1

week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 1 1
Physics of Earthquakes Physics of Earthquakes
Equivalent forces of a dislocation model Equivalent forces of a dislocation model
Single force Single force
Force couple Force couple
Single couple Single couple
Double couple Double couple
Moment tensor Moment tensor
Double couple component Double couple component
Non Non- -double couple component double couple component
Isotropic Isotropic
Compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) Compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD)
Stress drop, Scaling laws, moment magnitude, Stress drop, Scaling laws, moment magnitude,
source spectra source spectra
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 2 2
Fault Area and Slip Distribution Fault Area and Slip Distribution
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 3 3
First Motion Plot First Motion Plot
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 4 4
How to Represent a Slip of Fault? How to Represent a Slip of Fault?
)) , ( (
)) , ( ( ) 2 (
) , (
) ( ) (
) , ( )) , ( ( ) (
) , (
equation Wave
) (
2
) (
medium Isotropic
equations ve Constituti
) , (
motion of Equation
2
2
2
2
2
2
ij
2
2
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
e e
C
e C
t
t
ij ij kk ijkl
jk il jl ik kl ij ijkl
kl ijkl
x u
x u
x u
u u u
x u x u
x u
u u uI

x u

+ =

=
+ + =

+ + =
+ =
+ + =
=
=

week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 5 5
Force and Force Couple (Dipole) Force and Force Couple (Dipole)
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 6 6
Radiation Pattern of Single and Double Couple Radiation Pattern of Single and Double Couple
2
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 7 7
Double Couple and Fault Slip Double Couple and Fault Slip
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 8 8
Seismic Moment Tensor Seismic Moment Tensor
Scalar moment
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
M M M
M M M
M M M
M
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
( )
o
o
ij o i j j i
M
M M
M M n d n d
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
= +
2
2

=
ij
ij
o
M
M
Scalar Moment
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 9 9
Examples of Moment Tensor and Examples of Moment Tensor and
the Associated Focal Mechanism the Associated Focal Mechanism
Isotropic (I Isotropic (I- -
component) component)
Non Non- - isotropic isotropic
component component
Double couple Double couple
Compensated Compensated
Linear Vector Linear Vector
Dipoles ( Dipoles (CLVDs CLVDs) )
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 10 10
Quantify the CLVD Quantify the CLVD
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+
=

(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
2 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
) 2 1 (
0 0
0 0
0 0
CLVD Couple Double
/
parameter couple double Non
0 0
0 0
0 0
) ( 0 0
0 ) ( 0
0 0 ) (
3
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M M
M
M
M
M tr
M tr
M tr
M
M
M

week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 11 11
Examples of CLVD Observations Examples of CLVD Observations
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 12 12
Static Similarity and Scaling Laws Static Similarity and Scaling Laws
W/L=k1 (constant fault aspect ratio) W/L=k1 (constant fault aspect ratio)
D/L =k2 (constant strain) D/L =k2 (constant strain)
3
week 9, 03/18,20 week 9, 03/18,20 Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics Earthquakes: Kinematics and Physics slide slide 13 13
Stress Drop and Stress Drop and M M
o o
L F L S
L S
L
D
S D M
S S D M
S L D
L D
Law Similarity Based
L
D
o
o
= =
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

} {
(strain) constant /
2 / 3
2 / 1