Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDCCH Allocation
PDCCH Allocation
PDCCH Processing
A CRC is attached to each DCI message payload. The identity of the terminal (or terminals) addressed the Radio-Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) is included in the CRC calculation. After CRC attachment, the bits are coded with a rate1/3 tail-biting convolutional code and rate matched to fit the amount of resources used for PDCCH transmission.
Tail-biting convolutional coding is similar to conventional convolutional coding with the exception that no tail bits are used.
PDCCH Processing
The sequence of bits corresponding to all the PDCCH resource elements to be transmitted in the subframe
including the unused resource elements, is scrambled by a cell- and subframe-specific scrambling sequence to randomize inter-cell interference, followed by QPSK modulation and mapping to resource elements.
This structure is based on Control-Channel Elements (CCEs), which in essence is a convenient name for a set of 36 useful resource elements (nine resource-element groups). The number of CCEs, one, two, four, or eight, required depends on the payload size of the control information (DCI payload) and the channel-coding rate.
NCHU CSE LTE - 3
PDCCH Processing
The number of CCEs depends on the size of the control region the cell bandwidth the number of downlink antenna ports the amount of resources occupied by PHICH The size of the control region can vary dynamically from subframe to subframe as indicated by the PCFICH. A specific PDCCH can be identified by the numbers of the corresponding CCEs in the control region.
PDCCH Processing
As the number of CCEs may vary and is not signaled, the terminal has to blindly determine the number of CCEs used for the PDCCH it is addressed upon. The sequence of CCEs should match the amount of resources available in a given subframe - the number of CCEs varies according to the value transmitted on the PCFICH
In each subframe, the terminals will attempt to decode all the PDCCHs that can be formed from the CCEs in each of its search spaces.
Example
1. Terminal A in cannot be addressed on a PDCCH starting at CCE number 20, whereas terminal B can. 2. If terminal A is using CCEs 1623, terminal B cannot be addressed on aggregation level 4 as all CCEs in its level-4 search space are blocked by the use for the other terminals.
each terminal in the system has a terminal-specific search space at each aggregation level.
3. The terminal-specific search spaces partially overlap between the two terminals in this subframe (CCEs 2431 on aggregation level 8) but, as the terminalspecific search space varies between subframes, the overlap in the next subframe is most likely different.
NCHU CSE LTE - 10
It is primarily transmission of various system messages, it can be used to schedule individual terminals as well. Also, it can be used to resolve situations where scheduling of one terminal is blocked due to lack of available resources in the terminal-specific search space.
As the main function of the common search space is to handle scheduling of system information intended for multiple terminals, and such information must be receivable by all terminals in the cell.
scheduling is used the common search space.
PHICH
Multiple PHICHs mapped to the same set of resource elements constitute a PHICH group,
where PHICHs within the same PHICH group are separated through different orthogonal sequences.
Sequence index
seq nPHICH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
[+ 1 [+ 1 [+ 1 [+ 1
[+ j [+ j [+ j [+ j
PHICH N SF =4
+ 1 + 1 + 1]
1 + 1 1]
+ 1 1 1]
1 1 + 1]
+ j + j + j]
[+ 1 [+ 1 [+ j [+ j
+ 1]
1]
+ j]
j]
NCHU CSE LTE - 18
j + j j]
+ j j j] j j + j]
PHICH
PHICH duration in MBSFN and non-MBSFN subframes
Non-MBSFN subframes PHICH duration Subframes 1 and 6 in case of frame structure type 2 Normal Extended 1 2 1 3 All other cases
PHICH
After forming the composite signal representing the PHICHs in a group, cell-specific scrambling is applied and the 12 scrambled symbols are mapped to three resource-element groups. separated by approximately one-third of the downlink cell bandwidth. In the first OFDM symbol in the control region, resources are first allocated to the PCFICH, the PHICHs are mapped to resource elements not used by the PCFICH
PHICH
In LTE, each downlink subframe is normally divided into a control region, and a data region, consisting of the remaining part of the subframe.
control region consisting of the first few OFDM symbols,
The control region carries L1/L2 signaling necessary to control uplink and downlink data transmissions.
PCFICH
The PCFICH indicates the size of the control region in terms of the number of OFDM symbols that is, indirectly where in the subframe the data region starts. If PCFICH is incorrectly decoded,
neither know how to process the control channels nor where the data region starts for the corresponding subframe.
Two bits of information (32-bit codeword), corresponds to the three control-region sizes of one, two, or three OFDM symbols.
PCFICH
The coded bits are scrambled with a cell- and subframe-specific scrambling code to randomize inter-cell interference, QPSK modulated, and mapped to 16 resource elements.
PCFICH
The mapping of resource elements in the first OFDM symbol in the subframe is done in groups of four resource elements (resource-element groups) and separated in different frequencies.
a symbol quadruplet consisting of four (QPSK) symbols is mapped.
Transmit diversity for four antenna ports is specified in terms of groups of four symbols (resource elements). To avoid collisions in neighboring cells, the location of the four groups in the frequency domain depends on the physical-layer cell identity.
NCHU CSE LTE - 24
PCFICH
In first OFDM symbol; there are two resource element groups per resource block, as every third resource element is reserved for reference signals (or non-used resource elements corresponding to reference symbols on the other antenna port).
PCFICH
In second OFDM symbol; (if part of the control region) there are two or three resource-element groups depending on the number of antenna ports configured. In third OFDM symbol (if part of the control region) there are always three resource-element groups per resource block.
PCFICH
The four resource-element groups are separated by one-fourth of the downlink cell bandwidth in the frequency domain, with the starting position given by physical-layer cell identity.
16 QPSK symbols are used for the transmission of four resource-element groups
Each subframe can be divided into a control region followed by a data region, where the control region corresponds to the part of the subframe in which the L1/L2control signaling is transmitted.
NCHU CSE LTE - 30
The downlink L1/L2 control signaling consists of four different physical-channel types: PCFICH, informing the terminal about the size of the control region (one, two, or three OFDM symbols).
There is one and only one PCFICH on each component carrier or, equivalently, in each cell.
Uplink
The principle advantage of SC-FDMA over conventional OFDM is a lower PAPR (by approximately 2 dB) than would otherwise be possible using OFDM. Data is mapped onto a signal constellation that can be QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM depending on channel quality.
PUSCH
The baseband signal representing the physical uplink shared channel is defined in terms of the following steps:
scrambling modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port
Scrambling
Modulation mapper
Transform precoder
PUCCH
The physical uplink control channel supports multiple formats. Formats 2a and 2b are supported for normal cyclic prefix only.
PUCCH format 1 1a 1b 2 2a 2b Modulation scheme N/A BPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK+BPSK QPSK+QPSK Number of bits per subframe, M bit N/A 1 2 20 21 22
Maximum information block size of 6144 bits Error detection is supported by the use of 24bit CRC
Channel Coding
Usage of channel coding scheme and coding rate for TrCHs
TrCH UL-SCH DL-SCH Turbo coding PCH MCH Tail biting BCH convolutional coding 1/3 1/3 Coding scheme Coding rate
Usage of channel coding scheme and coding rate for control information
Control Information Coding scheme Tail biting DCI convolutional coding CFI HI Block code Repetition code Block code UCI Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3 1/16 1/3 variable 1/3 Coding rate
Channel Coding
Channel coding for DL-SCH (as well as for PCH and MCH) is based on Turbo coding. The encoding consists of two rate-1/2, eight-state constituent encoders, implying an overall code rate of 1/3, in combination with QPP-based interleaving.
Channel Coding
The QPP interleaver provides a mapping from the input (noninterleaved) bits to the output (interleaved) bits according to the function: i is the index of the bit at the output of the interleaver, c(i) is the index of the same bit at the input of the interleaver, K is the code-block/interleaver size. The values of the parameters f1 and f2 depend on the code-block size K. The range of code-block sizes is from a minimum of 40 bits to a maximum of 6144 bits, together with the associated values for the parameters f1 and f2.
DL-SCH is mapping to the resource elements of the OFDM timefrequency grid. DL-SCH is used for transmission user data and dedicated control information, as well as part of the downlink system information. The DL-SCH physical-layer processing is to a large extent applicable also to MCH and PCH transport channels, although with some additional constraints.
NCHU CSE LTE - 48
Processing Steps
Within each Transmission Time Interval (TTI), corresponding to one subframe of length 1 ms, up to two transport blocks of dynamic size are delivered to the physical layer and transmitted over the radio interface for each component carrier.
Processing Steps
In the case of no spatial multiplexing there is at most a single transport block in a TTI. In the case of spatial multiplexing, with transmission on multiple layers in parallel to the same terminal, there are two transport blocks within a TTI. CRC Insertion Per Transport Block
a 24-bit CRC is calculated for and appended to each transport block.
Code-block segmentation implies that the transport block is segmented into smaller code blocks.
matching the set of code-block sizes supported by the Turbo coder. the specification includes the possibility to insert dummy filler bits at the head of the first code block.
The code block also adds additional error-detection capabilities (using CRC) and thus further reduces the risk for undetected errors in the code block.
LTE allows for such distributed resource-block allocation by resource allocation types 0 and 1
Resource-allocation type 2 always allows for the allocation of a single resource-block pair and is also associated with a relatively small PDCCH payload size.
Only allows for the allocation of resource blocks that are contiguous in the frequency domain.
The key to distributed transmission then lies in the mapping from VRB pairs to Physical Resource Block (PRB) pairs that is, to the actual physical resource used for transmission. Two types of VRBs:
1. Localized VRBs : there is a direct mapping from VRB pairs to PRB pairs
Distributed VRBs
2. Distributed VRBs : Consecutive VRBs are not mapped to PRBs that are consecutive in the frequency domain; This provides frequency diversity between consecutive VRB pairs. Even a single VRB pair is distributed in the frequency domain.
A. The spreading in the frequency domain is done by means of a block-based interleaver operating on resource-block pairs.
Distributed VRBs
B. A split of each resource-block pair such that the two resource blocks of the resource-block pair are transmitted with a certain frequency gap in between.
This also provides frequency diversity for a single VRB pair. This step can be seen as the introduction of frequency hopping on a slot basis.
Whether the VRBs are localized or distributed is indicated on the associated PDCCH in type 2 resource allocation.
dynamically switch between distributed and localized transmission and also mix distributed and localized transmission for different terminals within the same subframe.
Distributed VRBs
The exact size of the frequency gap depends on the overall downlink cell bandwidth according to Table 10.1.
Based on two criteria:
1. The gap should be of the order of half the downlink cell bandwidth in order to provide good frequency diversity also in a single VRB pair. 2. The gap should be a multiple of P2, where P is the size of a resource-block group and used for resource allocation types 0 and 1.
1.This constraint is to ensure a smooth coexistence in the same subframe between distributed transmission as described above and transmissions based on downlink allocation types 0 and 1.
Distributed VRBs