O

y M

S / U n w

! s e t o N e

ine a r T _ Da 3 1 0 2 l th Apri 4

Ultra produsound us s sou } Sou ce imagee nd w s. aves nd is to throu a vibr heard gh a me aAon th dium at tra anim when th o r air, a vels soun als ear. F ey reach nd ca d o a r r a 20,00 nges b huma person n be other 0 Hz (20 etween ns, the a s or udibl 20KH species KHz). The 16Hz and e c z a h , n t e h to as a Ultr ese highebe much ring for asoun } The r wav highe r than es ar d . spee e refer throu d by red dens gh a medwhich the ity an d sAium is det waves tra e ness v of thermined b el med y ium.

Wha

t is U /S?

The s ampl ound wa a me itude cha ves inten This i dium, thi nges as i sity and deep s the rea s is calledt travels echo er structuson why e AOenua through res a choe Aon. } The es from sup re we s from a e k r rcia aOene are seve l stru er than cture sourc uaAon in ral sour s. is the e is soS a mediu ces of into h convers Assue ab m. The m Ree eat. The ion of ac sorpAon, ajor o cAon , Refrother me usAc ene which chan acAo isms rgy n and ScaO are er.

Prop erty of soun ds

Ree boun cAon: Th wave dary of t e sound echo s bouncewo dier waves en angle . The angl s back to ent medi counters of in wards as, som a } The of reecAe ciden the s e of t o o n c u e . r is ide rce a he seconemainin nAca s an l to th origin d mediug sound w e m a a being l path, or Assu ves, tra This i dieren resulAng e and is vels thro o the in the a bent fr ugh a } Sca s known ats t R o n Oer o efracangle of tr gle of incm the medi Aon. ccurs idenc ansm u i w m s s h ion. e of no porA en U/ whileon will be n-homog S waves origin most of scaOere eneous s encount ers a u al pa the o d th. rigina in a rand rface. Sm all l wav om d e con ir Anue ecAon s in it s

Atten

uatio n of U/S

The U called /S produ sourc Pulse-e cAon is Pizoe e of the cho prinbased on trans lectric w U/S wave ciple. Th the so trans ducer. Thhich is pla is the e ultrasform ele ese have ced in th the a e trical } It sw ound wac b c ves a urrent ility to i t nd vi into abou ches fro c e versa m sen . } Elec t several m ding i i llion nto li tricity A m } Sou into s es pe stening ou n d r seco nd in =PUL nd. to ele SE ctrici ty = E CHO

Ultra soun prod d uctio n

Tran sduc ers

e are seve trans ral ty duce pes o rs: } f Cu rved probe } Lin ear p robe In tra-ca vity p robe

} Ther

Tran sduc ers comp onen ts

is als prob o kno e , of the it is use wn as c cryst deeper d for scaonvex alongals are al structure nning cause a curvedigned tog s. The beam a fannin surface ether g out & . Frequ of th e ency : 1-8M Uses H : z - A b d om Biliar Trans y/liver/ p inal aort -abdo ancre a as K mina l exam UB inaAo ns.

} This

Curv ed pr ob

This p of the robe is d cryst superc esigned withi als are al ial struc for the im soun n the at igned in l tures. Th aging ead a inear fa e } Fre d waves in h a str nd it pro shion quen aight duce cy: 5- } Use l s the i n 1 e 3 MH . s: -V z perip ascul & soSheral) Ear access Musc Assue f valuaAo (central Musc uloskele or absces n for DVT and thin p les Tes tal tendo s FB Skin n b line f aAents Acular A ones o E p r v p p a and o nemo luaAo endici cular As in ultrathorax, in n of the p t so u n d. ersAAal leural uid

Linea r pro b

Intra overc-cavity pr deep ome the obes we comber structu problem re introd regar ined wit res. The with im uced to h end y can aging viscu ding deep o scope also b s e a r n s to g e layer like ly d the s surro of ho et info } Fre mph node s. unding strllow quen uctur cy: 7- } Use es 1 5MH s: Tra z scans ns-re gyne Trans- ctal prob trans cology an vaginal p e for pro -esop r d s hage early ob obe for tate s al for echotetrics an d cardi ograp hy.

Intra

-cavi ty prob e

 piezo elect to cre r a vibra te sound ic crystal v A and l ng create waves. T ibrate ow p h ressu alternate e forwa re wh high rd. i ch tra vels
High pres

} The

Freq uenc y

sure

Low p

ressu re

Freq uenc y

Frequ and lo ency is th secon w pressu e numbe r d. re in a per of high pr iod of essur One s e o ne eco
nd

One s

econ d

Two one s cycles in econ d

Four one s cycles in econ d

The u abbre nit of fre per s viated H quency s Her } The econd. z refers tio tz, wh the n ich is high umbe er th scale r e s r f of cy abilit esoluAo requen cles y c n pene to disA and al y the be Oer t guish so pro } Fre traAon is n he gr v i d n e reduc d det s ay i m quen p a e r i d l o s . cy un . How ved One c its: ever, ycles the per s One t e cond h ou s = one a nds c Hert One m y c z (Hz l e per s i l l i on ) cycle econ d = o per s ne Ki econ loher d = o tz (KH ne M egah z) ertz ( MHz)

Freq uenc y

Wave conse length: he di } Ban cuAve cyT cles o stance b dwid f sou etwee range th: A nd. n band of frequ ll U/S tra n sd u cers c } Tim width. encies ter m ontai e e d n contr Gain Co for th olled adj mpensat or: O ustm trave e aOenua e nt to perato ls int A o o the n of so compen r } Res Assu u o e. nd as it sate struc lu@on: Th term tures tha e ability (Wav s of spacet are clos to dier eleng ely re enAat & ec th de e ho am lated pend ; ent i. plitude in e. Fre quen cy)

Term s

A-mo de: U straig lt Opth ht path.rasound w This ave t i } B amologist wous used to hat come -mod ld use mea sure s out the dime e: (Brig i t t o mea the le probe the wnsional i htness) A n sure m a l s a v the legth e.g. travels in o know into t e mee ging, r a ngth brigh he probe ts the r efers to n as the o f t h e eye b the r t dot. Th . The str st wall, p standard basic gra all. est sh e bri a e y b r n l t s a } M ows j ghter gth of th of the w ck and cale or t ust a hite i two -M few he dot th e returnin ave is rew used ode: Use d e ectedmage. As ots o stron g wav d i n f a di ger is e is re back cardi conju to visu eren the w cord varia ac valve, ncAon wi alise thin t brig e t g f b htnesave returd in h e s i pnem lity of i tal hea B-mod that a ned, s. ferior rt acAv e scan re phy } D othorax.n s n i i v t ca in y ena c opple ava a , helpful i g. Used inlly movin r: Use n Co l o u n mea evalu g. It is d eva s freq r l D u a o and a Aon o suring re aAon of uenc ppler w y f lung spirat vesse ay as b display shiS o ory for f s l l s Dopp and di ue. It is the mov sound w also r ler meas erenAathelpful w ement t aves to displa elies on ures ow e it from hen aOe owards t measure colou ys it onefrequenc within a surroun mpAng tohe probe velocity. is tha r dopple colour, uy shiS to n object ding stru idenAfy as red ct dete but n t unw r and b s ct the ot th ures. Powlood anted picks ually oran e pres g moA up on ence direcAon er on ar smal e. It is mo of o . Afact l ow r w bu It are c . Howe sensiAve t omm on. ever, the than the down side

Imag moda ing lities