International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6545(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 43-52 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

MULTI OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING HYBRID FUZZY, BACTERIAL FORAGING-NELDERMEAD ALGORITHM
Bharathkumar S1, Arul Vineeth A D2, Ashokkumar K3, Vijay Anand K4 II Year ME Power System, EEE Department, Anna University Regional centre , Coimbatore 2 II Year ME Information Technology, IT Department, Anna University Regional centre, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu,India 3 II Year ME Control and Instrumentation, EEE Department, Anna University Regional centre, Coimbatore
1,4

ABSTRACT In this paper, a new approach is proposed to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. Power generation, spinning reserve and emission costs are simultaneously considered in the objective function of the proposed ELD problem. In this condition, if the valve-point effects of thermal units are considered in the proposed emission, reserve and economic load dispatch (ERELD) problem, a non-smooth and non-convex cost function will be obtained. Frequency deviation, minimum frequency limits and other practical constraints are also considered in this problem. For this purpose, ramp rate limit, transmission line losses, maximum emission limit for specific power plants or total power system, prohibited operating zones and frequency constraints are considered in the optimization problem. A hybrid method that combines the bacterial foraging (BF) algorithm with the NelderMead (NM) method (called BFNM algorithm) is used to solve the problem. In this paper, the performance of the proposed BFNM algorithm is compared with the performance of other classic (non-linear programming) and intelligent algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) as well as genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution (DE) and BF algorithms. The simulation results show the advantages of the proposed method for reducing the total cost of the system. Index Terms- Economic Dispatch, Differential Evolution, Evolutionary Algorithms, Valve Point Loading Effects, Prohibited Operating Zones, Piecewise Quadratic Cost Functions.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

I. INTRODUCTION The economic load dispatch of power plants is one of the most important problems in power system operations. In this regard, the ELD minimizes the generation cost of power plants so that the generated power satisfies the load demand by considering practical system constraints [13]. This is an extremely important problem in restructured power systems. Due to increasing sensitivity regarding power plant emissions, the ELD must be performed such that the environmental emissions of power plants are minimized [4]. Furthermore, during a specific period of time, the emission constraint is considered in [57] to solve the ELD problem. The prohibited power generation zone is another constraint that can be considered in the ELD problem [810]. In addition, economic dispatch can be solved by considering frequency constraints [1]. To develop a complete model of the ELD problem, the effect of the spinning reserve constraint [1113] as well as the valve-point effect [1421] and transmission line losses [22,24] can also be taken into account. In most studies, the generation cost function is considered to be quadratic function, but a cubic cost function more closely conforms to the generation cost [14]. Therefore, the use of a cubic cost function leads to more accurate modelling of power plant costs. The ELD problem is an optimization problem; thus, a large number of methods are available to solve this problem. Recently, stochastic search algorithms such as PSO, GA, direct search, and DE algorithms [17] have been successfully used to solve the ELD problem. Each of these algorithms has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, the direct search method and GA have slow execution speeds, and the PSO algorithm requires the execution of many repeated stages. The above-mentioned search methods determine the local optimal point but cannot find that optimal solution. The BF algorithm is a new optimization algorithm that has recently been considered to solve the real world optimization problem. It covers a wide search region but has low convergence speed. In this respect, a hybrid method combines BF algorithm and NM method (BFNM algorithm) with the combination of the fuzzy logic is used. By combining these three methods, the search power of intelligent methods and the precision of conventional methods are simultaneously employed [27]. Addition, the transmission losses, maximum emission limit, and practical constraints of the power plants are considered in the problem. The frequency deviation, minimum frequency limit and maximum permissible environmental emission constraints are also used in the problem to assure the power system security. The simulation results validate the performance and accuracy of the proposed method for solving the ERELD problem by placing practical constraints in power system. II. ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH A. Problem formulation The proposed ERELD problem consists of an objective function and practical constraints. The objective function and constraints are introduced in following subsections. Objective Functions: The objective of the classical economic dispatch is to minimize the total system cost (1) by adjusting the power output of each of the generators connected to the grid. The total system cost is modelled as the sum of the cost function of each generator.

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME
N

FCost = F1 + F2 + F3 + ....Fn = Fi ( Pi )
i =1

(1)

where Pi and Fi are the output power and the generation cost of ith generating units and N is the number of power plants. The cost function of each generator establishes the relationship between the power injected to the system by the generator and the cost incurred to load the machine to that capacity. Generators are typically modelled by smooth quadratic functions such as (2), in order to simplify the corresponding optimization problem, as well as to facilitate the application of proposed technique. The cost function is generally considered to be a square cost function [29,30]. However, a cubic cost function is more appropriate and accurate. So, the proposed total generation cost can be expressed as follows:
N

min FCost = (a i + bi Pi + ci Pi2 + d i Pi3 )

i =1

(2)

Valve-Point Effect: If the power output of a generator with multi-valve steam turbines is increased to meet the increased demand, various steam valves should to be opened in sequence. As shown in Fig. 1, the valve-point effect can be considered by adding the absolute value.

Fig. 1. A cost function of a unit with valve-point effect and prohibited operating zones. of a sinusoidal function with a cubic cost function [1418]. Thus, the cost function is modified as follows:
N

min FCost = [(ai + bi Pi + ci Pi2 + d i Pi3 ) +

i =1

(ei . sin(fi (Pi min - Pi ))]

(3)

Power Plant Spinning Reserve Cost Function: Plants should have enough spinning reserve to provide energy without interruption for customers. This reserve provides cost for the system [12]. Thus, FCost = FR1 + FR2 + FR3 + ....FRn
N

= FRi ( Ri )
i =1

(4)

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

where FRcost is the total reserve cost of the whole system and Ri is the reserve for the ith unit. The determination of spinning reserve values to minimize the FRcost function is one of the main objectives in power system operations. Therefore,
N

min FRCost = (a ri + bbi R i + c ri R i2 )

i =1

(5)

where ari, bri and cri are the coefficients of the reserve cost of the ith generator. Multiple Fuel types: Some generating units are capable of operating using different types of fuels. The use of multiple fuel types may result in multiple cost curves that are not necessarily parallel or continuous. The lower region of the resulting cost curve determines which fuel type is most economical to burn.

Fig. 2 Fuel cost function of a thermal generation unit supplied with multiple fuel types This cost function can be represented by a piecewise curve (see Fig. 2), and the segments are defined by the range in which each fuel is used (6). The ED problem with piecewise quadratic cost curves is very difficult to solve by standard techniques. Piecewise quadratic cost functions have as many segments as fuel types.
a, b, P c, P , P P P a, b, P c, P , P P P

F F

th where P and P are the lower and upper bound respectively of the k fuel of unit i, and ai,k

a b P , , c, P

P P P

bi,k ci,k are the kth fuel cost coefficients of unit i.

Prohibited Operating Zones: Generating units may have certain regions where operation is either undesired or impossible due to physical limitations of
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

the machine components or issues related to instability. These regions produce discontinuities in the cost curve since the unit must operate under or over certain specified limits. This type of cost functions results in non-convex sets of feasible solution points, which are modelled as follows:
, , , , ,

where Pli,k and Pui,k are the lower and upper limits of the kth of the prohibited zone of ith generating unit and z is the number of the prohibited zones of the ith unit, respectively. The Proposed Objective Function: Fuel, spinning reserve and emission costs are in conflict with each other. In other words, as the minimum generation and reserve costs and minimum emission do not occur at a single point, it is necessary to optimize them, simultaneously. Multi-objective optimization methods can be used to solve this optimization problem. To generate the non-inferior solutions of a multi-objective optimization problem, the weighting method can be used [7,31]. This approach aggregates all objective functions in a weighted combination, producing a single one [31]. Therefore, the ERELD problem can be converted into a scalar optimization problem as follows: min , ,

(7)

, . ,

. sin , 8

where w1 and w2 are non-negative weights, such that w1 + w2 = 1. w1 and w2 are used to make a trade-off between emission and total cost (energy and reserve costs). So these weighting factors vary between w1 = 1.0, w2 = 0.0 and w1 = 0.0, w2 = 1.0. It means that, if w1 = 1.0, w2 = 0.0, the economic and reserve dispatch will be performed instead of ERELD. Also, if w1 = 0.0, w2 = 1.0, the emission dispatch will be performed instead of ERELD. If w1 = w2, emission and total cost (energy and reserve cost) have similar importance. Many studies use this weight setting to convert a multi-objective problem into a single-objective. III. THE HYBRID BFNM ALGORITHM WITH FUZZY LOGIC In order to solve the proposed OPF problem, the hybrid bacterial foraging (BF) algorithm and the NelderMead (NM) method are employed to minimize the cost function of the problem. The BF algorithm is a stochastic optimization algorithm. It covers a wide search region, but it has low convergence speed. In this respect, the BF algorithm and the NM method can be combined [27]. By combining these two methods, the search power of the intelligent methods and the precision of conventional methods are simultaneously exploited. Therefore, in this section, the BF algorithm and the NM method are first introduced. The BF NM combinational algorithm is then presented to solve the proposed ERELD problem.

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Algorithm Step 1. Form the objective function for the ERELD problem. Step 2. Set the initial count of the bacteria. Step 3. Determine the P0 for tth hour. Step 4. Check the constrains are satisfied the Update limits for tth hour. Step 5. Random selection of each bacteria. Step 6. Find the localized optimized value for the each bacteria by Nelder Mead algorithm. Step 7. Find the localized optimized value satisfy the objective function if not the bacteria are been places locally but the fuzzy logic according to the membership function and rule based. Step 8. Check for the Optimized feasible solution for the problem.

Fig. 3. Convergence properties of different optimization algorithms The bacteria movement is been given by Swimming: i ( j + 1, k , l ) = i ( j, k, l) + C (i)
(i) (i) T (i) (9)

Tumble: i ( j + 1, k , l ) = i ( j + 1, k, l) + C (i)

(i) (i) T (i)

(10)

Where i(j,k,l) represents the position of ith bacterium at jth chemotaxis, kth reproduction, and lth elimination and dispersal, respectively. Also, C(i) and (i) are the movement length and direction random vector, respectively. If the value of the cost function in ith chemotactic step is smaller than the value of the cost function in i-1th chemotactic step, the moving direction will be correct and the bacterium swims in the same direction. Otherwise, the moving direction will be incorrect. In this case, a new random direction (tumble) is set for this bacterium.

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

In this A simple method has been developed for finding a local minimum point from a function of several variables by Nelder and Mead [28]. The NelderMead method is used to compare the objective function values in n + 1 of the vertex for the solution of the n dimensional optimization problem. At each stage, one new vertex is generated. Then, if the new vertex has less objective function value relative to the previous vertices, this new vertex is replaced with the worst vertex of the previous level. As an example, the NM method, which is a pattern search for a problem with 2 variables, compares the values of the objective function at the three vertices of a triangle. The NelderMead direct search method is shown in Fig. 4 for the minimization of a non-linear function in a twodimensional space is shown in the diagram. By moving toward the minimum point in this method, the size of the triangle becomes increasingly small.

Fig. 4. The NelderMead algorithm.

So that the bacteria need not search for food in every area the Nelder Mead simplex algorithm would search locally for the food so that the speed is enhanced if the values are not satisfied the constrain then the fuzzy logic is used to relocate the bacterial search in the new area which are been modelled mathematically according to the ERELD problem. The Convergence of the optimal value is very fast and accuracy more than any other model which would lead to solve the problem more effective than any other optimization technique for any real world problem. IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, by considering spinning reserve, emission, and the valve-point effects, a new ELD problem was presented and solved using the BFNM algorithm. In this problem, the frequency constraints the practical constraints of power plants and the maximum emission limit were also considered. By investigating the simulation results, it was found that if the frequency constraints are inserted in the proposed problem, it can be solved by controlling the frequency within the permissible limit. Thus, the frequency-constrained ERELD effectively increases social welfare for consumers and GENCOs. The simulation results confirm the validity of proposed FC-ERELD problem solved by BFNM algorithm with fuzzy in comparison with conventional method and other optimization algorithms.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

V. REFERENCES [1] Doherty R, Lalor G, Malley MO. Frequency control in competitive electricity market dispatch. IEEE Trans Power System 2005;20(3):158896. [2] Bai J, Gooi HB, Xia LM, Strbac G, Venkatesh B. A probabilistic reserve market incorporating interruptible load. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2006;21(3):107987. [3] Kumar A, Gao W. Pattern of secure bilateral transactions ensuring power economic dispatch in hybrid electricity markets. Applied Energy 2009;86 (78):100010. [4] Vahidinasab V, Jadid S. Multi objective environmental/techno-economic approach for strategic bidding in energy markets. Applied Energy 2009;86(4):496504. [5] Xuebin L. Study of multi-objective optimization and multi-attribute decision making for economic and environmental power dispatch. Electric Power Syst Res 2009;79(5):789 95. [6] Abido MA. Multiobjective particle swarm optimization for environmental/economic dispatch problem. Electric Power System Res 2009;79(7):110513. [7] Dhillon JS, Kothari DP. Economic-emission load dispatch (EELD) using binary successive approximation-based evolutionary search. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2009;3(1):1 16. [8] Adhinarayanan T, Sydulu M. Reserve constrained economic dispatch with prohibited operating zones using k-logic based algorithm. IEEE power engg society general meeting; 2007. p. 424453. [9] Adhinarayanan T, Sydulu, M. A new optimising concept to ramp-rate constrained economic dispatch with prohibited operation zones. IEEE power eng society general meeting; 2007. p. 16. [10] Coelho LS, Lee CS. Solving economic load dispatch problems in power systems using chaotic and Gaussian particle swarm optimization approaches. Int J Electric Power Energy Syst 2008;30(5):297307. [11] Wu J, Liu J, Duan D, Niu H, Xie L, Li W. Research on operation reserve capacity in power market environment. IEEE Int Conf Electric Util Derg Restr Power Technol (DRPT2004) 2004. [12] Xin JQ, Bompard E, Napoli R. Security coordinated economic dispatch for joint energy and reserve markets. Int Conf Power Syst Technol 2006;3(4):13249. [13] Misraji J, Conejo AJ, Morales JM. Reserve-constrained economic dispatch: cost and payment allocations. Electric Power Syst Res 2008;78(5):91925. [14] Al-sumait JS, Sykulski JK, Al-othman AK. Solution of different types of economic load dispatch problems using a pattern search method. Electric Power Comp Syst 2008;36(3):25065. [15] Victoire TAA, Jeyakumar AE. Hybrid PSOSQP for economic dispatch with valvepoint effect. Electric Power Syst Res 2004;71(1):519. [16] Park JB, Lee KS, Shin JR, Lee KY. A particle swarm optimization for economic dispatch with nonsmooth cost function. IEEE Trans Power System 2005;20(1):3442. [17] Wang SK, Chiou JP, Liu CW. Non-smooth/non-convex economic dispatch by a novel hybrid differential evolution algorithm. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2007;1(5):793803. [18] Alsumait JS, Sykulski JK, Al-Othman AK. A hybrid GAPSSQP method to solve power system valve-point economic dispatch problems. Appl Energy 2010;87(5):177381.

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[19] Al-Othman AK, El-Naggar KM. Application of pattern search method to power system security constrained economic dispatch (SCED) with non-smooth cost function. Electric Power Syst Res 2008;78(4):66775. [20] Da-kuo H, Fu-li W, Zhi-zhong M. Hybrid genetic algorithm for economic dispatch with valve-point effect. Electric Power Syst Res 2008;78(4):62333. [21] He D, Wang F, Mao Zh. A hybrid genetic algorithm approach based on differential evolution for economic dispatch ED with valve-point effect. Int J Electric Power Energy Syst 2008;30(1):318. [22] Chen CL, Chen N. Direct search method for solving economic dispatch problem considering transmission capacity constraints. IEEE Trans Power System 2001;16(4):7649. [23] Gaing ZL. Particle swarm optimization to solving the economic dispatch considering the generator constraints. IEEE Trans Power System 2003;18(3):132432. [24] Niknam T. A new fuzzy adaptive hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for non-linear, non-smooth and non-convex economic dispatch problem. Applied Energy 2010;87(1):32739. [25] Vlachogiannis JG, Lee KY. Economic load dispatch a comparative study on heuristic optimization techniques with an improved coordinated aggregation based PSO. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2009;24(2):9911001. [26] Passino K. Biomimicry of bacterial foraging for distributed optimization and control. IEEE Control Syst Mag 2002;16(4):5267. [27] Panigrahi BK, Pandi VR. Bacterial foraging optimization: NelderMead hybrid algorithm for economic load dispatch. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2008;2(4):55665. [28] Nelder JA, Mead R. A simplex method for function minimization. Comput J 1965;7:30813. [29] Georgopoulou CA, Giannakoglou KC. Two-level, two-objective evolutionary algorithms for solving unit commitment problems. Appl Energy 2009;86 (7-8):122939. [30] Subbaraj P, Rengaraj R, Salivahanan S. Enhancement of combined heat and power economic dispatch using self adaptive real-coded genetic algorithm. Appl Energy 2009;86(6):91521. [31] Parsopoulos KE, Vrahatis MN. Particle swarm optimization and intelligence: advances and applications. New York: Information Science Reference; 2010. [32] Chaturvedi KT, Pandit M, Srivastava L. Modified neo-fuzzy neuron-based approach for economic and environmental optimal power dispatch. Appl Soft Comput 2008;8(4):1428 38. [33] Venkatesh P, Gnanadass R, Padhy NP. Comparison and application of evolutionary programming techniques to combined economic emission dispatch with line flow constraints. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2003;18(2):66897. [34] Kyoto protocol to the United Nation framework convention on climate change English conference on the parties third session Kyoto; 1997. p. 110. [35] Vijay Kumar, Dr.Jagdev Singh, Dr.Yaduvir Singh and Dr.Sanjay Sood, Design & Development of Genetic Algorithms for Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Generating Units, International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 59 - 75, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375. [36] D. Pattanayaka , M. Basub and R.N. Chakrabartic, Multi-Objective Differential Evolution for Optimal Power Flow, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 31 - 43, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

AUTHORS PROFILE

S.Bharathkumar received the B.E. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University Tirunelveli from Vins Christian College of Engineering Nagercoil, in 2011, and is currently pursuing the M.E degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Power Systems Engineering, Anna University Regional Centre Coimbatore. His research interests include Real time Optimization, Power Systems Optimization, Non linear Controlling Techniques, Fuzzy improvising Systems and Digital Image Processing.

A.D.Arul Vineeth received the B.E. degree from the Department of Computer Science Engineering, Anna University Tirunelveli from Sun Engineering Nagercoil, in 2011, and is currently pursuing the M.Tech degree in the Department of Information Technology, Anna University Regional Centre Coimbatore. His research interests include Real time Optimization, Cloud Computing, Soft Data Computing, and Network Security and in Fuzzy improvising Systems.

K.Ashokkumar received the B.E. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University Chennai from Odaiyappa College of Engineering and Technology Theni, in 2009, and is currently pursuing the M.E degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Control and Instrumentation, Anna University Regional Centre Coimbatore. His research interests include Real time Control Systems, Non linear Controlling Techniques.

K. Vijay Anand received the B.E. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Madras University from IFET Engineering College Villuppuram, in 2004, and completed MBA (HRM), Annamalai University Chidambaram in 2011 and is currently pursuing the M.E degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Power Systems Engineering, Anna University Regional Centre Coimbatore. His research interests include Real time Optimization and in Power Systems Optimization.

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