Chng I

Gii thiu chung

v ngun n p mt chiu

Hin nay trong cng nghip c rt nhiu ng dng dng in p mt chiu do
nhng u im vt tri ca n. in p mt chiu c s dng trong cc my
vn chuyn; trong truyn ng my ct gt, trong giao thng ng st: t chy
in, xe ra bc d hng, trong k thut in ho... ng c mt chiu c mmen
m my ln, iu chnh trn c tc v rt a dng trong vic la chn cng
sut.
Tuy nhin vic dng ng c in mt chiu c mt s hn ch l dng in
mt chiu khng s dng rng ri, ch to phc tp, cng knh. Do c c
dng in mt chiu ta phi bin i t dng in xoay chiu c dng rng ri
nh Ngun n p mt chiu.
Ngun n p mt chiu l mt my in bin dng in xoay chiu tn s
50Hz thnh dng in mt chiu c in p tu da vo yu cu ca ph ti.
in p u ra c th gia c nh trong mt khong in p no nh vo tn
hiu xung iu khin Tranzitor. Mch n p gm 4 phn chnh sau:
+ Bin p: Bin i in p t li in 220V tn s 50Hz thnh in p thp
ph hp vi u vo ca b chnh lu bn dn.
+ Chnh lu: L b bin i in p xoay chiu u vo thnh in p mt
chiu u ra c nhp nh ph thuc vo s chnh lu.
+ B lc: l b lc bt thnh phn sng hi bc cao ca in p chnh lu
nhm mc ch san phng in p chnh lu
+ Mch n p: l mch duy tr in p ti mt khong nht nh khi ph ti
thay i t ngt.




I
T1
I
T4

Chng 2
cc phng n mch chnh lu
iu chnh in p ra ta c th s dng cc phng n mch nh
sau :
Vi yu cu ca ti, mch chnh lu cn phi c cht lng in p ra
rt tt vi h s p mch rt nh, v vy y ta ch xt n cc s
cu : chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha i xng, khng i xng ; chnh
lu iu kin cu ba pha i xng , khng i xng v chnh lu cu
khng iu khin 1 pha , 3 pha kt hp vi bm xung.
1. Chnh lu iu khin mt pha s cu :
1.1.S i xng :
- ta c s mch lc nh hnh v sau :

a. s nguyn l ( hnh 1.a)











b. th dng p (hnh 1.b)




- in p vo t sin U 2 u
2 2
e = (V) e = 2tf , f = 50Hz
Nguyn tc hot ng ca s nh sau : trong na chu k u u
2
> 0
T
1
c kh nng m, ti thi im t
1
ta a xung m thysistor T
1
v T
3
,
chng m ngay v cho dng chy theo ng T
1
- Ti - T
3
- Ngun , p
t ln ti u
d
= u
2
v c chiu nh hnh v .Tng t trong na chu k sau
, ti t = t
2
ta a xung vo m thysistor T
2
v T
4
, dng s chy theo ng
T
2
- Ti - T
4
- Ngun .
C . Hot ng ca s : (khi khng xt n trng dn)
cu gm 6 thyristor chia thnh 2 nhm nhm Catt chung :T
1,
, T
3
, T
5
;
nhm Ant chung : T
2
, T
4
, T
6
;
in p cc pha th cp my bin p ln lt l: U
a
=
2
2 sin U ;
U
b
=
2
2 sin( 2 )
3
U

;
Hnh 1.b_ th dng p _s
cu
iu khin mt pha i xng
o H
u
d

i
d

i
1
i
4
i
2
et
et
et
et
et
2H
I
d
I
d
I
d
I
d
- I
d
U
c
=
2
2 sin( 4 )
3
U

;
Gc m c tnh t im chuyn mch t nhin( giao im ca cc
na hnh sin).
Gi thit T
5
, T
6
ang dn cho dng chy qua V
F
= V
c
; V
G
= V
b
;
* Khi =
1
=
6

+ cho xung iu khin m T

1
.thyristor ny c m v
V
a
>0 s m ca T
1
lm cho T
5
b kho li mt cch t nhin v V
a
> V
c
.
Lc ny T
6
v T
1
cho dng chy qua, v in p trn ti l:
U
d
=U
ab
=V
a
-V
b
;
- Khi =
2
= 3
6

+ cho xung iu khin m T

2
khi T
2
m n lm cho
T
6
b kha li tng t trn .
- Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy, mi van c a xung vo m sau
1
3
T ;
- Ta c biu thc tnh ton sau:
in p trung bnh trn ti : U
d
=
5
6
2
6
6 3 6
2 sin cos
2
U d

+
+
=
}

in p ngc ln nht t ln van: U
nmax
=
2
6U ;
dng in chy qua cc van l : I
T
= I
d
/ 3;

2. S chnh lu cu 3 fa iu khin :
a. s :( Hnh 2a)






Hnh 2a_s chnh iu khin cu 3 fa
I
T4
I
T1
I
6



b. th dng p mch chnh lu cu 3 fa K( Hnh
2b )























u
A

u
B
u
C
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
0
t
uf
Ud
I
1
I
6
I
d
Ungmax
t
t
t
t
t
i
T1
i
T6

u
T1
H 2H
t
i
a
0
0
0
0
0
0


d . hot ng ca s : (khi khng xt n trng dn)
cu gm 6 thyristor chia thnh 2 nhm nhm Catt chung :T
1,
, T
3
, T
5
;
nhm Ant chung : T
2
, T
4
, T
6
;
in p cc pha th cp my bin p ln lt l: U
a
=
2
2 sin U ;
U
b
=
2
2 sin( 2 )
3
U

;
U
c
=
2
2 sin( 4 )
3
U

;
Gc m c tnh t im chuyn mch t nhin( giao im ca cc
na hnh sin).
Gi thit T
5
, T
6
ang dn cho dng chy qua V
F
= V
c
; V
G
= V
b
;
* Khi =
1
=
6

+ cho xung iu khin m T

1
.thyristor ny c m v
V
a
>0 s m ca T
1
lm cho T
5
b kho li mt cch t nhin v V
a
> V
c
.
Lc ny T
6
v T
1
cho dng chy qua, v in p trn ti l:
U
d
=U
ab
=V
a
-V
b
;
- Khi =
2
= 3
6

+ cho xung iu khin m T

2
khi T
2
m n lm cho
T
6
b kha li tng t trn .
- Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy, mi van c a xung vo m sau
1
3
T ;
- Ta c biu thc tnh ton sau:
in p trung bnh trn ti : U
d
=
5
6
2
6
6 3 6
2 sin cos
2
U d

+
+
=
}

in p ngc ln nht t ln van: U
nmax
=
2
6U ;
dng in chy qua cc van l : I
T
= I
d
/ 3;

- nhn xt:
s chnh lu cu 3fa iu khin c u im l c th d dng iu
khin cc thyristor ng m thng qua gc m , v cng sut ca s
l kh ln . Nhng bn cnh n c nhng hn ch nht nh nh : cht
lng in p ra xu ph thuc vo gc m v hin tng trng dn. S
ny ch nn dng vi yu cu cng sut ln m khng quan tm n
cht lng p ra ! .
3. B bm xung p mt chiu
1. Gii thiu chung
B bm xung p mt chiu dng bin i in p mt chiu E thnh
xung in p mt chiu c tr s trung bnh U
tb
c th thay i c.
Khi b bm xung p lm vic ch gim p tr s trung bnh U
tb
ca
cc xung in p t vo ph ti c th iu chnh t tr s khng n tr
s ln nht bng in p mt chiu E cung cp cho b bm: 0 < U
tb
s E.
Khi b bm xung p lm vic ch tng p c th iu chnh cho
in p trung bnh trn ti U
tb
t n gi tr ln hn in p E t ca
ngun in: E < U
tb
<.
B bm xung p mt chiu c coi nh l mt cng tc t tnh ng
m lin tc mt cch chu k. N c s dng rng ri trong cc my vn
chuyn, trong truyn ng my ct gt, trong giao thng ng st, t
chy in, xe ra bc d hng, trong k ngh in ho...
Thit b bm xung lm vic vi hiu sut cao tn hao nng lng t hn
so vi phng php iu chnh in p mt chiu lin tc, t nhy cm vi
mi trng v tham s iu chnh l thi gian ng m t hoc ct
ngun trn ti, kch thc nh. Tuy nhin b bm xung p c nhc im
l : phi dng cng vi b lc u ra do lm tng qun tnh ca qa
trnh iu khin khi s dng cc mch iu khin kn. Nu tn s ng m
ln s pht sinh ra nhiu v tuyn.
2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca b bm xung p mt chiu lm vic
ch gim p.
B bm xung p mt chiu l mt kho in H lm bng tranzito hay
bng tiristo c iu khin ng m mt cch chu k. Khi lm vic ch
gim p b bm xung p mt chiu H c t ni tip gia ngun
in p mt chiu E v ph ti nh trn hnh v.
a) Tr s trung bnh ca in p trn ti U
tb
.
Khi b bm H ng in th in p t ln ti c tr s u = E. Cn khi
H ngt in th u = 0.
S nguyn l:






Tr s trung bnh ca in p mt chiu t ln ph ti l:
E E
T
T
Edt
T
udt
T
U
d
T T
tb
d
= = = =
} }
0 0
1 1

vi T

l thi gian ng ca kho H, hay rng xung T l chu k bm,

hay chu k xung o =
T
T
d
l h s lp y xung p cn gi l t s chu k: ta
c o s 1.
H
L
R
E U
Bng cch bin i tr s ca h s o ta nhn c cc tr s khc
nhau ca in p trung bnh ca in p trung bnh U
tb
trn ph ti.
C th cho o bin i bng hai cch:
1 - C nh chu k bm T, thay i thi gian ng in T

ca b bm,
ta c b bm tn s c nh.
2 - C nh thi gian ng in T

, bin i chu k bm T, ta c b bm
tn s bin thin.
Nu T

= 0 th o = 0 ta c U
tb
= 0 lc ny b bm thng xuyn ngt
mch. Khi T

= T, ta c o =1 v U
tb
= E, b bm thng xuyn ng mch
in. B bm xung p mt chiu thng ng in v ngt in lin tc
vi tn s cao (200 500Hz) nn thng l mt kho bn dn.
b) S thc t ca b xung p mt chiu dng transistor
B bm xung p s dng tranzito c tn s bm ln khong vi
kilohert. Cc tranzito khng cn mch kho li nh tiristo nn rt n
gin v c th lm vic vi tn s tng i ln. Cc b bm dng
tranzito cng sut c th t ti tn s bm t 10 n 100 kHz mt cch
d dng. Khi dng b bm xung p c th khng cn dng cun cm san
bng hoc ch cn cun cm c in cm nh ni tip vi ti cng san
bng dng in trn ti thnh dng in mt chiu c tr s khng i.
Nhc im ca b bm in bng Tranzito l c cng sut nh, ch
t c vi kilot n vi ch kilot l cng.
S ca b bm xung p mt chiu dng Tranzito.














Trn s th b bm xung p lm vic nh mt cng tc t tnh (K)
ng m lin tc 1 cch chu k . Nh vy m bin i c in p mt
chiu khng i E thnh cc xung in p mt chiu U
tb
c tr s c th
iu chnh c. in p U
tb
ny t vo phn ng ng c s lm thay
i tc ng c t.
Khi b bm xung p lm vic ch gim p th 0<U
tb
<E.
Khi b bm xung p lm vic ch tng p th E<U
tb
<0.
Trong s trn L,C l b phn lc san bng v gi cho in p
ti thc t l khng i ,mc ch l gim h s p mch nng cao cht
lng iu chnh .
in p trn ti thu c ph thuc vo tn s ng ct kho
K.Trong khi cc hn ch v cng ngh v tn hao ca b bin i in
p mt chiu quyt nh gii hn tn s lm vic ca b bin i .
trnh cc sng khng mong mun v t y trnh c Momen p
mch th tn s phi ln hn mt mc no .Tn s ng ct cng
Ti


Chnh lu
khng
iu khin
L
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
K
D
C
1
S nguyn l ca b bm xung p mt chiu
Ld
Rd
nhanh th cng gim c kch thc ca b lc ,nhng nu qu ln s
sinh ra nhiu v tuyn .V vy phi cn nhc la chn c b bin i
lm vic di tn thch hp( di 1KHz). Thc t thng dng tn s bm
khong 400Hz 600Hz.
Thc t kho K trn s nguyn l c thay bng kho in t
c th l Tiristor hoc Transistor(Cng sut hoc MOS).
Dng Tiristor c u im l tr s gii hn cao ,lm vic chc chn
r tin,tn hao khi dn nh nhng c nhc im l m chm nn ch s
dng rng ri tn s ng m thp (di 500Hz).
Transistor MOS thch hp vi di tn s chuyn mch cao hn
100KHz.
Transistor cng sut thch hp vi di tn t 10->100Khz,c gi
thnh r hn,tn hao t hn MOS.
Vi h thng dng Transistor th yu cu lm mt khng cao bng
Tiristor,nhng Tiristor li cho php d bo v chng li cc s c hn
Transistor
4.So snh cc phng n :
t cc phn tch trn ta thy khi dng cc phng php chnh lu 1 pha
hay 3 pha iu khn khng i xng th h s p mch ca in p ra
rt ln nn ta s khng dng cc phng php ny .
vi phng php dng chnh lu iu khin hon ton ta thy vn iu
khin cc van Thysistor tng i phc tp v b iu khin cng knh
ng thi khi gc m thay i th cht lng in p ra cng thay i
nhiu .Vi b bm xung kt hp vi chnh lu khng iu khin do ta c
th bm vi tn s rt cao nn c tnh lc s tt hn ng thi vic iu
khin cng d dng hn.
Do yu cu ca b n p mt chiu cng sut nh nn ta s chn
phng n dng chnh lu khng iu khin kt hp vi b bm xung p
mt chiu .Phng php ny c u im l dng cc van Diode r tin
hn cc van Thysistor ng thi vic iu khin d dng hn do ta khng
cn b ng pha , dch pha v ta ch iu khin mt van iu khin hon
ton .





Chng 3
Tnh ton mch lc
Trong chng trc ta chn c s mch lc cho b n p nh
sau :








Ta c s mch lc nh sau :









220 V
MBA
60VDC
-
+
C1

L
24VDC
+
-
T1
D
0


C2
T2

My
bin p
Chnh
lu
khng
iu
khin


B bm


B lc
U
R
= 24 VDC
B iu
chnh
dng




Trong mch lc nh trn T1 lm vic ch bo ho nh mt kho
ng ct , T2 lm vic ch tuyn tnh n nh p ra
1. Tnh ton cc thng s in p, dng in v cng sut my bin
p
My bin p cng sut c vi kVA thuc loi MBA cng sut nh, st p
trn in tr tng i ln, khong 4% , st p trn in khng t hn c
1,5% . in p st trn hai Diode ni tip khong 2 V do ta c in p
chnh lu lc khng ti s l : U
d0
= 60.1,055 + 2 = 65,3 V
Tr s hiu dng ca in p pha th cp MBA :
V
U
U
d
28
6 3
0
2
=
t
=
T s bin p :
127 0
220
28
1
2
,
U
U
m = = =

+ Dng in cc cun dy:
- Dng in ca cun th cp:
I
2
= A , I .
d
66 32
3
2
=
- Dng in ca cun s cp:
I
1
= m.I
2
=4,15 A
Cng sut ca MBA : S = 3.220.4,15 = 2740 W
Ta tin hnh chn my bin p vi cc thng s trn.
2. Tnh ton mch t MBA
Chn mch t 3 tr tit din mi tr c tnh theo cng thc:

f c
S
K Q
ba

=
Trong :
k: H s kinh nghim (thng ly K=5,86,4).Vi MBA kh ly
K=6.
c: S tr (c=3).
f: tn s (f=50 Hz).
S
ba
: Cng sut biu kin MBA (VA).
Thay s vo ta c :
) ( 8 , 77
50 3
10 2 , 25
6
3
3
cm Q =

=
Chn Q=78 (cm
2
)
Ta chn mch t : lm bng tn silic 310 c b dy l 0,35 mm
t trng
b
=75 kg/dm
3

tn hao p=1,3 w/kg. B dy l tn silic 310 :
0,35(mm)
a- Tnh ton chiu cao s b ca tr :
Da vo cng thc kinh nghim:

hq
T
l

=
4

Trong :
+T
hq
:Tit din hiu qu T
hq
=Q.
+| :l h s quan h gia chiu cao v chiu rng ca bin p,
thng bng 1,151,35.Ta chn |=1,2.
- Suy ra :
) ( 26
2 , 1
14 , 3
78
4
14 , 3 cm l =

=
b/ Tnh trng lng ca tr:
G
t
=cS
T

b
l
Trong : +c: S tr (c=3).
+S
T
: Tit din tr: S
T
=Q=78 (cm
3
).
+
b
: T trng tn silic (
b
=7,5kg/dm
3
).
Vy trng lng ca tr l :
G
T
=30,787,52,6=45,6 (kg).

c/ Tnh gng:









Chn a=9,5 cm
2
.
l
G
= 26x2 -9,5 = 42,5 (cm)
T
G
=Q=78 (cm
2
).
Trng lng gng:
G
g
=tT
G

b
l
G

Trong :
t: S gng (t=2)
T
G
: Tit din gng.

b:
: T trng tn silic.
l
G
: Chiu di ca gng.
l
a
b

1

1
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
l
G
a
a
l
Thay s vo ta c :
G
g
= 20,787,54,35=50 (kg).
Trng lng li thp MBA:
G=G
T
+G
g
=45,6+50=95,6 (kg).
d/ S l tn:
-S l tr : 704
10 35 , 0 5 , 9
78
3
1
=

(l)
-S l chn u ngn: 470
10 35 , 0 5 , 9
78
2
1
=

(l).
-S l chn u di: 235
10 35 , 0 5 , 9
78
1
1
=

(l).
3.Tnh chn cc van cng sut cho s mch lc :
- chn transistor cng sut :
Vic chn van bn dn mch lc c chn theo cc thng s c
bn ca van. Hai thng s c bn chn van l:
+ Gi tr dng trung bnh ln nht ca van (I
tb max
); y l gi tr dng
ln nht m van c th chu c ng vi ch lm mt tt nht cho van
(ch l tng). Trong thc t, khng t c iu kin lm mt l
tng nn vic s dng van khng c qu gi tr ny.
+ Gi tr bin in p ngc ln nht cho php t ln van (U
ngc
max
); nu vt qu gi tr ny th van b chc thng.
Nh cp phn trc, ta dng cc van bn dn l cc tranzito
cng sut; tc l cc van iu kin hon ton. Xut pht t c im
cng ngh, ta chn iu kin lm mt l lm mt cng bc bng qut
gi, vi cc c cu: Van + cnh tn nhit chun + tc gi (12 m/s). V
vy:
I
tb van thc
= (0,4 0,5) I
tb van max
.
Chn tranzito cng sut
T biu thc dng trung bnh qua van xc nh trn, ta c:
A I
max tbvan
40 =
T biu dng sng in p t trn van, ta thy in p ngc ln
nht t ln van l U
S
; tc l :
U
ng van max
= U
S
= 48V.
T kt qu hai thng s tnh ton c trn ta chn loi tranzito
cng sut loi BUT 90 c cc thng s sau:
M
hiu
U
CE
,V U
CE0
,
V
U
CE..sat
,
V
I
C
,
A
I
B
, A t
off
, s t
on
,
s
t
s
, s P
m
,
W
BUT
90
200 125 1,2 50 7 0,4 1,2 1.5 250

Chn Diode (D
0
,..., D
6
)
Biu thc dng trung bnh qua cc i-t D
0
l: I
D
= I
d
.(1-c) I
D max thc

= I
d max
= 25A. Cng t th dng sng ca diode ta thy rng in p
ngc ln nht t ln cc diode D
1
,...,D
6
l V U U
mi
69 6
2
= = . Tr trung
bnh dng chy trong cc Diode : A ,
I
I
d
D
3 13
3
40
3
= = =
Vy ta chn loi B50 do hng Lin X c ch to B50-1 c cc
thng s:

M hiu I
tb
, A U
max
, V
B 50 50 100
4. Thit k mch tr gip cho Transistor.
Thc t l tn hao chuyn mch ca tranzitor cng sut ln hn rt
nhiu so vi trng hp n lm vic vi ti xc nh. Mt khc, so vi
tiristor kh nng chu qu ti ca tranzitor km hn. Trong trng hp c
th l tranzitor phi lm vic nh mt kho in t ng ct mch in vi
tn s ng ct ln, th tn tht nng lng khi chuyn trng thi l ng
k, v nng lng tn tht t l vi tn s hot ng ca Tranzitor. V vy,
gim nh tn tht khi chuyn mch v trnh cho tranzitor lm vic qu
nng n th ngi ta s dng thm cc mch tr gip.
Cc phn t ch yu ca mch tr gip l L
2
v C
2
. Chc nng ca
L
2
l hn ch s tng ca i
c
trong qu trnh tranzitor ng mch, cn t
in C
2
c tc dng lm chm s tng ca V
CC
trong qu trnh tranzitor
ct mch.
S mch tr gip nh sau:








Khi biu din mch lc trn s nguyn l ta khng a thm cc
mch tr gip vo nhm n gin ho mch nhng thc t mi tranzitor
s dng u thit k mch tr gip i km.
R1
1k
D2
DIODE
D1
DIODE
R2
1k
L1
1uH
Q1
NPN
C1
1uF
Ti cm
5.Tnh lc :
p ra sau b bm c dng nh sau :













Phn tch theo chui Fourier ta c:
.... ) t .
T
cos( ). sin(
U
) t .
T
cos( ). sin(
U
) t .
T
cos( ). . sin(
U
U . ) t ( U
d
+
t
tc
t
+
t
tc
t
+
t
tc
t
+ c =
6
6
3
4
4
2
2
2
p mch ca in p k
m
s 0,01 ta c b lc phi tho mn nhng
yu cu sau :
- ta dng b lc loi k nh sau :
s mch :


T
1
T

T
1
U

U (V)

t (s)

C/2
C/2
L



Ta c th s dng s trn , tn s ct ca b lc nh sau :

LC
C
2
= e
t (0 e
C
) l gii thng cn t (e
C
) l gii chn
ta gi thit i vi sng hi tn s thp m X
L
>> X
C
th dng xoay chiu
chy qua L v C s quyt nh bi X
L
v c :

L . . n
U A
I
m
e
=
2
2

in p nhp nh :

LC ) n (
U . . A
C . . n
I
U
m
2
2
2
e
=
e
= A
t s nhp nh :

LC ) n (
A
U
U
k
2
2
2
e
=
A
=
ta ly A = ) . sin(
U
tc
t
2 v n = 1 vi tn s 10 kHz . T ta c
LC =
8
2 3
10 4 1
01 0 10 2
586 0

=
t
. ,
. . ) . (
,

Chn L =0,14 mH ta c C = 100F

















Chng 4
Mch iu khin
Mch iu khin y l mch t ng iu chnh n nh in p
ra theo s thay i ca ti v in p vo . Mch hot ng da trn
nguyn tc ly s thay i ca dng in ti phn hi v v ly s thay
i ca p li thay i rng xung iu khin t ln Transistor .
Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch iu khin nh sau : khi dng ti nh ta
iu chnh t s bm c cho p ra bng 24 V, khi ti tng ln ko theo
st p trn van Transistor iu dng gim ng thi st p trn MBA v
cc van tng ln lm cho p ra thay i do vy ta phi thay i t s bm
gi cho p ra khng i ) v khi p vo thay i ko theo s thay i
ca p ra ta phi thay i t s bm gi cho p ra khng i .
Trong mch iu khin c nhng khi chnh sau : khi to dao ng lm
nhim v to ra xung dao ng chun . Khi to xung rng ca to ra
dng xung rng ca chun to ra xung iu khin . Khi ly in p
sai lch c nhim v pht hin s thay i ca in p li v ly sai lch
so vi in p chun . Khi phn hi p ly s sai lch ca p ri trn van
iu dng v thay i rng xung iu khin nhm mc ch gi p
ra khng i . Khi so snh lm nhim v so snh tn hiu chun vi cc
tn hiu t v tn hiu phn hi c xung iu khin . Khi khuch i
lm nhim v khuch i xung iu khin c xung c rng ln .
C th phn iu khin gm c cc khi chnh sau :
1. Mch to dao ng:









to c xung vung vi tn s 10 kHz ta s dng vi mch to
dao ng Timer555 vi cc thng s cho nh trn:

+12V
1
Gnd
2
Trg
3
Out
4
Rst
5
Ctl
6
Thr
7 Dis
8
Vcc
555
+
CT

+
C1

R1

R2

R1
2k
B to dao ng Timer555



Q:Trng thi (mc logic)du ra ti thi im t,l u ra o ca FF
trong vi mch
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi Q=1 th Transistor dn bo ho ,t dn in qua Transistor nn
in p trn t Uc gim
Khi t Uc gim ti Uc= Vcc
3
1

th Q=0.
Khi Uc tng ti Uc= + Vcc
3
2

th Q=1 Transistor li dn bo
ho.
Khong thi gian t1 ph thuc
vo t
np
,vi t
np
=(R
1
+R
2
)C
Khong thi gian t2 ph thuc vo t
phng
,vi t
phng
=R
2
C
Qua tnh ton ta c
t1=(R
1
+R
2
)Cln2
Ta c vi C = 0,04808 F ta c R
2
= 100 O (thi gian phng cng nh
cng tt)
T ta c R
1
= 3 kO
2. Khu to in p rng ca
a/ Nguyn l hot ng
in p ca b pht xung ch o c a vo ca o ca khu
to in p rng ca. Do in p ra ca khuch i tuyn tnh ph thuc
vo quan h:
U
ra
= K
0
. (-U
II
+ U
+
)
U
t
1
t
2
T
t

t

Biu dng sng ca Timer555 ch
a hi phim nh
Trong : U
+
l in p t ca khng o;
K
0
l h s khuch i ca bn thn OP2 v K
0
l rt ln.











Khi U
II
< 0 th D3 thng dn n U
D
= ( U
+
- U
II
) > 0
Suy ra U
III
> 0 v t C1 c np thng qua R5 v D3 v OP1 vi dng
np:
I
C
= I'
2
- I
2

Trong : I
C
, I'
2
, I
2
, c k hiu nh trn hnh v.

2 4 2 4
2
15
x x
R R R R
E
I
+
=
+
=

5 5
3 '
2
5 , 13 0
R R
U U
I
D II
=
A +
= ;
Vi: AU
D3
l in p ri trn D3. Chn bng 0,5 V
U
dII
= (E- 2)= 13 V
in p U
III
chnh l in p trn t C1
U
r
= U
C
=
} }
+
= dt
R R R C
dt I
C
X
C
)
15 5 , 13
( .
1
.
1
2 4 5 1 1

U
r
= U
C
=
1 2 4 5
).
15 5 , 13
(
C
t
R R R
X
+

C1
DZ
OP2
+E
-E
R4
R5
D3
RX2
R6
+E
( II )
( III )
Mch to xung rng ca
- Diot n p D
Z
c nhim v khng cho in p trn t np qu U
DZ
. Chn
loi Diod c
U
DZ
= 15V
Nu gi t
n
l thi gian np ca t th ta c phng trnh sau:
U
Z
=
1 2 4 5
).
15 5 , 13
(
C
t
R R R
n
X
+

Khi U
II
>0 D
3
kho U
ra
= 0 t C s phng in v m ngun ca
OP
2

Vi dng in phng I
p
=
2 4 X
R R
E
+

in p trn t gim dn theo hm :
U
r
= U
Zp
=
DZ
X
DZ
X
U
C R R
t
U dt
C R R
}
+
+

= +
+

1 2 4 1 2 4
). (
15
). (
15

Gi t
p
l thi gian phng ca t in ta c :
U
r
=
DZ
X
p
U
C R R
t
+
+

1 2 4
) (
15
(2)
vi U
DZ
=10V v t
p
=9,5ms nh chn, t (2) ta c:

DZ
X
p
U
C R R
t
=
+
1 2 4
) (
15

10
) (
10 . 5 , 9 . 15
1 2 4
3
=
+

C R R
X

(R
4
+ R
X2
)C
1
= 14,25.10
-3
(3)
t (1) ta c:
10 10 . 5 , 0 ).
) (
15
.
5 , 13
(
3
1 2 4 1 5
=
+

C R R C R
X

thay (3) vo (1) ta c:
10 10 . 5 , 0 ).
10 . 25 , 14
15
.
5 , 13
(
3
3
1 5
=

C R


3
1 5
10 . 20
.
5 , 13
=
C R
R
5
C
1
= 0,675.10
-3

chn C
7
= 0,47F R
5
= 1,43(KO) , chn R
5
= 1,5(KO)
t (3) chn R
4
= 10(KO)
ta c: (10.10
3
+ R
X2
) = 30,3(KO) R
X2
= 20,3(KO)
iu chnh bin tr c R
X2
= 20,3(KO)
-Dng qua Diod D
3
: I
2

= 66 8
10 5 1
5 13 5 13
3
5
,
. ,
,
R
,
= = (mA)
Chn linh kin :
OP
2
: A741 c cc thng s:
U
ng
= 322V; U
nF
= 15 V; U
dF
= 30 V; K
o
=5.10
6
; P
1
=100
mW;
|t|=55125
0
C; I
ra
=25 mA; E
n
=15 V; Z
ra
=60 O; Z
vo
=300
KO;
5 , 0 =
dt
du
V.
D
3
: D-1001 c cc thng s :
I = 1A ; U
ng
= 200V ; AU = 0,5V
3. Khu so snh.









-E
+E
( IV )
R6
R7
RX3
+E
( III )
OP3
Upa2

U
ref

a/ Nguyn l hot ng
in p rng ca c a vo ca o ca OP3.
- Khi U
D
= (U
dk2
-U
III
) > 0 th U
IV
= (E-2) (V)
- Khi U
D
=(U
dk2
-U
III
) < 0 th U
IV
= - (E - 2) V
Kt qu l u ra ca khuch i thut ton OP3 c mt dy xung
vung lin tip.
U
phd
l tn hiu ly t b phn hi dng dng c chuyn thnh tn hiu
p a v .
U
pha
l tn hiu ly t s thay i ca p li qua b phn p a n .
Chnh RX3 sao cho p chun U
ref
= 3 V














U
K
T
T1
t
U
t
15 V

U
ra
+E

-E



4.Khu ly p sai lch :
ly s thay i ca in p li ta lm nh sau:
Khi p vo chun l 220VAC ta c p chnh lu ra chun l 60 VDC v
c p sai lch u = 0 V ; khi p vo thay i ( bin ng 10% ) ta c sai
lch khc 0









u vo ca b phn p ta ni vo mch lc . Nguyn tc hot ng ca
khu ny nh sau : khi p vo l 220V chun th khu ny cho p ra bng
0V khi p vo tng ln n cho p ra m ln b li p iu khin sao
cho p ra khng i .
Ta chn cc thng s : vi R1 v R2 ta chn sao cho khi p vo l 220V
th c p ra bng 6V , ta chn R1, R2 kh ln hn ch dng in c
th : chn R1 = 900k ; R2 = 100k ; con trt trn RX3 t v tr sao
cho U
ref
= 6 V (vi E = 15 V)
-E
+E
R1
R5
RX3
+E

OP3
B phn p
R3
R2
Uref

R4
p t u vo a n
Khi p vo l 220V+10% th p vo b bm l 66V do m bo p
ra bng 24V ta phi c h s bm lc ny l : 3636 0
66
24
, = = c hay p iu
khin lc ny l
u
k
= c.15 = 5,45 V
Tng t ta c lc p li gim 10% th :

V , . u
,
dk
55 6 15
44 0
54
24
= c =
= = c

Vy b ly p sai lch phi tho mn : khi p vo tng ln 66V th c p
ra bng
u = - (6 5,45 ) = - 0,55V
v khi p vo bng 54 V th : u = - (6 6,67) = 0,55V
T s b phn ta c : khi p vo bng 66V th p ra ca b phn p l
:
V , u 6 6
10
66
= =
khi p ra phi bng 0,55 V do ta c t s = =
66 0
55 0
3
4
,
,
R
R
0,83
chn R4 = 55 K ta c R3 = 66 K .
chn R5 = 10 K (in tr hn ch dng ) .
5. Khu phn hi dng in
dng in c ly qua cc in tr hn ch dng sau a vo u
vo ca Transistor iu chnh dng. Nguyn tc hot ng ca n nh
sau : khi dng ti tng ln dng phn hi v tng c a vo cc cng
ca Transistor dng lm cho T2 lm cho n m ln hn v cho dng qua
ln hn .
khu ny bao gm cc in tr phn dng c xc nh nh sau :
















Cc in tr c mc song song vi ti v c xc nh :
Khi dng ti nh c 2A th dng I
2
phi ln cho T2 lm vic
vng tuyn tnh v khi dng ti ln ( = 40A) th dng I
2
phi khng ln hn
gi tr dng bo ho T2 khng ri vo ch bo ho . C th vi
Transistor c chn ta c dng bo ho I
bh
= 5 A v c h s khuch
i dng |
2
= 10
Khi phti thay i th dng in ti thay i do dng I
B2
thay i

2
2
|
=
t
B
I
I
Cc in tr c tnh :
O =

s 18 8
4 1 1
24 60
1 1
1
2
,
. , I . ,
U U
R
max B
R V

chn R1 = 8 O
dng in ln nht qua n T
0
l
Uv

I
B2
Dng ti
R1
R2
T2

Rd

D814
T0
I
B0
A ,
R
U U
I
R V
max T
5 4
1
0
=

=
6.Khu phn hi p :
Khi dng ti cng ln lm cho T2 cng dn v st p trn van ny cng
gim do khi p vo khng thay i th p ra s tng ln do vy ta phi
thay i gi tr p vo gi cho p ra khng i .









Khi p ra bng 24 ta chn Uph = 3V do in tr R1 ly bng 23 K v
R2 = 1K
7. Khu khuych i :
S dng khuych thut ton khng o TL084 vi s nh sau:





+V
15V
+
TL084
+V
-15V
R
1
R
2
U
vo
U
ra
B khuch i
R2
R1
U
Ra
=24VDC
Uph




Vi khuych thut ton trn ta d dng tnh c h s khuych i
ca mch
K=
2
2 1
R
R R +

Thay i cc thng s R
1
v R
2
ca mch ta s c tng ng vi 1
in p u vo s c mt in p u ra c ln gp K (tu )ln in
p u vo .
8. Khi ngun in p chun:













in p u
2
c ly t li vo qua bin p ph (C th ghp chung vi
bin p chnh ) sau qua b chnh lu cng sut nh v a vo u
vo ca vi mch n p LM78L15CH vi cc t lc nh sau :

u
2
C
1
C
2 C
3
-

+ 15V

3

2

1

LM78L15CH

C1 = 1000F
C2 = 330nF
C3 = 100nF
Ngoi in p chun +15 V ta cn phi to ra p chun 15 V cung cp
cho b so snh v b khuch i.














u
2
C
1
C
2 C
3
-

- 15V

2

3

1

LM78L15CH























L
R
Ti





220 V
MBA
60VDC
C

L
T1
24VDC
D
0
-
+
Ph
n p
R1
R
2
C
T2
R1
R2
T0
Rd


R3
R
4
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
6
D
4
D
2
R4

+15V
1
Gnd
2
Trg
3 Out
4
Rst
5
Ctl
6 Thr
7 Dis
8
Vcc
555
+
CT
+
C1

R1

R2

R1
2k

C1
DZ
OP2
+E
-E
R4
R5
D3
RX2
R6
+E
-E
+E
R6
R7
RX3
+E

OP3
Upa2

U
ref


-E
+E
R5
RX3
OP3
R3
Uref