Kyoto, Japan is a city of over 1 million population, located in south central Honshu just north of Osaka, and not

far from Kobe. Figure 12-8 shows Kyoto, which is bounded on the north, east and west by mountains, and bisected by several rivers. Crossing the City east-southwest is the main Tokaido railroad line and, connecting with the main train station is a recently constructed underground subway line. Currently the line has two lines a north-south line connecting with the main railroad station, and an east-west line. A second east-west line is under construction, and other extensions are planned. Kyotos water supply is via aqueduct (canal and pipe) from Lake Biwa, crossing the East mountains. Scattered throughout the city are natural and manmade ponds and other bodies of water. Kyoto was the home of the Emperor and capital of Japan for over one thousand years, and was one of the few cities not heavily damaged in World War 2. It thus preserves a great many historical buildings and art treasures, and is a cultural treasure unparalleled in Japan, and in few places in the world in recognition of this, Kyoto has been designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations. Kyoto is also at great earthquake risk, with several major faults in or near the city, and a long history of major earthquakes. The Hanaore fault is in the northeast part of the City, and other faults also exist in the region that could cause large ground motions in Kyoto. Table 12-7 shows selected larger earthquakes which have damaged Kyoto during the last one thousand years, from which it can be seen that these events have occurred on average about every 200 years, with the last occurring approximately 250 years ago. Based on this and other seismological evidence, it is widely believed that Kyoto could at any time sustain an event comparable to the earthquake that devastated Kobe in 1995. The resulting large ground motions would result in major damage to Kyotos potable water supply system, which would leave the City without an adequate water supply for fire protection following a large earthquake. As in Tokyo in 1923, Kobe in 1995 and virtually all Japanese urban earthquakes, fire following earthquake is a major concern in Kyoto.

Two options for accessing alternative water supplies are highlighted in Figures 12-9 through 12-12. One option to provide an alternative water supply would be to construct a high volume seismically resistant pipeline / tunnel from Lake Biwa, to feed a distribution system (shown in Figure 12-9 as a gridwork). This solution would be relatively expensive, especially constructing an underground network in the highly congested portions of Kyoto. However, scattered throughout the city are a number of natural and manmade ponds and other bodies of water. This provides the basis for an alternative water supply system, which would be to utilize a recently constructed subway system, shown in Figure 12-10 as the heavy black line, running north-south and east-west, with planned extensions shown as heavy dashed lines. This subway line was only recently constructed, to high seismic standards, and is highly likely to withstand any earthquake without significant damage. The existing route of the subway intersects or is very close to a number of water supplies, such as the rivers and various ponds. A welded steel or other pipe could be placed within the existing subway tunnel, and fed via short connectors linked to selfcontained modularized pump stations installed at the rivers and various ponds, to provide alternative water supplies. Similar to other high pressure systems, the proposed system could feed handlines (or perhaps ultra large flex hoses connected to handlines) wielded by firefighters over perhaps as much as a 1,000 m radius, Figure 12-11, without need of fire engines. The proposed system utilizing the existing earthquake-resistant Kyoto subway structure, in combination with handlines feeding off the high-pressure system,

would provide protection to a large part of the urbanized part of Kyoto, Figure 12-12. While conceptual, the proposed system for Kyoto is an example by which a high-pressure system might be inexpensively constructed in a large modern, congested City, where normal concepts and construction costs would be prohibitively expensive, precluding post-earthquake fire protection.