D27 Yogya-Finalreport

Capacity development and strengthening for energy policy formulation and implementation of sustainable projects in Indonesia CASINDO
DELIVERABLE NO. : 27
Biogas Construction Plan in Segoroyoso Village Yogyakarta Region

Authors: Surya Budi Lesmana Sri Atmaja Putra Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta
Bilateral energy cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands BECIN October 2011
Renewable Energy Project Development Biogas Construction Plan - Segoroyoso Village CASINDO-Yogyakarta Region
Preface
This report is deliverable No.27 of the project Capacity development and strengthening for energy policy formulation and implementation of Sustainable energy projects in INDOnesia (CASINDO). The CASINDO project aims to establish a self-sustaining and self-developing structure at both the national and regional level to build and strengthen human capacity to enable the provinces of North Sumatra, Yogyakarta, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara and Papua to formulate sound energy policies and to develop and implement sustainable energy projects. The CASINDO project is funded by NL Agency and implemented by a consortium co-ordinated jointly by the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), comprising the following organisations: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Recourses, Jakarta. Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta. Diponegoro University, Semarang. University of Sumatra Utara, Medan. University of Mataram, Mataram. University of Cenderawasih, Jayapura. Institute of Technology of Bandung (ITB), Bandung. Technical Education Development Centre (TEDC), Bandung. Technical University Eindhoven, Eindhoven. ETC-Nederland, Leusden. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN, Petten.
The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of NL Agency and NL Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.
Executive summary
Many people in Indonesia, like in many developing countries, have lack of access to economical and convenient energy sources. For various reasons, energy services provided by the government or the private sector are difficult to access by those living in remote areas. When accessible, the communities mostly the poor are burdened by the expensive price of the services, leading to an even more economically vulnerable state. Although sustainable energy services will not solve the underlying cause of poverty, its limited availability will hinder the pathway to prosperity. At the same time, many communities have an abundance of local renewable energy resources, which remain uptapped because of necessary initial investment costs or simply lack of knowledge and understanding on their possible uses. One such underused energy source in many parts of Indinesia is biogas based on animal manure. As part of the program CASINDO (Capacity strengthening for development and energy policy formulation and implementation of sustainable energy projects in Indonesia), more specifically TWG IV on Renewable Energy Development Project, household biogas will be developed in Segoroyoso village in the province of Yogyakarta. Segoroyoso Village is one of the villages located at the south of Pleret sub District and is located about 40 km from Yogyakarta,. In the Segoroyoso village there are 573 cow breeders with around 1505 cows, that is an important potential for development of Biogas in the village. Based on the data survey of livestocks, we can assume the number of cattle ranchers who could build a biogas digester is around 60-100 people. From this assumption we can then design a plan for the implementation of 60 units of biogas digesters between the years 2011 2014. Most importantly, biogas development in Segoroyoso is supported by HIVOS BIRU Programme which has a working partner in Bantul Paluma and village level government, district and provincial government. Many people feel that a biogas installation is not cheap. Therefore, to reduce the financial burden, the BIRU program has established cooperation with financial institutions like banks which provide access to soft loan facilities. This program also provides an investment incentive in the form of a direct subsidy to prospective users. Another thing that can be done is for the household to provide some of the required material as a contribution in kind, so it would be less financially burdensome for a household to pay for the construction of a biogas digester. Biogas users get protection against the errors of development, with a warranty for 3 years for the reactor and other components 1 year warranty. Additionally, the
BIRU program also integrates the role of rural development NGOs with government, private-run agricultural sector, and live cattle business. Implementing biogas digesters in the village will have broad effects of health conditions and job creation as well as the local economy, social benefits to adopting the proposed technology and environmental benefit. Among others it will strengthen the integration of agriculture and cattle breeding for the improvement of agricultural resources, create jobs in the biogas construction sector, reduce the burden of women to collect firewood and facilitates alternative additional activities to fill the time available, especially for female family members, reducing deforestation, controlling greenhouse gas emissions from livestock and organic waste disposal.
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Table of Contents
Executive summary .............................................................................................. i Section1: Introduction.......................................................................................1.1 Section 2: Market analysis ................................................................................2.1 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. Geographic description of selected location ..........................................2.1 Demographic profile of selected location ..............................................2.3 Economic profile ....................................................................................2.4 Energy profile ........................................................................................2.5 Current energy provision .......................................................................2.6 Estimate of total demand for the proposed technology .........................2.6
Section 3: Product description .........................................................................3.1 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. Introduction to Biogas............................................................................3.1 Introduction to the BIRU Programme....................................................3.2 Technology description..........................................................................3.4 The cost of a biogas installation and financing option ..........................3.6 Maintenance requirements .....................................................................3.7 Construction process ..............................................................................3.7 Social, economic and environmental impact description ......................3.8
Section 4: Regulatory setting ............................................................................4.1 4.1. Relevant policies ....................................................................................4.1 Section 5: Project manage ment ........................................................................5.1 5.1. Social organization of the project ..........................................................5.1 5.2. Monitoring after construction ................................................................5.2 Section 6: Technical feasibility .........................................................................6.1 6.1. Technical requirements of the technology .............................................6.1 6.2 . Output...................................................................................................6.1 6.3. Availability of input requirements in the selected location ...................6.2 Section 7: Financial analysis ............................................................................7.1 7.1. Cost ........................................................................................................7.1 7.2. Cost Grants and subsidies ......................................................................7.2 i
7.3. Revenue..................................................................................................7.2 7.4. Revenue The cash flow ..........................................................................7.3 Section 8: Risk analysis and contingency planning ........................................8.1 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. 8.9. Completion risk......................................................................................8.1 Technology risk......................................................................................8.1 Supply risk .............................................................................................8.2 Economic risk ........................................................................................8.2 Financial risk.........................................................................................8.2 Political risk ...........................................................................................8.2 Environmental risk .................................................................................8.3 Social risk...............................................................................................8.3 Force majeure risk..................................................................................8.3
Annex 1: Logical frame work ............................................................................9.1 Annex 2: Project milestones ...........................................................................10.1
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Section1: Introduction
CASINDO stands for CApacity development and strengthening for energy policy formulation and implementation of Sustainable energy projects in INDOnesia. The overall objective of the CASINDO programme is to establish a selfsustaining and self developing structure at both the national and regional level to build and strengthen human capacity to enable the provinces of North Sumatra, Yogyakarta, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara and Papua to formulate sound policies for renewable energy and energy efficiency and to develop and implement sustainable energy projects. The project focuses on five provinces: North Sumatra, Yogyakarta, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara and Papua. These provinces were selected by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources based on the identified need for assistance in the province.
Figure 1.1 Geographic overview target provinces CASINDO To achieve the CASINDO objective seven Technical Working Groups have been established with the aim to conduct the technical activities under the various work packages and to produce the agreed deliverables. This report presents results from Technical Working Group IV on Renewable Energy project development. Its main aims were: To identify suitable non-hydro RE projects that can be developed in the province. To conduct an energy needs assessment in a selected location. To develop a business plan for a proposed solution to the identified main energy problem of the target community. To identify potential investors. To construct the project.
1.1
Section 2: Market analysis

2.1. Geographic description of selected location Yogyakarta Province has five regencies and one municipality. One of them is the Bantul regency which has an area of 506.85 km2 , and is divided into 17 sub districts, 75 villages and 933 hamlets. The Bantul regency consists of plains which are located in the middle and hills on the east and west, and south coast regions. Geographically, Bantul regency is located between 07 44' 04 " 08 00' 27" south latitude and 110 12' 34 "- 110 31' 08" east longitude with relatively flat topography. To the East it is bordered by Gunungkidul regency, to the North by the city of Yogyakarta and Sleman regency, to the west by the Kulon Progo regency, and to the south by the Indonesian Ocean. The Bantul regency is crossed by three major rivers namely Opak, Oya and Progo. These three rivers are utilized for irrigation, drinking water and also sand mining. Agricultural cultivation represents nearly half of the total area of Bantul Regency, the high soil fertility rate is supported by the use of technical irrigation in most of the existing rice acreage. The proportion of land use in 2009 was the following: mixed garden of 16602 ha (32.76%), rice field area of 16046.22 ha (31.66%), dry area of 6637.39 ha (13.10%), village area of 3810.78 ha (7.52%), forest area of 1385.00 ha (2.73%), barren land area of 573.00 ha (1.13%), and other use of the land area of 5630.21 ha (11.11%). Land use in 2009 indicates that the agricultural sector is the most important source of livelihood for residents of Bantul Regency.
BANTUL
Picture 2.1. Bantul Regency Administrative Map The Bantul Regency has a large potential in the agricultural sector, including large livestock. Large livestock includes buffalo, cows (dairy and cattle), and 2.1
horses, while small livestock includes goats, sheep, and pigs. Poultry consists of broiler, duck, and quail. For Casindo TWG IV activities, several areas in Bantul regency were surveyed and the selected location was chosen because of its untapped potential for renewable energy and the existence of small scale home industry, which could be further developed by utilizing renewable energy sources. The selected location is the Segoroyoso Village, in the Pleret sub district.
Picture 2.2. Location of Segoroyoso Village Segoroyoso Village is one of the villages located at the south of Pleret subdistrict and is located about 40 km from Yogyakarta, from which the village can be easily reached by traveling overland with a travel time of about 45 minutes. Segoroyoso Village profile : Area (Ha) Number of residents Number of households Average number of persons per household Population density per km2 : 487.09 Ha : 7929 : 2449 : 3,23 : 1627
Segoroyoso village has an area of 487.09 hectares. The land is divided into a rice field area of 222.46 ha, dry land area of 132.8 ha, garden area of 94.05 ha and other land use covering an area of 37.78 ha. 2.2
Land Use of Segoroso Village

Yard 19% Others 8% Rice field 46%
Dry Area 27%
Figure 2.3. Land use in Segoroyoso Village From the above figure (2.3) it can be seen that most land is used for rice cultivation (46%). 2.2. Demographic profile of selected location Segoroyoso Village has 9 sub villages with a total population of 7929 living in 2449 households. The population is devided into male: 4127 and female: 3802. The structure of people in Segoroyoso Village based on the age can be seen below. Table 2.1. Segoroyo Village population age division Age Male Female Percent < 19 1250 1053 29,05% 20 50 2331 2260 57,90% >50 546 489 13,05% People in the village have diverse educational backgrounds, which can be divided into: not finished elementary school, elementary school, junior high school, senior high scholl, colleges and universities. This can be seen in the table below. Table 2.2. Educational background of people in the Segoroyoso Village No Educational level Male Female Percent 1 NF SD (elementary school 493 651 19,19% 2 SD (elementary school) 1047 912 32,86% 3 SMP (Yunior School) 572 780 22,68% 4 SMA ( High School) 690 441 18,97% 5 D3 (Academy) 97 76 2,90% 6 S1 (University)/S2 (master) 81 121 3,39%
2.3
Educational facilities in Segoroyo Village consist of kindergarten, elementary school and junior high school. The facilities can be seen in the table below. Table2.3. Education Facilities at Segoroyoso Village No Educational level Number of facilities 1 Kindgarden 4 2 SD (elementary school) 4 3 SMP (Yunior School) 1 2.3. Economic profile Most villagers in Segoroyoso work in the agricultural sector, and there are also other kind of employees, entrepreneurs, laborers and merchants. The detailed percentage by work type is presented in the table below. Tabel 2.4. Division of Segoroyoso villagers by type of work No Type of work Percentage (%) 1 Farmer (Fram land and cow breeder) 37.8 % 2 Employee 27.3 % 3 Laborer 24.21 % 4 Enterpreuner 9.08 % 5 Other 1.61 % Based on TWG V survey data and analysis, we can see that Segoroyoso villagers can be divided into clusters and classes based on type of work and average monthly income. An overview of clusters and classes based on average income per month is shown below. Table 2.5. Cluster and average income Employment Average monthly Cluster and class sector income/production Household class 1 Government officer IDR 2,000,000 Household class 2 Farmer IDR 750,000 Farmer and local Household class 3 IDR 1,500,000 entrepreneur Household class 4 Service(workshop) IDR 1,500,000 Crackers (cow skin) Entrepreneur class 1 IDR 30 100,000,000 production Entrepreneur class 2 Cow slaughter IDR 5 10,000,000 Entrepreneur class 3 Chicken slaughter IDR 7 15,000,000
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The average monthly expenses of villagers in Segoroyoso for food, energy, school and health can be seen in table 2.6.
2.4
Table 2.6. Average household expenditure in Segoroyoso Village Total Amount No Type of Expenses ( IDR)/month 1 Food Rp. 750.000,2 Energy for cooking Rp. 70.000,3 Energy for Electricity & Gasoline Rp. 150.000,4 School Rp. 150.000,5 Health Rp. 50.000,Total Expenses/Month Rp. 1.170.000
Source: Casindo house hold survey
2.4. Energy profile From the survey we energy use patterns Main energy Main energy Main energy have done with 40 respondents in May 2010, the following emerged: sources used for cooking are firewood and LPG source for lighting is electricity for vehicle is gasoline
The same information is also presented in Table 2.7. Table 2.7. Energy use at Segoroyos Village Energy Type Energy Type Energy Type Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 LPG (liquefied Firewood --petroleum gas) Electricity Kerosene (in case of blackout) Petrol Diesel (mass --transport) Electricity ----Electricity ----Electricity ----Electricity -----
Priority in Activity 1. Cooking 2. Lighting 3. Transportation 4. Ironing 5. Entertainment 6. Washing 7. Sewing
A more detailed overview of energy expenses for each cluster can be seen in table 2.8.
2.5
Table 2.8. Energy expenses per each cluster at Segoroyoso Village Percentage of Average monthly monthly Cluster and class Energy expenses income/production income or production
Household class 1 Household class 2 Household class 3 Household class 4 Entrepreneur class 1 Entrepreneur class 2 Entrepreneur class 3 IDR 2,000,000 IDR 750,000 IDR 1,500,000 IDR 1,500,000 IDR 30 100,000,000 IDR 5 10,000,000 IDR 7 15,000,000 IDR 200 350,000 IDR 325,000 IDR 400,000 IDR 782,000 IDR 2.5 3,600,000 (average 2.9 mio) IDR 2,500,000 IDR 3.8 8,000,000 (average 5.7 mio) 10 15 % (average 12 %) 43 % 16 % 52 % 4 10 % (average 8 %) 25 %-50% 52 %
The difference between energy expenses of households in classes 3 and 4 can be explained by their different sources of livelihood. Households in class 4 need diesel fuel to provide their service, so their energy expenses are higher compared to households in class 3. 2.5. Current energy provision The main sources of household energy for cooking are firewood and LPG. Fuel wood is obtained from nearby forest while the supply of LPG comes from the small LPG agent or at the small shop at the traditional market. Electricity for lighting is obtained from PLN, to which almost 100 % of the village households are connected. The type of power connections for electricity are 450 VA and 900 VA / household. Fire wood is also the main energy source used in small industries for processing rambak. They use wood for the fire, because they need large and even fire, for shorter cooking time. The price of fuel wood per bundle is around Rp.15,000. 2.6. Estimate of total demand for the proposed technology Biogas technology was proposed as alternative to expensive LPG for cooking in Segoroyoso village. In Segoroyoso there are 573 cow breeders with around 1505 cows. Figure 2.4 shows that cows are the largest livestock population at Segoroyoso Village.
2.6
Figure 2.4. Distribution of large livestock in Segoroyoso Village From figure 2.4 it can be seen that in Segoroyoso, the cow population represents some 94% of all large livestock, while the percentage of horses is only 6%. Large livestock in Segoroyoso is divided between 3 larger groups of farmers and 20 small farmer groups. Livestock waste is a potential energy source large enough to be used as a source of biogas. Based on survey answers of 40 households, the following distribution of number of livestock per farmer can be seen:
Figure 2.5. Distribution of farmers based on number of cows owned
In the figure 2.5 we can see that 45% of farmers have more than 3 cows in their household, and another 40% have exactly 3. These farmers are a potential target group for developing household biogas digesters.
2.7
Goat Sheep
Figure 2.6. Distribution of small livestock in Segoroyoso Village From figure 2.6 can be seen that at Segoroyoso, sheep represent 85% of small livestock and the goat population about 15%. Small livestock is also a potential source of feedstock for biogas. The survey also showed that in Segoroyoso Village, only a small part of the community has knowledge about biogas. From the graph 2.7 below we can see that only 30% of respondents had some previous knowledge about biogas, while 70% of respondents did not.
Knowledge of Biogas
Know, 30%
Don't know, 70%
Picture 2.7. Percentage of respondents who know or do not know about biogas From figure 2.8. we can see that most of them were informed about biogas from friends (30%), or they find out about biogas from the media (25%).
2.8
Sources of Biogas Knowledge
P ublic media DINAS Friends NGO Others
Figure 2.8. Biogas information sources From graph 2.9. we can see that about 40 % of respondents said they could afford to build a biogas digester.
Picture 2.9. Respondents opinions about biogas construction costs Based on the data and the graphs above, we can assume the number of cattle ranchers who could build a biogas digester is around 60-100 people. From this assumption we can then design a plan for the implementation of biogas digesters between the years 2011 2014. Table 2.9. Biogas Development Plan in the Segoroyoso Village No Year Development plan 1 2011 10 2 2012 20 3 2013 15 4 2014 15 Total 60 2.9
Section 3: Product description

3.1. Introduction to Biogas Many people in Indonesia, like in many developing countries, have lack of access to economical and convenient energy sources. For various reasons, energy services provided by the government or the private sector are difficult to access by those living in remote areas. When accessible, the communities mostly the poor are burdened by the expensive price of the services, leading to an even more economically vulnerable state. Although sustainable energy services will not solve the underlying cause of poverty, its limited availability will hinder the pathway to prosperity. In many cultures - especially the poor - women and children are assigned to do the cooking and household chores. They become reliant on traditional forms of fossil fuels and natural resources such as coal and firewood and collecting them is a daily routine which isnt only time consuming but energy draining. The use of traditional fuel generating processes while being exposed to smoke on a daily basis, makes them susceptible to respiratory tract infection and eye disease. To improve the lives of poor people around the world, and as a follow up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the government of the Netherlands created a program on sustainable development that emphasizes relations between poverty and energy. One main goal of this program is to provide access to energy services for 10 million people (2 million households) through means of sustainable renewable energy, including biogas. Biogas digesters/reactors function as converters of animal dung, and possibly human excrement and other organic materials, into combustible biogas. In households, biogas can be used to fuel simple gas stoves for cooking and lamps for lighting.
Picture 3.6. Biogas Energy Usage (cooking and lighting) 3.1
These past 25 years, domestic biogas has been widely accepted in Asia. Nepal and Vietnam are acknowledged as representing success stories by other countries such as China, India, and other Asian countries which have also embraced biogas . The success of these programs is due to a market-based approach, involvement of a range of stakeholders and an emphasis on quality control The biogas technology usage directly contributes to improved living conditions in rural households especially for children and women. It also creates employment opportunities by opening up business ventures and sectors (ranging from suppliers to masons). Other benefits include time and cost effective methods such as the reduction of unrenewable - firewood, and also of coal and fossil fuel use which has proven to be harmful for both the environment as well as peoples health. Biogas also promotes organic living through the use of fully organic bio-slurry which increases soil fertility resulting in higher agri- and horticultural yields affecting local economical growth. 3.2. Introduction to the BIRU Programme The CASINDO team in Yogyakarta has partnered-up with the BIRU programme to implement the selected renewable energy technology, in this case household biogas digesters, starting with one pilot project at Segoroyoso. The Indonesian Domestic Biogas Programme (IDBP) is in Indonesia better known as the BIRU Programme. BIRU means blue and is an acronym of Biogas Rumah, which can be translated as biogas for the home. In 2008 a feasibility study was undertaken to assess the potential for a national domestic biogas programme in Indonesia. The report which was discussed by stakeholders in February 2009, was received well and a proposal was developed as a trigger to start implementation. Based on earlier experience in other countries the BIRU Programme aims to disseminate domestic biodigesters as a local, sustainable energy source through the development of a commercial, market oriented sector. Implementation of the programme is in the hands of Hivos, a Dutch NGO, working together with the Indonesian Government, (DGEEU), SNV Netherlands Development Organization and Rabobank Foundation. Funding for the Programme comes from the Dutch Embassy. The BIRU Programme started in May 2009, got support from an SNV Senior Advisor as from August 2009 and has gradually built up its staff which currently counts around 28 persons, of which 18 are posted in provincial offices. When fully developed the BIRU programme will employ around 56 team members, will have up to 30 construction partners with ca. 240 masons and supervisors, aiming at developing the biogas sector able to build at least 8,000 biogas plants before the end of 2012.
3.2
The overall development objective of the Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme is to disseminate domestic bio-digesters as a local, sustainable energy source through the development of a commercial, market oriented sector in selected Indonesian provinces The purpose of the program is to improve living conditions of households in a maximum of eight Indonesian provinces, with a minimum target of 8,000 domestic biogas digesters to be constructed which is hoped to bring a wide array of multiple benefits. Biogas plants are being constructed in selected districts of 6 provinces. These provinces are East Java, Central Java, Yogjakarta, West Java, Lombok and Bali. Through the Indonesian Domestic Biogas Programme, the Government of the Netherlands allocated 656,535 EUR to enable the establishment of a marketoriented, feasible and self-reliant biogas sector. The farmers have to pay a considerable amount (around 60 to 80 %) of the cost of digesters themselves. The farmers can get many benefits from biodigesters and therefore they are a powerful tool to raise awareness among the farming communities.1 The BIRU Programme has paid a lot of attention to training, including: a. Mason training: Until now the programme has trained 148 masons and 22 supervisors of 18 construction partners. b. Internal staff development training: mainly focused on training of national and provincial staff to empower them to implement the programme activities; c. Training of Trainers: for construction partners to enable them to undertake user training and slurry processing activities; d. Refresher training for masons, especially to enhance their plumbing skills and the use of high quality appliances; e. Technical training: this biogas training for government officials working with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is scheduled to take place monthly, but takes usually place bi-monthly and is provided by the SNV senior advisor; f. Biogas training: for TEDC, an education institute which develops training curriculae for vocational schools and supports IDBP in provision of biogas training for masons; Currently there is a growing need for management training for construction partners, as well as manure management training for managers of construction partners.
1
Based on the following web resources :
http://biogasrumah.blogspot.com/p/lembaga-pendukung-program-biru.html http://www.biru.or.id/index.php/biru-program/ http://www.solopos.com/2010/ekonomi-bisnis/2010-2012-program-biru-target-pembangunan-8-000reaktor-biogas-19033 http://www.esdm.go.id/index-en/83-energy/4796-biru-program-supports-energy-dependency-in-bali.html
3.3
3.3. Technology description The technology selected for BIRU is the fixed-dome reactor, which is an adaptation of existing systems used in other countries such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Pakistan, Nepal, and Vietnam. This fixed-dome reactor is made from masonry and concrete work concealed underground. The system is proven to be environmentally friendly and a clean energy source. In Nepal, this technology is used in over 200 thousand households for more than 15 years, with 95% of the reactors currently still functioning. The fixed dome biogas plant has a minimum lifetime of 15 years if properly used and maintained. Maintenance is easy, it merely requires the occasional checking and if necessary repair of pipes and fittings. To operate one unit, the farmer needs to have at least 3 cows or 7 pigs (or a flock of 170 poultry) to produce enough feed for the reactor to be able to generate sufficient gas to meet their daily basic cooking and lighting needs. There are 6 main parts to the digester: a) inlet (mixing tank) where animal dung is inserted to feed the digester, b) reactor (anaerobic/non-oxygenated digester chamber), c) gas storage (storage dome), d) outlet (divider chamber), e) gas carrier system f) bio-slurry pit or the animal dung compost pit which has been reduced of any gas (deducted of all gases). Pictures 3.1 and 3.2 provide an overview of the complete installation.
Picture 3.1. Biogas installation diagram
3.4
Picture 3.2. A household biogas installation The technical design of a typical biogas reactor of the BIRU program is shown in the following figure :
Picture 3.3. Detailed section of BIRU biogas digester
Picture 3.4. Lay out of selected biogas digester 3.5
The model used is based on the model of cement biodigester in Nepal (SNI Indonesia). The household size reactors can be of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 m3 . The use of this biogas reactor technology is still limited to cooking, not for lighting. It can meet the cooking needs of small and medium households and small businesses. With proper care, biogas reactors are expected to stay safe for 20 - 30 years. The material used for construction of biogas reactors such as sand, gravel, bricks, cement and iron are usually available locally. On the other hand, the technical components, such as stoves, water drain, the main gas valves, gas pipes, hoses and others are largely ordered from outside the region. The only component that can be created by small industries in the vicinity of the location is the mixer. Materials and components used in the construction of BIRU digesters must meet the criteria / standards set both by Hivos and SNV. The benefits of the proposed design are among others: 1. It can achieve the economic life of 20-25 years, 2. It is made from local materials, 3. The dome-shaped construction is capable of withstanding the load both in and above ground, 4. There is construction below the ground surface so that the temperature stability of the material inside the digester can be guaranteed, 5. Savings of land use, 6. The operational tool is simple, 7. Relatively easy and inexpensive maintenance. 3.4. The cost of a biogas installation and financing option Installation costs depend on the size of the digester. Table 3.1 presents an overview of the main specifications and costs for the different digester sizes. Table 3.1. Estimated cost of the Sizes (m3 ) 4 Cows 3 Total kg of manure 30 per day Gas produced (m3 ) 1 Duration of use to 4 stove (hour) Construction cost 5,7 (IDR million) Subsidies from 2 Hivos (IDR million) Price to be paid by 3,7 user (IDR million) biogas reactor according to size 6 8 10 12 4-5 6 7-8 9 45 1,5 6 6,3 2 4,3 60 2 8 7 2 5 75 2,5 10 8 2 6 90 3 12 8,8 2 6,8
3.6
Many people feel that a biogas installation is not cheap. Therefore, to reduce the financial burden, in some areas the BIRU program has established cooperation with financial institutions like banks with available access to soft loan facilities. This program also provides support in the form of a direct subsidy to prospective users. Another thing that can be done to reduce the cost for the user, is for the household to provide some of the required material as a contribution in kind. Biogas users get protection against the errors of development, with a warranty for 3 years for the reactor and other components 1 year warranty. Additionally, the BIRU program also integrates the role of rural development NGOs with government, private-run agricultural sector, and live cattle business. 3.5. Maintenance requirements Routine quality control ensures that construction partner organizations are repeatedly reminded of their responsibilities with regard to the quality of the biogas plants and the guarantee of sustained use of biogas plants. The BIRU approach is to reach 100% quality control towards biogas plants which are made by new construction partners. Also, new partners are supported by experienced masons or supervisors from other construction partners, when the need is identified. Partners where shortcomings are identified in relation to the quality of the construction are offered additional or refreshment training. So far all plants constructed till date are functioning very well. Usually, if maintenance is required, it is performed on the leakage of the reactor that is guaranteed for 3 years, or on the supporting components (stove, pipe, main valve, hose, etc.) that are guaranteed for 1 year. 3.6. Construction process The construction process begins with designing the construction area, then dig the ground according to the size of the reactor to be built. Next are the hardening of the foundation and basic reactor dome, the building inlet, entering the soil to form a dome construction, put the dome in accordance with the standards and mixed in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 (cement : sand : fine rock), build outlets, and install other components such as pipelines, where bio-slurry can flow out. After the dome is finished, it is casted and dried. The construction sequence of a biogas digester can be seen in the following pictures:
3.7
Picture 3.5. The construction sequence of a biogas digester 3.7. Social, economic and environmental impact description 3.7.1 Economic benefits
The BIRU program will have broad effects on health conditions and job creation as well as the local economy, including: Strengthen the integration of agriculture and cattle breeding for the improvement of agricultural resources. Creating jobs in the biogas construction sector. Strengthen food security by improving agricultural output through the use of biogas slurry. Empowering women by providing opportunities in the national domestic biogas program as an operator of biogas engines, lights, and refrigerator. In Indonesia, women also can take the role as campaigners for biogas, biogas users coaches, and entrepreneurs of small and medium-scale slurry.
3.8
3.7.2
Social benefits
Social benefits to adopting the proposed technology are: Reducing the burden of women to collect firewood and alternative additional activities to fill the time available. Improving access to sanitation and reduce diseases associated sanitation. Reducing air pollution from smoke, which is closely related to diseases, eye infections, and accidental fires accidents due to the in closed space. 3.7.3 Environmental benefits
facilitates with poor respiratory use of fire
The environmental benefit are : Reducing deforestation. Controlling greenhouse gas emissions from livestock and organic waste disposal. Recycling of nutrients and restore soil fertility. Promoting environmental awareness and link it to economic advantage.
3.9
Section 4: Regulatory setting

4.1. Relevant policies Indonesia has a large new and renewable energy potential. Currently the development of renewable energy is regulated by Presidential Decree No.5 / 2006 regarding the national energy policy. This decree states that the contribution of new and renewable energy in the 2025 national primary energy mix is estimated at 25%. The government will take measures to add micro hydro capacity of 2,846 MW by 2025, biomass of 180 MW by 2020, wind power (Bayu power plant) of 0,97 GW by 2025, solar of 0,87 GW by 2024, and nuclear power of 4,2 GW by 2024. The total investment needed for this development of new and renewable energy sources up to the year 2025 is projected at US$ 13,197 million. (http://www.esdm.go.id/news-archives/general/49-general/1963-indonesiasrenewable-energy-potential.html)
Picture 4.1. Indonesia Primary Energy Mix 2010 and 2030 To support the central government's targets on renewable energy development, in conformity with the Indonesian energy mix target of 2030, the Yogyakarta Province has included biogas development activities (see table 4.1) for the community. Development of biogas is spread throughout the districts contained in the Special Province of Yogyakarta.
4.1
Tabel 4.1. Annual Work Plan, in 2011 PUP ESDM Agency Yogyakarta Province
The table 4.1, shows the commitment of the Yogyakarta Province government to develop biogas in order to meet the needs of people for cooking with gas, as a substitute for wood and kerosene. Other relevant policy initiatives are mentioned in the table below.
4.2
Programme Objectives Programs M ain Obj. Provincial Level Biogas for community development Providing energy access by developing biogas. Introducing new, locally available energy source. Secondary Obj.
Implementation To-Date Future
Policy Objective Likely to be Achieved
Impact on Poor & S uggestions for Improvement Communities will get energy cheaper than if they buy kerosene and it will be easier to access than collecting firewood. Communities will be able to save money for other purposes, such as education and health. The government should continue to conduct socialization and periodic evaluations of the process and progress of implementation
The program started in 2010, some people received partly subsidized biogas digesters .
Yogyakarta Province has a target to develop 1000 biogas unit until 2015
Increasing cooperation between DINAS PUP ESDM Yogyakarta and stake holder also put the biogas programme on provincial budget
4.3
Programme Objectives Programs M ain Obj. Regency (kabupaten) / Local Level S egoroyoso Subtitute firewood, kerosene and LPG gas with biogass Increase use of biogas as an energy source for cooking To give energy access and introduce new technology. The program started in 2010, some households already received partly subsidized biogas digesters Implementation planning until 2014 is 60 unit of biogas Increasing biogas socialization in the village Same as above Secondary Obj. To-Date Future Implementation Policy Objective Likely to be Achieved Impact on Poor & S uggestions for Improvement
Empowering the whole community in the village to increase quantity of biogas development and maintain the quality of the biogas
4.4
Section 5: Project management

Developing a multi-sector-based biogas program involves various parties such as service providers and local construction workers who are supported by institutional training providers. Increased public interest in biogas must be balanced with competitive price and satisfactory after sales service. The biogas program must be carried out in collaboration with several parties such as private parties, government and civil society to ensure the establishment of industrial infrastructure for domestic biogas. Lending institutions such as banks and credit cooperatives, educational institutions such as universities, dairy processing industry, household appliances manufacturers and organic farmers 'associations' are some examples of institutions that participated in the program. In addition, the implementation of a biogas program will involve many parties, such as contractors, users, workers as well as the local village who has administrative authority. Biogas development in Segoroyoso village is included in the program CASINDO (Capacity strengthening for development and energy policy formulation and implementation of sustainable energy projects in Indonesia), more specifically in TWG IV on Renewable Energy Development Project. Most importantly, biogas development in Segoroyoso is supported by HIVOS BIRU Programme which has a working partner in Bantul Paluma and village level government, district and provincial. 5.1. Social organization of the project For the development of biogas in Segoroyoso, the following parties will be involved: ECN as CASINDO Coordinator Programme Hivos as a Coordinator of the BIRU Programme PUSPER UMY as CASINDO partner in the Yogyakarta Region Village official as coordinator at Village ESDM Agency DIY Province as the policy maker Wakil Petani as coordinator for households Paluma as construction partner Hivos, PUSPER UMY and Paluma have the responsibility to provide biogas socialization to the community at Segoroyoso. Paluma has also responsibility to conduct survey, construct the biogas digester, give the biogas digester guarantee, and construction training.
5.1
Renewable Energy Project Development Biogas Construction Plan - Segoroyoso Village CASINDO-Yogyakarta Region The project management team for the Biogas Project at the Segoroyoso village consists of: The Coordinator of Casindo Project Yogyakarta Region as a vice of Task Force Segoroyoso Biogas Development Project (Surya Budi Lesmana PUSPER UMY) Mrs Mada Riani from HIVOS and Mr Pamungkas Jutta Prahara from PUSPER as a Team Socialization Mrs Tri from PALUMA as HIVOS partner for construction and socialization Mr Miyadiyana (chief of Segoroyoso village) and Mr Alhadi (cow breeder) as a team member from Segoroyoso community
5.2. Monitoring after construction The authorities in charge of monitoring the biogas reactor after construction is completed are CPO / LPO and quality auditor from Hivos. Each reactor is the responsibility of a certified supervisor (in possession of an ID card) or in some cases also of a certified builder (ID card). Quality monitoring is done on a regular basis every 6 months until the guarantee is completed (3 years). Monitoring is conducted to see if the biogas reactors function properly, resulting in gas with 80 cm of water pressure (as read on the household manometer), no leakage of the reactor, no hose and faucet leaks, the stove burning with blue flame, forming slurry, and so forth.
5.2
Section 6: Technical feasibility

6.1. Technical requirements of the technology Digesters for households usually have the smallest size of 4 m3 capacity, while the largest available Biru digester has 12 m3 of capacity. A digester with a size of 4 m3 usually requires 20-30 kg of manure per day, while the 12 m3 one needs 120-140 kg of cow dung. To obtain 20-30 kg per day of manure, at least 3 cows are needed, as well as adequate water availability to mix manure and water under a ratio of 1: 1. Space requirements for the biogas reactor according to the size of the reactor is shown in following table . Table 6.1 Size of land requirement for the each digester size 4 6 8 10 12 Sizes (M3 ) (3 x 6) (3,5 x 7) 4x8 4,5 x 9 Space requirement (M x M) 4 x 10
6.2 . Output The output of the biodigestion process is a composite gas known as biogas. The composition of the gasses contained in biogas can be seen in the table below. Tabel 6.2. The composition of gases in biogas Gases Volume (%)
Methane (CH4 ) 40 70 Carbon dioxide 30 60 (CO 2 ) Hydrogen (H2 ) 0-1 Hydrogen Sulphate 03 (H2 S) Source: (http://www.energi.lipi.go.id) Biogas can produce on average 80 cm water pressure and a minimum of 55 cm water pressure. To cook the same volume of water, a biogas stoves needs a longer time compared to LPG gas stoves, of approximately 10-15 minutes.
6.1
Renewable Energy Project Development Biogas Construction Plan - Segoroyoso Village CASINDO-Yogyakarta Region 6.3. Availability of input requirements in the selected location Cow dung mixed with water is very important input in biogas production. Water availability in Segoroyoso is very good. Communities use wells as a source of clean water daily. Water sources are never dry throughout the season, so water is always there. As mentioned before, in the Segoroyoso village there are approximately 573 cow breedersand 1505 cows. Approximately 100 households have cows between 2-3 cows each home, so the availability of cow dung is guaranteed. There is much space available for biogas construction.
6.2
Section 7: Financial analysis

7.1. Cost 7.1.1. Capital Cost The estimated number of biogas digesters to be installed in the Segoroyoso village is estimated at 60 units to be built over a period of 4 years. BIRU program is covering the planning and pre-operational cost including final enginering design and also worker training. The only additional pre operation cost was related to the introduction of the technology to the community. 7.1.2 Operating Cost
As mentioned, the number of biogas digesters to be installed in Segoroyoso village is 60 units, with a yearly targeted installation rate as shown in table 7.1 below: Table 7.1. Estimated number of digesters to be installed each year
Number of digester (unit) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total 10 20 15 15 60
The target in year 2 is the highest, because of the expectation that by then people become familiar with the biogas and begin to change the pattern of thought to use energy sources other than fossil energy to meet their energy needs. In addition, the BIRU programme will end in 2012, so the opportunity for co-financing part of the cost of the digester with the subsidy offered by the BIRU programme should be exploited by the local community by then. Operating cost consist of general and administrative costs, labor costs and material costs. Operating cost for each year are shown in table 7.2 (for the targeted number of installations in that year). General and administrative costs mentioned here consist of the maintenance and construction fee. Table 7.2. Operating cost for target biogas development in Segoroyoso Village
OPERATING COSTS General and Administrative Costs Labor costs Material costs TOTAL Year 1 7.000.000 13.000.000 37.000.000 57.000.000 Year 2 14.000.000 26.000.000 74.000.000 114.000.000 Year 3 10.500.000 19.500.000 55.500.000 85.500.000 Year 4 10.500.000 19.500.000 55.500.000 85.500.000
7.1
7.2. Cost Grants and subsidies The BIRU program gives a subsidy of 2 million IDR to a household that wants to install a biogas digester. The subsidy is provided after the biogas digester is completed and not in the form of cash but by buying support equipment like stove, waterdrain, etc. In addition, the CASINDO program provided subsidies for a demonstration unit and biogas socialization events.
Grants and Subsidies For Planning or Construction / Pre-operation For Operation Subtotal TOTAL all years Year 0 CASINDO Hivos 3.000.000 63.000.000 3.000.000 Year 1 20.000.000 20.000.000 Year 2 40.000.000 40.000.000
1 2
7.3. Revenue Revenues represent what customers are expected to pay for goods and services offered. In this case, yearly revenues are the number of digesters sold and installed multiplied by the price of one unit.
Revenues Revenue from 1 Units Revenue per Unit REVENUES Year 1 37.000.000 10 3.700.000 37.000.000 Year 2 74.000.000 20 3.700.000 74.000.000 Year 3 85.500.000 15 5.700.000 85.500.000 Year 4 85.500.000 15 5.700.000 85.500.000
R1
After 2012 (year 3), there will be no more HIVOS subsidy, so the household will have to pay full amount of the construction cost of biogas, so revenue per unit will increase.
7.2
Renewable Energy Project Development Biogas Construction Plan - Segoroyoso Village CASINDO-Yogyakarta Region 7.4. Revenue The cash flow The discount rate used in the cash flow projection for the implementation of biogas digesters in Segoroyoso village was the bank interest rate set at 12%. The results can be seen in the following table below
TOTALS COSTS (& GRANTS/SUBSIDIES) Capital Cost Capital / pre-operation grants Operating costs Operating grants TOTAL COSTS NPV TOTAL COSTS (discount rate = 12%) BENEFITS Revenues NPV revenues R NPV R = R / (1+disc rate) t; t = year of operation Cc Gc Co Go TC = (Cc -Gc )+(Co-Go) NPV TC = TC / (1+disc rate) t; t = year of operation
Year 0 2010 3.000.000,0 3.000.000,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Year 1 2011 0,0 0,0 57.000.000,0 20.000.000,0 37.000.000,0 33.035.714,3
Year 2 2012 0,0 0,0 114.000.000,0 40.000.000,0 74.000.000,0 58.992.346,9
Year 3 2013 0,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 60.857.211,2
Year 4 2014 0,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 54.336.795,7
207.222.068,1
0,0
0,0 207.222.068,1 0,0
37.000.000,0 33.035.714,3
74.000.000,0 58.992.346,9
85.500.000,0 60.857.211,2
85.500.000,0 54.336.795,7
Interest Taxes Benefit/cost Ratio B/C ratio = NPV R / NPV TC 1,000
The BCR is exactly one, which means the project is not making any profit, but also no loss. This situation will not be interesting for commercial lenders, but needs to be supported by government with policy or by donor organizations.
7.3
Section 8: Risk analysis and contingency planning

The construction of biogas digesters in the Segoroyoso village needs to be subjected to a risk analysis and contingency planning to assess the possibility of the biogas digester project being blocked. Some risks to consider include: 8.1. Completion risk Completion risk involves the risk that something started might not be completed after some funds have already been made available by the government, lender or investor. This can happen when a proposal costs far more than originally expected or the market has changed significantly during construction. There are several things that can cause delays in the construction of the biogas digesters although funds were available, including: The cost of cement and brick material are a large component of the total cost of a biogas. A price increase for these materials could have an impact on the delays and changes in its economic analysis. Some of the professional masons (trained for this job) might go after another job that is more promising (where cost of labour is higher) compared with standard from HIVOS. CPO or Hivos could be late in responding to users who are interested to build a biogas digester. After users fill out the form provided, CPO or Hivos should check that the potential user meets the criteria set by the BIRU program. Physical factors: in the area of Segoroyoso, the ground is very hard/ rocky, thus slowing the process of excavation. 8.2. Technology risk The technology selected by BIRU is the fixed-dome reactor, which is an adaptation of existing systems used in other countries such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Pakistan, Nepal, and Vietnam. This fixed-dome reactor is made from masonry and concrete work concealed underground. The system is proven to be environmentally friendly and to provide a clean energy source. In Nepal, this technology is used in over 200 thousand households for more than 15 years, with 95% of the reactors currently still functioning. Based on the results seen so far, there is no risk to the technology used.
8.1
Renewable Energy Project Development Biogas Construction Plan - Segoroyoso Village CASINDO-Yogyakarta Region 8.3. Supply risk The materials needed to build a biogas digester are available in adequate quantity in the chosen location, so there is no risk of supply shortage of construction material or feedstock material for the digester. 8.4. Economic risk There is a real risk that people in the village can not pay for the biogas digester, because their prices start at over 3 million IDR and more (after the subsidy). Average income per month of the villagers in Segoroyoso is rather low, so many households cannot afford the upfront investment. The BIRU program also has a subsidy scheme for financing the construction of household biogas digesters. However, this subsidy is not always sufficient to motivate households to build a biogas digester. Economic risk would be smaller if there would be support from the government, cooperatives, banks, other financial institutions to build a biogas digester through soft loans or by providing households with a credit. In addition, there are also traditional community methods to attract people and alleviate the burden of financing the biogas installation. One example of this is a scheme called Arisan, which is effectively a form of collective crediting, whereby a group of people together collects money for the installation, and then each member of the group can install one unit when sufficient funds are collected. After a while, the next person in the group gets the installation and so on, until every member of the group has it. Where loan facilities are not available, this is an effective way to allow villagers to pay for their installation in installments. Also, the total cost of the installation for a household can be reduced, if the household makes a contribution in kind in the form of construction material. 8.5. Financial risk Occurs either when variable interest rates are used, refinancing of the project is assumed sometime during its life or additional financing is required in the future. Changes in interest rates would cause financial risk to occur. Historical growth shows that interest rates in Indonesia are relatively stable (constant) so that the financial risk is very small. 8.6. Political risk Both the national and regional government is very supportive of the biogas development program. This can be seen from the list of biogas development program in Yogyakarta. So there is no perceived political risk that would arise.
8.2
Renewable Energy Project Development Biogas Construction Plan - Segoroyoso Village CASINDO-Yogyakarta Region 8.7. Environmental risk Biogas digesters have no negative environmental impact on the community or a user, but several positive impacts, as mentioned in section 3.6.3 8.8. Social risk Implementation of biogas can be burdened by possible misconceptions by some people: There are people who are sceptical of biogas, necessitating more frequent socialization and demonstration of examples of real biogas units working successfully. The need for a good organization in its early stages and construction so that people can receive the installation by the agreed schedule. 8.9. Force majeure risk The most important force majeure risk that may occur in the construction of biogas digesters in the Segoroyoso village is the occurrence of earthquakes. However, earthquakes are so unpredictable, it is impossible to make an estimate on their frequency and intensity.
8.3
Annex 1: Logical framework

Goal To promote renewable technology, especially in biogas To provide easy access energy to the community To use local energy sources Logical Framework
Purpose Objectives Outputs The specific results and tangib le products the project will produce through a series of tasks and activities (e.g. installations). 60 biogas installations at households in Segoroyoso village Activities Inputs
The development outcomes b eing pursued.
Each of the purposes needs to b e quantified.
The specific tasks the project will need to undertake to achieve the required outputs.
The resources availab le to perform and enab le the activities (i.e. human resources, equipment, capital)
80% reduction in Reducing fire wood firewood consumption and safe consumption in disposal of excess households with manure istalled biogas
Socialization of the technology
Human resources for socialization Construction equipment & biodigester parts Financial resources to partly subsidize the cost of the digesters
Construction of the digesters After-sales service and maintenance of the digesters
How will the outputs and purpose be measured?

Indicators How will you know you've achieved your purpose? Indicators quantify the outputs, purpose and ob jectives. Means of Verification The information source or process that will enab le you to prove that you've achieved the results. Assumptions Conditions which could affect progress b ut over which managers have little control.
Reducing firewood consumption and Chief of village and Mr. number of biogas installation Alhadi personal reporting
Pplease see risk analyses
9.1
Annex 2: Project milestones

TO DO LIST PLANNING STATE MILESTONES Completion of Planning 2011 PUSPER UMY 500.000 All the factors that go into a plan have been identified and are understood. The conditions under which something is feasible or infeasible are clear 2009 HIVOS Financial Structuring Financing structure is arranged. Where will the monies come from? Where will the monies go? How will the financial structure evolve over time? AUTHORIZATION MILESTONES HIVOS Closing Financing contracts, construction contracts, land purchase or leases, approvals to build or operate or cross public lands or use natural resources, contracts to sell the output of what is being built or to provide a service in a pa rticular region, contracts to provide fuel, equipment, trucking and staff must all come together. CONSTRUCTION OR PRE-OPERATIONS MILESTONES 2014 PALUMA 5.700.000 Equipment Installation Equipment installation and acceptance testing complete. ______2009______ HIVOS Human Resources Selection of management, skilled workers and semi-skilled workers should be done and any necessary training carried out OPERATIONS MILESTONES ___2011______ PUSPER UMY 2.500.000 Start-up This refers to a period when the results of construction or pre -operations are ready to be tested and accepted. This can be a hand-off of responsibility from the entity building something to the entity responsible for operating it. Ongoing HIVOS Production Setup Ordering supplies and production materials should be complete. TO BE DONE BY DONE BY COST
Routine Maintenance
Ongoing
PALUMA
Routine maintenance schedule should be complete. This includes - how will the project be operated and maintained. Will its value grow or shrink over time? After it is built, should major repairs and re -fittings be expected? How will routine matters be handled? What records will be maintained? How will these be shared and discussed? How will decisions be made? How often and based on what documents? Ongoing PALUMA Major Maintenance Major maintenance/rehabilitation schedule plan should be complete. This includes - how will the project be operated and maintained. Will its value grow or shrink over time? After it is built, should major repairs and re -fittings be expected? How will non-routine matters be handled? What records will be maintained? How will these be shared and discussed? How will decisions be made? How often and based on what documents? Ongoing PUSPER and HIVOS Performance Reporting Financial reporting schedule should be established. How often will the company report its performance. Monthly, quarterly, annually? Who will keep track of the company's finances? Who will prepare the financial statements? Who will audit the financial statements? EXIT MILESTONES Exit Plan 2012 PUSPER and HIVOS -
10.1

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Capacity development and strengthening for energy policy formulation and implementation of sustainable projects in Indonesia CASINDO

Biogas Construction Plan in Segoroyoso Village Yogyakarta Region

Annex 1: Logical frame work ............................................................................9.1 Annex 2: Project milestones ...........................................................................10.1

Section 2: Market analysis

Land Use of Segoroso Village

Dry Area 27%

Priority in Activity 1. Cooking 2. Lighting 3. Transportation 4. Ironing 5. Entertainment 6. Washing 7. Sewing

Figure 2.5. Distribution of farmers based on number of cows owned

Sources of Biogas Knowledge

P ublic media DINAS Friends NGO Others

Section 3: Product description

Picture 3.6. Biogas Energy Usage (cooking and lighting) 3.1

Based on the following web resources :

Picture 3.1. Biogas installation diagram

Picture 3.3. Detailed section of BIRU biogas digester

Picture 3.4. Lay out of selected biogas digester 3.5

facilitates with poor respiratory use of fire

Section 4: Regulatory setting

Implementation To-Date Future

Policy Objective Likely to be Achieved

Section 5: Project management

Section 6: Technical feasibility

Section 7: Financial analysis

Year 0 2010 3.000.000,0 3.000.000,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

Year 1 2011 0,0 0,0 57.000.000,0 20.000.000,0 37.000.000,0 33.035.714,3

Year 2 2012 0,0 0,0 114.000.000,0 40.000.000,0 74.000.000,0 58.992.346,9

Year 3 2013 0,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 60.857.211,2

Year 4 2014 0,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 0,0 85.500.000,0 54.336.795,7

0,0 207.222.068,1 0,0

Interest Taxes Benefit/cost Ratio B/C ratio = NPV R / NPV TC 1,000

Section 8: Risk analysis and contingency planning

Annex 1: Logical framework

The development outcomes b eing pursued.

Each of the purposes needs to b e quantified.

Socialization of the technology

Construction of the digesters After-sales service and maintenance of the digesters

How will the outputs and purpose be measured?

Pplease see risk analyses

Annex 2: Project milestones

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