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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Introduction
8 - 1
In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact were
either frictionless(surfaces could move freely with respect to each
other) or rough(tangential forces prevent relative motion between
surfaces).
Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces
in contact, tangential forces, calledfriction forces, will develop if
one attempts to move one relative to the other.
However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not
prevent motion if sufficiently large forces are applied.
The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a matter
of degree.
There are two types of friction: dryor Coulomb frictionandfluid
friction. Fluid friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The
present discussion is limited to dry friction between nonlubricated
surfaces.
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction
8 - 2
Block of weight Wplaced on horizontal
surface. Forces acting on block are its weight
and reaction of surfaceN.
Small horizontal forceP applied to block. For
block to remain stationary, in equilibrium, a
horizontal component F of the surface reaction
is required. F is astatic-friction force.
AsP increases, the static-friction forceF
increases as well until it reaches a maximum
valueF
m
.
N F
s m
=
Further increase in P causes the block to begin
to move asF drops to a smaller kinetic-friction
force F
k
.
N F
k k
=
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction
8 - 3
Maximum static-friction force:
N F
s m
=
Kinetic-friction force:
s k
k k
N F


75 . 0 ~
=
Maximum static-friction force and kinetic-
friction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of
contact surfaces
- independent of contact area
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction
8 - 4
Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact with
a horizontal surface:
No friction,
(P
x
=0)
No motion,
(P
x
<F
m
)
Motion impending,
(P
x
=F
m
)
Motion,
(P
x
>F
m
)
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Angles of Friction
8 - 5
It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force
Nand friction forceF by their resultant R:
No friction Motion impending No motion
s s
s m
s
N
N
N
F
|

|
=
= =
tan
tan
Motion
k k
k k
k
N
N
N
F
|

|
=
= =
tan
tan
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Angles of Friction
8 - 6
Consider block of weight Wresting on board with
variable inclination angleu.
No friction No motion Motion
impending
Motion
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Problems Involving Dry Friction
8 - 7
All applied forces known
Coefficient of static friction
is known
Determine whether body
will remain at rest or slide
All applied forces known
Motion is impending
Determine value of coefficient
of static friction.
Coefficient of static
friction is known
Motion is impending
Determine magnitude or
direction of one of the
applied forces
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Sample Problem 8.1
8 - 8
A 100 lb force acts as shown on a 300 lb
block placed on an inclined plane. The
coefficients of friction between the block
and plane are
s
=0.25 and
k
=0.20.
Determine whether the block is in
equilibrium and find the value of the
friction force.
SOLUTION:
Determine values of friction force
and normal reaction force from plane
required to maintain equilibrium.
Calculate maximum friction force
and compare with friction force
required for equilibrium. If it is
greater, block will not slide.
If maximum friction force is less
than friction force required for
equilibrium, block will slide.
Calculate kinetic-friction force.
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Sample Problem 8.1
8 - 9
SOLUTION:
Determine values of friction force and normal
reaction force from plane required to maintain
equilibrium.
: 0 =

x
F ( ) 0 lb 300 - lb 100
5
3
= F
lb 80 = F
: 0 =

y
F ( ) 0 lb 300 -
5
4
= N
lb 240 = N
Calculate maximum friction force and compare
with friction force required for equilibrium. If it is
greater, block will not slide.
( ) lb 48 lb 240 25 . 0 = = =
m s m
F N F
The block will slide down the plane.
2010 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Sample Problem 8.1
8 - 10
If maximum friction force is less than friction
force required for equilibrium, block will slide.
Calculate kinetic-friction force.
( ) lb 240 20 . 0 =
= = N F F
k k actual

lb 48 =
actual
F