thefe days ufually receive from the liberality of Kings. He had fcarce any means of becoming rich, but by plundering the provinces, as mod of the Magiftrates and Generals had now done for fome time. And it was this greatnefs of foul, this difmtereftednefs, thefe fentiments of honour, this preference avowedly given to virtue over riches, which this illuftrious lady admired in her hufband, and v/ith great realbn. As Ihe was infinitely above the com.mon and vulgar manner of thinking, through the veils of poverty and fimplicity {he diilinguifhed the virtue which v/ere the caufe of them, and thought herfelf obliged to refped them llili more from the very point which would perhaps have made him contemptible to the many. ^a.viJ.a^'6a-A Tiiv ifz-rh J"] iTf -arcrMf nvIt was in the houfe of Paulus ^railius, this illuftrious lady had imbibed thefe great principles and we are going to fee, it is in confequence of the fame principles, that Scipio i'Emilianus her brother makes the moft noble ufe of riches it is pofiible
* :

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,

Confuls.

to imagine.

Greatnefs of foul can appear with luftre in more than one point of view, and is not confined within the bounds of camps and armies. Before we produce our Scipio upon this theatre, I believed it proper to fhew him in his family and domeftick life, efpecially with relation
to the ufe of riches. that Scipio, at hardly I have already obferv^ed, eighteen years of age, had devoted himfelf entirely to

Polybius

and that he confidered

'

as the greatell:

good
^or=

502
A,R.
59*.

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. c.

fortune of his life the occafion of forming himfelf by ^j^^ counfels of fuch a friend, whofe converfation he preferred to all the idle amufements which have ufually

fo

hopes

much attradtion for young perfons. What may not be conceived of the future from fuch a

difpofition

'

Polybius began by infpiring him with extreme averdangerous and fhamethemfelves, abandoned ful, to which the Roman youth and corrupted univerfally depraved by already almoft and the new the diibrders which riches, and luxury, Scipio, during conquefts had introduced at Rome. the firfl five years of being in fo excellent a fchool, knew well how to improve from the leffons he received In confequence, having had the courage to fet in it. himfelf above the bad example of the youth, he was from thenceforth confidered as the model of prudence and wifdom. Always djredled by the wife counfels of Polybius, he added to innocence of manners generofity, noble difintereftednefs, and the moft illuftrious ufe of riches, virtues fo neceffary to perfons of high birth, and which Scipio carried to their fupreme degree, as may be feen from fome fafts related by Polybius, which are highly worthy of admiration. j^milia *, the wife of tlie firfl Scipio Africanus, and mother of him, who had adopted the Scipio, of whom Polybius fpeaks in this place, had left a rich inheritance at her death to her grandfon. This lady, befides diamonds, and other jewels, which form the ornaments of her fex and rank, had a great quantity of gold and filver plate ufed in facrifices, a magnificent train, chariots, equipages, and a confiderable number of (laves of both {exes the whole in proportion to the wealth of the family fhe had married into. When fhe was dead, Scipio gave all thefe valuable things to his mother Papiria, who having been repudiated for many years by Paulus iEmilius, an(X
fion for the pleafures, equally
:

* She was the

iifter

of P, ^milius.

not

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,

Confuls.

^q^

not having wherewith to fupport the fplendor of her ^- ^- 59^birth, led an obfcure life, and did not appear either '^so.^' at the publick aflembhes, or ceremonies of religion. When Ihe was feen again with this pomp, fo magnificent a liberality did Scipio abundance of honour, elpecially amongft the ladies, who were not iilent upon the occaiion, and in a city, wherein, fays Polybius, people were not much difpoled to part with theii
fortunes.

He was admired He was obliged, in

which had
fallen

no lefs upon another occafion. confequence of the inheritance to him by the death of his grand-

mother, to pay at three different terms to the daughters of Scipio his grandfather by adoption, half their fortunes ; this was to each five and twenty talents (five and twenty thoufand crowns.) On the expiration of the firft term, Scipio caufed the whole fum to be paid into the banker's hands. Tiberius Gracchus and Scipio Nafica, who had married thofe two fillers, believing Scipio had made a miftake, went to him, and told him, that the law, which perhaps was imknov/n to^ him, gave him three years for paying that fum, at different payments. Young Scipio replied, that he was not ignorant of what the laws allowed that the rigor of them might be followed amongft ft rangers i but with relations and friends it was proper to a(5t with more fimplicity and generofity ; and he defired them to confent, that the whole fum might be paid them. They left him full of admiration of their kinfman's generofity, and * reproaching themfelves for the nar^ rownefs of their fentiments, in refpecl to intereft, though they were the principal and moft efteeraed This liberality feemed the more perfons of the city. admirable to them, fays Polybius, as at Rome, far from being willing to pay fifty thoufand crowns three years before the expiration of the term, nobody would have confented to pay one thoufand before thQ day prefixed.
:

4.

It

504
A.R.592.
Ant. c.
j6o.

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,
It

Confuls.
after,

was

in the

fame

fpirit,

that

two years

on

lYx death of Paulus ^milius, he refigned to his brother Fabins, who was not fo rich as he, all that

Ihould have fallen to him of his father's

eflate,

which

thoufand crowns) in order thereby to corred: the inequality of fortune between the two brothers. The fame brother intending to exhibit a fhew of o-ladiators after their father's death, in honour of his memory, as v/as the cuffcom, and not bemg able to defray fuch an expence, which rofe very high, Scipio contributed fifteen talents (fifteen thoufand crowns) to defray at leaft half of it. The magnificent prefents, which Scipio had made his mother, devolved to him with entire right after that lady's death and his fifters, according to the cuftom of thofe times, had no pretence to them. He would have thought it a difhonour to him to have taken back his gifts. In confequence he gave all he had given his mother to his fifters, which amounted to a very confiderable fum, and acquired new applaufes by this new proof of his greatnefs of foul, and tender regard for his fam.ily,
to
fixty
talents,

amounted

above

(fixty

Thefe

different gifts,

which

in

the whole

to very great fums, feem to derive greater value

amounted from

them (for he was very and ftill young) more from the noble and obliging manners with which he knew how to accompany them : to which may be added, the charader of the times wherein he lived, when the avidity of money, excited by the frantick expences of luxury, that increafed every day, began to become an almoft univerfal way of thinking, which was confidered as necelTary in fome
the age at which he beftowed
fenfe.

The fails which I have juft cited are fo foreign to our manners, that there would be reafon to apprehend they might be taken for the violent exaggeration of an hiftorian prejudiced in favour of his hero ; if every body did not know, that the prevailing character of Poiybius, who relates them, was a great love of truth.

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,
and an extreme remotenefs -from
pafTage
itfelf,

Confuls.

505
In theA.
this acR. 592. " lit. '^^^^' ^' c
160,

all flattery.
-

from which
it

have extracted

count, he has thought

tions in refpedt to

necefiary to ufe

fome precau-

fays of the virtuous adlions and he oblerves, that of Scipio as his writings were to be read by the Romans, who

what he

and rare

qualities

perfedlly

knew

all

things
fail to

that related to that great

be contradicted, if he ventured to advance any thing contrary to truth an affront to which it is not probable an author who has any regard to his reputation would willingly expofe

man, he fhould not

himfelf.

In the midfl of this decline of the

Roman
;

manners,

we have
in the

feen

two

illuftrious

men fhew

extraordinary

greatnefs of foul, but

by ways quite
:

different

Tubero,

moderation of a fimple life of poverty, embraced out of choice and tafte and Scipio ^milianus, in a Hate of opulence, who diftinguiflies himfelf only by beneficence the one by the generous contempt of riches, and the other by the wife and noble ufe of them. On which fide is there moft merit and glory ? Does it require more force of mind and courage to ftem the torrent of cuilom and example, which feems to authorize every * means of amafllng money legitimate or not, not to be anxious in refpecl to the occafions of a numerous family, as Tubero's was, to defpife a kind of reproach and contempt which the opinion of men attaches to poverty ; than not to fuffer either the head or the heart to be corrupted by the lurking poifon of riches, to keep one's felf free from vice and exempt from reproach with them, to know no other advantage in them but the power they afford of doing good to others ; in a v/ord, to make fubfervi:

ent to liberality, generofity, true magnificence, and the exercife of the greatefb virtues, what is ufuaily in a manner the natural aliment of luxury, pomp, idle ex-

pences, ridicule, efleem for one's

*

fclf,

and an infolent
racclo

Rem

facias,

rem

Si pofiis, refle

fi

nori;

quocumque

rem,

BORAT,

con-

ANICIUS, Confuls, /ro6 D A, R. 592. contempt for every one whatfoever, who is not rich ^^^ opulent, whatever merit they may have in other
"^rdo.^'

CORNELIUS,

Fre5n^^i"?*
^
'

^^'

This qiieftion is a fine fubjed for philoforefpefts. phers to defcant upon ; but it would carry us too far from the fubje6l of our hiftory. I think it not improper to give a fa6l a place here, which like the reft I have juft related, feems to flow from the fpirit of fimplicity, feverity, and wifdom, Scipio Nafica, the that antiently prevailed at Rome. fon of him who had been adjudged the worthieft man of Rome, fhewed himfelf not degenerate from fuch a father from the earlieft years of his life by fmgular probity and innocence of manners, and ftill recommended himfelf more by his profound knowledge of law in general, and by the talent of eloquence. He made ufe of the latter on an important occafion, in which he had great difficulties to furmount, and in

which his fuccefs fhewed how much authority his virThe Cenfors, tue had given him with the People. whofe term of office had lately expired (M. Valerius MelTala, and C. Caflius Longinus) amongft other publick works, had ordered a theatre to be ereded within the walls of the city, and the edifice was in
great forwardnefs.
to ftand at the

Before this time the citizens ufed

at

games and fhews exhibited

Rome.

Nafica forefaw, that the convenience of fitting at eafe would much augment the ardor of the people for the fhews, which was already but too great, and that the licentioufnefs of the theatrical pieces, in the corruption of manners, which increafed every day, would not fail to infed the whole city, and obfiterate in the youth all fenfe of probity and fhame. Full of zeal for the publick good, he reprefented to the Senate the inconveniences, and unhappy confequences of this. neW inftitution, with fo much force and warmth, that the demolition of the building was immediately refolved and executed and the Senate palfed a decree, to prohibit for the future, that any feats or benches for fitting at the reprefentation of games fhould be made within the city, or nearer than at the diflance of 8
-,

ANICIUS, CORNELIUS,
of a thoufand paces from
it,

Confuls.

507
*

it

being their will, that A. R. 592,

"gg,

the people fliould ftand at them, in order that even * in the midft of their pleafures and diverfions they might always retain fomething manly, and a vigour to

manners, -j- Paterculus has rea* regulation in the number of thofe, fon to place this to the Roman gravity and fewhich did moft honour
indicate the

Roman

which had already much manners. from the antient degenerated Before we proceed to the important wars Rome had to fuftain againft the Carthaginians, Ach^ans and Viriathus, and the Numantines in Spain, and not to be obliged to break in upon the account of them by a mixture of foreign fa6ts, often of little confequence, I proceed firft to relate fome events, which pafied in Rome itfelf, and deferve not to be omitted I Ihall afterwards fay fomething of two wars of little importance againft the Dalmatians and fome ftates of Ligu-
verity, particularly in an age
:

ria

Andlaftly,

I fhall

anticipate the relation of feveral

commotions that happened in Macedonia, and join them all in the fame point of view.

AFFAIRS

OF

ROME,
The arts of Greece,
at
ill

which began principally to be introduced Rome fmce the defeat of Perfeus, were at firft very

AL L
I

novelties are fufpedted.

In the year 591, the Senate pafted a received there. decree for banifhing the philofophers and rhetoricians out of the city,

of the famous embaffy of A. R. 597. ^^^^' ^^^^' the Athenians, compofed of three illuftrious philofc-

have fpoken

elfe where

* Ut fcilicet remifiioni animcrum junfta ftandi virjlitas, propria Romanae gentis nota elTet. Val. Max. ii- 4. eximia civitatis feveritas & * f Cui [CalTiO theatrum facienti] Conful Scipio reftitere. Quod ego inter clariflima publicae f volunVell. Paterc. i. if. tatis argximenta pofuerim.
Nafica was not Conful then, his term having expire-J. Thii word feems an error Gravitatis vould perha^^s be better.
:

phers.

5o8

AFFAIRSofROME.
phers, of which Carneades was the moft famous. have laid, that the feverity of Cato was alarmed
I

by

the great number of Roman youth, that ran after thefe three great mafters ; and the ardor with which

He took care to exthey collefted their difcourfes. pedite the affair for which they came to Rome, and to have an audience of leave foon given them, " left, faid he, our youth fhould be corrupted by the fubof the Greeks, and abandon the fimplicity of our antient manners." Refpedl for religion was carefully kept up in Rome; and I find two fine examples of it at the time of which
tleties

we
A.R.
589.

are fpeaking.

Gracchus, being Conful in the 589th year for the prefided in the affembly for the eleftion nat'.Deor. f^cond time, i. ii. of Confuls for the enfuing year, who were P. CorneThefe lius Scipio Nafica, and C. Marcius Figulus. new Confuls entered upon office, drew lots for their provinces, and were already the one in Corfica and the other in Gaul, when Gracchus was feized with a fcruple of confcience in refpect to a certain ceremony he had omitted, the want of which rendered their He was then in Sardinia, and eleftion deiedive. wrote to the college of Augurs to inform them of and the Augurs gave an account of it to this faft The affair feemed very ferious, and orthe Senate. ders v/ere immediately difpatched to recal the two They, who were both wife and prudent Confuls. perfons, obeyed with entire fubmiffion, and on their return to Rome they abdicated the Confulfhip, and were appointed fucceffors. " Thus, fays Cicero *, Gracchus chofe rather to own a fault, which he might have concealed, than to leave the Commonwealth accountable to religion for a negled; punifhable perhaps by the Gods and the Confuls made no difficulty to divcft themfelves immediately of the principal dignity
:

quam

um

* (Gi'acchus) peccatum fuum quod celari poflet eonfiteri maluk, hnerere in Republica religlonem Confules fummum imperiftatim deponere, quam id tenere puuftum temporis contra reli:

gionem,

of

WARS
of
to the

with the

DALMATIANS, &c.
keep
it

509

the State, rather than

rules of religion."

moment

contraiy
thefe
-,

The moderation of

two illuflrious citizens was not fuffered to hurt them and fome years after the Confulfliip was conferred upon them both. We only know the other faft, which it remains for A. R. 592 me to relate, from the epitome of the 47th book of Livy, which mentions no particulars of it. It only tells us, that Cn. Tremelius, Tribune of the People, having had a difference with M. iEmilius Lepidus, the great Pontiff, in which he had ufed opprobrious Every body knows terms, had a fine laid upon him. the enormous power of the Tribunes of the People, which even rendered their perfons facred and inviolable. Regard, however, for religion carried it againfl this magiftracy, often terrible to the Confuls and the whole Senate.

WARS
of the

with the

DALMATIANS,
of

States

LIGURIA.

and fome Affairs of

MACEDONIA.

THE

Dalmatians, who had formerly been fubjeft to Gentius, having incommoded their neighbours by incurfions, the * Liffians, who had fuffered

much by them, and were in alliance with the Romans, complained of them to the Senate. AmbafTadors were immediately made to fet out, who were ill received by the Dalmatians. War having in confequence been declared, two Confuls were fuccefTively lent againfl The firft was C. Marcius Figulus, then a. R. thofe people. Conful for the fecond time, who made fuch a progrefs, that his fucceffor Scipio Nafica, to whom aA. r. fecond Confulfhip had been alfo given, had only to befiege Delminium the capital of the country, in order He took that city, and demoto terminate the war. and it never was rebuilt afterwards. It is lifhed it
:

596.

597.

* One of the principal

called

cities

of the LifHans was Tragurium,

now
at

Trau

in Dalanatia.

510

WARS with foinc of the States of LIGURIA.

flill

at this time only a very mean town, that Corn.Nep. the fame name, Delminio upon the Drin

retains

in Bofnia.

What is moft worthy of obfervation in all this war, in other refpefts but of little importance, is the vigor's modefty, who refufed the title of Imperator, which his foldiers gave him with acclamations, and made great difficulties to accept the triumph decreed him by the Senate. He did himfelf juflice, for his adions
juflice

were not very confiderable. on the like occafions

But who
*
?

is it

that does

A.R.

59S.

The year following the Romans for the firfl time pafled the Alps in arms, but not to make war now againft the Gauls, but againft fome people of Liguria by origin, though fettled in the Gauls. Polybius
they inhabited calls them Oxybians and Deceates beyond the Var, along the fea-coafts, in the neighbourhood of the cities Nice, Antibes, and * Frejus. Thofe Barbarians attacked Nice and Antibes, colonies of the Maffilienfes, and rendered themfelves formidable
:

to MalTilia

itfelf.

(hod.

Marfeilles.)

An

embafTy fen

the complaint of the Maffilienfes, was no better received by the Ligurians,

by

the Senate of

Rome, upon

than that of which we have fpoke had been by the In confequence it was neceflary for the Dalmatians. Conful Q^ Opimius to march againft them with an army, in order to reduce them to reafon. The enterOpiprize was not difficult to the Roman power.

mius befieged the city, where the Ambaffadors had been infulted, took it by ftorm, made the inhabitants ilaves, and fent the principal authors of the infult in chains to

Rome,

to fuffer the punifliment their

crime deferved. The Ligurians were more than once defeated and cut to pieces. The Confulj to fecure the tranquillity of the Maffilienfes, gave them part of the conquered countries, and ordered that for the future thofe Barbarians ffiould fend hoftages to Maffilia^ to be changed from time to time.
* Frejus was not yet in being, at leall as a Roman colony, and with name of Forum Julii. But I thought it neceflary to determine the country of which I fpeak I

the

come

AFFAIRS
I

OF

MACEDONIA.

'

^511

come now

to

what regards Macedonia.

Fifteen or fixteen years after the defeat and death Fremflu ofPerfeus, one Andrifcus of Adramyttium, a city of ^^^^^^^ Myfia in Afia Minor, a man of the meaneft birth, gave himfelf out for the fon of Perfeus, afllimed the

name of Philip, and entered Macedonia, in hopes to caufe himfelf to be acknowledged King by the inhaHe had invented a flory conbitants of the country. cerning his birth, which he gave out every where, pretending that he was the fon of a concubine of Perfeus.

He had
his

flattered himfelf that

he fhould be believed on

own word, and

in

that he fhould occafion great

in his favour.

move-

ments

Macedonia

When

he found

that every thing remained quiet there, he retired into Syria to the court of Demetrius Soter, whofe fifter had

married

Perfeus.

That

Prince,

who immediately

the impoftor, caufed him to be feized, and fent him to Rome, in hopes, by that fervice, to acquire the proteftion of the Romans, for which at that time

knew

he had particular occafion. The Romans had little regard to that impoftor, who feemed to them to merit only contempt, fo that fmall care was taken to guard or keep him in clofe confinement. He took advantage of the negligence of his
keepers, and made his elcape from Rome. Having found means to raife a confiderable army amongft the Thracians, whom he had the addrefs to bring into his views, he made himfelf mafter of Macedonia either by confentor force, and affumed the marks of Sovereignty.

Sp.
.

POSTUMIUS AlBINUS.
riso.
Tj

A.R.

604.

Calpurnius C/^

Ant. C,
,^8,

Andrifcus, a man of nothing, who had been brought up, and lived hitherto in low life, and who juft before had neither land nor fortune, encouraged by the rapidity of his firft fuccefs, finding Macedonia too narrow for him, attacked ThelTaly, and fubjedied a part of it to his power.

The

5iJ The
Romans.

AFFAIRS
affair

OF

MACEDONIA.

They appointed

then began to appear more ferious to the Scipio Nafica to go in

quality of AmbalTador, or Commiffioner, to put a Itop to this defection in its birth, judging him highly fit

And indeed, he was perfedly for that employment. giving the necelTary bent of mind, of art the of mailer
and of bringing people into his views by perfuafion and in cafe it was neceffary to employ arms, he was very capable of forming a delign v/ith wifdom, and of

As foon as he arrived in executing it with valour. Greece, and was perfe6lly informed in the affairs of Macedonia, he gave the Senate advice of them j and, without lofs of time, made a tour through the cities of the allies, in order immediately to raife troops for The Achaians, who were the defence of ThelTaly. ftill the moft powerful people of Greece, fupplied him with the greateft number, without regard to their pall He foon deprived the falfe Philip of all difcontents. the cities he had taken in ThelTaly, drove out his garrifons, and repulfed himfelf into Macedonia. However, upon Scipio's letters it was foon feen at Rome, that it was neceffary to delay no longer fending The Praea General with forces againft this enemy.
tor P. Juventius

Thalna had orders

to pafs the fea as

He fet out diredly. foon as polTible with an army. But confidering Andrifcus as only a mock King, he did not conceive it neceffary to take any great precautions againft him, and he rafhly engaged in a batthe tle, wherein he loft his life with part of his army reft efcaped only by favour of the night.
:

The

viftor, flulhed

lieving his

by this good fuccefs, and .bepower firmly eftablilhed, abandoned him-

with neither moderation nor referve, as if to be really a King was to know no He other law nor rule but his paffions and caprice. was covetous, proud, and cruel. Nothing was (cen on all fides but oppreffions, confifcations of eftates, and murthers. Taking advantage of the terror occafioned by the defeat of the Romans, he foon recovered all he had loft in Theffaly. An embaffy which the Carthafelf to his vicious inclinations

AFFAIRS

OF

MACEDONIA.

513

"Carthaginians, then aftualiy attacked by the Romans, lent him with the promife of Ipeedy Ibpport, extremely exalted his courage. Q^C^cilius Metellus, lately elected Praetor, hadA.R. fucceeded Juventius, and was already near the enemy.

605^

Andrifcus had refolved to advance to meet him but he thought it necelTary not to remove far from the fea, and ftopt at Pydna, where he fortified his camp.
:

The Roman

Praetor foon followed

in fight

him

thither.

The

of each other, and ftirmilhes Andrifcus gained a confiderable palTed every day. advantage in a fmall engagement of the horfe. Suecefs ufually blinds m.en of little experience, and becomes fatal to them. Andrifcus believing himfelf fuperior to the Romans, detached a great body of his troops to defend his conquefts in Theffaly. This was a grofs error; and Metellus, who let nothing efcape him, did not fail to take advantage of it. The army that remained in Macedonia was defeated, and Andrifcus reduced to fly. He took refuge amono-ft the Thracians, from whence he foon returned with a new army. He had the rafhnefs to venture a fecond battle, which proved as unfortunate for him as the In both he loft above five and tv/enty thoufand jirft.
v/as wanting to compleat the glory of the General except feizing Andrifcus, who had taken refuge with a petty King of Thrace, to whole fidelity he abandoned himfelf. But the Thracians did not pique themfelves much upon faith, and made it give place to their intereft. This Prince put his gueft into the hands of Metellus, to avoid drawinoupon him the anger and arms of the Romans. He was fent to Rome. Another Adventurer, who alfo called himfelf the Frdnfh. fon of Perfeus by the afTumed name of Alexander, had the fame fate as the firft, except that Metellus could not take him he retired into Dardania, where he kept himfelf concealed.

two armies were

men. Nothing

Roman

'

Vol. V.

LI

It

514

Crigin and Occafion of the Third Punic

It

War.

A.R.

610.

was at this time that Macedonia, which had made fo bad an ulc of the liberty granted it by the Romans, was reduced into a province, that is, treated like a conquered country. A third impollor appeared fome years after, and gave himfelf out for the fon of Perfeus under the name of Philip. Plis pretended title was but of fhort duration. He was defeated and killed in Macedonia by Tremellius, who on that occafion received the furname of Scrofa; becaule in encouraging his foldiers, he had allured them, that he would difperfe the enemy, ut Scrofa porcos.

SECT. THIRD PUNIC WAR.

III.

Origin and occafion of the third Punic war. Rome flsews little favour to the Carthaginians in their differences
'With

thaginians.

War between Maftnifja and the CarGreat anxiety and fear of the Carthaginicins in refpe^i to the Romans. Rome deliberates, whether war jail be declared againfl Carthage. It is
Mafmffa.

refoked.

Alarm of

the Carthaginians.

Deputies to Rome.

Hard

conditions

They fend propofd to them.

They accept them. They fend three hundred of their principal citizens as hoftages. They ddiver up all their arms. They ore at length told that they mift quit
Car-

which will be deraolifed Grief and horror of the Deputies. Defpair and fury of Carthage^ when that news is made public there. Reflexicn upon the cndu5l of the Romans. Generous efjlrts of Carthage
thage,
to prepare for thefiege. Invocation of the tutelar Gods of Carthage to quit it, and the fonn of devoting that city. Carthage befieged by the two Ccnfuls. Sc^pio

dijhnguifjes himfelf above all the other Death officers. of Mafiniffa. The new Ccnful continues the fiege with

great langwr.
fhip, IS

Scipio, who ftands only for the yEdileekSled Conful, and charged with the war of Africa.

bf

TCt^iv e^^Afaf) Mmt^ivaiiOitf^. every fAitui inc/dti^ in U fircumanuttia//u.t^'w/iu^ t/te Sit^tcet' tm^iaiit ryant rejjan/ to me capaou. if\ih/e. tmffiaiU tAe 7 Turn cr 0c^^ffn.fvr wAuA if uf^/iirffiin iAe RJtiutn J&ffarif; This ^Up wiil herein/ he ofiru^re qeiufa/ 1,

/ IdnfrartAf fei/^ peatUarfy numavus in rtvpt-r/ tc (Ai^ ihuntty ,iini. vt (hr rvh^e Detni/t'f'it takenjfvm them. Lt Itaein^, ttf we have (h^ne^Ramnn %Vatu<. f/ie /hsififn of Hmv^ tf Sftt/ed ,uui citaz-eit up iind ^e Hfaifer is even ettahM ecjud^e ofme met^htTrhirh the n.v if^the tinde/tr Tdnetinies may hitve in 'I t-ti/ie Stitfy cffhe Weik I Hue bejiJes ^e A4iv.mtaoe ot'narfaterBirti^tUtjriti/ in rhisJfap. fhe.-Lithff afitctmr.thathehas ccrreitrt/ rhtji^vC it inmany P/iuvs It /> hard fyf ejfahlith Zimiu tcNumidia fiUtht time iehnti Kin^s/ an tfu Si(U ^'AfhoJ, or the Ri 'man Prvvi/uv. t. thiit this State exteruitdtit that time intv lite icu/uri/. which a/^nvardr made part ofthe T^vconfu/eiH! Sveey-haify knoies./Aat on t/te l^vt.Nmuuiia teas bounded cttfy ht/ theR-.ver^Hu/aeha:It/pas net tile Tune efBocchus.^ Jhn cfSoa^is, and Brother ^''Boaud. Kin^s o^J^fituriMrtia, that the Western Part of'Numidia tvaa eaffeJ^Luu'ttania, to jvkieA an odUi/iffnai Name, to/tenjivm Cavan'.t its Capital has been added, 'ULfh itpmnHu'anastttJ\iuriiani{t,orTiitaitaiuz~ 'JlieNumidiaoj were foiynerfv dmded into tfVoPeapte; iAe t mt Eastrm Ihrt. wlio were the Suiiectf of'Masitiiss<t : and the J^lASSMSTU in tite other, the < fuiy'eets of.*pphi

'-

RMSeah: Sm^K

Origin and Occafion of the Third Punic

Africa.

War.
Mancinus
amongfv

515

He

arrives in Jfrica,

and

delivers

.from great danger.

the trocps.

He

re-eflahlifhes difcipllne

He

carries on the ficge 'with vigour.

De-

fcription of Carthage.
Sea-fight.

Ajdrubal^s barbarous cruelty.

ScipiOy duriftg the winter^ attacks

and tak^s

NepberiSj a place in the neighbourhood of Carthage.

The

ftege

continued.

*The

city

at

length furrenders,
children.,

His wife kills her and thrc-ws herfclf with them into the fames.
compaff.on on feeing the

Afd) iwal alfo furrenders.

Seipia^s

ruin of Carthage. Noble ufe ivhich he makes of thefpcils of that city. Joy which the news of the taking cf Carthage occafions at Rorne. 'I'en

CommiJJlne^s
thage.

fe:it into

Africa.

'Dejiruolion

of Car-

Scipio returns to
.

Rome, and

receives the honour

of a triumph

Carthage

re-efiablifhed,

third Punic war, lefs confidera'ole than the two former in the number and greatnefs of battles, and its duration, which was but of four years, was much more fo by its fuccefs and event, 'as it terminated in the total deftrudion of Carthage. That city, after her laft defeat, and the treaty of peace confequential of it, rightly perceived what fhe had to fear from the Romans, in whom (he always bblerved much ill-v;i!l, whenever fhe applied to them
in htr differences v/ith Mafiniila.

THE

In the preceding books I have related feveral Deputations fent from both fides, and feveral Cornmiffions appointed by the Romans, who fent Senators to

take cognizance of thofe difputes upon the fpot, and

to terminate them, without their ever pafiing any definitive fentence.
all

It

is

evident, that

Rome

v/as

not at

Polyb.
Jeg^it.

inclined either to fatisfy the Carthaginians, or to

juflice
,

do

ng.

them

and that the quarrel was purpofely fpun out, to give MafmifTa time to ftrengthen himfelf in his ufurpations, and to weaken the enemy. Upon new complaints made by the Carthaginians, a.r. 595. a deputation v/as decreed at Rome to make farther ^n^- ^^ ^^'^' enquiries upon the fpot. Cato was in the number of
the CommilTioners.

When

they arrived, they aflced the

516

Origin and Occafion of the Third Punic

War.

their arbitration.

the contending parties, whether they would abide by Mafinifia readily coniented. The

Carthaginians replied, that they had a rule fettled, to which tliey adhered, which was the treaty concluded by Scipio, and demanded to be tried without favour. This anfwer was a pretext to the Deputies for decidThey vifited the whole country, which ing nothing. they found in a very good condition, efpecially the and they were furprized to find it city of Carthage almoft re-eftablifhed in the fame degree of greatnefs and power, as it was before its laft defeat. On their
i

fail to give the Senate an a:ccount of this, declaring, that Rome would never be fafe as long as Carthage fhould fubfift. From thenceforth the Senators were extremely exafperated againft Carthage and if the war was not declared till a confiderable length of time after, it is to be believed, that occafion and pretexts were rather wanting n the fide of the Romans, than will. Mafmiffa found them a plaufible motive both for attacking Carthage, and the promife of an eafy vidlory.

return they did not

thing happened as follov/s. divifion had taken place in Carthage, and the Numidian King had a powerful party there. The zealous Republicans having found a favourable opportunity, drove the heads of this party to the number of forty out of the city, and made people take an oath that they v/ould never fuffer the recalling of the exiles to be propofed. They retired to MafmifTa, who fent two of his fons, Gulufla and Micipfa, to follicit their re-ellablilliment. The gates of the city were fliut againft them, and GulufTa was even warmly purfued by Amilcar, one of the Generals of the Republick. This was a new fubje6t of war armies

The

were raifed on both fides, and a battle fought. was in the Confulfhip of Qtiintius and Acilius.

This

T. Ql' IN-

QUINTIUS, ACILIUS,
T. QuiNTIUS FlAMINIUS.
M'. ACILIUS BaLBUS,
Scipio the younger,

Confuls.

517
A.'R. 602.
*

1^0.

who

afterwards ruined Carthage,

was a fpeilator of this battle. He was come to Mafiniffa from LucuUus, who was making war in Spain, and under whom he ferved, to aflc fome elephants of him. During the whole battle he kept upon the top of an hill very near the place where it was fought.' He was aftonifhed to fee Mafmiffa, then above fourfcore years old, mounted on horfeback without a faddle, according to the cuftom of the country, giving orders, and fuilaining the rudeft fatigues like a young oiHcer. The battle was very obftinate, and continued from morning till night but at length the Cartlmginians gave way. Scipio afterwards faid, that he had been prefent in many battles, but that none had given him fo much pleafjre as this, in which quiet and in cold blood he had feen above an hundred thoufand men engage, and long difpute the vid:ory. And as he was well read in Homer, he added, that before him Hom. ir. only Jupiter and Neptune had enjoyed fuch a fight; ^'".Jiwhen one from the top of mount Ida, and the other ^'"' ^^' from the highell eminence in Samothracia, had the pleafure of feeing a battle between the Greeks and Trojans. I cannot tell, whether the fight of an hundred thoufand men cutting one another's throats gives a very fenfible pleafure, or whether fuch a delight can fubfift with the fenfe of humanity natural to
:

us.

The Carthaginians after the battle defired Scipio to Applaa, terminate their difputes with MafmiiTa. He heard P- ''* both fides. The firft confented to cede the territory of Emporia, which had been the ifirfl fubjecl of the quarrel, to pay down two hundred talents of filver, and to add to them eight hundred more at different terms, But MafmiiTa dem-anded the as fnould be agreed on. r:s-eftablifhment of the exiles ; the Carthaginians not being v/illing to hear that propofal, they fepara,ted with-

out

5i8
^'
"^"l"

QUINTIUS, ACILIUS,
his

Confuls.

A. R.6oi. out concluding any thing.

Appian.
P- 40-

Scipio, after having paid compliments, and thanks to Mafinifla, fet out with the elephants he came for. The King, after the battle, kept the enemy's camip invelted upon an hill, where they could receive neiAt this junfture ther provilions nor reinforcement. Rome. They were ordered, Deputies from arrived worded, to terminate the affair ; MafmilTa was in cafe otherwife to decide nothing, and to give the King and they followed the laltter part of great hopes In the mean time the famine intheir inftru6tions. creafed every day in the camp of the Carthaginians ; and to increafe their misfortune the plague joined it, and made terrible havock. Reduced to the laft extremity, they furrendcred themfelves, upon engaging
:

to deliver

up the

deferters to

Mafinifla, to

pay him

About
750,00

five

thoufand talents of

filver in the

fpace of fifty

ygg^j-s^ Q^nd

reinftate the exiles, notwithflanding the oath They were all made they had taken to the contrary. to pafs under the yoke, and difmiffed each with only a GulufTa, to revenge the bad treatment fingle habit. he had received, as we have faid above, detached a body of cavalry after them, whofe attacks they could neither avojd nor fuftain, in their prefent difarmed Thus of fifty-eight thoufand men very condition. few returned to Carthage. So confiderable a defeat gave great alarm there. They particularly apprehended, that the Romans, under pretext, that the Carthaginians, contrary to the conditions of the treaty, had taken arms againft a King in alliance with Rome, fhould declare war againfb rhem for they could not doubt the ill-will of the Roman Senate in refpedl to them. To prevent the effc6l of it, the Carthaginians declared by a decree of the Senate Afdrubal and Carthalon, one of whom had been General of the army, and the other had * commanded the auxiliary troops, guilty of trea:

*
all

The

foreign troops had

B'.e.du.c'f;/^.

of

whom

commanders of their refpeflive nations, were fubordinate to a Carthaginian ofiicer, called by

fon.

Appinn,

QUINTIUS, ACILIUS,
{on, as beino; the authors

Confuls.

^^g
A. R. 602. ^'
"^

of the war with the King

of Numidia. They then fent deputies to Rome, to know what people thought and expected there from them. They were anfwered coidiy, that it was for
fatisfaiftion

the Senate and People of Carthage to confider what was due to the Romans. Not beino^ able to get any other anfwer or explanation by a fecond
,

embafiy, they conceived great anxiety and in extreme terror from the remembrance of paft evils, they already thought they faw the enemy at their gates, and reprefented to themfelves all the direful effedts of a long fiege, and of a city taken by llorm. In the mean time the Senate of Rome deliberated P^"^. in upon the refolution the Commonwealth fhould take ; V\X^^^' and the difputes betv/een Cato and Scipio Nafica, who

thought quite differently upon that fubjeft, were renewed. The firft, on his return from Africa, had already reprefented in the ftrongeft terms, that he had found Carthage, not in the condition the Romans believed it, exhaufted of men and riches, weak and reduced ; but on the contrary, abounding v/ith youth, v/ith immenfe quantities of gold and filver, prodigious llores of all kinds of arms, and all the neceiTaries of v/ar ; and fo proud and full of confidence with all thefe great preparations, that there was nothing fo great, at vhich their hopes and ambition did not afpire. It is faid, that after having held this difcourfe, he even tJircw figs of Africa, which he had in his bread, into the midil of the Senate ; and that, on the Senators ad" It PHn. miring their beauty and bignefs, he told them " is but three days fmce thofe figs were gathered. ^^* " And that is the diftance between us and the enemy." And afterwards, upon any affairs being deliberated upon in the Senate, Cato always added " And I further conclude, that Carthage muft be de' ftroyed." Nafica, on the contraiy, was for fuffer:

xv,

ing

it

to fubfift.
their reafons to think as they did.

Both had
as to

Nafica,
that

...

feeing that the people's infolence rofe to fuch an height,

make them commit

all
1

manner of

exceffes

fwelled

520
A. R.
602.

QUINTIUS, ACILIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. C.
Jjo.

fwelled with pride in effect of their vidlories, they could no longer be kept within bounds by the Senate and that their power had attained to fuch an itfelf height, that it was capable of forcing the Commonwealth into all the meafures they lliould think fit to eipoufe Nafica, I fay, in this fituation, was for leaving them the fear of Carthage as a curb, to moderate and check their audacity. For he thought, that the Carthaginians were too weak to fubdue the Romans, and that they were alfo too ftrong to be defpifed by them. Cato on his fide judged, that for a people become proud and infolent from profperity, and. whom unbounded licentioufnefs precipitated into all kinds of diforders, there was nothing more dangerous, than to leave them a State for a rival and enemy, hitherto always powerful, but from its misfortunes themfelves become wifer and more cautious than ever, and not entirely to remove from them all caufe of fear from without, when they had all poffible means within of hurrying on to the lail exceffes. Laying afide the laws of equity for a moment, I leave the reader to determine, which of thefe two great men judged moft juftly according to the rules of good policy and with relped to the interefl of the State. Certain it is, as * all Hiftorians have obferved, that after the deftruftion of Carthage the change of condufl and government was evident at RomiC that vice no longer crept into it with fear, and in a manner by ftealth, but barefaced and ered:, and with
;
;

all orders of ^?c Comand that people abandoned themfelves without referve or bounds to luxury and pleafures, which did not fail, as that is inevitable to draw on the

furprizing rapidity poirefTcd

monwealth

* Ubi Carthago, ^mula imperii Romani, ab ftirpe interiit fortuna (kvire ac mifcere omnia ccepit. Sallust. in bell. Catil. Ante Carthaginem deletam populus & Senatiis Rom. phcidc modef^ teque inter fe remp. traftabant. Metus hoftilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. Sed ubi'formido ilia mentibus deceflit, ilicet ea quae fecundas res amant, lafcivia atque fuperbia incefl'ere. Id in bell. Jugurth.

ruin

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,

Confuls.

521
^- ^<5o.

min of the State. " The f firft Scipio, fays Patercuius fpeaking of the Romans, had laid the foundations of their future greatnefs
:

^'

quefts,

opened the way for

all

the latter, by his conkinds of vice and dif-

orders.

Rome

the time that Carthage, which kept play by difputing empire with her, was entirely deilroyed, her manners declined no longer (lowly and by degrees, but fuddenly and with preciin

From

pitation.'"*

II.

MaRCIUS CeNSORINUS.
'

A.K.60J.
^^49.^'

M*. Ma^ilius.

However
to declare

that were, it was refolved war againil the Carthaginians

in the
:

Senate

App.p.42,

and the rea-

fons, or pretexts

given for

it,

were, that contrary to

fliips, and marched an army out of their territories againil a Prince in alliance with Rome, whole fon they had treated with violence, at the time he had a Roman Ambafiador with

the tenor of the treaty they had kept

him..

An

entirely

lucky event, which happened

whilfi:

the affair of Carthage was in deliberation, no doubt contributed m.uch to the taking of this refolution.

This was the arrival of Deputies from Utica, who came to put their perfons, fortunes, lands and city Nothing could have into the hands of the Romans. Utica was the fecond fallen out more opportunely. city of Africa, was very rich, and had a port equally fpacious and commodious, which was but fixty ftadia from Carthage, and might ferve as a place of arms The Senate then hefitated no longer, for attacking it. and the war was declared in all the forms. The two Confuls were prefled to fet out with all pofllble expedition, and fecret orders were given them not to terminate the war without the deitruction of Carthage, They
f Potentias Romanorum prior Scipio viam apernerat, luxurise pofterior aperuit. Quippe remoto Cai thagiuis metu, I'u'olataque imperii aemula, non gradu, led praecipiti curl'u a virtute defcitum, ad vitia
ti-anlcurfum.

Yell. P.-vterc.

ii. i,

departed

522
A. K.
603.

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. c.

departed immediately, and flopped at Lilybseum in 'Pl^e fleet was confiderable, and had on board gj^iiy^ it fourfcore thoufand foot, and about four thouland
horfe.

Folyb. Excerpt, Legat.

972.

Carthage did not yet know what had been refolved Rome. The anfwer the Deputies had brought back from thence, had only lerved to augment her They had been told, that it was trouble and anxiety.
^j-

for the Carthaginians to confider, in what manner they could fatisfy the Romans. They knew not how to aft.

At

ers to

length they fent new Deputies ; but with full powdo all they fliould judge neceflary, and even, in cafe circumftances feemed to require it, to declare, that the Carthaginians abandoned themfelves and all they This, acpoiTefied to the difcretion of the Romans. cording to the force of the words, fe fuaque eorum arhitrio permittere^ was making them ablolute mailers of their fate, and to confefs themfelves their vaflals. They had never been capable in the former wars to refolve upon fo mortifying a itep and however they expeded no great fuccels from it, becaufe the people of Utica having been beforehand with them in doing the fame, had deprived them of the merit of an early and volun:

tary fubmiffion.

On arriving at Rome, the Deputies v/ere informed, that the war was declared and the army fet out. They had therefore no time to deliberate, and furrendered their perfons and all they poffeiled to the Roirians.

In confequence of this meafure, they were an-

fwered, that becaufe they had at length taken the right refolution, the Senate granted them liberty, the
exercife of their

own

laws,

all

their territories,

and

all

their other pofTefllons, either as private perfons or as a

on condition, that in three days they ; fhould fend three hundred hofcages of the principal youth of their city to Lilybasum, and do what the ConThofe laft words p;ave them fuls fhould order them. extreme anxiety but the trouble they were in, made them incapable either of replying, or afl-iing any explanation ; and it had been to no manner of purpofe.

Republick

They

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,
They

Confuls.

523
603.

therefore fet out for Carthage, and gave an ac- A.r.

count of their commilTion. "^"io^* All the articles of the treaty were grating but the Polyb.' filence kept in refpe6t to the cities, of which no men- Excerpt, tion was made amonglt the things Rome confented to ^jf^^' leave them, gave them extreme difquiet. However, nothing remained for them to do, but to obey. After their antient and recent lofTes, they were not in a condition to make head againft fuch an enem.y, v/ho had Troops, provifions, not been able to refill Mafiniffa. Ihips, allies, v/ere all wanting ; and hope and courage more. They did not think it proper to wait the expiration of the term of thirty days, which had been granted them but to fofnen the enemy by the promptitude of their obedience, though they however could not
:
',

flatter themfelves with that effeft, they made the hofThefe were the flower and tages fet out immediately. hope of the moft noble families of Carthage. Never

was fight more afi^edting. Nothing was heard but mournful cries, nor feen but tears. The whole city refounded with groans and lamentations. The mothers
in particular, bathed in tears, tore their hair, beat their breafts, and in a manner frantick with orief and defpair raifed cries capable of moving the hardeft hearts. It was ftill quite another thing at the fatal

mom.ent of feparation,

when having accompanied

lafl; leaves, not expelling ever to fee them more, bathed them with their tears, never gave over embracing them, and

them

to the fliips they took their

prefled

fent to their departure

arms without being able to confo that it was necefl^ary to pull them away by force, which was more cruel to them than if their bowels had been torn out of their bodies. When they arrived in Sicily, the hoftages were fent forwards to Rome, and the Confuls told the Deputies, that when they were at Utica, they would let them
in their
,

them

know

the orders of the

Commonwealth.
there
is

In the like conjunflures

nothing more

ibid/
P- 375-

cruel than a terrible uncertainty, that without fhewing

any^^Z^^

524
A. R. 60s,
"**
'

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,

Confuls,

any thing in particular, leaves all that can bf apprehended obvious and impending. As foon as it was known, that the fleet was arrived at Utica, the Deputies repaired to the camp of the Romans, declaring, that they were come in the name of the State to receive their orders, which they were ready to obey in

The Conful Cenforinus, who fpoke, afhaving praifed their good difpofltion and obedience, ordered them to deliver up to him without They confraud or delay all their arms in general. fented to this ; but they defired him to refled upon the condition to which he reduced them, at a time when Afdrubal, who was become their enemy only on account of their entire fubmiflion to the Romans, was almoft at their gates with an army of twenty thoufand men. They were anfwered, that Rome would pro^
all

things.

ter

App.

46.

vide for that. long This order was executed immediately. arrived in the laden with camp, all carriages train of two the preparations of war, that were in Carthage hundred thoufand compleat fuits of armour, an infinite number of fpears and javelins, and two thoufand The Demachines for difcharging ftones and darts. puties of Carthage followed, accompanied by the moft venerable old men of the Senate and Prieits of

the Gods, to endeavour to excite the

pafTion at this critical

Romans

to

com-

moment, when

their fentence

was going to be paffed, and their final doom determined. The Conful rofe up for a moment on their arrival with fome exprefllons of kindnefs and humanity; then fuddenly refuming a grave and fevere air he faid " I cannot but approve your readinefs in It has inftruded executing the orders of the Senate.
:

'

to declare to you, that its lafl pleafure is, that you fhould quit Carthage, which it has refolved to deflroy ; and that you remove your abode to whatever part of your territory you fhall-think fit, provided it be fourr

me

fcore fladia

from the

fea."

When
'53-

the Conful

had pronounced

this terrible

de-

cree, nothing was heard but a lamentable cry amongf^

the

MARCTUS, MANILIUS,
tlie"

Confuls;

52^^
'

thunderflruck in 3,^'^-^o< Ant C they were, nor what tnanner, and neither j^'^. they did. They rolled themfelves in the dull, tearing their cloaths, and venting nothing but groans and fobs. After having recovered themfelves a little, they extended their hands fometimes towards the Gods, and fometimes towards the Romans, imploring their mercy and juftice to a people upon the point of being reduced to defpair. But as they were entirely deaf to their prayers, they foon changed them into reproaches and imprecations, putting them in mind, that there
Carthaginians.

They were knew where

were Gods, who were the avengers, as well as witnefof crimes and perfidy. The Romans could not refrain from tears at fo moving a fight ; but their refo^ lution was taken. The Deputies could not even prevail, that the execution of the order Ihould be fufpended, till they had applied again to the Roman Senate, in order to endeavour to have it revoked. They were obliged to let out and carry the anfwer to Carfes

thage.

They were expe<5lcd there with an impatience and App. p. dread not to be exprelTed. They had much difficulty ^^' ^'^' to break through the throng that prcfifed around them to know the anfv/er, which it was but too eafy to When they arrived in the Seread in their looks. nate, and had related the cruel order they had received, a general cry informed the people of their fate and from that inftant nothing was heard throughout the whole city but howling, defpair, rage, and
:

fury.

Let us

flop here a

momentj

to confider a

little

the

condudl of the Romans. I cannon fufficiently regret, that the fragment of Polybius, in which this deputation is related, ends exaiflly in the, moil an^eding part of his hiftory-; and I fhould fet a much higher value on a fhort reflexion of fo judicious an author, than the long harangues, which Appian purs into the mouths of the Deputies, and of the Conful. Now I cannot believe, that Polybius, full of good fenfe, reafon, and
equity as he was, co'jld on the
occafion
in

quePcion

have

526
'

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,
do
it
:

Confuis.

A. R- 603- have approved the proceeding of the

,^j^

Romans.

We

not, in

my

opinion, fee their antient charafter in

that greatnefs of foul, dignity, integrity, and de-

clared abhorrence of

mean ftratagem, difguife, and impofture, that are not, as is fomewhere faid, of the were Roman genius Minime Romanis ariibus. not the Carthaginians attacked with open force ? was it declared to them exprefsly by a treaty, which is
:

Why

Why

their laws

Polyb.
6
I

a facred thing, that liberty and the free exercife of were granted them, and conditions underilood, that entirely fubvert both ? Why, under the fhameful fuppreiTion of the word City in this treaty^ is the perfidious defign of deftroying Carthage concealed, if as under the fhadow of that equivocation they might do it with juftice ? And laftly, wherefore is not the lail declaration made them till after they have at different times taken from them their hoftagesand arms, that is, after having put it abfolutely out of their power to refule them any thing ? Is it not m.anifeft, that Carthage, after fo many defeats, all weakened and exhaufted as Ihe is, ftill makes the Romans tremble, and that they do not believe it in their power to fubdue her by force of arms ? It is very dangerous to have power enough to commit injuflice with impunity, and even to hope great advantages from it. The example of all empires lliews us, that they feldom fail to acl thus when they believe it for their intereft. The great praife which Polybius gives the Achai-

^6^2

much from what we fee in this place. Thofe States, fays he, far from employing ftratagem and deceit with their allies for augmenting their power, did not even believe, that it was allowable to ufe them againft their enemies, and deemed That only a
^"^' differs

and glorious victory which they gained fword in He owns, in the fame place, that only faint traces of the antient generofity of their forefathers ftill remained amongft the Romans ; and he thinks himfelf obliged, fays he, to make this remark, contrary to a principle become very common in his time, amongft perfons in the adminiftration of
folid

hand by courage and bravery.

govern-

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,

Confuls.

527

governments, that it is impoflible to fucceed in publick A. R. 60^. ' affairs, whether of war or peace, without ibmetimes "^j, employing fraud and deceit. The Confuls did not make App. 55. I return to my fubjed. Stiab.i.j7. halte to march againii the Carthaginians, not imagin^^" ^' ing, that they had any thing to fear from a city difarmed. They took advantage of this delay to put themfelves into a pofture of defence for it was unaAfdrubal, nimouily refolved not to abandon the city. who was at the head of twenty thoufand men, was eledled General without the walls ; and Deputies were fent to him to defire him., in favour of his country, to forget the injuftice done him through fear of the RoThe command of the troops in the city were mans. given to another Afdrubal, the grandfon of Mafmifla. Arms were then made with incredible expedition. The temples, palaces and publick places were changed Men and women worked into fo miany worklhops. on them night and day. An hundred and forty fliields, three hundred fwords, five hundred pikes and javelins, a thoufand arrows, and a great number of machines for difcharging them, were made every day and becaufe materials were wanting to make cords, the women cut off their hair, which was an abundant
:
-,

fupply.

Mafmiffa was difcontented, that the Romans, after App.p. 55. he had extremely weakened the power of the Carthaginians, came to take the advantage of his vi6tory, without fo much as imparting to him their defign in any manner ; which occafioned fome coldnefs between them. The Confuls however advanced towards the city to Macrob. befiege it. It is to be believed, that the two ceremo- ^^^- " 5nies, of invoking the tutelary Gods of Carthage to quit it, and of devoting that city, were then performed. Macrobius informs us, that it was an antient ciiftom amongft the Romans, but that it was kept very fecret, when they befieged an enemy's city, to call out the Gods who refided in it ; whether they believed, that they could not take the city without doing fo, or,
that

5?^
A-R.
603.
'

?vTARCIUS,
that
it

MANILIUS,

ConftLh.

149.

feemed impious" to them to make the Gods They had a form for this evocation, and another which they afterwards ufed for devoting the fame city to the infernal Gods. Macrobius, who has preferved thefe two forms, affirms, that they were
pri^o^^^s.
I proceed to repeat ufed in refpeft to Carthage. both in this place as curious and venerable monuments of the convi6tion the whole antient world were under, in refpe6l to the power which the Divinity The firft is as follows. exercifes over human things. " O thou, God or Goddefs, under whofe protection " the People and State of Cartljage are, and you " efpecially who have taken upon you to defend this " city and its people, I beg, 1 conjure and aflc it as a ' boon, that you will abandon the People and State " of Carthage ; that you will quit all its places, tem-

" "
*'

pies, facrifices,

and the

Ipread terror, difmay, and blindnefs of

this

People and State.

remove from it, and mind over Abandoned by your antient

city
;

*'

votaries,

come

to

Rome

amidft

my

people

let all

"
*'
*'

that belongs to us, places, temples, facrifices,

city

and

that we may perceive and acknowledge the effedbs If you give ear to my prayer, of your protection. " I vow to eredl temples to you, and to celebrate games " in your honour." After having called out the Gods protestors of the enemy's city in this manner, the Romans devoted it to the infernal divinities by this fecond form, which, as well as the firil, was to be repeated by the Ge*'

" "

be more grateful to and pleafe you .more than be the defenders of me, the your antient abode Roman People, and my foldiers in fuch manner,
:

neral.

" God Pluto, Jupiter the maleficent, JDH manes^ " or by whatever other names you are to ht called, " I afk that you v/ill fill the whole city of Carthage " and the army which I have in my thoughts, and " which I hear, with diforder, terror and difmay
*'

that

you

v/iil

deprive thofe

who

fhall

carry arms-

"

defenfive or offenfive againil our legions and

army " of

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,
'*

Confuls.

529

with all thole that inhabit in the places, regions, lands and cities, v/hich belong to our enemies that you regard as devoted and confecrated to you, according to the moft folemn forms of devoting, the army of the enemy, their cities, countries, which I conceive and underftand, their heads and perfons of all ages without difference amongft them. I give and devote them to you to be fubllituted in the place of me, of ail confided to me, of my office, of the Roman People, of our armies and legions. And laftly, I afk of you that yoti will not fuff'er me, all confided to me, my com.mand, our legions and army aClually employed in this war, to experience any difgrace. If you do thefe things, fo that I knov/, perceive, and difcern, that my prayer has been heard, then whoever he be who executes this vow, and in whatever manner he executes it, in facrificing three black fheep to you, let it be *' deemed well executed. I pray and atteft you, '" Earth, who are the mother of mankind, and you
-

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

of the light of the day; that you caufe the army A.R. 603. and enemies we attack to perifli, men, cities, lands, ^"^q^*
149.

"

alft),

Jupiter!"

Superflition manifefts itfelf in every part of thefe

forms. We obferve in them, that they acknowledged two kinds of divinities, the one beneficent, which they call out of the enem.y's city, and invite to inhabit and protect Rome the other malevolent, to whofe wrath they devote the enemy, and fromi whom they aflc nothing for themifelves, but to receive no hurt from them. Thefe tedious repetitions of the fame words, and tirefome enumerations, this fcrupulous attention not to leave any ambiguity, even to adding this claufe, " which I conceive and underftand," thereby to remove the obfcurity, which might be found againft their intent in their words ; all this is certainly very miferable. But through thefe clouds fhines forth hov/eyer the knowledge of the divinity, and a folemn This confefllon of his power over all human events.
\

VoL.V.

Mm

is

530
A.R.
j^*

MARCIUS, MANILIUS,
good
ore,
its

Confuls.

603. is
'

which the alloy of

value.

luperftition cannot de-

prive of

App.

p.

55 5S.

All thefe imprecations were vented againft Carthage ; after which the Confuls attacked it with force of arms. They expeded nothing lefs than to find a vigorous refiftance, and the incredible boldnefs of the Nothing pafled belieged aftoniflied them extremely. but frequent and brifk fallies to repulfe the befiegers, to burn the machines, and to harrafs the foragers. Cenforinus attacked the city on one fide, and ManiScipio, from thenceforth the terlius on the other. ror of Carthage, ferved at that time as legionary tribune, and diftinguifhed himfelf amongft all the of-

much by his prudence as valour. The Concommitted many faults by not following his adThat young officer brought off the troops from vice. feveral fteps, in which the imprudence of the Generals had engaged them. An illuflrious Carthaginian, named Himilco Phameas, who commanded the enemy's cavalry, which inceffantly harrafi^ed, and very
ficers as

fuls

much incommoded
pear
in the
field,

the foragers,
it

did not dare to ap-

was Scipio's turn to fuftain them ; fo well did he know how to keep his troops in So great order, and to poll them advantageoufly. and general a reputation drew envy upon him at firll but as he behaved in all things with abundance of modefty and referve, it foon changed into admiration ; fo
that

when

when

the Senate fent Deputies into the

inquire

into the State of the fiege, the whole

camp to army

joined in fpeaking in his favour j foldiers, officers, the Generals themfelves, with one voice extolled the fo important is it, if 1 may merit of young Scipio ufe the exprefiion, to foften the luftre of an infant glory by modeft and obliging manners, and not to inflame jealoufy by haughtinefs and fufficiency of behaviour, the natural effects of which are to alarm felflove in others, and to render even merit and virtue odious.
:

Sp. Pos-

POSTUMIUS, CALPURNIUS,
Sp.
.

Confuls.

531
A,R.6o4,
Ant. C,
,^8,

PoSTUMIUS AlBINUS.

riso. Calpurnius Tj Ly",

MafinifTa feeing himfelf near death, defired Scipio to come to him, to afllft him in making the proper
difpofitions in refpeft to the fucceffion,

and the

partihis

tion

it

would be necefTary
Scipio
at his

to

make of them amongft

arrival

children.

on

his

found him dead.

to re-

That Prince
he

death had

commanded them

fer themfelves in all things to Scipio's decifion,

whom

left them as a father and guardian. I defer fpeaking with more extent of Mafinilfa's family and pollerity in this place, to avoid interrupting the hiftory of Carthage too long. The efteem Phameas had conceived for Scipio, in- App.p.65.

to quit the fide of the Carthaginians to embrace that of the Romans. He furrendered himfelf to him with above two thoufand horfe, and was afterwards of great fervice to the befiegers.

duced him

Calpurnius Pifo Conful, and L. Mancinus

his

Lieu-

ibid. 66.

tenant, arrived in Africa in the beginning of the fpring. The campaign paffed without any confiderable a6lion.

They were even worfted on fcveral occafions, and carried on the fiege of Carthage but flowly. The befieged, on the contrary, had refumed courage. Their
troops increafed confiderably ; and they fpared no pains to engage the States and Kings in their quarrel. They fent as far as Macedonia to the falfe Philip, who pretended himfelf the fon of Perfeus, and was then

adually at war with the Romans, exhorting him to pufh it on vigoroufly, and promifmg him fupplies of money and fhips. This nev/s occafioned difquiet at Rome- They be- ibid. gan to apprehend for the fuccefs of a war, which from day to day became more doubtful, and more imporThe more they tant than had at firft been imagined. were diffatisfied with the flownefs of the Generals and the worfe they fpoke of them, the more earned was

68,

every

532
A.R.
^

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,
'
:

Confuls.

604.

"^8.

every body to fpeak well of youing Scipio, and to eX' and Cato himfelf, who 1^0^ ^^^ extraordinary virtues did not willingly praife, applied to him what Homer " He fays of Tirefias compared with the other dead only is wife ; the reil are mere ihadows." "0/(^ Tskts:

Hom. od.
^'
^'

i-yja,- to;

ax-ta-i ctWo-^o"/.

He came to Rome

to

demand

the Edilefliip.

foon as he appeared in the aiTembly, his name, afpe6t, reputation, and the general belief, that the Gods had deflined him to terminate the third Punic war, as the firft Scipio his grand-father by adoption had terminated the fecond ; all this extremely ftruck the people ; and though the thing was contrary to the laws, and the Old for that reafon oppofed it, inftead of the Edilefliip which he afl4.ed, the people gave him the Confulfliip, fetting the laws afide for this year, and refolved, that he fliould hav^ Africa for his province without drawing lots, as was the cuftom,

As

and
A.R.
605.

as

Drufus

his

Collegue demanded.
Scipio.

P.

Cornelius

Ant. c.
147.

C. Livius Drusus,
as Scipio had compleated his recruits, he out for Sicily, and foon arrived at Utica. This was very opportunely for Mancinus Pifo's Lieutenant, who
fet

App.p.69.

As foon

had rafhly engaged himfelf in a poll, where the enemy kept him lliut up, and where they were going to cut him to pieces the next morning, if the new Conful, who was informed of hi5 danger on his arrival, had not made his troops re-embark in the night, and haflened
to his aid.
Ibid. 70.

firft care on his arrival was to re-eftablilh amongft the troops, which he found entirely They had neither order, fubordination, nor ruined. Their fole care was to plunder, eat^ obedience. He made all the ufclefs drink and divert themfelves. mouths quit the camp, regulated the fpecies of provifions the futtlers were to bring in, and would fufinduffer none but what were fimple and military

Scipio's

difcipline

-,

trioufly

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,
triouny banifliing
tuoulnels.
all

Confuls.

533

that tended to luxury and volup- A- R- ^os-

When he had well eftabliilied this reformation, which coil hinn neither much time nor pains, becaufe he fet others the example in his own perfon, he believed he had foldiers, and applied himfelf ferioufly to the
Having made his troops provide themfelves with axes, cleavers, and ladders, he led them in the night with great filence to a part of the city called Masgara, and having ordered great cries to be raifed on a fudden, he attacked it with the utmoll vigour. The enemy, who did not expeft to be attacked in the night, were at firft very much terrified. However, they defended themfelves with great courage, and Scipio could not fcale the walls. But having obferved a tower, which they liad abandoned, he fent a detachment of bold and determinate foldiers thither, who by the help of pontons palfed from the tower to the walls, entered Msgara, and broke down the gates. Scipio entered that moment, drove the enemy from that poft, who, furprized and confounded by this unforefeen attack, and believing the whole city taken, fled to the Citadel, and were followed by the troops alfo that incamped without the city. The latter abandoned their camp to the Romans, and thought it ne~ ceffary to provide for their fecurity. Before I go on, it is proper that I ihould give fome App. p. idea in this place of the fituation and bisinefs of Car- ^^^ 57thage, which in the beginning of the war with the Ro- p. S32. mans had feven hundred thoufand inhabitants. It was fituated at the bottom of a gulf, furrounded by the fea in the form of a peninfula, of which the neck, that is the Ifthmus, v/hich joined it to the continent, was a league and a quarter (five and tv/enty ftadiaj in breadth. The peninfula was eighteen leagues in circumference [360 ftadia.l On the v/eftern fide projefted a long point of land, almoft an hundred and four yards [half a ftadium.,] broad, v/hich running into the fea feparated it from the morafs, and was
fiege.

clofed

554
A. R.
605.

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,
clofed
fQ^^^i-^

Confuls.

Ant. c.

by rocks and a fmgle wall. On the where the citadel called Byrfa Hood, the city was inclofed within three walls thirty cubits high without the parapets and towers, that flanked it all around at equal diftances, an hunEach tower dred and fixty yards from each other. had four fiories the walls had but two ; they were vaulted, and at bottom there were ftables for three hundred elephants, and the things neceffary for their fubfiftence, and others over them for four thoufand There horfes, with magazines for their provender. werti.alfo places for lodging twenty thoufand foot and To conclude, all thefe military four thoufand horfe.

on

all fides,

fn^e j^ext the continent,

There preparations \^ere contained in the walls only. city, the where the walls were but one part of was weak and low this was a neglefted angle, which began at the point of land, of which we have fpoke,
:

and ran on quite to the ports, that were on the weftern There were two, which communicated with each other, but which had but one entrance feventy The firll feet broad, that was clofed with chains. v/as for the merchants ; here v/ere many and different The other was the places of abode for the feamen. interior port for the fliips of war, in the midft of which was an * iile, called Cothon, that as well as the port had great quays on its fides. Here were feparate covered docks for laying up two hundred and twenty lliips, with magazines over them ; where all things neceffary for arming and fitting out fliips were kept. The entrance of each of thefe docks intended for laying up fhips was adorned v/ith two marble Ionic pillars fo that the port as v/ell as the ifle reprefented on In this ifle the two fides two magnificent galleries. was the admiral's palace ; and as it fi-onted the entrance of the port, he could from thence difcover all that paffed in the main fea, whilil nothing could be
fide.
:

the port

* According to Sam. Bochartus, the itfelf fo cut by human art.

Cothon was not an

ifle,

bat

feen

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,
feen

Confuls.

525
^^^-605.
'

from thence, that was done within the port. In like manner the merchants had no view of the fhips of war, the two ports being feparated by a double wall and in each there was a particular gate for entering

"^"^^

we can
the

the city without pafllng through the other port. Thus soch. m The port, P^^al. p. diftinguifli three parts in Carthage.

which was double, fometimes called Cothon, from

little ifle

^^^'

of that name

the citadel, called Byrfa

and the city properly fo called, where the inhabitants lived, which furrounded the citadel, and was called
Maegara. Afdrubal General of the Carthaginians, feeing, at App.p.72. day-break the fhameful defeat of his troops, to revenge himfelf on the Romans, and at the fame time to deprive the inhabitants of all hopes of accommodation and pardon, form.ed and executed a projedl worthy of him. It was this Afdrubal, whom we have feen at firft profcribed by his country, and then appointed by them to command the troops that were without the city, whilft another Afdrubal, grandfon of Mafiniffa, by his mother, was to command in Carthage. This firft Afdrubal, a violent and ambitious man, and flufhed befides with fom.e firft fucceffes againft the Romans, could not fuffer that the command fhould be divided between him and a coUegue and to unite it entirely in his own perfon, and deliver himfelf from a difagreeable rival, he fuborned informers to accufe him of holding intelligence with his uncle Gulufla ; and having caufed him to be killed in the publick place, he in confequence remained in the fole polTefllon of the command both within and without Carthage. On the occafton of which we are fpeaking, out of a barbarous and vile fpirit of revenge, he caufed all the Roman prifoners he had to be brought to the walls, fo as to be near enough to be feen by the whole army. He there made them fuffer every kind of torment that could be inflifted. Some had their eyes pulled out ; feme their nofeSj ears and fingers
:

cut

536
A.R.
605.

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,
cut off; Others had their
^yjj.|^

Confuls.

fl<:ins

torn off their bodies

Ant. c.

and after they had fuffered thefe torments, they were throvs'n down from the top of So cruel a treatment gave the Carthathe walls. ginians horror, far from augmenting their courage but he did not fpare even them, and caufed many of the Senators who ventured to oppofe his tyranny,
jj.Qj^
: :

combs

to be maffacred.
App.p.73.

feeing himfelf abfolute mafter of the burnt the camp, which the enemy had abandoned, and pitched a new one for his troops. It was of a fquarc form, furrounded with great and deep intrenchments, armed with good palifades. On the fide of the Carthaginians he raifed a wall twelve feet high, and flanked from fpace to fpace with towers and redoubts, and upon the middle tower another very high one of wood was ere6led,
Scipio,

Ifthmus,

from whence all that paffed in the city was feen. This wall occupied the v/hole breadth of the Ifthmus, that is twenty-live ftadia. The enemy, who were
within the reach of dares, ufed their utmoft endeavours to prevent this work but as the whole army were employed in it night and day without interScipio miffion, it was compleated in twenty days. had a double advantage in it: firil, becaufe his troops were more fccurely and commodioufly quartered ; and fecondly, becaufe by this means he cut off the enemy's provifjcns, to whom none could be brought now, except by fea, which could not be done without great difficulties, as well becaufe the fea on that fide is often tempeftuous, as from the ilri6l guard kept by the Roman fleet. And this was one of the principal caufes of the famine, which was focn felt in the city. Befides which Afdrubal diftributed the corn that he received only to thirty thoufand men, who ferved under him, little regarding the reft of the multitude. In order ftill to cut off their provifions more, SciIbid.p.74. pio undertook to Ihut up the entrance of the port by
:

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,

Confuls.

537
A. R. 605,
^"^- ^*
147.

by a mole, which began from the point of land, of which we have fpoke that was at no great diftance from the port. The enterprize at firil feemed fenfelefs to the befieged, and they derided the workmen. But, when they faw, that the work advanced every day in an extraordinary manner, they began to fear
and thought of taking meafures to render Women and children, every body fet to work i but with fo much fecrecy, that Scipio could learn nothing of it by the prifoners of v/ar, who only told him, that abundance of noile was heard in the port, but without its being known what was doin earned,
it

ufelefs.

ing there. At length every thing being ready, the Carthaginians fuddenly opened a new entrance on another fide of the port, and appeared at fea with a fufficiently numerous fleet, which they had juft built with the old materials, that remained in the magazines. It is agreed, that if they had attacked the Roman fleet immediately, they would infallibly have taken it ; becaufe, as nothing of this kind was exped:ed> and every body was employed elfe where, they would have found it without rowers, foldiers, or officers. But, fays the hiftorian, Carthage was doomed to fall. They contented themfelves then with making a kind of infult and bravado upon the Romans, and returned into the port. Two days after they made their fliips advance to fight in earned, and found the enemy in good order. This battle was to decide the fate of both parties. It was long and obfl:inate, the forces on both fides making extraordinary eflbrts, the one to fave their country reduced to extremities, and the other to compleat their viftory. In the battle the brigantines of the Carthaginians running along under the fides of the great fhips of the Romans, broke fometimes their poops, fometimes their rudders, and fometimes the oars ; and if they were prefled, they retired with furprizing agility to return again immediately to the charge. At length the two fleets having fought with equal

53S
A. g. 605 equal

CORNELIUS, LIVIUS,

Confuls.

^ji ?

advantage till fun-fet, the Carthaginians thought proper to retire, not reckoning themfelves defeated, but to renew the fight next day. Part of their fhips not being able to enter the port foon enough, becaufe its entrance was too narrow, retired to the front of a very fpacious terrace, which had been made againft the wails for the landing of merchandize, on the fide of which a little rampart had been raifed during this war, left the enemy fhould The battle began again there, with uill feize it. more vigour than ever, and continued till very late
'

Carthaginians fuffered very much that remained took refuge in the The next morning early Scipio attacked the city. terrace, and having with great difficulty made himfelf mafter of it, he pofted and fortified himfelf there, and caufed a brick wall to be made on the fide of the city very near the walls, and of the fame height. When it was finilhed, he made four thoufand men mount it, with orders to keep a perpetual difcharge of darts and arrows upon the enemy, who were much incommoded by them, becaufe the two walls being of equal height, they fcarce threw a fingle dart within the
it,

night.

The

in

and

their fhips

out
App.p-7?.

efFe6l.

Thus ended

this

campaign.

During the winter-quarters, Scipio employed himfelf in getting rid of the troops v/ithout the place, which very much incomm.oded his convoys, and fa-

cilitated thofe fent to the

befieged.

In order to this

he attacked a neighbouring place, called Nepheris, which ferved them for a retreat. In a laft adion there perifhed on the enemy's fide above feventy thoufand men, as the place was fiege of two this place was
well foldiers as armed peafants, and
carried with

great

difficulty

after a

and twenty days.

The

carrying

of

followed with the furrender of almoft Africa, and very much contributed of towns all the to the taking of Carthage itfelf, into v^'hich it was from thenceforth almoft impoffible to introduce provifions.

Cn. Cor-

CORNELIUS, MUMMIUS,
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus.
L. MUMMIUS.

Confuls.

539
A.R.605.
Ant. C.
14.6.

In the beginning of the Tpring Scipio at the fame time attacked the port called Cothon and the citadel. Having made himfelf mafter of the wall, which furrounded that port, he threw himfelf into the great place of the city, which was near it, from whence there were afcents to the citadel by three ftreets on a declivity with a great number of houfes on each fide of them, from the tops of which a continual difcharge of darts was made upon the Romans, who were forced, before they could advance, to force the neareft houfes, and to poft themfelves upon them, in order from thence to drive away thole who fought from
thofe
adjacent.
thefe

^^'P*'^*

The

battle

on the tops and

fix

at the

bottom of

houfes

continued

days,

with

dreadful {laughter.

To

clear the ftreets

and open a

way

for the troops, the bodies of the inhabitants,

either killed or

who

thrown from the tops of the houfes, were drawn away with hooks, and thrown into the fofse's, moft of them ftill alive and refpiring. In this labour, which took up fix days and nights, the foldiers were relieved from time to time by others, who were frelh, without which it had been impoflible During that whole to have fuftained the fatigue. time Scipio was the only perfon who did not deep, giving his orders on all fides, and fcarce allowing himfelf time to take any nourifhment. The beiieged were reduced to extremities and onibid.p.gi. the feventh day fo.me appeared in the habits of fuppliants, who aiked no other conditions, than that the Romans would be pleafed to grant all thofe their lives, who fhould quit the citadel ; which was granted them, Fifty thoufand men and the deferters only excepted. women left it, who were conduced into fields under The deferters, who were about nine a good guard. hundred in number, feeing there was no quarter for

had been

them

540
A.R.6o5.
^^'^sl'e^'

CORNELIUS,
them

MUMM lUS,

ConfuU,

to hope, intrenched themfelves in the temple

of

^fc^ilapius with Afdrubal, his wife and two children where, though their number v/as but fmall, they however defended themfelves for fome time, becaufe the place was high, fituated on rocks, and had an
afcent of fixty fteps.
ger, and exhaufted

up

in

But at length, prefled by hunby fatigue, they ihut themfelves the temple itfelf, refolved not to quit it but

with life. Afdrubal however, with defign to fave himfelf, fecretly went down to Scipio, with an olive-branch in Scipio caufed his hand, and threw himfelf at his feet. him to be fhewn immediately to the deferters, who, tranfported with fury and rage, vented a thoufand curfes againft him, and fet fire to the temple. Whillt they were kindhng it, it is faid that Afdrubal's wife adorned herfelf as well as (he could, and placing herfelf with her two children in the fighc of Scipio, " I fpoke to him with a loud voice to this effe(5l *' make no imprecations againft thee, Roman for " thou only ufeft the rights of war. But may the *' Gods of Carthage, and you in concert with them, " puniHi the perfidious wretch, who has betrayed his *' country, Gods, wife and children, as he delerves.'*
:

Then addreffing herfelf to Afdrubal " Vile, perfi" dious, bafeft of men, this fire will foon confume *' me and my children as for thee, unworthy Ge:

"
*'

neral of Carthage,

go and adorn the trium.ph of

thy conqueror, and luffer in the fight of Rome the After thefe reto thy crimes.'* proaches fhe cut her childrens throats and threw them into the fire, and then leaped into it herfelf.

" punifnment due

App.p.82.

on feeing this city, which had been during feven hundred years, equal to the greateft empires in extent of dominion by lea and land, by its numerous armies, fleets, elephants, and riches ; fuperior even to other nations in valour and greatnefs of foul, which, entirely deprived as it was both of amis and fliips, had enabled it to fuilain
-^^ ^^ Scipio,

fo flourilhing

durinor^

CORNELIUS, MUMMIUS,

Confuls.

541

during three whole years the miferies of a fiege-, fee~A.R.6&5^ ,^^^, ing,'' I lay, this city at this time abfolutely ruined, we are told, that he could not refufe tears to the unhappy fate of Carthage. He confidered that cities, nations, and empires, are fubjeft to revolutions, as well as private perfons ; that the fame difgrace had happened to Troy, of old fo powerful, and afterwards to the AfTyrians, Medes and Perfians, whofe dominion was of iiich great extent ; and very lately again to the Macedonians, whofe empire had made fo glorious a figure. Full of thefe fad ideas, he repeated two verles of Homer's, the fenfe of which is, * " Xhat^^^^-^-*'*" the time fhould come, when the facred city of *' Troy, and the warlike Priam and his people, fhould " be defbroyed," implying by thofe verfes the future fate of Rome, as he owned to Polybius, who defired him to explain his thought to him. If he had been enlightened by the rays of truth, he would have known what the Scripture teaches us, " Becaufe of unrighteous dealings, injuries, and E^-j-lefiariches got by deceit, the kingdom is transferred fromftic. x. s* one people to another." Carthage is drftroyed, 1>caufe avarice, perfidy and cruelty had been carried there to their utmoft height. Rome will have the fame fate, when its luxury, ambition, pride and unjuft ufurpations, covered with the falfe outfide of virtue and jufcice, fhall have forced the fupreme Mafter and Difpenfer of empires to exhibit a great example
to the univerfe in
its fall.

Carthage having been taken in this manner, Scipio gave the plunder of it to his foldiers during fome days, except the gold, fiiver, itatues, and ot^ier offerings found in the temples. He afterwards diftributed many military rewards amongft them, as well as to the ofHcers, two of whom had diftinguifhed ihemfelves in particular. Thefe were Ti. Gracchus,
* "fi^irfTa'
!)'^/j

cTAV wdt' l\aiK'i}*l\t'

"ipn

and

542
A. R. 606. and
"46.
'

CORNELIUS, MUMMIUS,
C. Fannins,

Confuls.
walls.

who had

firft

mounted the

^^

caiifed a very fwift failing fhip to be

adorned with

the fpoils of the enemy, and fent it to Rome to carry the news of the vidlory. At the fame time he let the inhabitants of Sicily

might come, and carry away the and ftatues, which the Carthaginians had taken from them in the preceding wars. And when he reftored to the people of Agrigentum * the famous bull of Phalaris, he told them, that bull, which was at once a monument of the cruelty of their antient Kings, and of the lenity of their new mailers, ought to teach them, whether it were more for their advantage to be under the yoke of the Sicilians than the government of the Roman People. Having caufed part of the fpoils found in Carthage to be fold, he flridly prohibited his own people to fo careful was he to take, or buy any part of them remove the leaft fufpicion of intereft from himfelf and

know,

that they

paintings

his fam.ily.

the news of the taking of Carthage arrived at Rome, the people abandoned themfelves immoderately to excefs of joy, as if the publick tranquillity

When

had been fecure only from that moment. They called mind all the calamities they had fuffered from the Carthaginians in Sicily, Spain, and even in Italy during fixteen years fucceflively, in which time Hannibal had plundered four hundred cities, killed on feveral occafions three hundred thoufand men, and reduced Rome itfelf to the laft extremity. On confiderto

ing thefe misfortunes, they allied each other, whether it was really true that Carthage was deftroyed. All the orders em.ulated each other in exprefTing their gratitude to the Gods, and the city, during leveral days,
*

Quem taurum
pfle illos

utrum eflet Siculis utilius, fuifne fervire, an populo R. obtemperare, cum idem monumentum & domefticae crudejequum
litatis,

Scipio cogitare

cum

rcdderet Agrigentinis, dixifle

dicitur,

&

noltfEe raanfuetudinis haberent.

Cic. in Verr.

1.

iv. n. 78.

was

CORNELIUS, MUMMIUS,
was
folely

Confuls.

543

eiigrolled

by folemn

facrifices,

publick ^j^^ ^^'

14.6.

games and Ihews. After the duties of religion were difcharged, the Senate fent ten Commiflioners into Africa, to regulate its condition and fate for the time to come in conjunction with Scipio. Their nrft care was tocaufe all that remained of Carthage to be demoliflied. * Rome, already miftrefs of almoft the whole v/orld, did not believe iierfelf fafe, whilft only the name of Carthage fubiifted fo long did inveterate hatred, in efFed of long and cruel v/ars, endure beyond the time there was reafon to fear ; and it did not ceafe to fubprayers,
:

App.p.84,

fill,

till

the objecl* that excited

it,

ceafed to be.

It

was forbidden in the name of the Roman People to inhabit it from thenceforth, with horrible imprecations againft thofe, who, contrary to this prohibition, fhould attempt to rebuild any part of it, and efpecially Byrfa and Ma?gara. They probably excepted the port, as it might be of ufe to themfelves. For the reft, every body was allowed to enter it ; -f Scipio not being forry that the miferable ruins of a place Jfhould be feen, which had difputed empire with Rome. They
cities, which in this war enemy, Ihoukl be demolifhed, and their territories given to the allies of the Roman People and they in particular rewarded the people of Utica with the whole country between Carthage and Hippona. They made all the reft tributary, and a province of the Roman empire, into which a Prsetor was annually fent. This was called " the province " of Africa. When every thing was fettled, Scipio returned to Ibid. Rome, vv'hich he entered in triumph. Nothing fo

further decreed, that the

had adhered
-,

to the

* Neque

fe

Roma, jam terrarum orbe

fuperato, fecuram fperavit

fore, fi nomen ufnuam maneret Carthaginis. Adeo odium certamijiibus ortum, ultra metam darat, Sc ne in vidlis quidem deponitur,

neque ante invifum

lib. I.

effe definit,

quam

eiTe

defiit.

Vell. Paterc.

cap. 12.
ipfe locus

t Ut

eorum, qui

tigia cal^mitatis oflenderet.

cum hac urbe de imperio certarunt, vefCic. Agrar. z. n. 50.

fplen-

544
A.R.
606.

CORNELIUS, MUMMIUS,
fplendid had ever been feen before
:

Confuls,
for nothing

w2^

^^^'^^-

feen but ilatues, rarities, and curious paintings of in^ eflimable value, which the Carthaginians during a

long feries of years, had brought into Africa ; without including the money carried into the publick treaBy this fury, which amounted to very great fums. important conquell Scipio made the furname of Africanus properly his own, which he already had by right of inheritance. Whatever precautions had been taken to prevent App.p.85. Piut. in any thoughts of reinftating Carthage, lefs than thirty V^'i.g^^' years after one of the Gracchi, to make his court to the people, undertook to replant it, and carried a coThe lony thither, confifting of fix thoufand citizens. Senate being informed that many bad omens had fpread terror, when the workmen were laying out the walls, and carrying on the foundations of the new city, but the they were for putting a flop to the defign tribune, who was not very delicate and fcrupulous in point of religion, haftened on the execution of it, not-' withftanding all thofe finifter omens, and compleated This was the firft Roman colony fent it in five days.
:

out of

Italy.

But the unhappy fate of the founder of this colony, prevented it from fuftaining itfelf. It muft have confided only of a kind of cottages * when Marius in his For it is faid, flight into Africa, retired thither. that he led a life of poverty amongft the ruins of Carthage, confoling him.felf with the fight of fo amazing a profpeft, and being in fome fenfe capable by his
condition of ferving as a confolation to that unfortunate city.

Appian relates, that Julius Csfar, after the death of Pompey, having entered Africa, dreamt, that a great army with tears called upon him ; and that
* Marius cuifum in Africam direxit, inopemque vitam in tugitrio ruiaarum Carthaginenfium toleravit cum Marius alpiciens Cartha:

giiiem,

ille

intuens
2.

Marium,

alter alteri poffent effe folatio.

VtLL,

>ATERC.Jib.

c. 19.

moved

moved by

545 dream he had wrote down in his table- A.R. 6o6< books the defign he had formed in confequence to ^^^'^* but being killed foon rebuild Carthage and Corinth Auguftus Csefar, his fon by the confpirators, after by adoption, who found this memorandum amongft his
this
:

CORNELIUS, MUMMIUS,

Confuls.

papers, caufed the city of Carthage to be rebuilt near the place where the old one flood, to avoid incurring

the curfes which had been denounced, when it was demolifhed, againft whomfoever fhould prefume to rebuild it. Strabo and Plutarch however afcribe the rebuilding strab.i. of Carthage and Corinth to Julius Casfar and Plu- xvii. p. tarch even obferves as a fingularity in refpefl to thofe pj^t. in two cities, that as it had before happened to them Caf.p.758, to be taken and deflroyed at the fame time, both had alfo at the fame time been rebuilt and re-peopled. The rebuilding of Carthage had probably been began by Julius Csefar. But his death and the civil wars that followed it, having retarded the execution^ Auguftus put the laft hand to it. However that be, Strabo affirms, that Carthage was as much peopled in and was always his time as any other city of Africa the capital of all Africa under the fucceeding Emperors. It fubfifted with fplendor during about {even. hundred years more but it was at length entirely deflroyed by the Saracens in the beginning of the feventh century. I fhall fpeak in the fequel of the charaflef and great qualities of the fecond Scipio Africanus. I now think it neceifary to treat of the war of Achaia, and the ruin of Corinth, which agrees in time with that of Carthage.
:
'

'

Vol. y.

ft

SECT.

5^6

WAR
S

OF

ACHAIA.
T.
'The

E C

IV.
Achaian League declares

troubles excited in Achaia.

war
.

againji hacedcemon.

Boostia joins the Achaians.

Metellus defeats the army of the Achaians. He makes himfelf mafier of Thebes and Megara. The Conful

Mum

miiis arrives before

Corinth,

The

hefteged rajhly give

battle^

hurnt^

and are defeated. The city of Corinth is taken^ and entirely defiroyed, Achaia is reduced into a
province.

Roman
That

Great plunder taken in

Corinth.

Paintings of g reat value,

Confal'sfimplicity,

Difinterejlednefs of Mummius.

Polybius^s zeal for the honour

His difinterejlednefs. He ejiablijhes of Philopcemen, order and trajjquillity in Achaia, Triumphs of Metellus

and Mummius,
A.R.605.
Ant. C.
147.

Cornelius Scipio. C. Livius Drusus.

p.

Paufan. In

^ REAT
Vjf
aroie
in

troubles,

excited

'^^i '^'is'
Polyb. Legat.
'

avarice of thofe

who

Achaian no longer formed the refolutions of their Id?m Ex- ^fiemblies j but the intereft and pafiions of the Macerpt.de giftrates, and the blind caprice of an untradtabie multitude. The Achaian League and Sparta had pl'rgi-l'^ 189. fent Ambafladors to Rome upon an affair in difpute juitin. between them. Damocritus in the mean time, (the Flor. 2! principal Magiftrate of the Achaians) had caufed war c ^^' to be declared againft Sparta. Metellus, who, after having conquered the falfe Philip Andrifcus, was then a6tually regulating the affairs of Macedonia, caufed Damocritus to be defired to fufpend hoftilities, and to wait the arrival of the CommifTioners nominated by Rome for terminating their differences. Neither he nor Di^us, who had fucceeded him, had any regard Both of them entered Laconia in to this requeft. arms, and ravaged it.
the
2ind equity,
1.'

by the ralhnefs and held the firft offices, had League. Reafon, prudence,

When

\V

AR

ACHA
arrived,

A.

547
'

\Vhen the CommilTioners

fummoned
them

to Corinth (Aurelius

the affembly was ^- ^ ^9}' Grelles was at the "^^7.

head of the Commifllon). The Senate had given orders to weaken the body of the league and
;

for that purpofe

to

feparate as

many

cities

as they

could from it. Oreftes notified the decree of the Senate to the aflembly, which excluded from the league Sparta, Corinth, Argos, Heraclsea near Mound Oeta, and Orchomenus of Arcadia, Under pretext, that thofe cities had not at firft formed part of the body of the Achaians. When the Deputies, who compofed the aflembly, had given an account of this decree to the multitude, they were feized with fury, fell upon all the Lacedsemonians at Corinth, and malTacred them, tore thofe out of the houfes of the CommifTioners who had taken refuge in them, and would have treated themfelves with the greateft infult, if they had not efcaped their violence by
flight.

Oreftes and his Collegues, on their return to

related all that had

Rome,

happened to them. The Senate was highly incenfed, and immediately difpatched Julius with fome other Commiflloners into Achaia but they were inftrufted to complain moderately, and only to exhort the Achaians not to give ear to bad Gounfels, left they ftiould incur the refentment of the Romans by imprudence a misfortune which they might avoid by punifhing thofe themfelves, who had expofed them to it. Carthage was not yet taken, and there was reafons of intereft for a6ling with referve in refped to allies fo powerful as the Achaians. The Commiflioners met a Deputy on their way fent by the feditious to Rome they brought him back with them to ^gium, whither the Aflembly of the nation had been called. They fpoke in it with great moderation and mildnefs. In their difcourfe they did not complain of the ill treatment of the Commiflioners, of excufed it better than the Achaians themfelves could have done. Neither did they mention the cities that were to be excluded from the league. They confined N n 2 them: ;
:

548
A.R.
605.

WAR

ACHAI

A.

Ant. c.
^'^^'

themfelves to exhorting the council not to aggravate ^.}-j^jj. i^i-f^ fault, not to irritate the Romans more, and Such moderate remonin peace. Sparta to leave ftrances were extremely agreeable to all the perfons of

But Diseus, Critolaus, and thofe of in their feveral cities out of the vileft, mod impious and pernicious people, blew up the flames of diicord, by infmuating that the lenity of the Romans proceeded only from the bad condition of their affairs in Africa, where they had been woriled upon many occafions, and from the fear they were in that the Achaian League would defenfe

prefent.

their fadion, all chofen

clare againit them.

In the

mean time

the CommifTioners were treated

with

fufficient

refpeft.

aridas fhould be fent to

They were told, that TheRome, and they were defired

to repair to Tegea, to treat there with the Lacedsemonians, and incline them to peace. Accordingly

they repaired thither, and prevailed upon the Laced^m.onians to enter into an accommodation with the Achaians, and to lufpend all hollilities, till new CommifTioners fhould arrive from Rome to put an end to But on the fide of the Achaians, their differences. only Critolaus v/ent to the congrcfs, and he did not arrive there till very late, and when he was almoft no conference v/as held with the longer expefted. Lacedcemonians but Critolaus would abate nothing of his pretenfions. He faid, that he was not allowed to decide any thing without the confent of the nation, and would report the affair in the general diet, which This bad Gould not be called in lefs than fix months. ftratagem, or rather breach of faith, highly offended After having difmiffed the Lacedemonians, Julius. he fet out for Rome, where he defcribed Critolaus as a man extravagant and out of his fenfes. The Commiffioners had no fooner quitted Peloponnefus, than Critolaus ran from city to city during the whole winter, and called affembjies under pretext of making known what had been faid to the Lacedemonians in the conferences held at Tegea, but at bottom

-,

to

WAR
,

HA

A.

549

an odious A.R.605. turn to their whole conduct, in order to inipire others ^^^y with the lame hatred and averfion, which he had for them himlelf and he fucceeded but too well. He alfo prohibited the judges to profecute or imprifon any Achaian for debt, till the conclufion of the affair between the Afiembly and Lacedcemon. He thereby carried every thing he pleafed, and dii'poled the multitude to receive all orders he thought fit to give. Incapable of making refied:ions upon the future, they fuffered themfelves to be catched by the attra6lion of the firft advantage he propofed. Metellus having received advice in Macedonia of the. troubles in Peloponnefus, difpatched four Roto exclaim againft the

Romans, and

to

mve

mans

thither of diftinguifhed

birth,

who

arrived

at

Corinth at the time the council was affembled there. They fpoke in it with abundance of moderation, exhorting the Achaians not to incur the anger of the Romans by a rafh and imprudent levity. They were treated with derifion, and ignorninioufly driven out of the afiembly. An innumerable throng of workmen and artificers gathered round them to infult them. All the cities of Achaia were at that time in a delirium ; but Corinth more than the reft, which had abandoned itfelf to a kind of madnefs. They had been perfuaded, that Rome intended to enflave

them

all,

and

abfolutely

to

deftroy

the

Achaian

League.
Critolaus feeing with great fatisfaftion that every thing fucceeded to his wifh, harangued the multitude, exafperated them againft fuch of the magistrates as did not enter into his views, exclaimed againft the Ambaffadors themfelves, animated every body againft Rome, and intimated that it was not without taking good meafures that he had ventured to make head againft the Romans ; that he had Kings in his party, and that fome Republicks were alfo ready to join it. By thefe feditious difcourfes he fucceeded in caufing war to be declared -againft the Lacedsemonians, and indiredly n 3

550

WAR
to oblerve

ACHA

A.

A-R-605. indireftly againfl the Romans. The Ambaffadors One of them repaired to Lacedaemon ,^7." then feparated.

Another

fet

from thence the condu6t of the enemy. out for Naupa6bus ; and two remained
till

at Athens,

Metellus fhould arrive there.

The magiftrate of the Boeotians, called Pytheas, who was as rafh and violent as Critolaus, came into
his views,

and engaged the Boeotians

to join their

arms

with thofe of the Achaians j they were difcontented. upon account of a judgment Rome had paffed againft The city of Chalcis fuffered itfelf alfo to be them. The Achaians, with, brought over to their party. fuch weak aids, believed themfelves in a condition to fullain the whole weight of the Roman power, fo. much were they blinded by their fury. The Romans had chofen Mummius for one of the Confuls, and had charged him with the war of Metellus, to deprive him of the glory of Achaia. terminating this war, fent new AmbafTadors to the Achaians, and promifed them, that the Roman People fhould forget all the pafl, and pardon them their taults, if they would return to their duty, and confent, that certain cities, which had been named before, jhould be difmembered from the league. This proMetellus then pofal was rejefled with haughtinefs. made his troops move againft the Achaians. Hq came up with them near Scarphia, a city of Locris, and gained a confiderable vidlory over them, in which he took above a thoufand prifoners. Critolaus difappeared in the battle, without its being known what became of him afterwards, It was believed that he fell into fome moraffes in flying, and was drowned, Discus fucceeded him in the cornmand, gave liberty to tlie Daves, and armed all the men capable of fer* vice amongft the Achaians and Arcadians, This body of troops amounted to forty thoufand foot, and fix hundred horfe. He further ordered every city to raife troops. The exhaufted cities were in the utmoft
afBidion.

Many

private pcrfops,

in

defpair killed

them-s

WAR
:

OF

ACH AI A,

55V
A. R.6q/.
'^"^^'^'

themfelves others abandoned an unhappy country, where they faw nothing for themfelves but affured deItrudtion. Notwithftanding the extremity of thefe calamities, they did not think of taking the only relblution that could deliver them from them. They detefted the temerity of their leaders, and however followed them. Metellus after the battle, of which we have fpoke^ jnet a thoufand Arcadians in Boeotia near Chseronea', who were endeavouring to return into their own country they were all put to the fword. From thence he marched with his vidorioiis army to Thebes, which he found almoft entirely abandoned. Moved with the fad condition of that city, he ordered, that the teriiples and houfes Ihould not be touched, and that none of the inhabitants either in the city or country fhould be killed or made prifoners. He excepted Pytheas from that number, the author of all thefe misfortunes, who was brought to him, and put to death. From Thebes, after having taken Megara, from which the garrifon had retired on his approach, he made his troops march towards Corinth, where Diaius had fhut himfelf up. He fcnt thither three of the principal perfons of the league, who had taken refuge with him, to exhort the Achaians to recover theii^ fenfes, and accept the conditions of peace, which were" offered them. Metellus pafllonately defired to terminate the affair before the arrival of Mummius. The inhabitants on their fide ardently wifhed to fee an end of their calamities butthey were not their own mafters, and the fadlion of Diasus difpofed all things. The Deputies were imprifoned, and would have been put to death, if Diasus had not fcen' the multitude extremely exafperated bythepuniflimenthe had inflifted^
:
:

upon Soficrates, for having talked of furrendering to the Romans. The prifoners in confequence were difmiffed.

He

Things were in this ftate when Mummius arrived. had haftened his march through fear of finding N n 4 every

552"

WAR

OF

achaia;

A.R.

every thing ended before his arrival, and left another have the glory of terminating this war. Mcfhould ^xls?' tellus left the command to him, and returned into Macedonia. When Miimmius had alTembled all his An troops, he approached the city, and incamped. advanced guard behaving negligently in their poft, the befieged made a fally, attacked it vigoroufly, killed many of them, and purfued the reft almoft to their
606.

camp. This flight advantage fluflied the Achaians, and in Diseus offered the Con^ effed proved fatal to them, his temerity, kept latter, to increafe The battle. ful with-held as if by fear. The the cam.p, in troops his joy and audacity of the Achaians augmented to a deThey advanced boldly with gree not to be expreffed. all their troops, having placed their wives and chilof the
dren upon the neighbouring eminences to be witnefTes battle, and caufed a great number of carriages to follow them to carry the fpoils they fliould take from the enemy, fo much did they affure themfelves

pf victory.

Never was confidence more ralli nor more illThe faftion had removed all perfons capafounded. ble of commanding the troops, and of adminiftring publick affairs from the fervice and councils, and had fubftituted others to them without talents and ability, in order to ingrofs the government to themfelves, and The Generals, without to lord it without refiftance. knowledge of the art-military, courage, or experience, had no other merit but a blind and frantic aniIt was excefs of folly to hazard a battle withmofity. out neceffity, that was to decide their fate, inftead of refolving long and bravely to defend themfelves in a place fo ftrong as Corinth, and to obtain good conThe battle was ditions by a vigorous refiftance. Leucopetra, very near at the entrance of the fought place This Is not The Conful had placed part of his cavalry Ifthmus. Known. .^ ^^ ambufcade, from which it iffued very opportunely for attacking that of the Achaians in flank,
"Vvhichs

WAR
moment.
but
as
it

OF

ACHAT a;
made
a
little

g^^
a-^-^-^*^^'
:

which, furprized by a fudden charge, gave way in

The

infantry

more

reliftance

"^^f*

was no longer either covered or fuftained by the cavalry, it was foon broke and put to flight. If Disus had retired into the place, he might have held out for fome time, and obtained an honourable capitulation from Mummius, who fought only to termiBut abandoned to defpair he rode full nate this war. fpeed to Megalopolis his country, and having entered
his

houfe, he fet

fire

to

it,

killed his wife, that fhe

might not fall into the hands of the enemy, fwallowed poifon, and in this manner himfelf put an end worthy tht many crimes he had committed to his life. After the defeat, the inhabitants had no hopes of defending themfelves. As they had neither council, leaders, courage, nor concert, no body thought of rallying the remains of the troops for making fome farther refiftance, and to oblige the vidlor to grant them' fome fupportable condition. In confequence all the Achaians who had retired to Corinth, *and moft of the citizens, quitted it the following night, and efcaped' where they could. The Conful having entered the city, abandoned it to be plundered. All the men who remained in it were put to the fword the women and children were fold after having removed the ftatues, paintings, and moft valuable effedls, lire was fet to all the houfes, and the whole city was but one ge:

neral conflagration that continued feveral days.

It is

but without foundation, that the gold, filver, and copper, melted together in this fire, formed a new and precious metal. The walls were afterwards demoliflied to the foundation. All this was executed by order of the Senate, to punifli the infolence of the Corinthians, who had violated the laws of nations by infulting the Ambafi^adors fent to them by Rome. Thus perifhed Corinth, the fame year Carthage was taken and deftroyed by the Romans. It does not appear, either that they thought of raifmg new troops for the defence of the country, or called any afiembly
pretended,
to

554
j|^^^

WAR

OF

ACHAIA.

A. R. 606. to deliberate Ant^ c.

upon the meafures neceflary to be takeh i ^^y body took upon them to propofe a remedy for the publick calamities, or laftly fought to appeafe the Romans by fending Deputies to implore their clemency. To fee this inaftion, one might have faid^ that the whole Achaian League had been buried un-der the ruins of Corinth ; fo much had the dreadful deftrudlion of that city alarmed and difcouraged the people in general. The cities, which joined the Achaians in their revolt, were alfo punifhed, by demolifliing their walls and taking away their arms. The ten Commiflioners, fent by the Senate to regulate the affairs of Greece in conjunftion with the Conful, aboliflied the popular government in all the cities, and eftabliflied Magiftrates, chofen out of the richeft citizens in them. For th6 reft they left them their laws and liberty. They alfo aboliflied all the general aflemblies held by the Achaians, Boeotians, Phocseans, and other States but they were re-eftabli(hed foon after. From thenceforth Greece was reduced into a Roman province, under the name of the province of Achaia ; becaufe at the time Corinth was taken, the Achaians were the moft powerful people of Greece the Roman People fent a Prsetor thither every year to govern it. Rome in deftroying Corinth, thought it neceflary to fet that example of feverity, to intimidate the States of Greece, whom her too great clemency renderedbold, and rafh, through the hope they had of obtaining pardon for their faults from the Roman People. Belides which * the advantageous fituation of that city, where revolted people might poil themfelves, and make it a place of arms againft the Romans, determined them to demolifh it entirely. Cicero, who does not condemn the treating of Carthage and Nu:

runt.

* Majores noftri Carthaginem & Numantiam funditus fuftuleNolleni Corinthum. Sed credo illos fecutos opportunitatem loci maximc, ne poflet aliquando ad bellum faciendum locus ipfe adhortari. Cjc. deOffic; lib. i, n. 35.

mantia

WAR

or

ACHAIA.

5^-^
A. R. 6oS*

mantia in this manner, could have wifhed, that Corinth * had been fpared. ,^^ The plunder taken in Corinth was fold for very strab.i.s. Amongft the paintings P-.3^jconfiderable fums of money. ther was one done by a great * mailer, which repre- c. 3"?. i/* lented Bacchus, the beauty of which was not known 1. ss- c. to the Romans: they were ignorant at that time of*''^** Polybius, all that relates to paintings and fculptures. foon fay, had as fhall 1 country, who was then in the the foldiers ufed by for a painting to fee that the grief was fold to Attalus, It ac upon. dice play at table to the fale made of the plunder, for fix hundred thoufand fefterces, that is about three thoufand five hundred pounds. Pliny fpeaks of another painting, for whichthe fame Attalus gave an hundred talents, about twelve thoufand live hundred pounds. That Prince was fo immenfely rich, that his riches became a proverb Thefe fums however feem imAttalicis conditionibus. probable. However it were, the Conful furprized, that the pi6lure of which we are fpeaking had fo much money bade for it, interpofed his authority, and kept it contrary to the publick faith, and^ notwithftanding becaufe he believed there the complaints of Attalus was fome hidden virtue in this piece that he did not
,

know.
It -f- was not from the motive of private intereft, that he adted in this manner, nor from the defign of apit to himfelf, as he fent it to Rome, to be an ornament of the city Whereby, fays Cicero, he adorned his own houfe much more, than if he had placed this painting in it. The taking of the

propriating

efteeraed, that

* This was Ariftides. The painting, here fpokeii of, was to much " All pidlures are notlyugia it was commonly faid compariibn with the Bacchus."
:

copiofior, cum copiofiffimam urbem funf Numquid L. Mummius ditus fuftuliflet ? Italiam ornare, quam doraum I'uam, maluit. QuanLaus abftiquam, Italia ornata, domus ipfe mihi videtur ornatior Habere quasftuj ncntiae, non hominis eft folum, fed etiam temporum remp. non modo turpe eft, fed fceleratum etiara &" nefariyin-. CjC. dp Offic. Jib.ii. n. 76, 77,

greateft

55^
A. R.
606.

WAR
greateft city in

o F

ACHA

A.

"^g^

Greece did not enrich him one farthing. This noble difintereftednefs was even in thofe days not uncommon at Rome, and feemed lefs the virtue of individuals, than of the age itfelf. To make command the means of enriching one's felf, was not only difgrace and infamy, but a criminal prevarication. The painting, of which I am fpeaking, was placed in the temple of Ceres, where the people of tafte went out of curiofity to fee it as a maflerpiece of art, and it remained there till it was deflroycd with the temple by fire. Mummius was a great foldier, and a man of Angular worth, but v/ithout literature, knowledge of arts, or tafte for works of painting and fculpture, the merit of which he did not underftand ; not believing that there was any difference between pi<5ture and picture, ftatue and ftatue ; nor that the names of the great m afters of the art gave them their value. This he evidenced upon this occafion. * He had appointed perfons to get many paintings and ftatues of the moft excellent mafters carried to Rome. Never had lofs been lefs reparable than that of fuch a depofite, compofed of the mafter-pieces of thofe rare
artifts, who contributed as much as the great Captains to render their age glorious to pofterity. Mummius,

however, in recommending the care of this precious colledion to thofe he intrufted with them, threatened them very ferioufly, if the ftatues, paintings, and things, with which he charged them, fhould happen to be loft or fpoiled upon the way, that he would

make them
charges.

find others at their

own expence and

* Mummius tarn rudis fuit, ut capta Corintho, cum maximorum artificum perfe6las manibiis tabulas ac ftatnas in Italiam portandas loraret, juberet prasdici conducentibus, fi eas perdidifient, novas eos Vinici, quin magis pro rereddituros. Non tamen puto dubites. publica fuerit, manereadhuc rudem Corinthiorum inteUeflum, quam in tantum ea intelligi ; & quin hac prudentia iila imprudentia decori publico fuerit convenientior. Yell. Patercul, 1. i. n. 13.

Were

WAR
Were
it

OF

ACHAIA.

^c^y

not to be defired, fays an hiftorlan from have this faft, that this happy ignorance ^^]^^^' ftill fubfiftcd, and would not fuch a groflhefs be infinitely preferable, with refped: to publick good, to that extreme refinement to which the prefent age has carried its tafte for rarities of this kind ? He fpeaks at a time, when this tafte for the fine works of art induced the magiftrates to commit all kinds of rapine, and even the/ts, in the provinces. I have faid, that Polybius, at his return into Pelo- Poiyb, ponnefus, had the grief to fee the deftrudion andapud burning of Corinth, and his country reduced into a ^^^ll^'z, If any thing was province of the Roman empire. capable of confoling him in (o melancholy a conjuncture, it was the occafion which he had of defending the memory of Philopsemen, his mafter in the art of war. A Roman having conceived a defign to caufe the ftatues ereded to that Hero to be demolifhed, had the boldnefs to bring a criminal procefs againft him, as if he was ftill alive, and to accufe him before Mummius of having been an enemy of the Romans, and of having always oppofed their defigns to the utmoft of his power. This accufation was extravagant ; but it had fome colour, and was not entirely without foundation. Polybius warmly took upon him his defence. He reprefented Philopaemen as the greateft Captain Greece had produced in the latter times, who might fometimes have carried his zeal for the but who, on liberty of his country a little too far many occafions, had rendered confiderable fervices to the Roman People, as in the wars againft AntioThe Commiflioners, before chus and the j^tolians. whom he pleaded fo noble a caufe, moved by his reafons, and ftill more by his gratitude for his mafter, decreed, that the ftatues of Philop^men, in whatfo-

A. R. 606.

whom we

ever city they were, ftiould not be touched. Polybius, taking advantage of the good difpofition of Mummius,

demanded

alfo

the

ftatues of

Aratus and Achceus,

which

55^
A. R.
606.

WAR
^*

OF

ACHAT A.

^I^

which were granted him, though they had already been carried out of Peloponnefus into Acarnania. The Achaians were fo charmed with the zeal that Polybius had Ihewn upon this occafion for the honour of the great men of his country, that they creded a marble
itatue to himfelf.

the fame time he gave a proof of his difintereftcdnefs, which did him as much honour amongft his
citizens,

At

as

his

defence of Philopa^men's memory.

After the deftruftion of Corinth, they proceeded to punifh the authors of the infult committed upon the

were fold by of Diasus, who had had moll (hare in it, the ten Commiflioners ordered the Quasilor, who had the felling of them, to let Polybius take what he thought fit of thofe effeds, without demanding or receiving any thing for them. He refufed that offer, however advantageous it appeared, and Ihould have believed himfelf in fome fenfe an accomplice in that wretch's crimes, if he had acbefides which he cepted any part of his fortune Ihould have confidered it as infamous to enrich himHe not felf with the fpoils of his fellow-citizens. only would accept nothing he alfo exhorted his friends not to defire any thing that belonged to Diasus; and all thofe who followed his example were highly
eftates

Roman

AmbafTadors, and their

audion.

When

they

came

to thofe

Tolyb. a-

applauded. xhis whole condudt of Polybius made the Comconceive fo great an efteem for him, that lao-^ill[' miflioners on quitting Greece, they defired him to make the tour of all the cities lately conquered, and to accommodate their differences, till they fhould be accuftomcd to the changes that had been made, and the new laws given them. Polybius acquitted himfelf of fo honourable a commifTion with fo much goodnefs, juftice and prudence, that every thing was made eafy, every thing refumed a perfect tranquillity, whether in refped to
the government
in

general, or private divifions.

In
were

acknowledgment
I

for

fuch

fignal

fervices,

flatues

WAR

OF

ACHAIA.
:

559

were erefled to him in different places, amongfl which A. R. 606. " That Greece ^^\^' the bafe of one had this infcription " would have committed no faults, if from the firfl *' it had been guided by the counfels of Polybius " but that after its faults he alone had been its de*'

liverer."

Polybius, after having thus eftabliflied order and tranquillity in his country, returned to join Scipio at Rome, from whence he followed him to Numantia, as he had accompanied him before to Carthage. Metellus, on his return to Rome, was honoured

with a triumph, as conqueror of Macedonia and Achaia, and he afllimed the firname of Macedonicus. The impoftor Andrifcus was led before his chariot. Amongft the fpoils appeared what was called " the " fquadron of Alexander." That Prince, at the battle of the Granicus, loft twenty-five brave horfe of the chofen troops, which were called " the company ' of the King's friends." He caufed each of them to have an equeftrian ftatue made by Lyfippus, the moft excellent artift in that way, to which he added his own. Thefe ftatues had been fet up at Dium, a city of Macedonia. Metellus caufed them to be carried to Rome, and adorned his triumph with them. Mummius alfo obtained the honour of a triumph, and in confequence of his conqueft of Achaia affumed the firname of Achaicus. He caufed a great number of ftatues and paintings to be exhibited in his triumph, which were afterwards the ornament of the publick buildings of Rome, and feveral other cities of Italy ; but not one of them entered the houfe of the
triumpher.

End

of the

Fifth

VOLUME,

%^ ' %

^1^

..

V.'

,i'

#" **