2012

[BIO-PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, PART-1 ]

[NOTES ON BIO-PHYSICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING]
[TEXT-BOOK NAME: INTRODUCTORY-BIO-PHYSICS BY FREDERICK-ROSSHALLELT,P.A.SPEIGHT,ROBERT-HENRY-STINSON-WG. ]

[MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI] [BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDAR-LODHI] 6/27/2012

[BIO-PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, PART-1 ]

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) BIO-PHYSICS NOTES: STRUCTURE-OF-ATP:The ATP is consists of Adenosine plus tri-phosphate. This ATP complex molecules contain nucleoside-Adenosine and three inorganicphosphate. This nucleoside-adenosine contain base-Adenine plus ribose-sugar. [:. Nucleoside-Adenosine= base-Adenine + Ribose-sugar ]. The basic building block used to construct ATP are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. DISCRIPTION:When ever Glucose-molecules enter in the cell-membrane, then glucose-molecules will be Glycolysis [Glycolysis=splitting of sugar or glucose molecules ]. Then this glucose-molecules will pass through Glycolysis-process and converted into Pyruvic-Acid, in cytoplasm. So, this Pyruvic-Acid form Acetial-CoA in cytoplasm, this Acetial-CoA enter inside the mitochondria, in KREB-CYCLEs . Now, this Acetial-CoA dividing into hydrogen[H.]-atom and carbondioxide[CO2]molecule.

5) 6) Now, this hydrogen-atom[H.] gives its electrons [e-] , from its outer most valence-shall, and this electron[ e-] passes through Electron-transfer-chain [electron-carrier-molecules], then hydrogen-atom will no more remain hydrogen-atom, because its lose one of its electron[e-] therefore, that hydrogen-atom become a single hydrogen-proton[H+-ion], which is also called proton. 7) TWO-TYPES-OF-PROCESS-BY-WHICH-ATP-IS-TO-BE-CONSTRUCTED:These are as followed. i. ii. Phosphorylation-process. Chemeosmosis-process.

A. PHOSPHORYLATION-PROCESS:a) In phosphorylation-process the hydrogen-ion [H+ ion ] have only one proton [ positivecharge (+ve )] in its ionic-structure. b) This hydrogen-proton [H+ ion] combine with oxygen molecules [ O2 (g) ] inside the mitochondria and produce H2O[l] + [biological-free-energy]. c) [ ] d) Now then, this free-energy[ molecules; ] cause to activated the ATP-synthetase-enzyme-

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[BIO-PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, PART-1 ]

e) Then, this activated-ATP-Synthetase-enzymes-molecules, cause to add ADP with Inorganic-phosphate [Pi] which form ATP-molecules. f) [ g) HOW-CELL-MAKE-ATP PHOSPHORYLATION:].

Phosphorylation-process cause to add an inorganic-phosphate to ADP. ADP + PiATP. h) SUBSTRATE-LEVEL- PHOSPHORYLATION:Where a substrate-molecules [X-P], denotes its phosphate [Pi] to ADP which make ATP-molecules. Example like may be : creatine-molecules enter in cell to gives ATP through substrate-levelphosphorylation process example.. B. CHEMI-OSMOSIS-PROCESS (OR) OXIDATIVE-PHOSPHO-RYLATION-PROCESS:1. As when the free-electron passes down on gradient from of NADH to oxygen so, it release energy [Delta-H=dH=change in free energy ]. 2. This energy[delta-H] cause to activated the Proton-Pump. 3. So, when proton-pump activated then at the initial-state, the concentration of proton [H +ve ions ] are higher inside the mitochondria-membrane in matrix. 4. So, this proton-pump cause to pumping out the proton [H +ve ions ] against proton [H +ve ions] concentration gradient in the matrix of mitochondria, to passes through [via] internalmitochondria-membrane, and then this proton simultaneously trapped in between the both internal and external mitochondrion-membrane ; 5. In this way the concentration gradient of proton [H +ve ions] becomes higher in between the internal and external mitochondrion-membrane so, this proton [ H +ve ions] enter once again inside the internal-membrane-of mitochondria due to higher concentration gradient ; 6. So, there is only way to entered inside the internal mitochondrion membrane that is by through ATP-Synthase-enzymes-molecules. 7. So, when proton [ H +ve ions ] enter by through the ATP-Synthase-enzyme, so, it cause to activated it so, this activated ATP-Synthase-enzyme, cause to join ADP with inorganicphosphate [Pi] molecule to form ATP in the matrix.. ------------------------------finished here------------[new-topic] HOW-ATP-WORK-IN-MUSCLES:-

INTRODUCTION:1. A ATP compose of Adenosine with three inorganic-phosphate [Pi] molecules;

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[BIO-PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, PART-1 ]

2. ATP is work in living organism as a Bio-logical-fuel which needed by the biological-cells. 3. ATP-molecule releasing energy [delta-H] by bonding with water, in a process called hydrolysis. 4. Due to this, ATP-molecule divide into two parts that is [1.] ADP [2.] Pi ; 5. [ ] [:. =free-energy=12000 calories ]. 6. This energy [:. =free-energy=12000 calories ] use in number of different way in each cells of body as in muscle-cell. 7. It use to give power to Actin and Myosin filament that cause the contraction in musclefilament. PROCESS:1. The Actins contain Active-sides and the Myosin head attached on Active-side; 2. When the Myosin-head slides on Actins-filament, than contraction occur in muscle. 3. Then, ATP is use by myosin head, to release its one inorganic-phosphate [Pi] and gain energy by the myosin-head; 4. Then, myosin-head will be activate and slide to move to contract the actin filament so, as the result of it that the contraction in muscle-filaments will happen. -----------------finished here----------------

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