ECCOMAS International Symposium IPM 2009

Inverse Problems in Mechanics of Structures and Materials

April 23-25, 2009, Rzeszów
ó - Łańcut
ń

IDENTIFICATION OF THE MODEL DESCRIBING

VISCOPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF
HIGH STRENGTH METALS

T. Frąś,
ą Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna,
y R.B. Pęcherski
ę

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research

Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
 Acknowledgment
The results presented in this paper have been
obtained within the project “KomCerMet”
KomCerMet
(contract no. POIG. 01.03.01-14-013/08-00
with the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher
Education) in the framework of the
Operational Programme Innovative Economy
2007-2013 and the p part related with the
identification of viscoplasticity model was
made within the project 0364/B/T02/2008/35.
0364/B/T02/2008/35
 Outline
1. SDE - strength differential effect –
a common feature of most of materials
• Burzyński yield condition and the pertinent
associated flow law.

2. Shear banding - the dominant mechanism of

plastic
l ti deformation
d f ti off ufg
f andd nc-metals.
t l
• Identification of the viscoplasticity model for
ufg and nano-crystalline Fe.

3. Conclusions.
 Introduction

The subject
j of our study:
y ultra fine g
grained (ufg)
( g)
and nanocrystalline
metals (nc-metals)
( )

strength asymmetry
(Stength Differential) Burzyński yield condition

behaviour
b h i under
d viscoplasticity
i l ti it model
d l
dynamic loading
Physical phenomenona Theoretical description
Effect of g
grain size on
Strength Differential
parameter σ YC
= κ (d )
σYT

A.C. Lund, C.A. Schuh,

Strength asymmetry in
nc-metals under multi-
axial loading,
g
Acta Mat., 53, [2005]
 W. BURZYŃSKI (1900-1970)
• Studyy on Material Effort Hypotheses,1928
yp , , PhD Thesis ((in Pol.))
• Ueber die Anstrengungshypothesen, Schweiz. Bauzeitung,1929.
• Theoretical foundations of the hypotheses of material effort,
Engineering Transactions, 56, No. 3, 269–305, 2008
– the English translation of the paper published in Polish
in Czasopismo Techniczne, 47, 1929, 1 1-41,
41, Lwów.
A new, well founded physically, energy-based criterion was proposed:
η = 1 − B e ltr a m i
Φ f + η ( σ m ) Φ v = Φ cr , 0 ≤η ≤1 η = 0 − H uber
σYσY
T C
⎛ 3σ Y σ Y
T C
⎞ 2
σe + ⎜9 − ⎟ σ m − 3 (σ Y − σ Y ) σ m − σ Y σ Y = 0
2 C T T C

3τ 0 ⎝ τ0 ⎠
2 2

3τ 2 = σ 2
Y Y

σ m = 1 trσ , σ e = 2
σ ' :σ ' σ YT = σ YC = σ Y
3 3
Huber − Mises − Hencky
Φf - density of elastic energy of distortion
condition
Φ v - density of elastic energy of volume change
 Burzyński yield surface and plastic potential
((M. Życzkowski
y [[1999])
])

G (σ ) =
1
2κˆ
{
3((κˆ − 1))σ m + 9((κˆ − 1)) 2 σ m2 + 4κσ
ˆ e2 − σ YT }
The associated flow rule with the SDE (K. Korbel [2006])

μ F : σ ' μ F κˆ − 1 ⎛ (κˆ − 1)) trσ ⎞ μF

D =
p 3
+ 3
⎜1 + ⎟ tr
t σ
2
H μF 2
2H κ ⎜ 9(κˆ − 1) σ
2 2
+ 4κσ
ˆ 2 ⎟ μF
⎝ m e ⎠

∂G ∂G
−1
∂σ e
μF =
∂σ ∂σ
H= ε = ∫ ε pdt = ∫ 2
D p : D p dt
∂ε p 3

σ YC
= κˆ = κ ( d )
σY T
 τY 3 = σ σ T
Y
C
Y
τY 3 = σ = σ
T
Y
C
Y

(σ e , σ m )

3τ Y 2 > σ YT σ YC
The depiction of particular cases of Burzyński
y yield condition in
y
the plane with (pressure, equivalent stress) axes
(W. Burzyński [1928], M. Życzkowski [1999]).
 Yield condition for metallic glass
The section
Th ti off
the Burzyński
paraboloid yield
condition

C.A. Schuh, A.C. Lund (MIT),

Atomistic basis for the plastic yield
criterion of metallic glass, Nature
Coulomb-Mohr Materials, 2, 449-452, 2003.
condition
Deformation of nano - and ufg metals
Experimental results of Jia, Ramesh and Ma, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003)

f SB - shear banding
contribution
function

Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna
R.B. Pecherski,
Archives of
Metallurgy and
Materials
52, 2007 – free pdf
available on the
Journal website.
website
 Observations of shear banding
quasistatic high-strain rate
d = 980 nm
d = 980 nm dd ==268
268nm nm
deformationsd = 268 nm

crystallographic slip shear banding d = 268 nm

Change in deformation mode of ultrafine grained consolidated iron under
uniaxial compression: (a) uniform low-rate deformation with d = 980 nm; (b)
non-uniform
if l
low-rate
t deformation
d f ti with
ith d = 268 nm and
d (c)
( ) non-uniform
if hi h t
high-rate
deformation with d = 268 nm (Jia, Ramesh and Ma [2003]) .
 Viscoplastic flow law accounting for shear banding
Z.Nowak, P.Perzyna, R.B.Pęcherski, Arch. Metall. Mat.,[2007]

fSB - shear banding

γ (1 − f SB ) = γS , 0 ≤ f SB <1 contribution function

γSB γS - by
shear strain rate
D = γs μ F , f SB =
vp
dislocation
γ controlled slip

⎛ J2 ⎞ Φ - excess stress
γs = γo 〈Φ ⎜ − 1⎟〉 function in Perzyna
⎝ k ⎠ viscoplasticity
model [1971]
γ0 ⎛ J2 ⎞ γ0
γ = 〈Φ ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟〉 - viscosity
(1 − f SB ) ⎝ k ( f SB ) ⎠ parameter

J2 = 1
2 σ':σ'
 Vs Viscoplastic flow law
V accounting for shear
banding in application for
ufg
g metals
(Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna, R.B.
Pecherski, Arch. Metall.
VSB Materials, 2007)
Representative
Volume Element γ = γS + γ SB
traversed by shear
bands V = Vs + VSB
γSB V SB f SB ≈ f V
SB
f SB = f SB =
V

γ V
 Balance of p
plastic deformation power
p in RVE

assumption - no hardening

P = Ps + PSB ,
P = kγV , Ps = ksγs (V − VSB ), PSB = kSBγSBVSB
VSB
kγ = ksγ ((1 − f SB )(
)(1 − fV ) + kSBγSB fV , fV =
V
k = k s (1 − f SB )(1 − fV ) for kSB ≈ 0
k ( f SB ) ≈ (1 − f SB ) k s
2
 Identification of the model
Criterion of minimization:

⎧ exp ⎛ vp  vp ⎞ ⎫ 2
− ⎛ ⎞
vp , ε vp , d , β ⎟
Nα ⎪⎪ σ eq ⎜ ε α , ε , d ⎟ σ cal ⎜ ε α
eq ⎪⎪
F ( x ) min ∑
= ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎨ ⎬
α =1 ⎪ σ vp , ε vp , d ⎞⎟
exp ⎛⎜ ε α ⎪
⎪⎩ eq ⎝ ⎠ ⎪⎭

where β denotes a vector of unknown material parameters

⎛ ⎛⎛ f SB 0 ⎞ vp ⎞
D
⎞
⎜ ⎜ ⎜1 − p ⎟ α
ε ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎝ 1 + exp( a − b ( d )ε α ) ⎠
vp
⎟ ⎟
σ =σ = (1 − f SB ) ( A ( d ) ) ⎜ 1 +
cal 2
eq Yd ⎜ ε0vp ( d ) ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 Gradient vector of the cost function
The gradient vector computation is performed with the central
derivative formulation. The expression
p of the numerical ggradient vector
is:
N
N ⎡ F (β j + d β j) − F (β j − d β j) ⎤
g = ⎡⎣∇F ( β j ) ⎤⎦ = ⎢ ⎥
j =1
⎢⎣ 2d β j ⎥⎦ j =1
In the case of the Perzyna
y model,, the theoretical ggradient vector is
given as follows
⎡ ∂F ( β ) ⎤
g=⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ∂ β j ⎥⎦ ( a , b, f SB , A, B , n , ε 0p , D )
0

⎡ ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ∂F ( β ) ⎤
=⎢ , , , , , , , ⎥.
⎢⎣ ∂a ∂b ∂f SB0 ∂A ∂B ∂n ∂ε 0 ∂D ⎥⎦
p
 Identification procedure: σ eqq
cal

if d > 300 nm f =
( SB ,0 n = 0., ε
2 vp
= 3. +3 −1
, s
0x10 )
.
D= 008

⎡ D⎤
ε
⎛ vp ⎞
= A(d ) + B (d )(ε α ) 1 + n⎤⎢
⎡ ⎥
σ
cal vp ⎜ ⎟
⎥⎢ ⎥ ,
ε0 (d )
⎢ ⎜ ⎟
eq ⎣ ⎦⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦

if d < 300 nm ( 0 < f SB < 1 , B = 0 , a = 5 .0 , f SB0 = 0.95 )

⎡ ⎛⎛ ⎞
D⎤
⎢ ⎞ ⎥
⎜⎜ f SB0 ⎟ ⎟
⎞2
⎢
⎢ 1− ⎜⎜
ε ⎟ vp ⎟ ⎥
⎥
⎛
⎜
⎜1 −
f ⎟ ∗
⎟ ⎡ A (d )⎤ 1 +
⎢ 1 + ⎜⎜
ex
⎜⎜p(a − b(d )ε ) vp ⎟
⎟
⎟
⎟ ⎥
cal
=
σ eq ⎜ 1 + exp(a − b(d )ε vp )⎟ ⎢
SB0 ⎢ ⎜⎝ α ⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎥.
⎜
⎝ α ⎠
⎟ ⎣ ⎥
⎦
⎢
⎢
⎜
⎜
ε
0(d ) ⎟
⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
 The mesh of the sample used by finite element code
in the identification procedure
p

W L

Dynamic test:
H = 11.4
4 mm, W = 1.6
1 6 mm, L = 1.6
1 6 mm
Quasi-static test:
H = 3.5 mm, W = 2.2 mm, L = 2.2 mm
f SB
Dynamic
ε = 3.0x10 s compression
vp +3 −1
Quasistatic compression
 Conclusions
• The dominant mechanism of plastic deformation in
nanometals is shear banding.

• The predicted description of material behaviour

with use of FEM solution is similar to the results
obtained earlier with assumption of uniform strain
in the samples.

• Our model can be applied for numerical simulation

of deformation processes of nanometals, high-
strength steels and other hard deformable metals, as
well as, polymers.
Thank you for your attention