PRACTICAL NO:-1

AIM :- INTRODUCTION OF POWER QUALITY.

AIM:-

INTRODUCTION OF POWER QUALITY.

INTRODUCTION:

POWER QUALITY:
Any power problem that results in failure or misoperation of customer equipment, manifests itself as an economic burden to the user, or produces negative impacts on the environment.

Issues Which Degrade Power Quality Include:

Power Factor Harmonic Distortion Voltage Transients Voltage Sags or Dips Voltage Swells

Power Quality Can Be Improved Through:

Power factor correction, Harmonic filtering, Special line notch filtering, Transient voltage surge suppression, Proper earthing systems.

The Benefits Of Power Quality Economic Impact Power Factor Penalties System Losses Power Service Initial Capital Investments Equipment Reliability Power System Adequacy Power Factor Criteria Environment

POWER QUALITY CRITERIA

Harmonic Mitigation Criteria: Guidelines for harmonic mitigation have beenestablished throughout the world. IEEE Std. 519-1992provides the guidelines for harmonic current and voltagedistortion at the point of common coupling. This standard is accepted and applied in North America, andis referenced in many other countries of the world where a similar local standard has not been created

Power Factor Criteria: If power factor correction is required due to contract or regulatory requirements, the crane specification criteria should repeat the terms verbatim. However, it is important to understand how the power factor is measured. In most cases, the power factor is calculated as an average value over a demand period. Demand periods are commonly 5, 15, or 30 minutes. In other words, the customer is penalized if the power factor dips below a given value over a sustained period of time.

PRACTICAL NO:-2

AIM :- Analysis Of Harmonic Production In Three Phase Circuit Using Matlab

5 AIM:- Analysis Of Harmonic Production In Three Phase Circuit Using Matlab

Introduction: Harmonics Harmonics Integer multiples of a fundamental -- added to fundamental create distorted sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal waveform Harmonics are caused by Non- linear load currents & Non- linear voltage sources Measurements of harmonic content does not always indicate the presence of problems Effects of Harmonics Current Current flow without work (low power factor) Transformer & wiring losses Negative sequence currents that reduce torque in motors Excessive neutral current Voltage Peak voltage loss and "ride-through reduction Phase voltage imbalance Motor plugging or cogging Zero voltage cross distortion and frequency errors
SIMULINK MODEL:-

Procedure: The model represent the harmonics production in three phase circuit We will first open the breaker and we will genrate only the harmonics due to three phase rlc load his harmonics will generate current harmonics. Then result is taken using scope .

Results:-

PRACTICAL NO:-3

AIM:- Analysis Of Harmonic Reduction In Three Phase Circuit Using Matlab .

AIM:- Analysis Of Harmonic Reduction In Three Phase Circuit Using Matlab Introduction: Harmonic Propagation
Harmonic effects increase with load/source interaction Odd harmonics develop naturally with rectangular waveforms Even harmonics develop with asymmetrical waveforms Asymmetry results in direct voltages and currents (dc) DC conditions can adversely affect magnetic devices Even harmonics often indicate load problems Harmonic content normally decreases with increased frequency (1/3 of the third, 1/5 of the fifth...)

Harmonic Problems Summary

Overheated, noisy transformers Overloaded or burned (hot) neutrals Timing errors in logic controlled equipment Blown SCRs Capacitor failure Variable speed drive (VSD) dropout Drift or hunting in electronic controls Rapid motor failure or insufficient torque Insufficient distribution capacity Power factor or harmonic rate penalties. Mitigation methods Delta-wye transformers Eliminate shared neutrals Filtering Phase angle blending for control of harmonics Equipment redesign (linearize) Management of the environment

Simulink model:-

Procedure: The model represent the harmonics reduction in three phase circuit We will closed the breaker and we will genrate only the harmonics due to three phase rlc load his harmonics will generate current harmonicsthen using three phase harmonic filter. Then result is taken using scope .

10

Result:-

11

PRACTICAL NO:-4

AIM:- Analysis Of Harmonic Reduction In Single Phase Circuit Using 5th And 3rd Harmonic Filter In Matlab

12

AIM:- Analysis Of Harmonic Reduction In Single Phase Circuit Using 5th And 3rd Harmonic
Filter In Matlab .

Introduction: Odd Harmonics

Symmetrical 90, 180, 270 Leading/trailing edge Positive/negative cycle Single phase loads 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th... Polyphase loads Frequency doublets 5th & 7th, 11th & 13th

Even Order Harmonics

Asymmetrical 90, 180, 270 Can shift the position of the fundamental causing loss of 120 phase shift between phases Can cause dc bias problems in motors and transformers Can cause phase control problems for SCR/Triac loads

Simulink model:-

13

Procedure:A 5th harmonic filter is connected at a bus bar fed by a 60 Hz, 100 V inductive source. A 5th harmonic (300 Hz, 1 A) current is injected at the bus bar. This linear system consists of 3 states (2 inductor currents and 1 capacitor voltage), 2 inputs (Vs, Is) and 2 outputs (Current and Voltage Measurement). An Impedance Measurement block is used to compute the impedance versus frequency of the circuit.

Results:-

Conclusion: Thus we can see from result that one cycle of voltage is equal to five cycle of current

14

PRACTICAL NO:-5

AIM:- Calculation Of IHD (individual harmonic distortion) And THD(total harmonic distortion) Of Harmonics Using Matlab.

15 AIM: Calculation Of IHD And THD Of Harmonics Using Matlab Introduction: IHD: Individual harmonic distortion (IHD) is the ratio between the root mean square (RMS) value of the individual harmonic and the RMS value of the fundamental. IHDn = In/I1 For example, assume that the RMS value of the third harmonic current in a nonlinear load is 20 A, the RMS value of the fth harmonic current is 15 A, and the RMS valu e of the fundamental is 60 A. Then, the individual third harmonic distortion is: IHD3 = 20/60 = 0.333, or 33.3% and the individual fth harmonic distortion is: IHD5 = 15/60 = 0.25, or 25.0% THD: Total harmonic distortion (THD) is a term used to describe the net deviation of a nonlinear waveform from ideal sine waveform characteristics. Total harmonic distortion is the ratio between the RMS value of the harmonics and the RMS value of the fundamental. For example, if a nonlinear current has a fundamental component of I1 and harmonic components of I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7, , then the RMS value of the harmonics is: IH = THD = (IH/I1) 100%

SIMULINK MODEL:-

16 PROCEDURE: Here the model represent the harmonic in which we have calculated individual harmonic distortion(IHD) and total harmonics distortion(THD) using thd block Then the result is taken from scope. RESULT:-