CHAPTER ONE

CLAUSE, SENTENCE AND PHRASE

A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

Some example are : (with analysis) 1. The ecological study of individual plant response to the diverse factors of environment. 2. The species differed in their root responses to lime. 3. Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy. 4. Plants distributes the carbon compounds. 5. Plants allocates them to different physiological processes and plant parts.

Explanation

:Subject

Verbal

A SENTENCES may consist of one or more clauses. Thus example 1 to 5 are one-clauses sentences, whereas the following example are example of more than one-clause sentence. Explanation : Clause = Subjects + Verb

1. The ratio of root weight to shoot weight showed much less variation with lime rate, and it is suggested that the ratio of fine root length to shoot weight is the better indicator of tolerance to soil acidity.

2. The two rates of development of leaf water deficit clearly affected the utilization and remobilization of preanthesis stored C and N as suggested in our previous paper (Kobata et al., 1992)

3. In 1996, no residual treatment effects on sweet corn grainIn 1996, stover N were noted at either site

4. Experiments were conducted from 1994 to 1996 at six locations in Wisconsin The locations were grouped into three. ( Journal Agronomy Vol 91 Nov-Des 1999)

5. When flowering is initiated, the pistil begins to develop in the center of the flower.

A PHRASE is a group of words lacking either a subject or a verb. for example :

Sustainable agriculture takes many forms, but at its core is a rejection of the industrial approach to food production developed during the 20th century. This system, with its reliance on monoculture, mechanization, chemical pesticides and fertilizers, biotechnology, and government subsidies, has made food abundant and affordable. However, the ecological and social price has been steep: erosion; depleted and contaminated soil and water resources; loss of biodiversity; deforestation; labor abuses; and the decline of the family farm. The concept of sustainable agriculture embraces a wide range of techniques, including organic, free-range, low-input, holistic, and biodynamic. The common thread among these methods is an embrace of farming practices that mimic natural ecological processes. Farmers minimize tilling and water use; encourage healthy soil by planting fields with different crops year after year and integrating croplands with livestock grazing; and avoid pesticide use by nurturing the presence of organisms that control crop-destroying pests. Beyond growing food, the philosophy of sustainability also espouses broader principles that support the just treatment of farm workers and food pricing that provides the farmer with a livable income. Critics of sustainable agriculture claim, among other things, that its methods result in lower crop yields and higher land use. They add that a wholesale commitment to its practices will mean inevitable food shortages for a world population expected to exceed 8 billion by the year 2030. There's recent evidence, though, suggesting that over time, sustainably farmed lands can be as productive as conventional industrial farms. (National Geographics, 2012)

Analysis:

nominal phrase

. Farmers minimize tilling and water use; encourage healthy soil by planting fields with different crops year after year and integrating croplands with livestock grazing; and avoid pesticide use by nurturing the presence of organisms that control crop-destroying pests.

This system, with its reliance on monoculture, mechanization, chemical pesticides and fertilizers, biotechnology, and government subsidies, has made food abundant and affordable. However, the ecological and social price has been steep: erosion; verbal phrase depleted and contaminated soil and water resources; loss of biodiversity; deforestation; labor abuses; and the decline of the family farm.

adjectival phrase

Critics of sustainable agriculture claim, among other things, that its methods result in lower crop yields and higher land use.

Adverbial phrase

Sustainable agriculture takes many forms, but at its core is a rejection of the industrial approach to food production developed during the 20th century.

ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT:

A CLAUSE CONTAINS ONE SUBJECT + ONE VERBAL A PHRASE DOES NOT CONTAIN A SUBJECT-VERBAL A SENTENCE CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE CLAUSE

CHAPTER SIX
CONTRASTIVE RELATIONSHIP

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING OPPOSITION

Example one:

There are two sentences below:

Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant density than corn for grain Forage quality losses at high plant density have been reported These two sentences can be joined into a new sentence by using a single or paired conjunction showing opposition as shown in the seven ways below.

No Conjuction 1 But

Sentence Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant density than corn for grain, but forage quality losses at high plant density have been reported.

Even thought/ Although/ Even thought/ Although/ Though Corn forage yield may have a Though greater optimum plant density than corn for grain, forage

quality losses at high plant density have been reported. 3 Butanyway Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant density than corn for grain, but forage quality losses have been reported anyway at high plant density. Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant density than corn for grain but forage quality still losses at high
plant density have been reported.

butstill

yetstill

Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant density than corn for grain, yet forage quality still losses at

high plant density have been reported. 6

Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/However

Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant density than corn for grain Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/
However, forage quality losses at high plant density have been report.

On the other hand/ In Corn forage yield may have a greater optimum plant contrast/On the contrary density than corn for grain On the other hand/ In contrast/ On the contrary, forage quality losses at high plant density have been report.

RELATIONSHIP SHOWING CONTRAST

Example two:

There are two sentences below:

Statement : There was no significant (P>0,05) difference between the crown diameters of A.lebbeck and E. maculata after 3 years. The crown of A.lebbeck were denser, deeper, and wider. The relationship between the two sentences are contrast. We can combine those sentences as follows: No Conjuction 1 However/ Nevertheless/ On the other hand/ In contrast/ By contrast However/ Nevertheless/ On the other hand/ In contrast/ By Sentence There was no significant (P>0,05) difference between the crown diameters of A.lebbeck and E. maculata after 3 years. However/ Nevertheless/ On the other hand/ In contrast/ By contrast, The crown of A.lebbeck were denser, deeper, and wider. There was no significant (P>0,05) difference between the crown diameters of A.lebbeck and E. maculata after 3 years. The crown of A.lebbeck However/ Nevertheless/ On the other hand/ In contrast/ By contrast, were denser,

contrast 3 Although/ While

deeper, and wider. There was no significant (P>0,05) difference between the crown diameters of A.lebbeck and E. maculata after 3 years Although/ While The crown of A.lebbeck were denser, deeper, and wider. There was no significant (P>0,05) difference between the crown diameters of A.lebbeck and E. maculata after 3 years But the crown of A.lebbeck were denser, deeper, and wider.

But

Example three:
Armington did not explicitly suggest imposing separability among sources of an imported good.

Armington implicitly did so by utilizing a constant elasticity of substitution specification for that stage.

The two sentences can be combine as: No Conjuction 1

In contrast/ Instead/ On the other hand/ Nevertheless/ By contrast/ However

Sentence
Armington did not explicitly suggest imposing separability among sources of an imported good. In contrast/ Instead/ On the other hand/ Nevertheless/ By contrast/ However Armington implicitly did so by utilizing a constant elasticity of substitution specification for that stage.

In contrast/ Instead/ On the other hand/ Nevertheless/ By contrast/ However

Armington did not explicitly suggest imposing separability among sources of an imported good. Armington implicitly In contrast/ Instead/ On the other hand/ Nevertheless/ By contrast/ However did so by utilizing a constant elasticity of substitution specification for that stage.