Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapters 9 10 Single
Chapters 9 10 Single
Cerebral peduncle
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
From the dorsal
surface, curves
around
Optic tract
Midbrain Subdivisions
Tectum
Superior/inferior
colliculi
Tegmentum
Ascending/descending
tracts
Nuclei
Basal portion
Substantia nigra
Pigmented
Cerebral peduncle
Inferior Colliculus: Afferents
Lateral lemniscus
Terminate both ipsi and
contralateral
Contralateral inferior
colliculus
Ipsilateral medial
geniculate body
Auditory feedback
pathway
Primary auditory
cortex
Cerebellum
Midbrain: Efferents
Medial geniculate body
Audition
Contralateral inferior
colliculus
Superior colliculus
Head/eye orienting
Nucleus of lateral
lemniscus
Auditory feedback
Cerebellum
Localize sound sources
Fibers of passage: Inf. Coll. Level
Superior cerebellar
peduncle
Brachium conjunctivum
Medial lemniscus
Trigeminal lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
Lateral lemniscus
Medial longitudinal
fasciculus (MLF)
Central tegmental tract
Basal ganglia/midbrain to
inferior olive
Rubrospinal tract
Midbrain Nuclei: Inf. Coll. Level
Mesencephalic
nucleus of
trigeminal nerve
Unipolar neurons
Proprioception of
mastication
Nucleus of
trochlear nerve
Midbrain Nuclei: Inf. Coll. Level
Pedunculopontine and lateral
dorsal tegmental nuclei
Cholinergic
Walking
Supranuclear palsy
Degenerative CNS disease
Slowing of movement
Reduced control of:
Walking
Balance
Swallowing
Speaking
Eye movements
Eventually
wheelchair/bedridden
Tau proteins build up in specific
nuclei
Midbrain Nuclei: Inf. Coll. Level
Locus Ceruleus
Nucleus pigmentosus
Pigmented neurons
Melanin
Loss of these neurons in
Parkinson’s
Projects widely throughout CNS
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Sensory nuclei of brainstem
Also plays a role in:
Respiration
REM sleep
Cerebral Peduncle Divisions
Carries fibers from
cortex to subcortical
structures
Corticopontine
Lateral
Parieto/occipito/temporo-
pontine projections
Medial
Fronto-pontine projections
Corticospinal
Continues to pyramids
Corticobulbar
Cranial nerve nuclei
Substantia Nigra
Afferents
Neostriatum
(caudate/putamen)
Largest
Cerebral cortex
Minor
Efferents
Neostriatum
Sensorimotor and limbic
Cerebral cortex
Limbic cortex
Akinesia
Absence of movement
Substantia Nigra
Regulates motor
activity
Parkinson’s
disease
Tremor, rigidity,
slowness of motor
activity
Substantia Nigra
Pigmented: dopamine
Non-pigmented: cholinergic or GABAergic
Mesencephalic Dopaminergic
System
Ventral tegmental
area of Tsai
Retrorubral cell
group
Mesostriatal
Striatum
Mesoallocortical
Amygdala, olfactory
tubercle
Mesoneocortical
All lobes
Superior colliculus
Afferents
Cerebral cortex
Mostly occipital (visual
cortex)
FEF – frontal eye fields
Retina
Spinal cord
Spinotectal
Pain
Inferior colliculus
Orienting to sound
Superior colliculus
Efferents
Tectospinal
Neck movements
Tectopontocerebell
ar tract
Orienting responses
to cerebellum
Tectothalamic tract
Lateral geniculate
nucleus
Pulvinar
Lesions of the Superior Colliculus
Unilateral
Neglect of contralateral visual field
Heightened response to ipsilateral visual field
Deficits in tracking moving objects
Superior Colliculus
Overlapping visual and auditory receptive
fields
Orienting responses
Visual drives auditory
Localization
Resolution
Tegmentum: Nuclei
Red nucleus
Red Nucleus
Afferent
Deep cerebellar
nuclei
Volitional tremor
Tremor when
moving only
Cerebral cortex
Motor/premotor
cortex
Red Nucleus
Efferent
Spinal cord
Facilitates flexor motor
neurons
Inhibits extensor motor
neurons
Just like corticospinal tract
Cerebellum
Inferior Olive
Major projection in humans
Then projects to
cerebellum
Feedback circuit
Red Nucleus
Main function: movement
Links cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord
Lesions of red nucleus
Contralateral tremor
Tegmentum: Nuclei
Oculomotor nucleus
Afferent
Cerebral cortex
INC- Interstitial nucleus of
Cajal
Upward gaze
RiMLF – rostral interstial
nucleus
Downward gaze
Pretectal olivary nucleus
Pupillary light reflex
Pons/Medulla
Cranial nuclei involved in
eye movements
Cerebellum
Regulate eye movements
Lesions of Oculomotor Nerve
A – outside
brainstem
Ipsilateral eye
B – cerebral
peduncle and
fibers
Ipsilateral eye
Contralateral motor
C – Red nucleus
and fibers
Ipsilateral eye
Contralateral motor
Pupillary Light Reflex
Ipsilateral pupil
Direct light reflex
Contralateral pupil
Consensual light
reflex
Due to pretectal
nucleus projecting
to both oculomotor
nuclei
Optic Nerve Lesion
Abolishes
Direct light reflex
Consensual light
reflex
Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
Abolishes
Direct light reflex
Marcus Gunn Pupil
Paradoxical pupil
dilation to light
Note: this is
because there is
little/no light
going to the other
eye with intact
optic nerve
Control of Saccadic Eye
Movements
Frontal Eye Fields
20º
20º
Saccades
Microstimulation
1º
Oculomotor Control of Spatial
Attention
Motor field
Activity, i.e. a ‘motor plan’ deploys spatial
attention to the location the eyes would
move to