9 :F: STIV DIN ABHIDHARMA

SARV
, :
:

TEXTS

COLLBTT COX

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g o"
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tions of latel t adiitiollal i te=pTeters, tllis scholally attention is

PeTh

1 . INTRODUCTION

ps no aspect of early Budd st teaching has been the

not u usti ed. Among s wide Tanging studies of early India:n Buddhist doctlille, PIofbssoT Alex Waylinan has devoted sevelal
Inajor articles to the topic of dependent origination.1 Howevel, as he warlls us, we should not colilsidel dependent o nation as somethillg befbre [ouT] eyes to see in clear relief, as one might see a book. 2 Instead, we should be alert to the possibi]tity of

Inultiple IIleanings and puTposes that must be extracted fIom the traditional accounts. ProfossoT 'Vaylnall has hiitnself suggested blent illterpret ive models fOr dependcnt o nation, 'everal di Ihodels w ch view va atioll in the e1 boration of the depelldent
/hich the ')Tnlula could be u od. Follo ng rent ways in the lead of PIof ssor Wayman, hose life has beell dcvoted to
or difl'

reILt geographic tladitions o ginatio fbrmuia as Ie ecting di

iJilvestigating many areas of Buddhist doctTine, t s p per 1l explore olile cet of the complicated evolution of the doct ne of
dopendent orii IiLation. Indeed, ouI undelstandillg of the fUnctioll aliLd sig1 tificallce of

all aspects of early Buddhist doct ne, including depellde

o Hnation, can be clouded by a valiety of diffbrent f

tctors. ror

exalnplc, ouI own distalilce froln traditioILal soulces and scholarly

predispositions towald cert n inteTpleta:tive models can result i

f liluTe to recog ze the deterIIlining ro]e of pa:rtictllaT histo ca1

and cultulal contexts in the development of the systems of Buddllist teaohi g and plactice. Intelpretatiolil of Bllddhist

1 20

" '"J " " doct ne can also, however, be comp cated by a lure to take
into account thc 1latural gIowth of the tTaditioll.3 This gro'vth has been guided by Buddhi st inte pretels 'hose p maTy inteyests weTe no:t pTesenting histolical events acculately, but rI Lthel Iepresenting pr ser'ying, and cla j[:,Ting a valued message. The contTibutions

I I ReJ

of these illterpreters compieIIlented aILd often supeTseded plile

another in the eveT colitinuing construction of the Buddh s

1

lessage that calne to constitute the tTaditiol1. The textual and plecedent nle ated holizon of the Inonastic transmissioll alild

elaboration of the Buddhist tradition has been formed thyough

the accumulation of suc es ve layers of interpretative commen

taTy; each co 1IIIentary bec II1! the point of depalture and T ch deterlnining fiocus foI further l yeTs of supelcon111lelltary,
wele themselves potelltial authoritative bases f'bI f'utule inteTpTe

tation. Re1 ng upon this strealn of tladitional inte pretation Ist cla fying, :as best we can, its compositional stlata ^Iithout Iesults in an illte pTetative stance that mirroTs the ahistoTidst pelspec ve of the tradition itself and igllo e the particulaT context for each stge or paTticul I cht blltiolil. Instead, one
IIlust 1:eln sensitive to the tlansfbrmatioll by inteTpletation

thin the tTadition a d to the likelihood that lateT traditiona1

intelpyetation, moTe often than Ilot, obscuTes rathel than cla
fles

eallier positions. Thelefore, it remains a task fbI continuing

textual and histo cal resealch to become c0 scious of this pro cess by w1 ch the tradition glew, to isolate the signi cant con texts that constitute its va ous coII1ponellts and stages, and to
arrest the coll psi g of these contexts thIough allisto cist illte' pTetative nlo dels

This sensitivity to co text must also dilect ouT att ::Inpts to

1

nderstalld spedfic d ct issues. That is to say

we must be

attelltive to the particular tTaditional co text in w1 ch a doct .

nal issue was elabolated alld be open to the possibility that tllis

context may have challged over time; a diffbrellce oT change in cotext of exposiUoll would then, in a probability, Teflect a diflbrellce oT challge i n nctiol1 0T purpose. In the case of depe
gi atio , this contextual sen Uty is particularly dent
i1portallt

ilil deteT nillg its relation to causation. For in the latel

tTad io , examililation of d pelldent o HIlatio occuls ill a context deteTmined by p losop cal and doctri discus

Budd st

sions concerning the broader topic of causatio11, a colltext that is

 I?e J"

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.assumed to be o gina1. Yet, despite later explidt connectiolls I=atioIL and dlawn by t e tyadition betweelil dependent o
natio=l a causation, or ouI owll efk)Its to flnd in dependent o

"o" 12:1

co text fbr the development of the Budd st theoly of causatiol1,

we cannot assume that the e rly theoly of dependelilt ori natioll

nciple oI is eveli tially or ftlnctions as an abstlact causal int nsically clated to caus 1 ftinctio Iilg. Instead, we must allow fbr the possibi]ity that causation and depende t o na on have quite different oligins and different contexts of

developme t. The need to attend to o gin and context is hilldeled by the

'stTucture and style of eaIIy texts, which often co t Il
o ly essen

tiai characterizations of topics such as dependent o 'igination, and thus nlake infbl ng the underl,-ng pu=pose alld inteTpTeta
tive colltext of these topics diflicult. Sometimes we are liIIlited to noting the b Ie occuIIence of an ite 1 or topic in a text. Furthel,
t e 7it n a text may have been oInission oT inclusion of a topic dete'Inined by the palticu1 r purposes of that text alld can ot be

taken as an indication of the relative i 1portance or Priority of

that topic within the Buddhist tladition as awhole. Thus con of textual sensitivity de lands that we not assunle the fUnction nciple. Instead, we must gillation as a causal p dependent o examille the role of dependent o gination fIoIIl its ealliest ppearalilce within Buddhist teaching and its Telation at each stage to othel aspects of earlieT a d la:teT Buddhist doctrine. MoTeovel, we lust trace the pI ocess thIough which depe de t olii nation came to be recog=lized as the centr teac"ng of the Buddha and was Ieforlnulated in aocoTdance with the chall ng
inte=pletations of t s teac ng To date, the m jority of the soholarly investigations of depe dent o ginatiolil have focused either on its p
esentatiolil ill early

Budd st 'I 'J OI on its mole detailed elaboTation in the late scholastic Abhidharlna a d '4ah y Ila tTeatises. These studies often assulne the centr ity of depe dent originatioll a d of
its twelve member foIInul c expressioll evel within the ealliest
stlatu of Buddhist teaching. They also freque] ]ttly adopt one of :two ililte :pretative a ppToaches, eEtch of which imp citly assu es
late als. the imp ita ce of its own pelspective thin the ear er

ppToaches elllphasize either the Tole of dependent These two

o natioll as a ge eralized and lo cal p Ilcipie of abstTact

1 22

BJ :j' P"''I
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'

[':e,' I
'
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e':

c0 ditioning ap cable to all phe ena, or its Iole as the

desc Ptive model fbr the opelatio of action

process of Tebirth. Though these assulnptions of the oe

ym

) and tlle
'

!IaJity o

depeIIde t bri nation in general aI d of each of these inteTp eta-: tive a.ppToaches flnd support wit n both the eaTly J J and later Abllidhar la alld Mah y na treatises, they have also 'I: not Temain ed u cha e ged by yet other hi toTical and textual soholally

studies. For exalnple, Etllst Waldschmidt, aftel examining ac ounts of the B ddha s en ightenment expe e ce questions
the p o ty of thooo passages that identify depeIIdent originatiolil as the culmillation of that e perience.4 Fran Bernhard pu sues a

stluctulal and histoTical study of the twelve Inenlber fbrnlula of depend nt o Hnation ailld concludes that it is a colnpilatioll f eaI'ier parti folmulae.5 Both Waldschllilidt a d BeTIIhaTd s

research would, therofbre, challellge the assulnption that the

IateT standardized doctri e of dependent o HILation actu ly constituted one of the core teac ngs o the Buddha. Studie adopting either of the two i te=preta:tive approaches amrmi g bitheT the role of d pendent o gination as an abstract p ndple of causation, or itS fUnction as a de criptive model foT action present an i I)Iicit challenge to those adopting the othel. As aII example of these co fiicting inteTpyetative a ppToaches, T iken Kilnura in 1927 ecords a disagreeIIIent oo cerning the o naI mea ng of depende gination among four of J pan s emi
1

lizcn Akanuma, Hak u Ui Wats i and linlself.6 The dis gycemerlt alnollg these scholars is thlee sided: Akanuma claims that dependent o gilla: tion desc bes thO te 1poral Ielation ovef severa] tiIyles as
Tetsu o evidenced in th pTocess of Tebilth; 1
it refbrs t

't o nent earlier Buddllist scholars: C

:i and Wats i clailns that cal or abstTact relation among the no=l:telllpolal lo
-

those ctors collstituting a ven fe; and Kilnuya himse]f

suggests that it ep1 ns thc coulse of the development of aIIimate

and, in paTticular, psychological acti

ty

Each of these scholals presellts convillcing argulnents fbT his positio and thee is no doubt that each pproach is solidly
sppolted

o gination o red by later Abhidhar

by one of the several interpretations of dependent teratulie. As with alI la

questions of doctrinal developlrrlent, the cha actcr of histo caI

evideILce av lable fro 1 the Indian Buddhist tTadition precludes
sure alld clea recollstTuctions. Thus, sorting out the role of the

q OI
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123

dopendent ofigination t Iil the oarliest Buddhist tradition,

weighing the evidence fbr its centrality to the eIllightelllnent expe e ce of he Buddha, and asses :ililg its Iater doct nal deve
Nevertholess, iitl this p

lopment wi11 Iequire extensive alld plolollged future research. per I hoPe to contlibute, howevel pro sionally, to thi pT ect by conside ng the preseliltations of

dependent o ginatioll and their relatioll to theo es eitheT of causality or of nd Iebilth in the eaIIy Abhidharma liter ure, nlaterial that perh ps has not been examined as care'
Ully in p evious discussiolls of this issue. These texts provide the orucial transition betweell the ear eli :, and the lateT
f

'I contekts ffom Abhidhai la texts and should be able to clarify the e o dependelkt o na which the i dependently denned doct tion emdrged and the process by wlfch it as clystallized or

transforled aILd fina y i co porated illto the st ble doct nal

edi ce of the later tradition. In pa icular, these tTallsitio al texts

wi bo exalni

ed foT the e dence they pro de concerlling the

ng

relation of depende t o Jnation to abstTact causal fUIilctio

2. THB CHARACTBRIZATION OF DEPEND NT ORIGINATION IN THB S TRA LITERATURE

In ordor to applecia:te the i te:][::pletative tTansfo'mation that the doctl i e of dependent oriH atioll nderweILt withiliL the eaI Iy

lust rst b efly 'eview the varying t eatises, we descriptiplls and puTposes of dependent o natio as pTesellted

Ab dharma

in the early
j

. I

UIlfort nately, the character of the

" collection as an open ended body of a onylnous texts precludes g a single uliliversally a pplicable interpretatio of ouT establis
'

textual strata. Nolletheless, it is cleai that within at least celt n

seglents bf the J"'I co ectioll, depelldent oliginatio
is accord

dependent o nation and presellts celtaill di culties to ally atte pt to tlacc t e deveiopment of the doct ne of dependellt o Iilation and its niisto cal importa ce through the various

ed a very impolta t role. For exampie, fbrlnulaic descliptions o

J state that 01le who sees depelildent ori nation in the 'I gination, sees the teachillg;7 0T, whethel oT not
depelildent o ppeal in the world, dependellt o Buddhas
gillatio is establish.

ed as a ct, alld it is this that the Buddhas comprehelld.8 And at

s e lightell let and its s:ubse least one version of the Buddh

1 24 B

' P '" '""

e' :e e I

quent lineage of inteTpretation sees dependellt o very cuIInination of that foTmative expe ence.9

gi atio as the

These fbTmulaic desc ptions of dependent o gililation in the J'''I o en include two parts. First, alil abstTact stateIIlent of dependency or conditiona ty takes the f'oTIn: Whell this is, that
:

is, from the arising of this, that a ses; when this is not, that is not,

from the cessation of this, that ceases.

T s twoR)1d abstract

statemet is usu 1ly couPled with a specific Iist of con tioned and conditio ng factors.11 The va ety in the e rly descTiptions
::

d o:: : Inent of what 'vas to becolne the standard chalacte zation of dependent o gination in tweive nlembeTs. The N'M book of

i;

the S offers ample e dence of this variety in its z '' ' 1Ple, in ceTtain texts the lists of oollditioning fhctols. For ex "

principle of dependent o gi ation is illustrated through the pprop ating aggre ates ve con tio ng activity of the ( * :12 othel texts descTibe a selies of coILdition
ing " relations that begins with peTcqptual consciousness (
'

w ch is established upon a

means of volition, iIItentio , and being occpied; this series of

I o ect support by "

'"H' z

conditioning relations collcludes with the consequent futuTe Ie

bilt

bilth fJi ),

r old age and death

of the entire aggregation of g e la lellta and indeed tion, suflb ng, and so on.13

the" o gi

The moI e frequent lists of con tioning factors include some fhctors that fbrm palt of a standard li ting of twe ve membels.

FoT exa 1pie, the S

'

, ill exp1 ILing the o gin of q aIIels,

"), determi and concept (M" e-,.!4 The S"' " also "" f ctors that exp1
substratul 0r seizing ("
(j
'

calumny, traces a selies of fhctors, includng a cti on , in clinations ation of something as 1 asant (j ' or unpleasant" I" M' , contact J , name and form ,
offbrs alistililg of t'yelvc

dispu!es, la lentation g "e se1 shness, pliide, arlogalilce, and

"

" a , undeltak , glasping (, ? 15 In "z " ing I z , sustena ce ( I , and instigation (I I' "(e fee ngs

),

'), ignorance ( perceptual co sciousness ( IZ:" Iz ,, contact (

, cTaving ('

n of suffb ng: these include tlle n the o , motivations

J

J )

the

'' to be atl ' episte 1ological perspective, trace the o gili1 of suffe ng ", celt

ppear n texts, adopting what would

g Oqpe OI'g':" '':o

1 2

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b i
I T
f

conditions the cessation of

';:

r*I:
1

1:

, t

clings ( e

, craving (

"

"

other causal theo es accoldi g to which suffe ng depends upon oILeself, another, both onself alld allothel, or occuls by chaILce adopt the t but a cause.17 other texts in the '' " pelspective of the dynamic of action alild rebilth. For example,
in one case, the origin of biTth (" ) is traced through becoming

!:

tllt, uplea

H J m
:

and neutla1, are impermEtnent and, thereby, are

attended with suflbling. The destruction of birth then is said to ' result fIom the destTuctioll of all grasping.18 Another text em
phasizes equa ly tlle roles of both ignolance

!=
a

iYi of which produce d the six sense sphe'es

:

and claving
i

h ppiness

" J" and su b ng a d ultiIIlately rebirth, , a

entry

birth, old age and death, and so " o11.19 Severa

presumably into a rebilth descent ") state or wolnb, or possibly into some post nleditative for 1 of I" oT of perceptua1 embodi lent of namc a d fbTm ( coIilsciousness ( .20 Sti others gIound the seyies of colil
' ditiolls culminating in suffb Ilg in a relation o recipIocal condi

oI

texts appeal to the

, tio Ilg

bet een name and fbrm and pelceptual consciousness.21

y na

Despite this valiation in the soriptulal ac ounts of dependent

origination, the later Abhidllarma alld Mah

tleatises most

f'equently standaldize their plesentation of dependent o gin : tion ill a twelve member fbrllilula.22 Though a doctrilihal and textual histoTy or the process by which the me )els came to be
standaldized at twelve lies outside the scope of this papeT, twp interpretative options have doIIlill ed scho]ally eplanations : the twelve Inember fblmula is ori ILal and is abbTeviated in the

various paTtial series of con tioniitlg factors; T the twelve

member for lula is the product of combining eaT er partia1

fbrlnulae.
Regaldless of its ultilllate origin, this twelve membeT forlnula

1 26 B"

',' P

Otle represe tative exa 1 le, tion nnds suppolt in the ,"r/ J.2 again froIIl the N' book or the S is a n)IIows :
"J, '

HbJ I ReJe I "

Now, in this case, oh 1olilks, the Iearned noble disciple thor ougUy directs correct attention precis Iy towaTd dqpendent
oliigination: when this is, that is, from the a sing of t] tis, that a ses; when this is not, that is not, fIoln the cessation of this,

"

that ceases. Which is to say, there are: motivations in depen

dence upon ignoTance, theTe is percqptual consdousness i

:I : ; : ;

gation of sufl ILg. Bu' from the comPlete turniILg away f'om,

I I

i;;

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the complete cessa:tion of ignoTance, thele is the cessatiol1 of

Inotivations, alld froln the cessa:tiolil of motivations, thele is
the cessation of perceptual colls( Iiousness [and so on . entire aggregatioll of sulfeliillg.24

up to

ge and deathl. In this way, the e is the cessation old f this

Ht

s #
1
:

# ; f L HHs
=

 p' J OT
'"

1 27

D one is freed froIn the IIlistaken perspective of " self expTessed through such Did I e*ist in the past? What 'vas I in the pa t? concelns as: Will I exist in the futule? What will I be in the future? AIld,
"

have originated ependent]y (p

do I or do I not exist inthe pTese t? Wha:t am I at pTese t?

and

s0 0n.26 TheTefbTe, it would appea:T that in these e y accouts, oonditioning or causatioll, as such, is iIIlportant Ileithel as an abstract descTiptive p nciple noI as an explaILation foI the pro
cess of Iebiyth, but rather insofar as it exp1
suflk Ijng

s the presence of

and thereby makes possible its terminatiolil.27

STIV DIN

3. DEPENDENT ORIGINATION IN EARLY SARV ABHIDH.AR' A TEXTS

3. 1 ,f ,e E: I/lieJ' A
Ip

I*

f It is against this backdTop of the va ous desc ptio s ted in the e should J that o dep ndent oligination prese "' texts. Amollg the exaline its tleatmeIIt in the eaTIy Abhidhalma rlna texts, the S g' calliest IIoTthern Indian Abhidh
"I"

melely uses the terilns originated f

ctols

dependently dependent o gllation " as catego e in its classijiication of othel

'':''

and

:,"

I factors.28 Though this plactice is attested in the r""' r,z , and the ,29 both the ' " " '" " '" dependellt sections to the "I topic of ' also devote long i ' dependent oTigitlation.30 The structulal siJilililarity betweell the AI I , alld betwee : a d the J IH J " " 'I " g , has both and the Thelav dill Abhidha1nla text, the ' histo ca1 possible lollg been noted.31 T s simil ty suggests a am ty alnollg these texts alld, as wil1 be discussed, pro des
'

'

'

possible clues as to the development of the Abhiidharma exposi

tion of dependellt origillation.
IIl its expositio of depeildet oliginatiol1, the

,
I

'j'' pplop ate ows its Ilormal' patter of fllst dting at length aI1"

"'

passage, which is the elaboTated by a det led commell

'taJiy.g2 "'I I

the passage dted he'e, the Buddha an oullces that he

'"z

. will expound both the pTo ess of dependent o gination O I ctols that have origi ated depen

g the process of depe de t "") as well those as I de , detly " " f conditioni g Tst offe's the abstlact sta:teme t o gination, hc

When this is, that is , alld so oI1--alld next lists the twelve

128 B

factors in their presentation order fioln ignorance to old age

and death. The Buddha then notes that the co nditioni

' P '", ""

g Tel

e , I R

Ltions alnong these ctors are established whether or not B ddhas ppear to Tea ize theln. ndeed, t e principle o dependent oligi iblished, alld cla j:ied nation is colnprehended, expoundod, est
by al1 Tath tgatas; it is fixed, regular, true, alld so on. In de IIing

the second colnpollellt of dependently originated

ctors the Buddha explains each of the twelve melinbers as i=nperma Ilent, collditioned, constructed, dependently o ginated, being ing. The Buddha con destroyed, passing aIay, fading, and cea
cludes his discussiol1 of dependelllt oligillation and depe11dently

originated factors with the observation that correctly uIIdey standing both co1ponents prevents selfLcellteTed inquiry into
the past, present, a rld ftlture, iI:Lquiry which characte zes those

holding the view of the persistence of se1 the persistenc oE beings, the pelisiste ce of fe, oT the persistetLce o me t or

deme t. Aii such views of persistel1:ce produce sufl' ring; only through the view of dcpende nt origililation calil this su bring and,
in the end, robirth be telmiitlated. In its subsequent coII1 le ts olil this passge, the

r z
"

presents an exteILsive analysis of both the genelal de "

nition of

dependent o gination and the conditioning relation bet /een

each of the ind dual Inelnbeys constituting dependelltly origina

ted factols.33 First, it notes that dependent ori ILation and dependently originated factors aTe ide tical in their int nsic
nature, but dijifl
f ctol

)r in spedflc instances: that is to say, the same

tion

or

can be considered eithel co ducive to dependent oligina

can be f urtheT cla::III::' ::iii:ned through an arlalytic

f ctors

dependently originated. 34 This dual charactel of al1

Inat x o

fbur categolies o") namely, fhctols that aTe dependently o ginatillg and not depend ntly originated a null categof factors that a1 e dependeitltly o gi ated and not dependently
;

o gi ating the

twelve lembels of dependent o natio

' and as effbcts of co

presulnabiy conside ed solely as effects bf conditionillg; ctors that a:re both the twelve IIlembers consideTed both as conditions

ditioning; and, naIIy, factoTs that aTe

neitheT- ctors, hele un'peci ed ; othel than th se listed above.35 thot mentioniILg the bstract statenlent of conditio ng when this is, that is , alld so on, the I'?' , next
I,

'':o

129

' OI

e*hIIlines the Iegular and established character of both the

principle of dependent origihatio alld of the individual condi tioning relations. These individual coIIdition ing relations

tTe

declaled to be established foT ctols in the thTee tilne periods of ppeaT or do not past, pyesent, and futuTe, whetheT Buddhas nciple of conditiolling is declared appear in the world; the unwaveling as the natuT and unchanging characteT of a ctols and bc constant in its truth R r al1 past aILd future sages. details the I" , In a subsequ nt section, the
" elations betweell paiys of members constituting the condtioning twelve me er forlnulation.36 The tle ments of each of the indi du Ie1 ions utilize a limited Iange of topics and reve

a set of expository pattelns that would, upon closer exalniILa

teria upon w ch to suggest possible ori ns of or connections among certain gToups of

tion, provide ililteT

=lal textual c

IIlembers. The e )It to ulilravel these topics and e positoly 1)y a compa
patterns is aided

son of compar ble discussions in

stTucturally similar and possibly historically related texts: in tllis J , and the J/, , the I case, the D

" "I " . Though the alltecedents exposition of both "I" of the dependent origi=Iatiolil and i s individuai members and the pro cess of its developmetlt canllot be unequivocilly determi ed

''

'Mg

frol iIIternal textua groutlds alone, at the very Ieast, the Iecur
re t

topics aILd patterns testify to the composite cha acter of the

--and suggest I , exposition--especially that of the D

certaiIL concerns that Iected it at this compalatively e y stage of doct nai development.

Whereas the e umeration of the individual condi ollililg J and the I" relatiolls i both the I' r""'I ' ' " "g includes only the twelve members of the standard folmulation, is distinctive in several of the eposiUpn of the D""
the speoi c Ielationships it isolates. The thTee illitial relations acco d Ivith those of the stalldald forl ula: namely, ignorallce

""'

-motivatio s, motivations pe ceptual consciousness, and I"' J" pelceptual co sciousness--na e a d foTm. The ame !alld foTIn perceptual conscious elation, next inc] des the ness, which suggests a IedpIocal relatio ship between Ilallle and f'br l and perceptual consciousness as is attested ill those Passages that begill the conditioIIitlg se es from ! s reci
' procal relation.37 The

then follows the re 1 llder I' J

1 30

q P I I R J e

" ' of the sta11daTd fbIIIIulation with one cxception: between the t vo I:elations of the staiIIdard formulation, naI e alld fbrm six
sense spheres aitd six sense spheres
:Ielations] Lip is once agai

contaot, the

r z

" palticular inciudes the Iielation, nalue a 1d forln contact. This

:' Icminiscent o a
''I

passage, speci

cally the lI"

i

/z

'J ''I begins with a Tedprocal Ielationship l a ten stage series that

, wllich includes only nille n elnbeTs

bet een

name and fblm Tperceptual consciousness and oIIIitS

"

the six sense spheres.38 Though it is not possib e to trace un equivocally the source fbI the 0 I , unique enumel
atiol1 of the individual co11ditioning Telations, the siIIlilal
'

ity of

the B J/, to the is striking. IIIdeed, "/z " 'J" / / q the O" r A, J i0: es the I' , y as a s:oulce fbT
I

. This would suggest Oid enuleration of the lI /ztD n '' that the I' I was an ilI1portallt soulce fbI the JE " of the OI'' I co posite exposition , In its elabolation of these iIIdividual f rp ctors, the intelweaves deFlnitions and variant i te!pretations Tith quotations fiom the , certain of which are cited ' repeatediy in association wi'h several diflblellt lembers. For exa1ple, in colnlnellting on the Tst re ationship ignora ce mo ivations, the I, I-' J initially o rs a de nition of the nTst member, ignolance, through a list of sy ollyms. Next, the ig:noyance- Inotivations Ielation is explained as signiEYing the arising of lust, hatred, and de usioll, all in depondence 1!poll
f

'z its elabora ion oE those Ille111bers that are included ill the niIIe

'

Eft

ignorance. Several illustrative quotatioIIs from the are 'I then added, the last of which dosc bes the alising of three
varieties of Inotivations in depe'dellce upon ignolance: naIIlcly,
lerito ous, deineritorious, and non instigated nlotivations. 9 nal quotation then serves as the basis for a Ielilgthy discus This
ta ive

sion of those circumstances, s cificaily those rebilth oI medi states in which ignorance gives Tise to each of the thlee
valieties of motivations.

A compa son of this exposition of the ignorance Inotiva

tiolls Ielation in the D I with that of the J I""'I,-
' " I and the Ieveals certai basic simil i 'I ' AII three ties. be n theil exposition wi:th a de nition o igno "g rance and xplain the ignolance- motivatio s Ielation tIIrough

the threefold catego zatio of motivations as me torious,

I)

g'" e . 0'
'':

131

demeritorious, and non instig ted.40 The ''" '' and the then expand these three categories '" '' through the hree varieties "g of Inoti ations or actions a sing fIoln the body, speech, oI lind. The D r s J , however, uses tlle characteristically Abhidhal Ina categories of corl)oreal or
J',

verbal actio , thought and thought concoitllitants, and dissociated

cto1 s.41 FoI all thlee texts, the subsequent elaboration of th

ignorance motivations relationship fbcuses olil the enumeration 0f those states in which ignorance gives se to vaous types of
Inoti'atiolls or action.

Asi de fro 1 these stluctural simi]arities in exposition alnon:g

the three texts, se' eral basic concerns underlie and connect tlleir

discussioIIs of certain indivi dua1 lembers or conditioning Tela tions. For exa 1ple, in the J , the concern th the
e bct

of conditions upoll meditative or Iebilth states evident in

''

the exposition of the initial ignorance-- 10tivations conditioning Telation also characte zes the exposition of virtually a other melnbelis and their conditionin:g relations. S'oIIle o these condi tioning relations also IIlention exp citly the process of transit at

death and the subsequent descent into the womb: the recipro

cal relationship between perceptual consciousness ztnd nalne and R rm; name and R)rm six sense spheres; naIIIe and f'brm
of certain relations i11clude a refeTence to

contact; and grasping--existence. By conttast, thc explanations Ihat might be telmed

episte=Ilolo caI concern , wllich recounts the conditions I)on
TpeI

which consciousness and expellience occur: motivations

ceptua] consciousness, naIIle and f'brm Tperceptual conscious

ncss, name and folm contact: Other relations fo us exclusively n this episte1ological concern: six sense Jphele contact :
coIltact feelings. And nally, still other reiations coml ne this epistelnolo cal co ce n with discussion of the a sing o de le
Inents : fbelings cra ng; and cra ing glasping

The exposition of the twe]ve individual conditioning relations

fhlls into two patterns. ihe ex 'I 'I position o those relations fro ignorance In tivations to nalnc and R)rln six sense spheres f cus on the rel)ilth or meditative
j in the J" I Ip

state in which these conditio ng Telations occur, with specia1

atteIItion given to the te=npolal st tus as present oI n ture of the
eII ct

produced. The Iemaining conditioning relations, fro 1 the six sense spheles contact to birth old age and death, show a

132 B

I Re,e I

"I " P ' roduced of eff:E)cts typoIogica1 elnphasis, Iisting the vaI ieties

"e'
i

dependence upon each type of conditio11. The

/i

differs.

froln the other two texts in its use of a bi-level analysis that
l

analysis ill divides its discussion into two sections: nalnely,

questions and d'e nitions; and

1 Y ;' analysis in accordallce with th

,,z (" , which fUrther e plai ns the ""' of various matriccs and further "'Japplication "Ige throgh the pass expositiol1 lying concel n of the q:uestions. The unde "gselected for of dependent origination is set by the , H passage
colnlent, a passage addl essed explicitly to the conditions for /z" I") ctol s. Tlle sjbseq:uent the arisillg of virtuous (
/z ?z exegesis then details the conditions fk)r the arising of virtuous, u virtuous, and indeterminate factols in various cos
'

mic Iealms and Ineditative states

J" shows the greatest' J r Of the thTee texts, the e de'ce of conlpilation and va atioll in its exposition of the

relations aIILong the individual me 1bels of dependent oligilila

tion. However, in the absence of exteTIlal evidence, a Ielative datillg of thesc thlee texts is only possible thIough iIIterna1 structuTal compa sons. DeteIIIli ng the relations aIIlong the
texts is colnplicated by their independent histolical contexts and the prob tbility of multiple recensions. Despite the dimculty of
detelmining their pTecise histo cal relations, the three texts ve

little if any considelation of causal theo es alild no exp cit

Iin ng

depe deIIt discussio

the

of causation and dependent o gination. There is no , or of causation in the '' " . Only the ,'I Iefbrs to a I T'
';:

'I " causal ' mode1: in its exposition of the conditioning relatioll bet

'een the motivations and perceptual consciousness Ililembers o 1 distinctive d pendent origination, it refels to eight within its ow

enumelation of ten conditions (tpI

42 However, JJ ese
)

ten

cond ions are not discussed ag n in the context of dcpendent

origination, but serve as the s ]ect of a sepalate d ailod ex
position in a later section.43

3.2 THE MIDDLE ABHIDHARMA T XTS AND THE EMBRGBNCB OF CAUSAL T ORY It is precisely on these points of the emergence of causal

 e
'

o
'

1 33 na

' OI '

:theory as a separate topic, the exposition of dependellt ori

tion and its individual membels ill terms of causal theory, and the Ielative i 1polt nce given to each that the subsequent eally
Sarv stiv din Abhidharlna texts difl r fro 1 those of the earliest peTiod. In the '/

Iigination and its indi , dependent " vidual members do the su ect of a separate " ' not constitute

:sectioll, but instead aTe mentioned within a section devoted to

the topic of causes and conditions .44 As would be expected

f'o 1 the

Z , whose focus is the descriptioli= of pelcep

:tual co sdousness, the section on causes alld conditions presents

a. detailed analysis of the Tange of colilditions that give rise to

consciousness analyzed f'onl a valiety of perspectives. The

Tesult is a complex latrix of valieties of consciousness that a e dependent upon specinc types of generative coILditions in sped c ciTcumstances. For exa ple, consciou Iless is itsef analyzed : . ccording to six valieties .e. visua auditoly, ofactoly, gusta
toTy, tactile, and
.e. lental,; accolding to telil varieties virtu

ous, unviltuous, and either obsculed oT unobscured indeterlninate wit n the Tealn1 of desire, and virtuous alld either obscured oI

unobscured indeterminate thin the rea'ms of fbrlin and the .e. ve varieties =to be abandoned thIough the vision of the fbul noble truths or
fby1less real); or accordillg to fifteelil varieties

through cultivation--associated with each of the thlee Ieailns, Consciousness is furtlleT speci ed according to time peliod, moral quality, associatioll with ceTt Il types of defileme11ts, and :status as abandolled or not yet abandoned. These va eties of consciousness ale then colrelated to genelative conditions them
:selves siIIlilarly analyzed according to the salille valieties.

ppeals to the twelve member fbr lulation of dcpell ''Z " dent oTi':;iinatioll but with a noteworthy innovatioh. Without passage as a point of departule, the !a ng any speciflc 'I two accounts of the twelve indi dual cond Z oIs tionililg relations constituting the standard formulation: one " a siIIIultaneous and the other a sequential te 1 o aI reflects IIlode1. Accoldllg to the simultaneous Iylode1, all twelve Inem
bers fuction witllin a single mo lellt and account foI the a sing of oTdinary expeTience. For exa ple, in the case of the aTising of

To begin this section det ling causes aILd conditions , the

pon lack of lust towaTd a desirable o ect in dependence knowledge, this motivation of lust is con tiolled by tho

1 34

B ij' P
'I

JI,"'; I

ReJeI eJ

eleven remaining Inembers: the lack of knowledge is ignorance ;

present cognition is perceptual co sciouslless; the collection of five aggregates is na le and forln; the organ bases of those
aggregates are t e six sellse sphere ; the composite of those six spheres is contact; sensatio 1 Hithin that co 1posite is feclings ;

pleasure produced by those feelings is craving; the exten ion of this craving is grasping; action that is able to produce the sub
sequent lifetime is existence; the present state of the aggregates.
is biI th;

the Inatulation of these aggregates is old age; and the

of these agglegates is death. By coiIItrast, in the sequen

p ssillg

tial Inode1, each of the t e1 c Ine bers, beginnillg with igno rance, seTves as the condition for the a sing of the subseque
meIIlber. The explanations of se'Ieral of the individual Inelnbel
s

Inphasize theil role iil, the operation of

foI exaIIlple, ignorallce serve

and

h : 1 ebil

'Ip as the cause and con tion for the

arising of three varieties of n10tivations as

le to ous,

deIlleri

toyious, and non instigat d; these motivations colldition the arising of perceptual consciousness, which constitutes passage either to a vorab e or unfavorable destiny; this perceptual.
consciousness conditions the arising of name and k)I l either in this lifbtime or the next; nalne and forln conditions the aI ising of the six sense spheres that are either complete or inco 1plete ;

and so on. The question of the temporal Ie ation alnong tlle individual III Inbers is not addressed i the ; thus, thc "'II iportant innovation of the consists in the sugges. tion that this conditioning pI ocess opelates through both a. ''J
si1 ultaneous

alld successive tenlporal model. Before proceedillg with its matrix of valieties of conscious

Iless ahd their: respective

presents a list of fbulteen conditions fbr the alising of

"" thought ( I'' a11d then isolates :f'onl among t]lelTl fbul condi
tions ( ,'

ca ses

and con

tions

, the
'

q that fUnction to produce pelceptual consci ousness.45 These four conditions constitute a signincant stiv din

component of IateT SoTv

that in tlle
,

causal theory. Thus, it is clear

# abstlact causal I:elations are beginning 'II' to be consideled for theil own sake, nd not Inelely as a part of
dependent ori8inatiol1 occupies the sutordinate role of introdu cing an independent consideration of causal operations.
In the P' I J", as in the I I

discussions of dependent oliigination. Indeed, consideration of

"

"g

'"

, the terms.

tlo D OI
'

13
and
dependently oliginated factols
ctols ;

occur only as categoyics in its dassi cation of other f

t :

dependent origination

j f : f n j'f = If c : t
:
1:::;

j :

:r

:1:[I

T;;

Abhidharnla texts. Though the fbur conditions pres nted in the t:

;;::: r

causal relations is addl essed only ililplicitly in the catechetical

exalnination and ' elaboTation of other ctors.49 '' j j,,": r I also devotes Irluch o The * r,,
':j "g/-ri of causes and condi Inore attention to the contextual opelation tions and Iest cts its discussion of dependent oI igination.50 It

'

raises the issue of and oflbls seveTal explanations foT a distinc

:; sa ;sI; : I ; Inonlents of thought, 2 and discusses the operation of each COIiLdition in appropriate co texts. The issue o' sinlultaIIeous

; :: T

coIlditions, so in'poTtant to later AbhidhaTnla an

'

lyses of causa1

operations, is so Iaised in discussions of the fUnctioning of IIlental factors and the relationship of association ploposed lemt er dependent origina among these factors.53 The twelve
tion fornlula is accorded a ccrtaim measllre of abstract irnpor
ta11ce: personal realization of the t Ielve causes alld conditions and of the tw:elve dependently o ginated ctors constitutes the essence o the AbhidhaIIna ; 54 th e twelve causes and conditiolls

J J and are declared to be the deep meani g of the 'T the twelve and the silence of the sages; 55 and kno ^Iledge o guishes the person of knowledge causes a d conditions disti fro 1 the fbo1.56 Nonetheless, dependent o gination and the
individual conditioning Ielations do not serve as the topic of a separate Icngthy section. Instead, discussion is limi ed to certain of the individual relations in particular that between feelings

and craving57-and to certain aspects of the tradi

ona1

"'I passage referling to dependent origination. Speci callY, discus sio of the traditio aI J"'' passage is restri ted to the Buddha s

declaration that to see dependent o gination is to see the teach

1 36 ing,58 a

B "I

' P '", '""

I I R eJ
t

d to va ous points of distinction between depende

stiv din

origination and dependently originated factols. 59 Finally, in the n10st receIIt of the eally Sarv
dh rma Abhi

z, which became the centla1 Abhidhalma text for at Ieast olle branch o the Salv stiv din " schoo1,60 conditioning relations ale examined ot in the context of dependent o ginatioll, but Iather in Ie]ation to specific causa1
I:,'', D

texts, the I

ope ations and, in palticular, a newly elaborated theoly of six causes.61 The path of Te gious plactice through which de Iemellts are abalildoIIed, the four Iloble trutlls are Iealized, and suffeling

nated is ter

is explained in terms of the opelation of these six

as such.

causes, and not in telms of dependent 1,igination

However, unlike the P' I does not I aJ, the J" coIpletely ignore the tladitional twelve Inembel formulation of " dependellt oli nation,62 but instead ofI Is an unprecedented
reililteTpretation. The twelve members, the

claims, ,'

" are to be interp eted as extelilding oveT thlee lifbtimes: the nlst two melnbers opelate ill the plevious ifbtime to ploduce the
liddle eight lembeTs in the plesent lifetilne; these present

members the produce the last two memb rs in the subseque=iLt fe me. 4. CONCI;USION

Thus, by the time of the

IJ

, the Salv stiv dill

development of a sepaTate theo y" of causal"" elations was extelld ed thyough the theoTy of the six causes, which, f'fom the 1

"" onwaTd, was comUned with the theo y of fouT con tions
stiv din

" two major coILtponents of the Salv as the

causal model.

The , I
1,

also marks the begililning of abstract collsideTa

tions of the process of causatioll and va ous spedflc causal models. With tho e eTgence f aII illdependent and abstract

causal theoTy, dependellt oligination and its twelve membeT f'brllilulatioll, w ch had Ie lained a stable but Iiiot doct Ila]ly
evolvililg teachi g tllroughout the early Sarv stivadin texts, was

activated, as it weye, thyough reinte=pretation: it Ieceived its

own particulaTized rol as an explalla on of the pIocess of from genelal causal theo y rebirth, completely divolced
The Iater Sarvastivadin Abhidharllila texts retai
i

the advances

Iell as the Ile I intelpletation of dependent causal theoTy as

o gination evidellt in the /z-"

" "'

. HoweveT, they also

qpe OI
'" ''o

137

ppear to inILovate by connecting depelldent oTigination to

causality such that dcpendent origi nation becomes the con tio11 illg principle underlying all specific causal illtelaction. As ge e aI conditio ng p nciple, dependent origination is then pplied to a11 conditioned pheno lena in either successive or simultalleous form thIough the speciflc causal theories of the six causes and four conditions. The twelve lember folmulation is Ieselved fbr a det led expla ation of the operation of action .alld the pIocess of Ie1 Ith. This later twofold reinteTp etation of dependent o gination as a genelal conditio ng plincip]e alld as
providi g the sped c conditions for rebirth is ac eved thTough

passage "'I an exegesis that is clai led, of course, to Tepresent its implidt oiginal Ineaning
References

a complex and eXtensive exegesis of the origina]

1. Alex W ylnan,
< u as ,
'

z I' OI' I I , I I 7 (19 ) : " "y ' ' S so in'' stigates the ' arst few " Inembers of the tv,Telve Inelnber for lula 'of depelldent origination. raynlan, Dependent Origination: the Indo Tbetan Tfadition , 163. 2. 3. FoI the necessity of giving due co sideration to cultural coI'ext in the adeleine

q " Tradition , , edi ed by George " in B" "''j' "z,'' ', E,J Elder elhi: h{otilal Banalsidass, 1984), 163-92 ( " Ist publiohed in Jb"I Je P J p" 7 (198 : 27 -30 . Professol Wayman s Notes on tho'
I

'Buddhist Depend (1962): 14-22; Buddhist Dependent Origination , II'j'o", -203; 10 (1971): 18 Dependent Originatioll: the Inoo Tibetalil

nt O!igination and the Salnkhya

' Sanskrit term '"

2 3-68,

'Etiscussion of apparently neutral ahistorical philosophical issues, V. Bialdeau, Jati et laksa'a , in B I'I" z"I Ce'j' /z' I H'

'

I "' Erli E' ,,,

"'# ' " S"J ''", 12-13 968-69): 7 4. Ernst(1 Waldsohmidt, Die Erleuchtung des Buddha (196 b , in
'

', '7'e" -83.

Z
'',

'

K;"

'

",: I " OJ'

,"J '"

'b

. S
"

. ':," 396-411

':j T"r/,' K;

'

z"I CeJ , K;" r, RtI ' '''I ':o" "" 1967)' Vande hoeck & Ruplecht, e (G tti gell: "'
'
,

""'I

Zur Interpretation der Pratltyasalllutpada Forme1 . F'anz Belnhard, in B z"' C ,: I y EHt" I' er, " "* " "I" "I "' ' "'e I" :' '' I#/ II:, K:" O' J 12-13 (1968-6 ): ,3-63. ' Z '7j " "J by the interp etation of dependent 6. Tllis disagreelnent'was occasioned origination presented n Kimura s book, C ,"' B ,"', , completed
'

:in 1921. AIti les put liohed by Akanulna, Ui, and Wotsuii then pIomp ed a ;'espotLse by Kimula now included as an ap:pend x to /j'j

o , in 63F.

K"

I'I z
"

","'' B"

" ","" 3 (1923; Ieplint, Tokyo: Daihorinkaku, 1968),

138
7. V. Trenckner, et a1., eds., I

B" I' i ' P

-N' e M"
'
I,

IIo

, 3 vols. (London: The (,"I' 1 : 191 o " 28. M"" ' , z ,, I, /, o o , ,'. o "P z' zI?Z P P I,' ',," ' '', " , g , [MA] T.1 (26) 7 30 p Pali Text Society, 1896-99) [MNl
I

ItI'e [;:e '

j

I,

"" " p. 467a18. Cf: * '''"g, "

V also M"" 4 p. 820b13 ''. T.24 (1463)

-N , vols.

2 I"g I " ' ' z "' J %' ' " " " ", ' ' ' ' '" p " d J''' ' ' ' " '' "'. V. also S ". ' g " " " 7 [SAI T.2 (99) 12 " 296 p. 84b19-21. 9. I Io[Inann Oldent erg, ed., g:g ' P" z, vo1. 1 7 e I /,' 'z (Londo11: Willia 1s and Norgate, 1879), 1; SN 12.10 M o 2: 10-11. "I' 1 9;:
'''

"" Society, 1884 1898) [SN] 12.20 P o ,"' 2 2 '"

'" 8. Leon Feer, ed., I

(London: The Pali Text

t'
'

1:1 ::' f:::

tJ
::

rpi1::I:

:z f

::

; :: Y :; ing factols, it also occurs alone: v. MN 2: 32. J 79. C"", " = "' ':j"I' e " eJ,' ,"z"z J II; ' J "o'I, '" ,.," ," I II '': ':' '' '" ' " " : f ; #s 1 co1lectionr v. '4itsuyoshi Saigusa; Shoki bukkyo no koe ga aru o tki kre

' :j1

J;:':'

"

ga aru '

g , 28 (1979): 38-44. ' " " B" 11: An interpretation defending the historical priority of this twofo "g

abstract statement-- when this is, that is, from the arising of this. . would argue that dependent oligination begins as an abstract causal principle and the va[ 'ing 'is ts of fac!ors reflect later and often con icting c1 orative

latelia1.
12. '

N 28

" '"

" "

",

1 : 190-91. Cf. SN 12.21

'

I ," ,
'

13. SN 12.38 C 2: 6 f. Cf: SN 12.39 c 2: 66 "' ' " ' the standard listing of " for a se es incorporating ctols froIIl'perceptua1

2: 27ff.

consciousness th'ough old age and death. 14. Dines Andersen and Hellner S lith, eds.,
j!i:!! :;i:::,

-N" (London: The

'

i::,!::'I:!:; i: f i Ij:. :: J"'' 2: 41fF: Fo1 o'her texts wi'h this apparent epis e10 ' logical pelspective 2: 72, w ch traces the arising v. SN 12.43 D" " "'' of sunRering o the initial contact that "" arises an10ng the sense organ, 'he o ect neld, and the appIopriate perceptua1 consciousness; contact in turn gives rise to feeli gs and then to cravi g as 'he origin of sufTerillg. Suffbring ceases th[ough the cessation of craving, which in turn underlnines grasping, existence, birth, old age and death, and so on. 17. For othelr that counter these four views, v. SN 12.17 !,, "'' . 'z SA. 302 86a4 30= "

: ! :!!;;:;I!; ;i:;;!i;:j

37 ; 12.26

'

 e
S

1 39

' OI'g' 18.' SN 12.32 K'"I

" SN 9. 12.19 B ""

,"II

ofr. cr: sN 12. 2 ,"' 2: , 12.,3-54 "H ' 2: 84 whicll trace the origin of su bling to craving. "'

, I

2:

24ff.

" " ' 20. SN 12.58 N'" 2: 90 ; SN 12. 9 , 2: 91E; SN 12.64 '"'" "'' ' ' H" 2: 101. "'' 21. SN 12.6 N"g I I 2: 104E; SN 12.67 N J"' 2: 112. V. also "
J P ' -,

tions (,

:# :
r
:

; T. '. Rhys Davids and J. E. " ",.e T.1 (14) p. Carpenter, eds., Y , 243b 3 vols. (London: The Pali Text Society, 1890 1911) [DN 1 " "' ,"'' 2: 62, which omits th six sense "IM "

:;:l::; :

).

neI ations of the Inembers of dependcnt origi nation plesen'ed in the J" is duly noted in later Abhidhal Hla texts: v.

" ' 22. The ,variation in the enu ';

T.27 (1 4 ) [ 4VB] 24. p. 122a9E; /V '" ""J' ' "' "j',I'' 'J ' " (1 T.29 62) NAS] 25 p. 480c8ff. 23. It is ilnportant to keep in Inind that it is possible, if not proba1 e, that

the

canon 'vas in uencod in both style and content by an enle[ging: ''I Abhidhalnla corpus. Therefbre, the priority of references in ,"' cannot be

Dharlna and Abhidha[Ina , 316E. 24. SN 12.37 N"fJr J"' 2: 6 . ' ,"' ,,' J" ' '' "o " "o "' h" e Io'j:. '''' ' J I,o Pf" ' " ' "o '' ' "" , I' ' "o',:." I J ,H" ' 'I. '" " "oH, " " " " "peII '* ."J ' ""o ''. ' 'I " " J I' 7."" e' , /, .e " o "o '' "" ' " ,J J r o" o. , I oJ/z ",J ' "I'oJ/, "'" '" o "o'I. V." o. .e ss, e * also I" J J J "''oJ ",
' .
':'

assulned. V. Bronkholst,

"''o

"

2J

"

"
6

;:

g'f
;

2 . It should also be noted that these twelve factors bet een ignoranoe and ge and death ale listed in two diffk rent orders: one fron1 old age and old death to igno[ance, which e ects the order in whioh these factols wele discovered by the Buddha; and the other ''om ignorance to old age and

death, which Ie ects the order in Whioh the IIlenibers were presented by the

Buddha and observed by others. ThougII the

I i

ignoratlce to old age and death is more coIIIInon in the later sources, H

presentation

ot

earliel. V. Hak ju Ui, J ni enga no kaishaku- ngisetsu no igi , in I"" k" ke f , 2: 303ff. For a Ieview 'e', " (Tpkyo: Iwanami shoten, 196 the valious ordels in which the dependent oligination fbrlnu1 is p'esented, " v. Isshi Yolnada, Prelnises and Implications of Intel dependence (Pratitya
salnutpada) , in

suggests tha' the discovery order froln old age and death to ignorance is

der f'oln kuiu

des

(Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corpol:ation, 1980), 373

ship on this issue, nt. 8 p. 388. C Indo Tibetan Tradition , 163f.

HIJ B"J IJ , edited by A. K. Narain,

and fbr Japanese scholar

ylnan, Dependent OI igination: the

' N

26. SN 12.20 P ,"' 2: 25-27; SA11 296 p. 84b26 ;

38

1 40

loJt

a' 1 p. 7 a g r'= iT: I"' J

I ReJe

' P

""

nd

27. As an exalnp'e of this coln 10n intelpretation, v. I. Yamada, Premises Implications :, 37,.
28. S
'
,-fiJD

NAS 27.

"e,

# : I s : ; ,
"

29. V.

'

T.26 J J/z "

(1 3 1 p. 367c22 1 p. 369a3 12 p. 419a20ff:

T.26 (1 37) [DS] 8 p. 491c18ff: 8 p. 492b4ff;

here

10ng the se en limbs of enlightenlnent. Siglinde Die'z, ed., f/

30. DS 11 a p. 0 a9 12 p. 513c10; fbI 'he section frolli1 11 p. "g")

p. 13c1
c
- T' r"

' I" G

sohaften in

" "'':' Philologisoh '" gen, tti

C''g' ,

"'= Abhandlungen der Akadelnie deI Wis en historisohe Klasse 3, 142 (Gottigen:

" "'e "J I)" '

0 c26 12 , E'"
"

(rokyo: IIeibonoha, 195 , 13 31. V. Taiken Kimura, b'

.

1 : :Y ' f Ie:+ 6 : : [I AbhidhaIIna texts see IIaUime Sakurabe, K"J" Io" "o " , (Kyoto : Hoz kan, 196 ), 41=; and Baiy Watanabe, e " "o
"
,

"''"

"o

"

6 (Tokyo: h eli shoin, 193 ,

67 ;

"

z #"I " "o "" - Je';''''""o , "" B ''" 'y o Yamada, ",

e k i 'hoten, 19 , 70E. " " (Kyo'o: HeiI 32. ough t s passage is not identiaed in the J', it "

4 IPPI 6 p. 71 c dqpendent o[igina " cr.26 (1 only in coniunction with depend ntly '" ,) is mentioned ' "4"' 'ion originated factols pI and bo'h are de ned simply as """ " '"" - co1prising conditio ed f c'ors. Cf: also the P' T.26 (1 541) 6 p.
I

:: 34. In the P'

'

fH,,

1
j:

"

296 p. 8

1 ; c SN

.20

M" 2: 2

and dependently 656a16 Whele tlle conte ts of depen ent oI ination ''" eighteen tkose factols included are spelled out as witkin the originated factols

elelnents, the twe1 e sense sPheres, the e agg'egates, the nine varieties of knowlodge, and so on. FoI a la'eI discussion of tliis and other intelipretations

of the Ielationship between dependent oliginaUon and dependently origina factols, v. '4VB 23 p. 118a25ff.

ed

3 . The ( VB 23 p. 118b1 attributes 'o the mastel P" a a "" ' "'r a difelent fburfold analytical mat x, wllich Ieflects the II1ole developed doctrinal analysis and catogolizatibn dlaracte stic of later Ab1 dhalma texts: na lely, f ctols that ale dependent originating and not dependently originated ale fUture fh tols; f ctols that ale d pendently iginaed and ot dependent or:iginating a e the past and present 've agg[e tes cons itu ting o the teI ation of their life stlealns ; t plior ''' 'B in the last molne factors that are both include a11 past and plesent ctols otller than those of the plevious categolies; and, naI y, factors that ale nei er are the uncondi

tioned factols.
I

36. DS 11 p. ,0 c13ff; fbr the secUon from DS 11 P. I' , , 2 E. " 37. V. " ' nt. 21.
,"'' 2:

0 c26; cf: Dietz,

" 38. DN "

"""''"

62; MA 24

97 p,

79c13 ; J'

Pe"
"-"

H 13. [DAI 10 p. 60b8 which p. 24 " '' d folrnulation, including the six '"g the T.1 twelve (1 Ineml,ers of the standal lists sense sphe'es.

e OI 141 '" '':o c b . C'

:T : :I: 41. DS 11 p. ,06a15F. C

.

; Dietz, frg

42. Ag 12 p. 608a9.
43. $Ag 1 p. 628c10
4 .

"

, 26 .

'

p. 679b7E.

fVKI T. 26. (1 39) 3 p. 547a3ff. 44. '

VK. ' 3 p.' 47b22ff. The
P'
latioII

as

though '"',' ""' 21 conditions, p. 108c21F) citesthey the Ule soulce foI this theoly of(MVB foul
Z J I

' 'in the sections of the Pr do not"'' appear

extant in C'Un se trans

'' 38)). For fUrthel application of the fbur conditions to an analysis of thought, v. VK 11 p. 48a29ff.

.26

(1

46. P':

use in the

'

PP]. T.26 ' " p , J

(1 42) 5 p. 71 1c6, 8 p. 72,b16ff. Cf. silnilar

nt. 28.

' 71 c4. 47. PP. 6 p. ""

"

' lineage of ' the Salvastiv din sect, v. 1tanabe, I/ Io , 186 " '',Ij'J'' " "" "' 248 ; R. alnada, B ' K"'" Io", , 401 413ff; S kurabe, 'H'J 4, 87ff: For its dating as cotelnporaneous wi or slightly iater 'han the " J J o o , s bo v. ghizen Akanuma, (193 . So

"

48. PP. p. 712b12E, 7 p. 719a13E. 49. For example, v. PP 10 p. 733c17ff: 0. On the oharac'er and possible sectarian a iation of the * ," f/ o , aS ooIIlnected with a possibly non Kamlra

" " Kokuyaku issaikyo indo se utsubu, Bidonbu 6 okyo: ''s Dait 's shuppansh , 62ff; Watanabe, "'o", 19 E; Saku'abe, K , 4F: ' ", " "" 1. * oJ/z H , IVSS] T. 28 (1 49) 1 p. 724c20
'"'
.

''I T1s topic is raised gain in "g''' 'J'I s N Sahghabhadla

2. vs6 3 p. 739c7.

"''

, NAS 20 p. 449b21f.

3. vs 2 p. 734b13 3 4. vs6 2 p. 733a2OF. . vs 4 p. 74 c18ff. 6. vs6 10 p. 802b27E.

57. vsg 2 p. 734a23E.

p. 738c2ff.

8. vs 2 p. 73 a27: Notewort y in this discussion is a distinction bet een seeing the , and seeing the individu 1 'o the '' "" voidness and the sign1 s gates of libe'at'on ( ''), and a ). Iefe'enc ,
MVB 23 p. 118;2 E: 60. Giy Nishi, Jbush ai ni okelu hotchi hi hotchi kei Iilado no shoshu no g kusetsu oyobi gakuto no ke ky , i "o ,
'

9. vsg 2 p. 736a18 .

" For a si=lililar ' eatlne t, v.

"""

'," by Giy Niohi, 73-108. Tokyo: Kokusho kanko kai. 61. JZ' IJ IJPI T.26 (15 ) 1 p. 920c5ff. The "
"

"

M,' (hlVB

21 p. 108c20F) adds a dis ussion of the fou[ conditions in its colnlnentaly on ""'

s passage.

62. JP. 1 p. 921b16 . The "''"'

(MVB. 21 p. 109b21ff; cf. also ""'.

NAS 2
J,'"

p. 481a9) clailns tllat the '"' ' passage intelpleted here is the "
. V. ,

nt. 38.

"'''

'