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LOGIC-GATES, DIGITAL-ELECTRONICS, CH-3, DLD-1, On Bio-Medical Engineering (BME)
LOGIC-GATES, DIGITAL-ELECTRONICS, CH-3, DLD-1, On Bio-Medical Engineering (BME)
NOTE: ITS MY PERSONAL UNIVERSITY PREPARATIONS NOTES FOR UNDERGRADUATE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM WHAT I LEARNED IN BETWEEN 2006-TO-2007 IN SIR-SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY [SSUET], PAKISTAN KARACHI.
MY BLOG: www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca SIR-SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY [SSUET]: www.ssuet.edu.pk
NOTE: WELL I AM BUILDING MY PERSONAL NOTES FOR BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING COURSES PREPARATIONS ON PDF FILES SINCE 2008 AND PUBLISHED IT ON MY BLOG , AND I ALSO DISPLAY MY NOTES IN MY BLOG, BUT THIS CHAPTER I WILL NOT DISPLAY OR PUBLISHED TO PUBLIC ON MY BLOG AND SCRIBD ACCOUNTS BECAUSE THIS DOCUMENT [ OR MY PERSONAL NOES ] CONTAIN THE FIGURES [OR COPY-RIGHT MATERIAL] OF THIS CHAPTER FROM DIRECTLY THE TEXT-BOOK DUE TO COPY-RIGHT LAWS , , I ALWAYS TRY TO BUILD MY NOTES ON PDF DOCUMENTS IN SUCH A WAYS IN WHICH I TRY TO NOT USED ANY COPY-RIGHT MATERIALS ON MY PERSONAL NOTES IN PDF , BUT DUE TO LACK OF TIMING AND IN ORDER TO QUICKLY COMPLETE MY PREPARATIONS OVER BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING COURSE I TAKE THIS STEPS IN WHICH I AM JUST TRY TO SAVING MY TIME IN AVOIDING TO DRAW THE PICTURES BY MY HANDS ON A PAPER OR ON THE PRINT WHICH CONSUME A LOT OF TIME , SO I TRY TO GO FAST AND AT LEAST TOOK FIGURES FROM BOOK DIRECTLY AND PLACED ON MY THIS NOTES, AND THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT FOR SALE , ITS ONLY FOR HELPING ME TO GET HIGHER MARKS IN THIS COURSE.
Table of Contents
LOGIC-GATES:................................................................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................................ 3 (3-1) HARDWARE FOR BINARY SYSTEMS: .................................................................................................... 4 (3-1-1 ) USING THE DIODE TO CONSTRUCT A LOGIC GATE: ..................................................................... 5 Fig 3-2 the Diode being used in a Digital Electronic Circuit. ................................................................. 6 3-1-2 USING THE TRANSISTOR TO CONSTRUCT A LOGIC GATE: .............................................................. 6 3-2 BASIC LOGIC GATES:- ......................................................................................................................... 7 Fig # 3-4 : The OR-Gate : ...................................................................................................................... 8 Fig # 3-8 The AND Gate : ..................................................................................................................... 10 3-3 INVERTING LOGIC GATES [ NOT, NAND , NOR GATES ]: ...................................................................... 12 3-3-1 THE NOT GATE : ............................................................................................................................. 12 3-3-2 THE NOR GATE: ............................................................................................................................. 14 Fig 3-15 THE NOR Gate : .................................................................................................................... 14 FIG # 3-17 A DATA-SELECTOR/MULTIPLEXER/FREQUENCY SELECTOR CIRCUIT: ................................ 16 3-3-3 : THE NAND GATE: ......................................................................................................................... 16 FIG # 3-18 the NAND Gate: ................................................................................................................ 17 Fig 3-20 [ A Binary to Decimal Decoder circuit using NAND gate ] : ................................................... 17 3-4 EXCLUSIVE-LOGIC-GATES: .................................................................................................................... 18 3-4-1 THE XOR GATE [ ]: .................................................................................................... 18
Example of Odd Number Of 1s : .................................................................................................. 18 Figure 3-21 The Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate: ......................................................................................... 19 3-4-2 THE XNOR GATE [or EXCLUSIVE-NOR GATE ] ;:- .......................................................................... 19 Fig # 3-23 [ the Exclusive-NOR ( XNOR ) Gate ] ................................................................................... 20 Example of Evan Number of 1s : .................................................................................................... 20 Example # TGS : list the outputs you would expect for all possible inputs to a three input XOR gate ? ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Fig for example # TGS......................................................................................................................... 21
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LOGIC-GATES: INTRODUCTION: Logic-Gate Circuits: Circuits containing predictable gate functions that either open or close their outputs. HARDWARE: A term used to describe the electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices of a digital system. SOFTWARE: A term used to describe the binary instructions and data processed by digital electronics system hardware. Within any digital electronic system you will find that diodes and transistors are used to construct logic gate circuits. Logic gates are in turn used to construct flip-flop circuits, & flip-flops are used to construct register[example: shift-register],counters,& a variety of other circuits. These logic gates , therefore, are used as the basic building blocks for all digital circuits, and their purpose is to control the movement of binary data & binary instructions. Logic gates, & all other digital electronic circuits , are often referred to as hardware circuits. By definition, the hardware of a digital electronic system includes all of the electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices of a digital system. In contrast, the software of a digital electronic system includes the binary data (like pure binary and ASCII codes) and binary instructions that are processed by the digital electronic system hardware. To use an analogy, we could say that a compact disk player is hardware, and the music information stored on a compact disk and processed by the player is software.
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Fig 3-2 the Diode being used in a Digital Electronic Circuit. 3-1-2 USING THE TRANSISTOR TO CONSTRUCT A LOGIC GATE: NOT [ or Inverter ]-gate : A logic gate with only one input and one output that will invert the binary input [ ]; .
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3-2 BASIC LOGIC GATES:i. The OR-gate: the OR-gate can have the two or more inputs, but will always have a single output. [ or A logic gate that will give a High output if either of its inputs are high. ] ii. The AND Gate: A logic gate that will give a High output only if all inputs are High [or like the OR-gate, an AND-Gate can have two or more inputs, but will always have a single output].
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--------Example : for a five input AND gate, indicate the range of values within the truth table.? Solution: The Number Of Possible Input Combinations Will be : [ ];
Where: Number of Inputs are [ x=5 ]. So, [ For Range Of value : CountMAX = ---------finished-here----------Example : Referring to the circuit in figure 3-10 (a) , describe what would be present at the output of AND gate for each of the Control switch positions.? Solution: . ];
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-------------------------finished-here------------Complement=Opposite. Bubble [small-circle ] : a small circle symbol used to signify an invert function. -------------
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-------EXAMPLE : which of the LEDs in figure 3-20 would turn ON, if the binary inputs at A and B were both High? Solution: Decimal LED # 3 will turn ON when inputs A and B were high .
Fig 3-20 [ A Binary to Decimal Decoder circuit using NAND gate ] : --------finished-here----
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Figure 3-21 The Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate: -------------finished-here---------3-4-2 THE XNOR GATE [or EXCLUSIVE-NOR GATE ] ;: The XNOR gate , is simply an XOR gate followed by a NOT gate, as shown in figure 3-23 (a). [ or A Not Exclusive OR gate that will give a High Output if any even Number of binary 1s are applied to the input. ]; Comparing the XOR gate to the XNOR gate , the XOR gate outputs is only high when there is an odd number of binary 1s at input , whereas with the XNOR gate , the output is only high when there is an even number of binary 1s at the inputs. XNOR GATE [ ];
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Fig # 3-23 [ the Exclusive-NOR ( XNOR ) Gate ] Example of Evan Number of 1s : i. 0+0=0s 0+0=0 ; [ Even number of 1s ]. ii. 1+1=1s 1+1=2 ; [ Even number of 1s ]. iii. 1+1+1+1=1s 1+1+1+1=4 ; [ Even number of 1s ]. iv. 1+1+1+1+1+1=1s 1+1+1+1+1+1=6 ; [ Even number of 1s ].
------------------finished-here---------
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Fig for example # TGS Key conclusion: the output is only 1 when there is an Odd Number of Binary 1s at the inputs applied . -------------finishedhere-------Example # TGS-1 : what will be the X and Y outputs from the circuit in figure of ex # TGS-1 , if the A and B inputs are either out-of-Phase or in-Phase ? Solution:
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Fig # TGS-1 [or Fig # 3-24 ] for example # TGS-1 , a Phase detector circuit using an XOR and XNor gate :-----------------finished-here------------
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Fig # A1 [ build a circuit which switch between XOR and XNOR gate functions :---------------finished-here------------
X
MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI OWNER-OF-MY-PERSONAL-NOTES
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