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Chap. 1
Chap. 1
1-2 Loads
The forces that act on a structure are called loads. The types of loads are:
DEAD LOAD = Dead Loads are those that are permanent, including the self-weight of the structure. LIVE LOAD = Loads that vary in time and location, and applied slowly to the structure (no impact effects of fatigue effects due to cyclic loading are considered in this course). WIND LOAD = pressure or suction exerted on the exterior surfaces of building. EARTHQUAKE LOAD = need to be considered only in those geographic locations where there is a reasonable probability of occurrence. SNOW LOAD = another type of live load. Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories, such as hydrostatic pressure and soil pressure.
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In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections. They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer to activate the objectives mandated by a building code.
where f = axial tensile stress A = cross-sectional area = axial strain L = unstretched length of specimen L = change in length
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e = elongation (expressed as a percent) Lf = length of the specimen at fracture L0 = original length of specimen The Elastic Limit of a material is a stress that lies between the Proportional Limit and the Upper Yield Point: up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent deformation; (O-PL-EL-O). When strain goes beyond EL to A; (O-PL-EL-UYP-LYP-A-B) the curve is then idealized in Fig. 1.4. Within the elastic range, f E Where, E = Youngs modulus, or modulus of elasticity = 29,000 ksi = 200,000 MPa. It is the same for all structural steels
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Plain carbon steels: mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon.
Low-alloy steels: iron and carbon plus other components (less than 5%). High alloy or specialty steels. Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation assigned them by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM A36, or A36: Yield stress: Fy = 36,000 psi (36 ksi) = 250 MPa Tensile strength: Fu = 58,000-80,000 psi (58-80 ksi) = (400-550 MPa)
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