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The Evolution To 4G Systems
The Evolution To 4G Systems
Bell Labs Technical Journal 13(4), 16 (2009) 2009 Alcatel-Lucent. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/bltj.20333
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radio access technologies and all have adopted an IP-based network architecture. Figure 1 illustrates the evolution of wireless cellular systems.
Analyzing 4G From the Technical Perspective and Areas of Concentration for This Issue of BLTJ
As of October 1, 2008, the technical requirements of 4G had not yet been nalized, but industry insiders anticipate that 4G radio access technologies will commonly be used to describe LTE- and WiMAX-based technologies. However, the ofcial designation may be reserved for technologies meeting the requirements of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) around a new system beyond International Mobile Communications (IMT)-2000, and dened as IMTAdvanced. These discussions are occurring in several parallel forums around the world and are focused on yet more advanced radio cellular technologies. The goal is to be able to deliver 1 Gbps over a 100 MHz channel, which corresponds to a peak spectral efciency of
10 bps/Hz. The average spectral efciency will be around 5 bps/Hz, which represents approximately three times the performance of LTE and/or WiMAX networks deploying against currently released standards. For this issue of the Bell Labs Technical Journal, the papers can be loosely segmented into a few different categories with most focusing on the state of cellular technology prior to IMT-Advanced. A few papers offer descriptions of the salient features of the air interface or network topology/architecture. Another category of papers covers additional spectral efciency features which might be included in 4G technologies. There are papers on adding new network elements to aid in the overall achievement of improvements in spectral efciency, in particular, relays or femtocells. There are also papers which discuss the integration of broadcast technologies with the 4G network or the use of an existing air interface to enable broadcast and multicast technologies. Finally, there are some discussions in particular of how to improve the construction of 4G cellular base stations, including improvement in security as well as how to
UMTS R99
CDMA2000
CDMA1x
EV-DO
UMB
802.16e
802.16m
2004
2006
2008/2009
2011/2012
High performance
CDMACode division multiple access CSCircuit switched EPSEvolved packet system EV-DOEvolution data optimized HSPAHigh speed packet access IMTInternational Mobile Telecommunications
Registered
IPInternet Protocol GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications LTELong term evolution PSPacket switched UMBUltra mobile broadband UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System
DOI: 10.1002/bltj
Panel 1. Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms 2.5GEnhanced second generation 3GThird generation 3G Third generation plus 3GPP3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP23rd Generation Partnership Project 2 4GFourth generation CACerticate authority CDMACode division multiple access CDMA2000Code division multiple access 2000 DVB-SHDigital Video Broadcasting satellite services to handhelds EPSEvolved packet system EV-DOEvolution data optimized GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications support 4G cellular technologies in the presence of other technologies. IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IMTInternational Mobile Communications IPInternet Protocol ITUInternational Telecommunication Union LTELong Term Evolution OFDMOrthogonal frequency division multiplex SAESystem architecture evolution UMBUltra mobile broadband UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System WCDMAWideband code division multiple access Wi-FiWireless delity WiMAXWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Congurable time or frequency duplex modes to better accommodate asymmetric services, Seamless service provisioning in the case of intraand inter-system mobility, and Security protection for user data, control signaling and subscriber information.
DOI: 10.1002/bltj
(2.5G), 3G, and third generation plus (3G ) technologies, nowhere is the benet of the larger bandwidths described by 4G systems and the competitive parity with Wi-Fi technologies more likely to be apparent. We expect that femtocells will play a major role in the deployment of 4G technologies. Providing the capability to signicantly increase indoor coverage in residential areas, they are likely to be a big part of the 4G story. In this BLTJ issue, there are two papers covering the topic of femtocells, Ultra-Broadband Femtocells via Opportunitistic Reuse of Multi-Operator and MultiService Spectrum, and Deployment Options for Femtocells and Their Impact on Existing Macrocellular Networks. Relays are another network element which can be used to extend coverage, improve spectral efciency, and even provide wireless backhaul that is compatible with the air interface. Papers discussing the benet of relays include: Relay-Aided Multiple Antenna Transmissions for Wireless Backhaul Applications, and Multi-Hop Relays for Next-Generation Wireless Networks. While not currently standardized as part of LTE Release 8, or covered in a current release of WiMAX, there is much discussion of standardizing the operation of relays in the context of the IEEE 802.16j Forum, and in IMT-Advanced or LTE-Advanced related discussions.
designing and integrating broadcast technology, i.e., digital video broadcastingsatellite services to handhelds (DVB-SH), directly into a cellular network and an exercise to integrate with a 3G or 4G network entitled, Practical Guide to Designing a DVB-SH Network for RF Engineers.
DOI: 10.1002/bltj
multistandard base stations, and the support of product marketing and customer teams. He joined the Alcatel group in 1976. Mr. Rissen is a graduate of the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chausses in Paris. ROBERT SONI is a technical manager in Alcatel-Lucents Wireless business group in Whippany, New Jersey. He supervises a group which is investigating and developing new advanced antenna, physical layer and MAC layer technologies for 3G/4G cellular systems. He received a Ph.D. and M.S.E.E. in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and received his B.S.E.E., summa cum laude, from the University of Cincinnati in Ohio. Dr. Soni began his career as a member of technical staff at Alcatel-Lucent ten years ago. He also teaches part-time at Columbia University in New York City, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey.
DOI: 10.1002/bltj