Ubiquitous

Computing Fundamentals

Book Edited by
John Krumm

50

1
2010


50
()
:
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().

UbiquitousComputingFundamentalsJohnKrumm,
50. J. Krumm,
.,
, , ,
,
.
50
201011.
,.
,
.

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1:
.........................................................................................................................................................11
..................................................................................................................11
...........................................................................................................................................11
1.

................................................................................................................11

2.

........................................................................12

3.

......................................................................14

4.

.....................................15

5.

.........................................................15

6.

............................................................16

7.

..............................................................................................17

2:
.........................................................................................................................................................19
..................................................................................................................19
...........................................................................................................................................19
1.

................................................................................................................19

2.

...............................................20

3.

4.

2.1.

................................................................................................20

2.2.

............................................................................................21

2.3.

..........................................................................................21

2.4.

..........................................................................................22

2.5.

................................................................................................................22

2.6.

.....................................................................................................23

...................................................................................23
3.1.

....................................................................23

3.2.

....................................................................................................................24

3.3.

...............................................................................................24

.............................................................................26

5.

4.1.

.........................................................................26

4.2.

..................................................................26

..........................................27
5.1.

.....................................................................27

5.2.

......................................................................................28

5.3.

................................................................29

8:
.........................................................................................................................................................31
..................................................................................................................31
...........................................................................................................................................31
1.

................................................................................................................31

2.

;.............................................................................................................................32

3.

;............................................................................................................33

4.

........................................................................................34

5.

6.

4.1.

.......................................................................34

4.2.

..............................................................35

........................................35
5.1.

..............................................................................................................35

5.2.

...................................................................................................................36

37
6.1.

........................................................37

6.2.

........................................................................................................37

6.3.

...................................................................................................................37

6.4.

.......................................................................................37

6.5.

...............................................................................................................................38

6.6.

.................................................................................................................................38

6.7.

...........................................................................................................38


3:
.........................................................................................................................................................39
..................................................................................................................39
...........................................................................................................................................40
1.

2.

3.

4.

................................................................................................................40
1.1.

;..............................40

1.2.

;......................................................................40

1.3.

;....................................................................................................41

..........................................................................................................41
2.1.

........................................................................................................41

2.2.

............................................................................................44

2.3.

.......................................................................................................................45

2.4.

......................................................................................................45

.....................................................................................46
3.1.

.........................................................46

3.2.

.................................................................................48

......................50
4.1.

()...........................50

4.2. (
)...........................................................................................................................................50
4.3.

()..........51

7:
.........................................................................................................................................................53
..................................................................................................................53
...........................................................................................................................................53
1.

................................................................................................................53

2.

............................................................................................54

2.1.

................................................................................................................54

2.2.

................................................................................................55

3.

2.3.

....................................................................................................55

2.4.

.................................................................................................................57

............................................................................................................57
3.1.

.............................................................................................57

3.2.

............................................................................................................................58

3.3.

........................................................................................................................58

3.4.

.......................................................................................................................................58

3.5.

Ubisense......................................................................................................................................59

3.6.

Radar...........................................................................................................................................59

3.7.

PlaceLab......................................................................................................................................59

3.8.

.........................................................................59

3.9.

...........................................................................................................................59

3.10.

Airbus......................................................................................................................................60

3.11.

.........................................................................................60

9:
.........................................................................................................................................................63
..................................................................................................................63
...........................................................................................................................................63
1.

................................................................................................................63

2.

.....................................................................................................................64

3.

..................................................................................................65

4.

Kalman....................................................................................................................................65

5.

............................................................................................................................66

6.

Markov................................................................................................................67

7.

...........................................................................................................68

10

 1

Roy Want

(Ubiquitous
Computing), , ,
.

M.Weiser

, , , ,
,

1.
() (ubiquitous computing ubicomp)
.
mainframe (,

11

 ). PC
(,).

,
.,.
,
.
, (smart phone)
.,
.
1980 XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC),IBMResearch,
TokyoUniversity,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,OlivettiResearch,HewlettPackardLabs,Georgia
Institute of Technology MIT Media Lab. 1990
, Apple
Newton(PersonalDigitalAssistantPDA),EOPad,PalmPilot,Sharp
Zaurus.
.,
,
,(
),.

. 1980
, ,

,23.
,

.,6,
.

2.
MarkWeiser1988XeroxPARC.M.Weiser


, , ,
,.M.Weiser
1991ScientificAmerican:
.
.

12

1.1
M.WeiserPARC
www.ubicomp.com/weiser.,M.
Weiser . ,
, M. Weiser;
.
1.2
200 M. Weiser.
,
.

M. Weiser (calm technology),

,,
,.
(informationappliances),
()
.,
!
1.3
.
.(affordance).

1990, ,
(pervasivecomputing).
,
. pervasive ubiquitous computing
.,
. ,

().
,
, Swissair,
.

13

1.4
.
, SWOT. H SWOT

(Strengths), (Weaknesses), (Opportunities) (Threats)
.,
.
,,,
;

TRON
CooltownHewlettPackard.,KenSakamura
, TEngines,
.
iTRON, , T
Engines . Cooltown
,
, ,
,.,
.
,
,.

3.
:
1. InfoPad Berkeley.
.Pad

,

2. MIT Media Lab. (wearable computers)

,
.
(augmentedreality),Twiddler..
3. Classroom 2000 Aware Home Georgia Tech. Classroom 2000
,
. Aware Home
,

14

, .

, ,

4.

:
1. Active badges Olivetti.
.(activebadges),
, () .
,,
,.
,
,

2. SmartItsKarlsruhe.
, ,
, , ,
, .., ,

3. EGadgets .

,
4. Guide Lancaster. ,

. ,

5.
2000,
.
.

15

6.
,
.

, .
.
:
,,,,.

.
. M. Weiser
, Communications of the ACM Scientific
American.
.
.
,
.
,.,
(,,
).
1.5
.
, . ,
;
1.6

. .
;
1.7
(),,,
, ,
.
.
.

16

1.8
.
,
.
;;
1.9
(ambient intelligence)
.,
,.
1.10
,
(concept map) . /
;;;
;

7.
, PC
1980:
. ,

PC ! M. Weiser
Tabs, Pads Liveboards . ,
.,
:!
1.11
:

,
.(.32)
1.12
(.. , , ,
).
.

17

1.13
M.Weiser;
;
1.14
.
(..SWAMI).
1.15

.
;;
1.1
...
1.2

.

18

 2

Jakob Bardram, Adrian Friday

, , ,
,,

1.
.
,,

.
()
. ,
, , ,
.

19

.
.
,
,,,,.
( ,
tabletPCs),(..
,,).
,
.,
,
.

(),
(.. )
(.. , ).

.
.

2.
()
.
,
,,.
.
.

2.1.

.,,
,
,
,,.
,
/.
.
(resourceaware),

20

 ( )
.
2.1
: (energy
harvesting),(powerforaging)cyberforaging.
2.2
.;;
;
2.3
. ;
;

2.2.
,
.
(service discovery),
,
. ,
,,
.(volatile).
2.1
.
.

2.3.
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
,.

21

2.4
:
,
.(.45)

2.4.
,
.
, PC ( ),
, , , , ,
. , ,
(.. ), .
(fluctuating),
,
,
,.
2.2

.;
2.5
(autonomiccomputing).,
.

(fluctuation).
2.6
(locationawaresystems).
,
.
2.7
(activitybasedcomputing).

2.5.
(invisible computing)
,.,

22

 . , (= )
,.,(=)
,
.
2.8
(multiagent
systems). ;
.

2.6.

.,,
,.
2.9
(security),
(safety),(privacy),(trust)(dependability).
2.3
.
2.10

().

3.
, .
,,
.
,,
.

3.1.

2.4
.

23

3.2.

.
.,
(contextaware),
,
WizardofOz.
,
,
.
, ,
.

3.3.
,
,
.
!.

.
.
,
,
/ , .

.:

.
.
.
.
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( , ,
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,
(seamful design),
,
.

24

.
.

.
:
; ,
,
.
.
,,
.
,.
.()

.
,,,
!
.
.
.
;,
, ,
.

2.5

.()
()
2.11
.
2.12
(tolerance for
ignorance) (seamful design).
(seamlessdesign).
.

25

2.13

Benford.
2.14

.
2.6
.
2.7
.
.

4.
.

4.1.
,
. ,

.

.
:,
( ) .

,
. ,
,
.

4.2.
.
(
):
!
.
(participatorydesign).

26

 ,
. ,
.
.

.
2.8
2.1 (.7071)
.
.
2.15
8
.
2.16
(expect the unexpected);

.
.

5.

5.1.

,
.

.
:

(simulation).
.
MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETworks).
,
.

27

(proofofconcept).,
(,)
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
,,.

2.17

,;
2.9

.
2.18
.79;.

5.2.
. ,
. ,

( ) . ,
.
,
.
,
.
2.10
.
2.19
.

.

28

5.3.

.
, ,

.:
,
.
2.11
.

29

30

 8

Anind K. Dey

contextwidgets

, , , Context widgets,
,

1.
,
,,
(context),(
).
,,,

31

,
,.
, . PC
,,
. ,
.
,
:

.
(contextaware computing) ()
()
,.,
(contextaware applications)
,
,
.,
,
.
,
.

. ,
.
8.1
.

2. ;
,
.,
.
, .

32

 ,
.DeyAbowd:

. , ,
,
.
,,
. ,

. ,
.
8.2
.
8.3
(explicit) (implicit) .
.
8.4
;
.

3. ;
:
.
,
,
. ,

.
,
.DeyAbowd:

.

33

:
.
8.5

.;
8.6

.;;
8.7
: :
. (.
331)

4.

4.1.
.
active badges,
.
XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC)Schilit(
). (..
,..)
,
.
,
.:

34

(tour guides).
.
(.. )
(.. ), ,

(reminders).

(environmental controls).
(..,)

4.2.
.
,
.:

8.8

.
8.9
:


.(.335)

5.

5.1.

:,
,.,

35

,
.
,

.,

.
().
,
( )
. :

.

5.2.
,
. ,
: (
),
widgets(,ContextToolkit,
1990) , (blackboardbased systems,
).
8.1

.
.
8.10
( !)
1. ,
.
8.11
context widgets.
.
.

36

8.12
.
contextwidgets.
;

6.

,
..

6.1.

. ,
. ,
!
,
.

6.2.

. ,

(context
inferencing).

6.3.
,(ambiguity)(error)
.
.

,
.
(sensor fusion). ,
.

6.4.

(ifthenrules):,
.

37

 (machine learning),
,.

6.5.

.
. , ,
,
.

6.6.

,
. ,
,.

6.7.
,
.(intelligibility):
.
(control) ,
,.
8.2

.
8.13
:
.(.343)
8.3

;
8.14
: ,

.(.346).;
;.

38

 3

Marc Langheinrich

BrandeisWarren
Westin
Altman

Marx

RFID

39


, , , , ,
, , , , ,
,,,
,,

1.
. 1991, M.
Weiser.,
,
. ,
, ,
(privacysafe).,
.
;;
.

1.1.
;
!
.

.
, (, ,
, ) ,
, .

.

1.2. ;
.
,
,
. ,
(..
), (..
).

40

1.3. ;

.,,
.
,,
,.
3.1
;1520.
3.2
:
(privacysafe);(.96)
3.3

.;(.96)1015.
3.4
(. 97).
1015 . ,

.
3.1
.

2.
,
,.
,.

2.1.
.
.
(..JusticesofthePeaceAct1361),
.
Samuel Warren Louis Brandeis,
1890 Harvard Law Review

41

 ,
, .
,
Kodak,

.
, .

,.,
,
.

.1967
Alan Westin, Columbia University. A. Westin
(informationprivacy),
,.A.
Westin ,
.
3.5
(, )
.
,.19
,(territorialprivacy),,
.
(bodily privacy),
. . ,
19 ,
(communicationprivacy),
.
3.2
..
1520.
3.6
,;
.1520.

42

Warren/BrandeisWestin
.
,
.,,
, , :
, ,
,.
GaryT.Marx,MIT,(bordercrossing)
.
:

(natural borders). (.. ,

,)
(naturalborders).
(.. , ,
)
/(spatial/temporalborders).

(..)
(bordersduetoephemeralortransitoryeffects).

,.
3.3
..15
20.
3.7
,,
.2.
;
3.4

Solove.
.1520.

43

2.2.

.
,
.
,
:

. , , ,

. ,
,
.
.

,,
A. Westin
:

(fundamentalists).

.25%30%.
(pragmatists).
,,
.
55%60%.
(unconcerned).

.10%20%.

3.8
;,

.
3.9
; .
Cranor.111.

44

3.10
,
, ;
;
3.5
(selfdetermination).
;

2.3.

(FairInformationPrinciples),1980.

.
3.6
.
(www.oecd.org). 1015
.
3.11

, , .
;

2.4.
1970, Irwin Altman
,
. Altman,
.
.
. , Altman,
(openness) (closedness)
,.
DourishAnderson
, .
,.

45

3.12
Altman.
3.7
.

3.

,

.

3.1.

(bits),,
.
,
.
.
:

(collection scale).
, .
,
.,
.
,
.
, ,,
,
(collection manner). , ,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

46

, ,

(data types).
.
( ), .
,,,,
, .
, (
), (
,
,
). ,

(collection motivation).
,
. ,
.
.
, .
, ,
,

(data accessibility).
.
. ,
,
( )

.,
. ,
,
. ,
,

3.8
(
, , )
( ).

47


.
3.13
;
;
3.14
.
,
.
3.15
(
).
;

3.2.

. (Privacy
EnhancingTechnologiesPETs).,
. (transparency tools)
(opacity tools).
.
,.
3.9
().
10.
3.10
() .
10.
3.16
Paws.2030.
3.17
Confab.2030.

48

3.11
RFID;
;;
3.12
.
5.
3.18


.
3.13
RFID;
5.
3.14

RFID.2030.
3.19

ActiveBadge.2030.
3.15

.10.
3.20

.
3.16
.

49

4.


;
;
,.
,
,,
.

4.1. (
)
,

,
.
:
!
.

4.2. (
)
,

,
.
,
;
Hong Landay
:

,
,

,,

50

4.3. (
)
,
,
,.
3.21
(Interaction Design);
.
3.22
510
(valuesensitivedesign).
3.23
1015
(threat/attackermodel).
3.24
1015 (risk
model).
3.17
.

51

52

 7

Alexander Varshavsky, Shwetak Patel

, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , GPS, , Ubisense,
Radar,

1.
(locationtechnologies)
.

.
(location aware applications)
.

53

 .
,
,,
.,:

(absolute) ,
.
(relative)
.
(symbolic) , ,

,,
, . ,
,,
.
,

.

,
. ,
. ,
.

2.

.

2.1.
,
,.

. ,
.
,
.

,

54

 .
!

(.. ). ,
( ).
,
(..,,).

2.2.
:

(client based),
.
GPS.
(networkbased),
.ActiveBadge.
(network assisted),
.
GPS,GPS

7.1

.

2.3.
:

(proximity)..,
.,
.
,,
, .
,
.
(trilateration).
.

.,
(2D)
.

55

(timeofflight)
(signal attenuation).

.

.
(hyperbolic lateration).
.

.
(triangulation).
.
,.
(RFfingerprinting).
: .
,
.
.
,
,
.,

.
(deadreckoning).,
,,
.
,
.
.

7.1
.
15.
7.2

. : ,
,
(..).

56

7.2
.
7.3
.

2.4.
,
:

.
.
.

.
.
.
. ,
,
(multipatheffect).
.
.

.
,
.

3.

,
,,
..
7.4
.
.

3.1.
(Global Positioning System GPS)
.

57

10,
,,GPS.
,GPS.
24 ,
.,
,,
.
.
GPS.

3.2.
.
(active badge), ( 1015
) .

,
, .
6.
,
.

3.3.
Active Bat ,
,
.
, .

3.4.
(tags)(crickets).
,,
.
,
.,

.,
.
,
, ,
,.

58

3.5.Ubisense
,(ultrawide
band UWB) ( 15 ).
UbiTags.
.
,.

3.6.Radar
802.11WiFi
( RSSI)
(access point AP) (
)..
.

,,
.

3.7.PlaceLab
PlaceLab
Intel , Notebooks, PDAs
.
802.11, APs, GSM Bluetooth,
.
,
,,,
.

3.8.
( )
()(PowerLinePositioningPLP).
1000 ,
3001600 KHz .
.
,
,
. ,
.

3.9.
,
.
.

59

3.10.

Airbus

.
,HVAC(heating,ventilation,airconditioning)
.
HVAC.

.,
.
HVAC,
,.

.

3.11.

.
(.. ,
CCTVs,).
,
.
7.3
.
15.
7.4
: ,
,.
7.5
,.
7.6

,
;
7.7
,
.

60

7.8
:
.(.317)

61

62

 9


John Krumm

Kalman

Markov

,,,Kalman,
, Markov, , , ,
,,

1.

,.
, (Global Positioning System GPS)
.
,
. ,

63

 ( )
( , GPS
,,
).

.
.,
,Kalman
Markov. ,
.

.

, . ,
,, ,
.

.

.

.

2.

(x,y)(x,y)1sec.
9.1()()
1m..
, GPS. 1000
,,
.
,
Gaussian0.
3 m. , 10 (outliers)
,Gaussian
15 m. O Gaussian
(probabilitydensityfunction,PDF)(normaldistribution),
Gaussian.

64

3.

(mean average) . , x
n z n.
z,x.
.
:
, .
:
.
:
.
(median),
. , x
nz.

.,,
,.

4. Kalman
Kalman
. (
Gaussian) . Kalman
.x,
,
.
,Kalman
. ,
zx.()
( ,
).,H,
.
,Kalman
. , x i
xi1Gaussian0.
.

65

Kalman
.Kalman
.
.

.
Kalman

.
,

.
.

..

.,
.
, Kalman
, .
,Kalman
..
Kalman
. Kalman
, .

,.

5.
Kalman.
, .
,Gaussian.

.
,
.
..

66

,
.
, Kalman,
x z.
p(z|x),
x z.
Kalman. , p(xi|xi1),
xixi1,
. , p(x0)
,.
. ,
, ,
. ,
.

.

6. Markov
Markov(KMM)
,Kalman,
.
, z
X. .
,
z.
j k
.
1.,(0).
,
.
9.1
.
, , ,
,.

67

9.2
,
.
9.1

.1.

7.

..
,
..
.
9.3

..
9.2
; ;
;
9.4
;

68

69

70