GIAResearch

Diamond Identification

Dr.JamesShigley
GemologicalInstituteofAmerica Carlsbad,California

PresentationOutline
Identification: NaturalColoredDiamonds SyntheticDiamonds ClarityTreatedDiamonds ColorTreatedDiamonds Summary
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NaturalColoredDiamonds

22.28caratChameleon Diamond
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DiamondCharacterization
Gemology: Internalfeatures(inclusions,colordistribution,luminescence) Ultravioletfluorescence Absorptionspectrapattern Strainpatternandintensity Photomicrographsandfluorescenceimages Spectroscopy: Midinfraredabsorption Ultravioletvisiblenearinfraredabsorption Photoluminescence Ramanidentificationofsignificantinclusions
2.5 2 1.5 1 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

DiamondTypeClassification
TypeI TypeIaaggregatednitrogenatoms (IaA,IaB,IaAB subcategories) TypeIbdispersednitrogenatoms TypeII TypeIIafewifanyimpurities TypeIIbdispersedboronatoms
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AbsorptionSpectroscopy
Infraredspectra
3.5 3 2.5

1.5

.5

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Visiblespectra
.25 .2 .15

.1

.05

-.05

400

500

600

700

800

900

LuminescenceSpectroscopy

Luminescencespectra
200000

150000

100000

50000

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

Photography

Externalfeatures

Inclusions

Faceup Strain
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Fluorescence

DataCollectionforeachDiamond
2.2
1.7 1.6

Infraredabsorption

UVVisibleNIRabsorption
2 1.8

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.6

1.2

1.4

1.1

Weight/Cut:1.00ct/cushion
nearIR
10000 8000 6000 4000

midIR
2000

1.2

300

400

500

600

700

800

Color: Clarity: LWUV: SWUV:

FANbrPK SI2 mediumBlue weakBlue

250000

Photoluminescence
488 laser

Crosspolarized20x

200000

150000

Spectra: nosharplines
100000

514 laser

Strain:
830 laser

weakcrosshatched

50000

633 laser
0

Inclusions:none
700 800 900

500

600

DiamondView

GroupsofNaturalDiamonds
TypeIa Cape Orange

Pink TypeIb

Green TypeIIb

DtoZ colors Chameleon 10

DiamondColorversusMarketValue

Market Value

Colorless Faintcolor Color

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Fancycolor

ColoredDiamondPublications

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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds
As-Grown
T Type Ib Type IIb

Treated
Annealing Irradiation + Annealing

Type Ib + IIb Type IIa

Irradiation

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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Diamondgrowthoveraperiodofseveraldaysathigh pressuresandtemperatures(HPHT)fromametalsolvent
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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Welbournetal.,Gems&Gemology,Fall1996

Cuboctahedral crystalmorphology
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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Welbournetal.,Gems&Gemology,Fall1996

Internalarrangementofgrowthsectors
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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Welbournetal.,Gems&Gemology,Fall1996

Internalarrangementofgrowthsectors
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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Colorzoningpatterns
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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Internalgrainingpatterns
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HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

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Inclusionsoffluxmetals

HPHTGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Ultravioletfluorescencecolors andpatterns
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SyntheticDiamondChart

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Gems&Gemology(Winter2004)

CVDGrownSyntheticDiamonds

Diamondgrowthatlowpressures andhightemperatures
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ApolloCVDSyntheticDiamonds
Asgrown colorlessand nearcolorless Asgrown darkbrown Asgrown orange pink HPHTtreated colorlessand nearcolorless HPHTtreated yellow

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ApolloCVDSyntheticDiamonds

OrangyRedUVFluorescence

BlueUVPhosphorescence

DTCDiamondView images
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ApolloCVDSyntheticDiamonds

70x Surfacecavitiesandfractures
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40x

ApolloCVDSyntheticDiamonds

Mosaicbirefringencepatternsseeninpolarizedlight
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ApolloCVDSyntheticDiamonds

100x Girdlesurfaceandlaserinscriptionmarks
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90x

ApolloCVDSyntheticDiamonds
VisibleAbsorption
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Absorption Coefficient (cm-1)

~270

413 419 425 495 503

637 666 685 712

620 640 660 680 700 720

15

420 440 460 480 500 10

~520
0 300 400 500 600

637
700

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Wavelength (nm)

Colorless Diamonds
Natural
TypeIa (rarelyIIa) Colorless(tolightyellow) Cape absorptionspectrum BlueUVfluorescence Weaktostrongfluorescence Complexinternalgrowth Occasionalinclusions Octahedralorirregularshape TypeIa UVopaque

CVDSynthetic
TypeIIa Colorless(brown) Nospectrumpattern OrangeUVfluorescence Weakfluorescence Bandedinternalgrowth Inclusions rare Tabularshape TypeIIa UVtransparent

ClarityEnhancedDiamonds

Alaserisusedtoburna narrowopenchannel fromthesurfacetoa mineralinclusion Acidsareintroduced throughthischannelto dissolveorbleachthe inclusion

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ClarityEnhancedDiamonds

Morerecently,heatfrom thelaserisusedtoextenda preexistingfracturetothe surface,andacidsare introducedthroughthis fracturetodissolveor bleachthemineral inclusion

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ClarityEnhancedDiamonds

Patternsofinternallaserdamage

ClarityEnhancedDiamonds
Before After

Opensurfacereachingfracturesarefilledwithahigh refractiveindexglasstohidetheirvisibility
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ClarityEnhancedDiamonds
Before After

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ClarityEnhancedDiamonds

Flasheffect colorsseenwith magnificationagainstbrightor darkbackgrounds

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ClarityEnhancedDiamonds

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StructureDefectsinDiamonds
Anidealdiamondthatisfreeofatomiclevel defectsiscolorless Allnaturaldiamondscontainvariousdefects (impurityatoms,missingordisplacedcarbon atoms) Someofthesedefectscanselectivelyabsorb visiblelight,andcanimpartvariouscolorsin diamond 0.95carat
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DiamondsTreatedbyRadiation
Radiationproduces vacanciesthatselectively absorbredlightand introducebluecoloration Whenannealed,avacancy combineswithnitrogento formvariousdefectswhich impartyelloworyellow greencoloration

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IrradiatedColoredDiamonds

Electronradiationproducesa thinlayerofcolorbeneath facetsurfaces Reflectionsofthisthinlayer canbeseenasadistinctive colorpatternneartheculet

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IrradiatedColoredDiamonds

Acolorconcentrationatthe culetduetoexposureto electronradiation

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IrradiatedColoredDiamonds
2.6 2.4

ND1 GR1 GR2 GR3

Absorbance

2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Visible spectrum with absorption featuresdue toradiation exposure

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Wavelength (nm)

SpectroscopyofDiamond

Liquidnitrogencryogenicunit
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Irradiated+Heated ColoredDiamonds
N3
3 2.5

Absorbance

2 1.5 1 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Visible spectrum with absorption featuresdue toheating

44

H4

H3 594

Wavelength (nm)

Irradiated(+Heated)Diamonds

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HPHTTreatedDiamonds

Annealingatveryhighpressuresandtemperaturesfora shorttimetochangediamondcolor
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HPHTTreatedDiamonds

~2200C

Lightbrown(typeIIa)
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Nearcolorless(H)

HPHTTreatedDiamonds

Surfacedamageduetoheatingat hightemperaturesandpressures
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HPHTTreatedDiamonds

TreatmentofbothTypeIandTypeIIdiamonds
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HPHTTreatedDiamonds

50

Internalgraphitization

HPHTAnnealingExperiments
Beforetreatment

Aftertreatment

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HPHTAnnealingofDiamond
3

N3

Absorbance

2.5

H3
1.5

AfterHPHT
1

BeforeTreatment
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

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Wavelength (nm)

HPHTIdentificationChallenges

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MultiProcessTreatedDiamonds
TypeIa TypeIIa

TreatmentbyHPHTannealing followedbyradiationexposureand lowtemperatureheating

54

DiamondsTreatedbyMultiProcesses
Major effects of radiation with or without annealing: Introduce vacancies Produce H3 and H4 defects Produce N-V centers Major effects of HPHT annealing: Remove plastic deformationrelated brown color Release H-compensated boron Produce defects like H2 and H3 Generate isolated nitrogen

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MultiProcessTreatedDiamonds

Graphitizationalongfractures

Etchedareasonsurface

Bothfeaturesareevidenceofhightemperatureannealing
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MultiProcessTreatedDiamonds

Type Ia

Type IIa

Aconcentrationofpink orange colorattheculetisevidencethata diamondhasbeenirradiatedand annealed

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MultiProcessTreatedDiamonds
VisibleSpectrum(TypeIa)
4 3.5

637 (N-V)N3 H4 425 H3 575 (N-V)0 594

Absorbance

3 2.5 2 1.5

450 58

500

550

600

650

700

Wavelength (nm)

SerenitySurfaceCoatedDiamonds
0.01 to 1.57 ct

SerenitySurfaceCoatedDiamonds

Iridescentthincoloredcoatingsonfacetsurfaces

SerenitySurfaceCoatedDiamonds

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Visualevidenceofasurfacecoating

NewPublicationfromGIA

Republicationofarticles andotherinformationon treateddiamondsand theiridentificationthat haveappearedinGems &Gemologyoverthe past50years

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DiamondResearch Summary

Bycharacterizingthe propertiesofdiamonds,we arecreatingadatabaseof informationthatcanbeused todeveloppracticalmeans fortheiridentificationto supportthejewelrytrade

20.17carats
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GemIdentification Summary
Inadditiontostandardtestingequipment,todaygem identificationoftenrequirestheuseofmoreadvanced analyticaltechniquesforchemicalanalysisandspectroscopy Identificationcriteriamustbebasedonthestudyofgemsof knownorigin(natural,synthetic,treated) Correctidentificationmustbebasedonmultiplecriteria,and notjustthepresenceorabsenceofonefeature
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GIAGemResearchConference

Town&CountryResortandConventionCenter SanDiego,California www.grc2009.gia.edu

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GIAResearch

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