ELECTRON CONFIGURATION HAND-OUT I.

Bohrs Planetary Model Niels Bohr was the one who developed the planetary model. According to the model, the atom is consisting of a small and dense nucleus surrounded by electrons traveling in circular orbits, like the planets in the solar system which revolves around the sun. These orbits were assigned a certain energy value, so they were called energy level or energy shells. These shells can be named in another way; it is by naming the first shell by K, the second shell by L, and so on. The electrons that were found along the orbit closest to the nucleus are said to be in ground state, while the electrons along the energy levels above the ground level are regarded to be in excited state. An electron that is being de-excited or loses its energy by releasing photons in the form of emission spectra or lines will move closer to the nucleus. An electron which was excited or gained energy by absorbing photons will move farther to the nucleus. The maximum number of electrons an orbit can hold is tabulated in the following: N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 8 18 32 50 72 98 In Theory 2 8 18 32 32 18 8 In Nature De Broglies Description of Electron Behavior Louis Victor de Broglie proposed that an electron behaves like a standing wave. He further stated that particles, such as electron, can behave like a wave and wave can behave like a particle. This statement was confirmed by other scientists and concluded that electrons possess wavelike properties. Quantum- Mechanical Model/ Electron Cloud Model Werner Heisenberg proposed the Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle and it states that there is no way to determine both the precise location and the momentum of the particles at the same time. Erwin Schrodinger began the study on the field of quantum mechanics or wave mechanics. He developed an equation to describe the behavior, as well as the energies of particles. Instead of calculating the exact orbits for the electrons in the atom, this model allowed scientists to determine the probability of finding an electron at a particular time in specified regions in the atom. These probable regions are called atomic orbitals. It is the most widely accepted model of the atom by scientists in this time. Quantum Numbers Quantum numbers are used to describe how electrons are distributed in an atom. There are four #s that are used: n, l, ml, ms. Principal quantum # (n) i. corresponds to energy level numbers (in Bohrs orbits) ii. are only positive nonzero integers, such as 1, 2, 3 and so on.. iii. implies that the larger it is, the larger the atomic orbital iv. corresponding to the number of sublevels Azimuthal/ angular/ orbital shape quantum # (l) i. determines the shape of the atomic orbital ii. the range of values is from 0 to (n-1) iii. it also represents the sublevels; 0=s, 1=p, 2=d, 3=f, 4=g and so on Magnetic quantum # (ml) i. determines the orientation of the atomic orbital in space ii. the range of values is from (-l) to (+l) iii. s has only one (1) orientation, p has three (3), d has five (5), f has seven (7) and so on.. Electron spin quantum # (ms) i. describes the spin direction of an electron ii. an electron with a clockwise spin has ms =1/2, while an electron with a counterclockwise spin has ms =-1/2 iii. supported by Pauli exclusion principle by Wolfgang Pauli which states that no two electrons of the same orbital can have the same spin or no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. The equation for the total number of orbitals per energy level is n2, while the equation for the maximum number of electrons per energy level is 2n2. Atomic Orbital Shapes Aufbau Principle

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Electron Configuration Valence Shell and Electrons Periodic Trends Noble Gas Properties SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS Properties of Solutions Solubility Factors That Affect Solubility Types of Solutions According to its Solubility Types of Solutions According to the Solute- Solvent Ratio Hess Law Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions Colligative Properties of Solutions Colloids Classifications of Colloids Properties of Colloids ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Nature of Organic Compounds Properties of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Carbon and its Allotropes Alkanes Alkane Nomenclature Cycloalkanes Cycloalkane Nomenclature Structural Formulas and Isomers Alkenes Alkene Nomenclature Alkynes Alkyne Nomenclature Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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