Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 01-1 1dmotion
Chapter 01-1 1dmotion
Page 1
Chapter 1 Kinematics
1.1 Motion along a line
1.1.1 Scalar and vector quantity A quantity described by a magnitude only e.g. mass, time, distance, speed, density, energy, temperature. Vector quantity: A quantity described by both its magnitude and direction. e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum. *** Scalar quantity has no direction but can be negative!! e.g. negative work done (It means energy is taken away from the object. It is not related to directions) 1.1.2 Def: Distance and displacement Distance: Displacement: Length of the actual path taken (scalar) Length and direction of the line which represents the change in position from a certain position (vector) Note: In 2D (or 3D), the displacement of an object move from position A to position B = AB = OB OA
Scalar quantity: -
B
A Path taken Length = distance
B
Position vector
Origin O We usually resolve the vectors into two (or three) components (such as x, y, z components) and solve each component independently. So we can treat the problem as two (or three) independent one-dimensional problems. In one-dimensional problems, displacement (change in position) is denoted as: x = x final x initial *** x depends on end points only but not the path taken. The direction of the displacement is given by the sign of x.
Ch 1-1 Kinematics
Page 2
1.1.3 Def.
*** If t is relatively long, then it is the average speed in that time interval. If t is small enough, then it is the instantaneous speed. Def. Average velocity: Average velocity = Change in position x Time taken t =
x f xi t f ti
*** Average velocity only depends on the initial and final positions, but not the path taken. *** Average velocity in the time interval t = slope of the line segment PQ. xf Q
P ti
tf
x(t + t ) x (t ) dx = lim t 0 dt t
*** Instantaneous speed equals the magnitude of instantaneous velocity but average speed need NOT equals the magnitude of average velocity. e.g. On completing a circular path, the average velocity is zero but the average speed (=2r/t) is non-zero. *** Instantaneous velocity (or just velocity) at time t = slope of tangent in the displacement-time graph at time t 1.1.4 Def. Acceleration Average acceleration: Change in velocity v v f v i = Time taken t t f ti
Average acceleration =
*** Average acceleration only depends on the initial and final velocities, but not the velocities in between. Def. Instantaneous acceleration = rate of change of velocity =
*** Instantaneous acceleration (or just acceleration) at time t = slope of tangent in the velocity-time graph at time t.
Ch 1-1 Kinematics
Page 3
*** The direction of acceleration is the same as the change of velocity. e.g. A car rounding a bend
vf
vi
vi
vf
e.g. It is given that the acceleration of a particle moving on a straight line is a(t) = 2t 1 At t = 0, x = 0 and v = 1. Consider a time interval from t = 0 to t = 3. a. Find a, v and x at t = 3.
b.
c.
1.1.5
One-dimensional motion graphs Displacement-time graph (position-time graph, x-t graph) *** Slope of tangent at a certain time to = (instantaneous) velocity v(to)
Straight line with +ve slope => uniform motion to +ve direction. (v constant, v>0, a=0)
Straight line with -ve slope => uniform motion to -ve direction. (v constant, v<0, a=0)
t
Curved line => slope is changing with time => nonuniform motion (vconstant, a0)
v=
Ch 1-1 Kinematics
Page 4
Velocity-time graph (v-t graph) *** Area under the v-t graph gives the displacement of the body.
Decelerating uniformly (or accelerating uniformly in the negative direction) (a<0 a=constant)
A B
At rest (v=0, a=0) Uniform motion (v=constant, a=0) Accelerating nonuniformly (a>0, aconstant)
Acceleration-time graph (a-t graph) *** Area under the a-t graph gives the change of velocity of the body.
Area A Area B t
1.1.6
a=
(Differential forms) ,
ds = 0 t
i
v
i
t
i
a dt
tf
v dt
(Integral forms)
v f vi =
ti
a dt ,
s=
ti
tf
v dt
Ch 1-1 Kinematics
Page 5
e.g.
v f = v i + at
(1) (2)
s=
tf
ti
(v i + at ) dt = v i t +
a=
s
dv dv ds dv = =v dt ds dt ds
vf vi
a dt =
0
v dv
1 2 2 (v f vi ) = as 2
-----------------------------------------
(3)
e.g. Sketch the v-t graph and the a-t graph for a ball that bounces off the ground for the cases of (i) elastic bouncing and (ii) inelastic bouncing.
e.g. The displacement x of an object as a function of time t is given by x(t) = A sin ( t), find its velocity v and acceleration a as a function of time t. Sketch the corresponding x-t graph, v-t graph and a-t graph.
Ch 1-1 Kinematics
Page 6
1.1.7
One-dimensional motion with changing acceleration e.g. Falling under gravity with the influence of air resistance. Force model for air resistance: F = bv F = mg bv m
dv = mg bv dt
dv = g - v dt
where = b/m
v v
v=gt v = g/
t
For exact solution, we need to solve the second order differential equation analytically. The result is v = v (1 e- t)