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The Literary Nil Sorskii Author(s): David Goldfrank Reviewed work(s): Source: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1/4, RUS' WRIT LARGE: LANGUAGES, HISTORIES, CULTURES: Essays Presented in Honor of Michael S. Flier on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday (2006), pp. 429-439 Published by: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036972 . Accessed: 23/09/2012 04:14
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Ukrainian Studies Harvard 28,no.1-4 (2006):429-39.

The Literary Nil Sorskii* David Goldfrank

of I praythatthose who read these and those who listento the profit whatis read,thatforthesake oftheLord theyprayforme,so thatI too amountin these be granted mercy byGod, because I havetoiledno little things...1 and mentally FatherNil...courageously againstthe struggled physically in ...and he to Devil our yearsofthelastgeneration, departed his loving Christ, depositor loan,his divinely inspired leavingforus, as a specific and not Christ's which he had and soultalent, profiting writings, hiding obtainedfrom sweatand toils....2
...oyKpacM TiijMupy hmct^.3

culture herofor Russians andnonIN il Sorskii has stood as a virtual in theharsh whohavesought Muscovite Russians alike, pastan exemplar ethical in ofuncompromising Christian virtue expressed original writings. even hisUstav, that onstillness and, is,histreatise Accordingly, (hesychasm) on monastic andsuppression hispurported stances more, public property in ofheresy, haveoccupied thecenter at the ofhis scholarship expense stage I rehearse the of his se. do not intend here to per analyses spirituality writing orthedecline andhopeful fall ofthevenerable Nil-vs.-Iosif Nor paradigm.4
* Theauthor thanks thestaffs oftheHilandar Research (Ohio State Library University), Dumbarton Orthodox and Oaks,theSt.Vladimir Seminary Library, Georgetown's WoodstockLibrary and Inter-Library Loan Office, as well as its Undergraduate Research for and East Russian, Eurasian, (GUROP), Center Opportunities Program of History, fortheirsupportof his EuropeanStudies(CERES), and Department research intoNil Sorskii. And he does notfailto render his warmest appreciation to Professor MichaelFlierfor one helluva fine scholar, professional colleague, being and super-mensch!

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shallI probetheprosand contras ofRobert Romanchuk's bold and masterful and "academic" to therival of"desert" Kirillov-Belozersk application categories hermeneutics represented byNil and the hieromonk-bibliophile Monastery in myopinion, it to saythat, we are on solidgroundin foreEfrosin.5 Suffice the monastic content of Nil's and envisioning him as a writings grounding teacher and interpreter ofa setofsacredtexts. inplacing Furthermore, writing himwithin ofhis time, theideologicalspectrum we had better consider two if we can facts. Nil's most use such a First, executors, important simple literary that we can,wereone prominent Kirillov and I think GuruTushin, term, elder, and one leading Iosifov Nil Polev.Second,theonlycontemporary whose elder, workNil Sorskii is knownto havecopied is IosifVolotskii, and thisworkwas oftheanti-heretical nota monastic butsections Prosvetitel'. Nil's composition, ifderivative "nwcaHa 60 MHora ho HebchoacecTBeHa celebrated, dictum, cyrb but not all are divine),"6 directed are many, to Guruin Kirillov, (forwritings butcertainly notIosif.7 codicesin mind, mayhavehad Efrosin's to Nil thewriter Let us turn, then, and,without goingintothearguments, consider as authentically Nil theworks so identified the byDonald Ostrowski: or the treatise three Ustav, Predarne, spiritual developedEpistles, regulatory and "Postscripts" to his redactedSobornik of and the related"Forewords" monasticsaints'lives,plus the "LittleEpistle"and the Testatwenty-four ment? he limited Nil certainly tookhis writing seriously. Byhis own admission, and preferred face-to-face talkto writing.9 to thelike-minded his conversing but on theotherhand, Sometimes he seems to havefoundwriting painful,10 indicatea love ofwordsand even playfulsome ofthedeviceshe employed in Nil'ssubjectmatter, stakes involved ness.Giventheeternal NancyPartner's butwe can savethatdiversion entertainment" comesto mind,11 term "serious in hisPredanie's ofspeech is evident forlater. Nil'sappreciation formastery we ascertain to to "those whom possesstheartistic restricting consulting only theedificaandspeakprofitably andso makediscourse effecting powertolisten ofsouls."12 tionand rectification to others.He commends"the Nil extendsthisappreciation Accordingly, thewritings ofall thespiritthe blessedone," Sinaite's "encompassing Gregory and attained to "those who have advanced have Fathers."13 bearing Regarding writes "mostsublimely."14 Isaac the Syrian SymeontheNew enlightenment," of tears and to mourn..., speaksbeautiTheologian, "speaking directing always It matters. the Psalmist cited?15 or is this whom hardly Symeon fully," writers so about some ofthedevicesthatteaching or nearly Nil is explicit such as the topicsentence, sources)employ, (thatis, his authoritative orgadifferences nization, specification summary paragraphing, categorization, by and types, (not strictly gnome,simile-metaphor-metonymy distinguished), and synecparable (and hence allegory), analogy, exegeticalsimplification

THE LITERARY NIL SORSKII

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doche (thepartstandsforthewhole),repetition anaphora(at the combining ofwords)and epistrophe of address,kerygma (at the ends),shift beginning as ifGospel),recourse to authority, and personification.16 Nil's (proclamation, would have had to a few on their own from readers, however, glean things thathe hiswriting itgoes without technique. Regarding sermonizing, saying tricks of the trade,such as a hyperbole, knewthe standard pathos,enallage ofgrammatical oraculum as ifrevelation), commenc(shift form), (statement, with a and the bad of damnation for spell bitingdictum, ing interweaving He likes sinnersand the Gospel of salvationforthe faithful.17 unrepentant of same such as OAaronecTMBbiMt (words root), pa3VMOMT>"18 polyptoton "yivn> and"HOBOHBAeHHc.yMy and homoiophony ofsimilar oobflBAaiomcH,"19 (words and "npnBOAMTn...npeBOAMTM."21 sound),as in"o6pamaeTOi...OTBpamaTMCH"20 He challenges theenigmatically hisreader with ambiguous hypallage (syntactic "cie 60 ecTb 3ao6w He an withan reverse), AiaBOAH xwTpocTb."22 spices epistle I of a seen device have never and,using ellipsis(omission expectedword),23 identified themediuminforms themessage), (maybea mcluhanism, whereby makesa pointaboutprayer to God witha (herepolyptotonically introduced) from extract a standard litur "... m3b1>ctho hko c BcerAa igeaiprayer: Bigame
HaMM eCTb."24

Nil also freely editedthe worksof othersforhis readers'purposesor to a in modeling a prayer, he added Andrewof strengthen point.Accordingly, Crete'sphrase"knowingly and unknowingly" to confessedsins in the nun Macrina's final ofrepentance of supplication (pennedbyherbrother Gregory and excised "for these torments are for slaves" Nyssa), pleasure your physical from themartyr Eustasius's forintercession and salvation (as appeal to Christ redacted In Nil turned piece ofediting, bySymeonMetaphrastes).25 another Dorotheus's noMO3n mMHe 3a moamtbt> ero"into simple"Bo>Ke, 6paTyMoeMy the quasi-formulaic "FIomo3m, IbcnoAM, quasi-Jesus Prayer 6paTyMoeMy m 3a moamtbt> m eronoMMAVM MeHe with an internal MMHpeK, rpeumaro" rhyme and a playon close-sounding "mMeHe" and "MMHpeK."26 (rioMO3M, IbcnoAw) "thisorderis excellent" to "every measure Elsewhere, bychanging Gregory's is excellent," Nil enhancedthe paradox in his source'srecommendation to in stillness theuninitiated thatthey"singa lot and without measure."27 And, ifhe had notseen and remembered theoriginal Greek(we haveno idea what he readduring his stayat Mt. Athos),thenhe displayed an uncanny sense of Philotheus theSinaite's intent "cMbicAb" with the (mind) original byreplacing term in an about (intellect) hesychastic-technical "ywb" aphorism nighttime prayer.28 Nil displayssuch varied metaphrasis(paraphraseclose to the original or informally, studiedor even text)thatone might suspectthathe, formally it. With his and a circular definitiontaught simplifying removing superfluous, theSlavicClimacus'smorecumbersome "cpacTHt," creating phrase"CpacTb

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ace noMCTMHHfcrAaroAioTb 6wtm nace HaAOAro BpeMA bt> &yuivi cpacTHfc becomes, at Nil's hand, "CpacTb ace mctmhh*rAaroAioTb B'bsrH'feaA'feii^RCA..." nace BpeMeHeMT> bt>avihm nrfcsAHCfl...."29 He creates an internal rhyme AAbrbiMi out of the former s "hoiu,mioy6o MHoraa moamtb* A^BaM, MaAaa ace ntmio" by

for thesimple collectives: "bhoih,m moamtbIj MHoacae comparatives substituting Merniie ace nfcHiio."30 Nil even edits and combinesGospel dicta and AaBaw, inserts to provide an antimetabole withreversal) "cbrpfcmeHMMXT" (repetition for theparallel clausesofone oftheSaviors celebrated "ame pronouncements: HeocTaBMTe ott>cepAeub mOTeubHeecHbiw BauiMX-b cbrpfcineHMMXfc, 6paTy claimoriginality, Nilwouldnever he presented examand,in fact, patristic of some of these devices. Maximus the Confessor lust, ples Repelling literary combinedtwo relatedSeptuagint psalmsdisplaying epistrophe (endingrepand parallelism: mhHbme Moa mh;32 "M3roHHm,in obiAOuia etition) paAOCTM M36aBM mh OTT> mh."33 Nil took these as he found them. o6yuieAuiMxi> Gregory the Sinaitetwiceused a Climacus quip, once witha reversal, and thenNil thesetwowithhis own further and minorchanges: combined reversal
Climacus: IcobEm MMeHeMb 6mm He 60 ecTb Ha HeecM mHa paTHMKbi: 3mam Kp'nnaMiuaro wp^ma MMeHeMb He IcoBiJMb paHMpaTHMKbi: Gregory: Pen 60 AfccTBMHHMKb: amho60 KptanaMmaie wp MieHa h6cmmHa 3mam. 6mpaTHMKbi: MMeHeMb, pen AfccTBMHHMKb, Gregory: IcB'feMb viMenewb6mpaTHKi:He camho Nil: BcerAa e iMcycoB'feM'b 60, pene, cero opy>KaHe opameuiM Ha HeecM KptnnaMiuM
HM Ha 3CMAM.34

He OCTaBMTb BaMT> CT>rpi3IIieHM BaiIIMXT."31

mTeacHawiiiM speakingonce ofthe two "acbCToufc Gregoryalso reversedhimself, m and elsewhere of the "TeAecHwx cTpcTexb, CTpcTM,AoyAb oyHbiHe," oyHbiHa,tak), mAoyAa";in Nil's combined account, Gregory "cia 60 ab* myHbiHie."35 acecTOKbia rAaroAio, Hapene: AyAT>, CTpacTM Such reversals,of words or phrases, constitutedone of Nil's most manifest moves. Pseudo-Symeon the New Theologian'ssimple "caobcchok: metaphrastic becomes "neAOBfcica BCHKoro CAOBecHoe."36 Elsewhere Nil does a BcaKoroHAKa" varietyof things.In one place, using gender agreement and hence redirecting and as he switches morphemes around "MHonecicaro," the adjective nepBbiw, his a better half a he combines reversal with a from later, page pilfering phrase internalrhymeand bettercontrast fora single phoneme ('bspacT-). PseudoCTeneHele(-CTb) eace CTpacTM Symeon's "IlpbBbi oy6o Bb3pacTb MHOHbcicaro wx^acAaTM"and, concerning the "third degree," "hcmoujho MHaico6wtm" CTeneHb mMHaKO becomes "Ce 60 ecTb nepBWM MHOHbCKaro BT>3pacTa, CTpacTM

THE LITERARY NIL SORSKII

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HeMOiijHO."37 Betteringthe resonance, he twists and scrambles the yMaAMTM Slavic Symeorshomoiophonic recommendationto studyClimacus's strictures mHaBwxHeTb"-into "xothm xothmAa BT>HMKHeTb on tears- "bt>caMyioKHury In another m BT>HHKHeTb"38 case, Nil combines Aa HaBWKHyTM caMyio KHwry kindred passages fromtwo textswith a reverse: stylistically
Cassian: FleTwHaMb noABurbecTb Ha A#xb CKpbHbi.39 Pseudo-Pseudo-Macarius: He MaAbHaMbnoABwrb npeAAfc>KMTb, pai Nil: TpbrH^Ti....40 He MaAbecTb HaMT> noABurb Ha Ayx"b
CKOpHbIM.41

a cognate sentenceincludesthreeequivalents: ofa ten-word His scrambling theother, reverses-one around"pene/rAaroAeTb," andtwopositional moving to theend: from thebeginning "6e3MOABie"
HanaAO Isaac the Syrian: Be3MOABie 60, akog pene Cbatom BacMAM, HMCTOTbi Ayuia.42 Nil: M BeAMKM hko HanaAOhmctotw BacMAM TAaroAeTb, ecTb.43 Ayuia^6e3MOABe

witha homoioallowsNil to couplesuchinversions alteration Morphemic from suffixal cross.Embeddedin an adaptation teleutonic (ending similarity) m m the MHfcHbCKaro the Isaac Sinaite, "bmaw 3paia> o6pa3b Syrian's Gregory
"MeHTamM >Ke 3paica m o6pa3a bma^hm."44 Climacus's "np1>6biTHoe m M3pAAHaro Hauiero ^CTpoema rtfwTeAHoe cbBTjK^nAeHMe kt> npMA^HinoM^cA" becomes "npebmaTeAHoe c'bB'bKynAeHiekt>npHAynuieMycH MT>HTaHb"becomes m M3HHU4Haro Hauiero ycTpoeHia

active to a passive participleproduces an accompanying, phrasal quasihomoioteleuton:

60 t>mBb BeceAe cpAHHaaoA'SHbw Gregory: AOBA>feITb AroHbCTM biBaiomwa,R'KOe pen Ctm MapKO, mTonAOTa moyT-Biuemio t'BmAaiMa.46 Kb paAOCTM AXOBHa Nil: o AoBAei"b60 nwb cepAenHaa oA^SHb bt>BeceAie H>Ke Cbhtmm AaronecTiM 6wBaeMaa, HKO>Ke MapKO, m pene myrmemio t^mt AaeMa.47 TenAOTaAyxoBHaaKb paAOCTM

ryMTeAHoe."45 A simple shift from an

theparallelism and alliteration he breviloquates and improves Stillelsewhere in a Climacusapothegm:

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Climacus:

MHorocAOBMe oy6o MHora>KAbi bt> moamtb* oyMb BT>3MeHCTam pa3Ana; eAMHOCAOBwe>Ke MHO>KMije;sv oyMb CbMpaTM MCOKCTb.48

Nil:

MHorocAOBie

60 MHO>KMijeioVM"bpacTOHM bt> moamtb*;

MaAOCAOBie MHO>KMljeK)CT>6pa.49

One ofNil'sacolytes or copyists added a second reverse, to Nil'sfirst in a of Peter Damaskenos's whose alliteration and rearrangement tongue-twister, swift successionofhissing sibilants werethecreation oftheSlavictranslator:
Peter: Auje 60 6mce 6wao, hc 6wiua 6e3CBpbiueHHaaroecTpacTMH.50 Ame 60 ce 6wao 6m, He 6biiua oecTpacria escbBepiuemiaro.51

Nil:

Thismanipulation ofPeterDamaskenos, we mustnote,was notNils only suchalliterative and polyptonic wordgame.Gregory theSinaiteprovided Nil withEphraim theSyrian's "EoAfc3Hb 6oam6oa63ho,Aammmotgium purported 6oA63Hen which Nil promptly reversed to thesyllabically 6oa1>3hm," coyiTHbix "Boam 6oAfc3Hb MMMOTeneuiM 6oAfc3Hen 6oAfc3HeHO, Aa ascending cyeTHbDCb "52 6oa63hm He also tookfrom theSlavicIsaac theSyrian's paralalliteratively lel "cAwuiaHie and to VassianPatrikeev cAbmiamwxT) cepAija,"53 cbKpymaeT"b wrotetheanaphorized and chiasmized(crossed, withsame at thebeginning and end) "...AaroAaTbio Boaceio6yAemw And,as cited OAaroAepaocTeHTj."54 at thebeginning of thisstudy, in one of thelast things Nil mayhave copied and edited, for as ifa little communion, simpleinstructions self-administering can be he did not to remind his followers to useful, tongue-twisting neglect washthatdishclean:"...oyicpacM hhct^."55 Tmnijoy Nil manipulated his sourcesstructurally as well,butthisis an entirely different it to conclude thathe may problemto be treatedelsewhere.Suffice have "courageously and mentally but struggled physically againsttheDevil," whilepracticing ecstatic and those contemplation) battling "Gecopia" (mystical infernal in orderto avoidcoupling withthelogismoi assaults, (thought-urgetooksome timeout passions)and captivation bythemor worse,he certainly to concentrate on hisownand others' "words ofministry." The"deposit" ofthis as he once without Nil," himself, ("Sinful "AuapToXo HrjX" styled apparently to hisKirillov, and hermitage Iosifov thathe might devotees, diacriticals) reap some helpful forhis soul from below,includeda veryserious supplications butsomewhat and itsstructure. It is highly approachto composition playful that he had of the irreverent that characterizes the skepticism unlikely anything writer ofthesesentences. he treated hiswordsmithRather, almostassuredly decorative it might as integral to his inner ing,however purely appeartoday, lifeand to his roleas mentor to mindsand doctorto souls. spiritual

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435

But then what's wrong with a little bit of serious entertainment? Boam ! HMcrtf but don't forget:oyicpacwTiijMijoy 6oAfc3Hb 6oAfc3HeHO,

Abbreviations Eparkh. Filokalia FondEparkhal'nyi. suneraineistheisa Filokalia tonhierannptikn para tnhieranhagin patern hmn,ed. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and theoforn in 5 MakariosofCorinth. 1782;reprinted (Orig.Venice:AntonioBortoli, vols.,Athens, 1957). muzei (State HistoricalMuseum, Mosistoricheskii Gosudarstvennyi cow). SlavonicManuscripts. HilandarMonastery, Old Testament (withApocrypha). Septuagint Works TheAuthentic Nil Sorsky: David Goldfrank, (Kalamazoo,expected

GIM HM SMS LXX NSAW NSPU

2008). Pamiatniki Predarne i Ustav,ed. M. Borovkova-Maikova; Nila Sorskogo 179 (1912). i iskusstva 'mennosati drevneipis Paul Migne,161 series cursuscompletus, PG graeca,ed. JacquesPatrologiae vols,in 166 (Paris,1857-66). TextCompiled Philokalia ThePhilokalia:TheComplete bySt.Nikodimos oftheHoly transi, and ed. G.E.H. Palmer, Mountainand St.. Makarios ofCorinth, and KalistosWare,4 vols. (London and Boston,1979PhilipSherrard, 95).
PNSIK Komel 'skii:Sochineniia (St. Petersburg, PrepodobnyiNil Sorskiii Innokentii

SNS VMCh

2005). 3 parts, d. TamaraLnngren, SobornikNila plus2 concordance Sorskogo, vols.(Moscow,2000-2005). 22 vserossiiskim Mineichetii, Velikiia Makariem, Mitropolitom sobrannye Velikie Minei Marchwith thetitle andfor vols.(St.Petersburg, 1868-1917); Lesemanen des Grossen Makariia:Uspenskii chet 7 Mitropolita spisok/Die A. I. ed. Eckhard Weiher, Shkurko, spisok, Metropoliten Makarij:Uspenskij and Moscow,1997-2001). S. O. Shmidt, 3 vols. (Friburg

Notes 1. 2. 252. in God,"Foreword," SNS, 3; PNSIK, 254; cf.NSAW,Collection in GIM Eparkh. as found to Nil Sorsky 'sPredarne and Ustav, Nil Polev'spostscript from 1530 from GIM no. a no. 349,fol. but 195r, published Eparkh. 343, miscellany

436

GOLDFRANK

oftheIosifov kliroshan and scribeSimeonPustynnik, inKnizhnye drevnei tsentry Rusi.losifo-Volokolamskii ed. D. S. Likhachev et al. 1991), monastyr', (Leningrad, 357. 3. Nil Sorskii, addendumto Predarne, GIM Eparkh.no. 349, fol.16r;cf.NSAW, All in thispaperrepresent see note below. themost 55, 271n8; Cyrillic spellings faithful of the print or handwriting ofthe text, whichI am citing. reproduction This includesmodernized, pre- and post-1917 printedRussiantranscriptions; Serbianand Russianlate medievalmanuscripts; and the 1795 printedTaktikon of Black and Pandekty of Nikon the Mountainthatconforms to the normsof and punctuation printedRussiantexts.All capitalization seventeenth-century are modernized. here,however, 4. See my"Recentering Nil Sorskii," RussianReview 58, no. 2 (2007): 2-19. 5. Robert and Hermeneutics in theRussianNorth: Romanchuk, Byanztine Pedagogy Monksand Mastersat theKirillo-Belozerskii 1397-1501 (Toronto, Monastery, 2007), 197-202. 6. GelianProkhorov, "Poslaniia NilaSorskogo," Otdeladrevnerusskoi Trudy literatury 29 (1974): 140; PNSIK, 236; cf.NSAW,"To Guri," 242-43; it was adaptedfrom Nikonof the BlackMountain(NikonChernogorets), Taktikon (Pochaev,1795), slovo5, 42v. 7. See NSAW,39-41,44-46, 48-55, for an elaboration and sources tothestatements in thisparagraph. theCanon ofNil Sorsky's 8. Donald Ostrowski, "Toward Works," Establishing Oxford is foundin an earlymanuSlavonicPapers31 (1998): 35-50. The "Little Epistle" is textually relatedto the Predarne, scriptwiththe otherthree;the Testament "Forewords" and "Postscripts." Ustav,and Sobornik 9. Prokhorov, "Poslaniia," 142-43; PNSIK, 240, 244; cf.NSAW,"To German," 246, and "Little 250. Epistle," 24510. Prokhorov, "Poslaniia," 141-43; PNSIK, 238-44; cf.NSAW,"To German," 48. 11. NancyPartner, Serious Entertainments: TheWriting in Twelfth-century ofHistory 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. England(Chicago,1977). 120-21. NSPU, 8; PNSIK 88; cf.NSAW,Predarne, NSPU, 2: PNSIK 112;cf.NSAW,Ustav,2.14. NSPU, 27; PNSIK, 16; cf.NSAW,Ustav,2.28-29; NSPU, 72; PNSIK, 176;NSAW,Ustav,8.6.

NSPU, 11-12,15,16,27, 28-29, 30, 38, 42, 60, 63, 72, 73-74, 76, 79, 81,82, 85; PNSIK, 96, 98, 102, 118-20, 132, 136, 160, 164, 176, 178,182, 190, 192-94; cf. NSAW,Ustav,Fwd 3, 6; 1 (Title),2.32, 2.35-38, 2.42, 4.11,5 (Title),5.1; 5.1.18, 5.1.21,5.2.35-38, 5.8.97,7.7; 8.8, 8.13,8.23, 9.4, 10.5,10.7,10.10,11.2,11.3;the Ustavenumeration hererefers to theauthor's artificial divisions. paragraph 17. The bestexamplemaybe his homily on memory ofdeath(Ustav,slovo7), which and ends with beginswithprinciples, peaks withfearful graphicdescriptions, NSPU, 62-71; PNSIK, 164-74; cf.NSAW,191-201. supplications:

THE LITERARY NIL SORSKII

437

to "the 18. NSPU, 19; PNSIK, 106; cf.NSAW,Ustav,135 and n. 46; sourcecredited butnotidentified. Fathers," Philotheus the Sinaite, 19. NSPU, 16; PNSIK, 102; cf.NSAW,Ustav,131;from Forty no. Slavic: GIM Texts on Watchfulness, Eparkh. 344, chap. 35, Philokalia,3:29; vol. 2, keph.35, 285. chap.30, fol.355v;Greek:Filokalia, 20. Theentire reads:"Bt> 6o noMbicAfc komv>kao otum) o6pamaeTCH (peicoiiia apothegm
cb BoroM ecTb; ot AyicaBbixace noMbicAb BcerAa vmt>6AaroHecTMBbiMT>pa3VMOMT>, noAOaeT OTBpamaTMCfl"; cf. note 17, above.

21. NSPU, 39; PNSIK,132;cf.NSAW,162. alternative 22. NSPU, 33, 54; PNSIK, 126,152;cf.NSAW,Ustav,154,180,thelatter's 23. Prokhorov, 13,16. "Poslaniia," 140-41; PNSIK, 234, 236; cf.NSAW,"To Vassian," Eon,." "cb HaMM 24. NSPU, 36; PNSIK,130; cf.NSAW,Ustav,158; also theliturgical Meta25. NSPU,70; PNSIK,174;cf. NSAW,Ustav, 200; slightly adaptedfrom Symeon Dec.13: 976-77. 5. PG 116: Slavic: VMCh phrastes, Martyrium Lustrata, 505C; ofGaza, Discourses 26. NSPU,48-49;PNSIK,146;cf. NSAW,Ustav, 174;cf.Dorotheus ed. and trans.Eric P. Wheeler, Cistercian Studies33 (Kalamazoo, and Sayings, no. 347, fol.103r;Greek: PG 88:1713B-1713C. 1977),154; Slavic:GIM Eparkh. theSinaite, Stillness and 27. NSPU, 26; PNSIK,116;cf.NSAW,Ustav, 145;cf.Gregory TwoWays, at Prayer, 4:268,4:278-79; Slavic: chap.7,Sitting chap.5,inPhilokalia, HM SMS no. 640, fols.llOr,120r;Greek:PG 150:1320D,1333B-1333D. Philotheus theSinaite, Watch28. NSPU, 32; PNSIK,124; cf.NSAW,Ustav, 152;from no. 344, fol. 345v;Greek: 3:27;Slavic:GIM Eparkh. chap.27,inPhilokalia, fulness, vol.2, keph.283. Filokalia, 29. Mt. 6:1 augmented withMt. 8:35; NSPU, 19; PNSIK, 106; cf.NSAW,Ustav,135: The Ladderof DivineAscent, transi. Archimandrite Lazarus from St.John Climacus: MurielHeppell(Londonand New York, Moore,intro. 158;GIM 1959),step.15.74, no. 331,fol.203r,or HM SMS 184,fol.93v; Greek:PG 88:897A. Eparkh. 30. NSPU, 32; PNSIK, 124; cf.NSAW, Ustav,152; fromClimacus,step 27.77, 248; no. 331,fol.356v; Greek:PG 88:1116C. Slavic:GIM Eparkh. Baiimx-b" Mt 18:35:NSPU, 48; PNSIK, 31. Mt 6:15,with"orb cepAeub adaptedfrom cf. 173. 144; NSAW,Ustav, 32. Ps 16:11(LXX). 33. Ps 31:7(LXX);NSPU, 44; PNSIK,144; cf. NSAW,Ustav, 168;bothpsalmstogether in Maximusthe Confessor, on Love,cent.2, no. 18,in Philokalia,vol Centuries 2, 68; Slavic:HM SMS no. 456, fol.102r(thisSerbianversionomitsthe second Greek: PG90:989B. "mh"); 34. NSPU,45; PNSIK,140;cf. NSAW,Ustav, 170;Climacus, 172;SlavicinHM step21.7, or VMCh, March30, 896a; Greek: SMS no. 184,fol. PG 88:945C; Greg104v-105r, and TwoWays, Stillness at Prayer, 4, inPhilokalia, orytheSinaite, chap.2, Sitting Slavic: HM no. SMS fols. Greek: PG 4:264, 4:277; 456, 49, 61; 150:1316B-1316C, 1332D. 35. NSPU, 53; PNSIK, 152; cf.NSAW, Ustav,179; cf.Gregory the Sinaite, Acrostic
version being: "ce 6o ecTb Bpa>Kia3ao6w xMTpocTb."

438

GOLDFRANK at Prayer, 4:236, 4:277; Slavic: Chapters, chap.110,Sitting chap.4, in Philokalia, HM SMS no. 456, fols.30r,61v;Greek:PG:150:1277A, 1332D-1333A. the New NSPU, Y7' PNSIK, 104; cf.NSAW, Ustav,132; fromPseudo-Symeon in in On as the Philokalia, Monk, Nicephorus Watchfulness, Theologian, Prayer, no. 334, fol.112r; Greek: 4:203; Slavic:HM SMS no. 468, fol.79r,or GIM Eparkh. PG 147:959-60. theNew TheoloNSPU, 32,PNSIK,124,cf.NSAW,Ustav, 152;cf.Pseudo-Symeon in HM Three Slavic: SMS no. 468, fol. Methods, Philokalia, 4:73-74; 84v-85r; gian, Greek: Filokalia,vol. 5, keph.88-89. The NSPU, 73; PNSIK, 176;cf.NSAW,Ustav,203; SymeontheNew Theologian, C. di CatanBasil intro. trans. Krivochine, Discourses, J. preface GeorgeMaloney, no. 118,slovo zaro (New Yorkand Toronto, 1980),no. 4, 84; Slavic:GIM Eparkh. transi.Joseph intro.Basile Krivochine, 5, fol.71r;Greek/French: Catchses, 96 (Paris,2006), 358-59. SourcesChrtiennes Paramelle, Cassian,TheMonasticInstitutes, John oftheMonk" consisting of"OntheTraining and "The trans. Rev.Jerome Bertram (London,1999),chap.9, Deadly Sins," Eight 139; or On theEightVices, chap. 5, in Philokalia,1:87-88; Slavic:HM SMS no. 468, fol.236r; Greek:Filokalia,vol. 1,keph.74. Macaran Chapters, 3:305; Slavic: Metaphrastes, chap.48, inPhilokalia, Symeon forthe HM SMS no. 468, fol.36v; Greek:Filokalia,vol. 3, keph.189,employed general struggle againstSatan. NSPU, 49; PNSIK,146; cf.NSAW,175. trans. Dana R. Miller(Boston, The Ascetic Homilies 1984), ofSaintIsaac theSyrian, no. 324, slovo21,fol.119r; Greek:Touhosiou Horn.37, 173;Slavic:GIM Eparkh. Nineu touSurouta Eurethenta Asktika Isaak episkopou (Leipzig, patroshmn 336. Thessalonike, 1770;reprint 1997),log. 85, a lexical NSPU, 81;PNSIK, 188; cf.NSAW,Ustav,214 (withtheasterik denoting the SlavicIsaac's wordorderbecomes: ...5*-6, 4*,3*, alteration or substitution,

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41. 42.

43.

7_8_9,1...). Ascetical Homilies 44. NSPU, 25; PNSIK,114;cf. NSAW,Ustav, 143;cf. of..Isaac, horn. 23, 116;Slavic:HM SMS, no. 179,slovo 15,fol.79v; Greek:Isaak...Asktika, log. 31,134. 45. NSPU, 18;PNSIK, 106; cf.NSAW,Ustav,134; cf.Climacus,step.15,158; Slavic: HM SMS, no. 184,fol.93v; Greek:PG 90:896D. and Two Ways, the Sinaite, Stillness 46. Gregory 9, in Philokalia,4:269; Slavic:HM SMS, no. 640, fol.lllv; Greek:PG 150:1321C-1321D. 47. NSPU, 25; PNSIK, 114;cf.NSAW,Ustav,144. 48. Climacus,step. 28, 251; Slavic: HM bMb, no. 184, toi. Ibr,or VMC,Maren, cf.NikonoftheBlackMountain, 930d; Greek:PG 88:1132B; (Pochaev, Pandekty mCAa" to Climacus, buthas "wMeHTa 1795),slovo29, 204r,whichis morefaithful mpa3Awa." Nil could havesubstituted for insteadof"BT^MencTa "pacTonn" either theSlavicClimacusor theSlavicNikon.

THE LITERARY NIL SORSKII

439

49. NSPU, 32; PNSIK, 124; cf.NSAW,Ustav,153. 50. PeterDamakenos,Treasury, in Philokalia,3:207; Slavic:HM SMS, no. 454, fol. 150r;Greek: Filokalia,vol.3, keph.109; cf.Climacus, step.26, 213. 51. PNSIK,108;cf. 136: the second theearlier NSAW,Ustav, reverse, among copies, may NationalLibrary fond Kirillov-Belozerskii, (St. Petersburg), onlybe intheRussian no. 12/1102, a codexconnected withNil'sdiscipleInnokentii Okhliabinin: NPSU, 20 (and note6). 52. NSPU, 24; PNSIK, 112-14,cf.NSAW, Ustav,142; Gregory the Sinaite, Stillness and Two Ways, chap. 14,in Philokalia,4:273; Slavic:HM SMS, no. 456, fol.58r; Greek:PG 150:1328B-1328C; ultimate source claimed as Ephremor Pseudothe but not located authentic who translators, Ephrem Syrian, byanyofthefour haveso attempted: vonLilienfeld, and Goldfrank: cf.Fairy Grolimund, Prokhorov, von Lilienfeld, Nil Sorskij und Seine Schriften: Die Kriseder Tradition im Russland Ivans III (Berlin, Tou en hosios 1963), 210-11; Monk Vasileos Grolimund, hmn NeilouSorsku patros apanta ta szomenaasktika, preface Metropolitan Antonii Mel'nikovofLeningrad and Novgorod, Hieromonk Athanasios assistant, 378 On these and the five 156, (Thessalonica, 1985), (note 16). Simonopetritos see "Preface to the 105-9. Translations," pseudo-translations, NSAW, 53. NSPU, 84; PNSIK, 192; cf.NSAW,Ustav,218; Isaac,Ascetical horn. Homilies, 15, 86; Slavic:HM SMS, slovo8, 60v; Greek Asktika, log.43, 179. 54. Prokhorov, 235. "Poslaniia," 137;PNSIK, 226; NSAW,"To Vassian," 55. See note3, above;attributed to Metropolitan LukeofSteiros.