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Spoken English 166 To 175
Spoken English 166 To 175
Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How Main clause verb: would/ should/ could/ might.
nice the car is, but how poorly kept! 'If' clause verb: were/ past doing word (went,
car car,
(Åéπ\-ú≈-°œ† îª÷úø’. áçûª ´’ç* sung, took, gave, etc.)
é¬E áçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬ Öç-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó! Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’:
poorly kept = badly maintained = 1. Subject singular Å®·ûË, verb, were
ÆæJí¬ Öç-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’) 2. Sentence ´÷ö«x-úËC É°æpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ ’-¢Á ’iØ√,
Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car. verb, 'if' clause ™ past doing word.
The owner doesn't seen to care a bit
about its upkeep. (Å´¤†’. î√™« êK-ü¿- Ñ È®çúø’ points, á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. ÅçûË-
car.
®·† ü∆E owner car
éÌç-îÁç èπÿú≈ †’ é¬-èπ◊çú≈, main clause ™ would, should,
could, might.
í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--èπ◊-†oô’x ™‰úø’) ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË ÉC 2) If you had told me earlier, I would have
Jagdeesh: If I were the owner, I would keep it
É°æ¤púø’ O’ Ø√†o Ééπ\úø -E-†’o îª÷úøôç Åçô÷
îÁ°æ¤hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†éà ¢√úø’é𠙉ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE brought enough money = O’®Ω’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp
cleaner than I would keep my own
ïJ-TûË, Çߪ’† à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?– (Çߪ’† îª÷ÊÆ
home. You wouldn't see even a
ÉEo ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’) Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰ü¿’) (saw.. would) Öçõ‰, î√L-†çûª úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫-
a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for e) †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçõ‰, ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô àç ™‰ü¿’ – í∫ûªç™).
speck of dust on it. car
(ØËØË Ç ßª’ï-
´÷-E-ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo Ø√ ÉçöÀéπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ it again and again = †’´y-™«çöÀ ¶µï†ç É°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh´¤? = If you were the CM, what would Ñ situation á°æ¤púø÷ past.
Öç-èπ◊çö«. äéπ ü¿’´·t éπùç èπÿú≈ A†ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (AØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’), ´’Sx you do first? Éçü¿’™ verb combination îª÷úøçúÕ. Main
ü∆EO’ü¿ éπE-°œç-îªü¿’ O’èπ◊) (speck of ´’Sx ÅüË é¬¢√-©ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y A†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he clause - would have been/ should have
dust = ü¿’´·t-éπùç)
– ´’Sx ´’Sx 鬢√-©-†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) would know our secret = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç been/ could have been/ might have been
Ramesh: If I had enough money, I would first
Ñ sentence ™ 'if clause' verb 'ate' past ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC, Öçõ‰ ´’† ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ¢√úÕéÀ ûÁ©’- OR
tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ɰæpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC. Ææ’hçC. (were.. would know)
buy such a car. (Ø√Íé î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰, would have + pp (past participle)/ should
b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. = If I were you - ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË – ÉC î√™« com-
car
¢Á·ü¿ô Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«) have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp
Jagdeesh: Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they
؈’ á©’éπ-ØÁjûË É°æ¤púø’ (ØËØÁ-©’éπ Å´†’ í∫ü∆?) °œLx mon í¬ ¢√úË expres-
††’o Açô’çC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O’®Ω’ Éûª-®Ω’© a) If she had been here yesterday, he would
had the money? (úø•’sçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ have talked to her =
singular subject 'I') conversation ™ í∫´’-
Ç¢Á’ EEo-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË,
car á´®Ω’ é̆®Ω’?)
c) If he were here, I could consult him.Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Åûª†’ Ç¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úË (È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫-
Naresh: OK. Leave the car alone. Are you
attending Mahesh's birthday party this
Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰, ؈-ûªEo Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-í∫-©†’/ ´îª’a. ÉO, improbable pres- ™‰ü¿’)
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’) ent express îËÊÆ sen- b) If they had taken him to the doctor, he would
weekend? car
(ÆæÍ® N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç.
Now look at the following sentences from tences. N’í∫-û√-È®çúø’ i) have been alive.
Mahesh birthday party
Ñ ¢√®√çûªç éÀ
the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and probable present, ii) (¢√∞¡x-ûªEo doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆœ-Èé-Rx-†-ôx-®·ûË, Åûª†’
leave alone =
O’®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? Ç Ææçí∫A
Åô’ç-îªçúÕ) Jagdeesh: imaginary past. M. SURESAN •AéÀ ÖçúË-¢√úø’)
Ramesh: I hear it's going to be a grand affair.
But I'm afraid I can't make it. I am tak-
ing mom to Hyderabad that day.
grand
(î√™« í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’ç-ü¿E NØ√o†’.
é¬F ؈’ ®√™‰†’. Ç®ÓV ´÷ Å´’t†’
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’)
If you were the CM...
Naresh: What about you, Jagdeesh?
Jagdeesh: If I didn't attend, he would be disap- ÉO Ñ ´‚úø’ situations.
pointed.
OöÀE í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡- éπ∫ü∆. Å®·Ø√ ´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç. a) If he studies well, he will pass =¶«í¬ îªC-NûË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 166 pass
°æ-úø-û√úø’) Probable present: v°æÆæ’hûªç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o Å´¤-û√úø’ (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) 鬕öÀd
Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have Probable present.
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ îÁ°æ¤-ûª’çC.
postponed mother's journey. (Ø√èπ◊ b) If he studied well, he would pass =
Look at the following sentences from the ¢√úø’ É°æ¤púø’
´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ؈’ ´÷ Å´’t v°æߪ÷- 1) If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner dialogue at the beginning of the lesson. îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, pass Å´¤-û√úø’. (È®çúø÷
ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÊÆ-¢√úÕo.) What are you than ..., you wouldn't see a speck of dust on 1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will Improbable present.
É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫´¤ 鬕öÀd)
going to do Naresh? (†’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’- it. owner c) If he had studied well, he would have passed
(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ come. interview
(Ø√ í∫-†’éπ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË Øˆ’
Ø√o´¤, †Í®≠ˇ) ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçû√– †’´¤y ü∆E-O’ü¿ äéπ ü¿’´·t party éÀ ´≤ƒh†’.) (í∫ûªç™) ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªC-´¤çõ‰,pass Åߪ·uç-úË-
Naresh: No idea as yet. If I have my interview éπùçèπÿú≈ îª÷úø´¤. é¬F ؈’ ü∆E owner †’ 鬆’.) ÉC ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Interview ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Imaginary past.
¢√úø’.(È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’) 鬕öÀd
on saturday, I will come to the party on 2) If I had enough money, I would buy such a PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
Öçúø-´îª’a, Å°æ¤púø’ ؈’ sunday party éÀ ®√´îª’a.
sunday. (Éçé¬ àç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç car = Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰ (é¬E 2) If we present him something, he will be ®Ω´’: Hi Suma, E†o ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞«x. †’´¤y Éçöx
interview Öçõ‰, ؈’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´≤ƒh†’) car
Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™‰ü¿’), ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«. happy ´’†ç 鬆’-Íé-üÁjØ√ ÉÊÆh ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Öçúø’çõ‰ E†’o BÆæ’Èé∞Ïxü∆ØËo.
Jagdeesh: If we present him something, he will 3) Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had ÉC ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ 鬴a. Ææ’-´’: E†o ؈’ Å´’tûÓ shopping èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-
be happy. Let's buy the present enough money? = Åçûª úø•’s Öçõ‰ (É°æ¤púø’
car
Ñ 2 sentences talk of a situation probable §ÚûË, ؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo.
now. (´’†ç àüÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀÊÆh Åûª†’ ™‰ü¿’) á´-®Ω-™«çöÀ é̆®Ω’? (ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) in the present or in the near Éçûªéà á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«x´¤?
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’. É°æ¤púË àüÁjØ√ 4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy = ؈’ future. ®Ω´ ’: ´÷ ņoûÓ. †’´¤y ´ÊÆh Ñ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ØËØ√
éÌØËü∆lç.) ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË (¢Á∞«h†’) Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-ú≈húø’. a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = ÉC Åûª- - Æ œ - E ´÷ ´’Sx îª÷≤ƒh.
Naresh: That's right. Let's go. If we start now, (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – ÉC future - Å®·Ø√, if clause úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh, Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’. Ææ ’ - ´ ’: Ø√èπ ◊ °æ K-éπ~-©’-Ø√o®·. °æK-éπ~©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ
we will be able to finish off before it verb - did attend = past tense)
b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the Æœ ü ¿l¥¢ Ë’.
gets late in the evening. (Å´¤†’. ¢Á∞«lç Ñ Â°j sentences ÅFo èπÿú≈ improbable pres- train = é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫-©´¤. ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË à N≠æ-ߪ’´‚ phone -îÁ®·u.
°æü¿çúÕ. ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ®√vA ent situations - Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-™xE 'if' clauses ™ (probable = ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) Ææ’-´’: Phone Ø√èπ◊ç-õ‰í¬ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ. Ø√ cell
Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u ™°æ© °æE ´·Tç--éÓ-´îª’a.) îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷-™‰O èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç (In the present) In the sentences above, Main clause verb - §Ú®·çC. ´÷ land phone out of order.
Ramesh: If you had told me earlier, I would ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. If clause N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ïJ-TûË, will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/ ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰.
have brought enough money. I don't éπLÍí °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-†¢Ë’, Main clause ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present ANSWER
have the money now. (O’®Ω’ ´·çüË ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ. forms. Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had
îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕE.. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ a) If wishes were horses, beggars would ride = a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy been at home I would have taken you.
Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not
ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’.) éÓJ-é𙉠í∫’v®√-™„jûË, ´·≠œd-¢√∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒyK îË≤ƒh®Ω’ – éÓJ-éπ©’ b) If she comes here, I can help her
í∫’v®√-©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. (were.. would ride) gone, I would have come to your place
Jagdeesh: Don't worry. We have enough. You c) If they write to him, they may get some infor-
and taken you to the movie. Who did
can pay later. (°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’- b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (é¬E îªü¿-´úø’), éπ*a- mation = Åûª-EéÀ ®√ÊÆh (Öûªh®Ωç) ¢√∞Ïx-Íé-üÁjØ√ Ææ´÷- you go with?
Ø√o®·. †’´¤y ûª®√yûª É¢Ìya.) ûªçí¬ pass Å´¤-û√úø’ = If he studied well, he î√®Ωç ®√´îª’a. Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will
All: Ok. Let's go. (¢Á∞«lç °æü¿çúÕ) would pass. (studied.. would pass) É´Fo probable present. see it again this saturday.
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Improbable present Åçõ‰ c) Åçü¿ ®Ω÷ °æ†’o©’ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ îÁLxÊÆh (ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆?) II. É°æ¤púø’ Imaginary past ûÁLÊ° Ñ sentences Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would
v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁÊ°p clauses ™ ¶µ« ®Ω-û ª-ü˨¡ç Ææç°æ-†oçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. from the dialogue îª÷úøçúÕ. be ready to come.
verbs ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Improbable If everyone paid taxes properly, India could 1) If he had told me earlier, I would have post- Rama: Phone me and let me know.
be rich (paid.. could be) Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've
present situation ûÁLÊ° sentences If clause, poned my journey = Åûª†’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ lost my cell. Our land phone is out of
main clause verb combinations ÖçúË Nüµ¿ç last d) What would your father think, if he saw you v°æߪ÷ùç ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫- order
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ´’S} äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. here? = ™‰ü¿’ – past ™) Rama: I will meet you then.
Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen àŸ«ø‹Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o-÷ªÙ綖
and our favourite is in town for the ★ 'If clauses' ö˺ were/ Past Doing Words
celebration to honour him and we î¦è…ê¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù) Nù£óŸ«õìª
have this rotten class to attend. I êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³.
wish I were at the theatre. ÷ªì conversation correct Þ¥ ÑÙè[è¯-EÚ¨ ÏC
(êŸì ú£ê¦\-ôÁ-êŸq-÷Ùö˺ ð§ö˹_-ì-è¯-EÚ¨ êµõªÞœª à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. e.g.-
êµô¢ ÑêŸh-÷ª-ì-åªè[ª, ÷ªì ÍGÅ-÷«-ì-ì-åªè[« 1) If he were here, he wouldn't allow this.
ÒüÉÁx Ñû¦oè[ª. ÷ªì Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ÍêŸû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª) ÏC
í£EÚ¨ ÷«Lì Ú¥xúÃÚ¨ îµü‹xL. û¦¸Ú Î áô¢Þœ-E-÷yè[ª (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC
CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-E-í‡-þ¼hÙC.) áô¢ª-Þœª-êÁÙC). - 'If Clause'ö˺ he- singular,
Rotten = ÷³J-T-ð¼-ô³ì verb- were- plural.
Ð í£ë¯Eo Óí£±pè[« Aådè¯EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. 2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint
Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this you the finance minister.
class now. I'd rather we were in û¶û¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ (Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA 1) Compare sentences (a) and (c): today.
his presence than in this boring Ú¥ë]ª) ÑÙç¶, Eìªo ÎJnÚÛ ÷ªÙvAÞ¥ EóŸª-Nª-þ§hìª. a) I wish to be in the US. î¦üŒ‰x Ð ôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-
class. 3) If he came here now, his mother would be
Sentences (b), (d) ©™ îËߪ’-í∫© ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’ ÖØ√o-úøE á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’- Ñ sentences èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC -†’-´¤y. ؈’-Ø√o-†’í¬. áçûª Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆC éπü∆?)
verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you Santan: The earlier, the better.
Verb in sentence (b) = started - past doing word 鬢√L?
saw a doctor. The earlier, the better= áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª
Verb in sentence (d) = were - plural verb, Subhash: ´ü¿’l™‰. ᙫíÓ ûÁa-èπ◊çö«.
(Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç àç îÁ°æp™‰ç. †’Nyç-ûªèπ◊
though the subject 'he' is singular. Prabhas: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü∆îªôç ǧƒ-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ ´*açC.
´’ç*C.
´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC.)
ÉD É™«çöÀ sentences ™ v°æûËu-éπûª – were, past Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’èπ◊. -îÁ°æ¤p -áçûª 鬢√™? Ñ type of sentences èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Nandan: Shall I do that then?
doing word ¢√úøéπç. Subhash: ØËEç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ F ü¿í∫_®Ω BÆæ’èπ◊†o úø¶‰s áçûª §Òúø’-í∫-®·ûË, Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
á°æ¤púÓ AJ-T-¢√y-LqçC. ´’Sx ᙫ = The taller a person is, the better can they
(Å®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’Ø√?)
Santan: You had better. Exams are round the
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
bowl.
e) Åûª†’ á°æ¤púÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’éÌ-E -Öç-ú≈-LqçC. BÆæ’éÓ†’?
corner, time we started serious prepa-
(It's) (high) time he got married/he were mar- Prabhas: Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊. áçûª 鬢√™ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC.
ration. 1) The use of the comparative.
ried (Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-üËçöÀ ÅE) îÁ§Òpa éπü∆?
Subhash: °æ-C-¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ 2) The inversion of the verb.
He should have been married before now.
Prabhas: B≤Ú\. ®√ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ. a) The more angry you are, the less do you
f) Time he learnt manners.
ANSWER: think .
Éçé¬ Åûª†’ manners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-Éç-ûª-°ü¿l ¢√úÁj-†-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 169 °æp-öÀéà -Å-ûªúÕéÀ manners ûÁMü¿’. Prabhas: What makes you so busy? éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl, ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç.
b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.
g) Time (It's high time that) he consulted a doc- Subhash: What shall I do? Mom is not at all
tor. well. áçúø áèπ◊\--¢Áj† éÌDl, Å©-Ææô áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC/ áèπ◊\´
(ÅüË ´’ç*C. °æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-îËa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.
á°æ¤púÓ -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC, Éçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’- Prabhas: Time you took her to a doctor. Å©-Æœ-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
´’†ç -v°œ°æÍ®-≠æ-Ø˛ á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ö«d-
™‰ü¿’. Subhash: That's what I am busy doing. The Ñ éÀçC sentences English™
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
LqçC.)
He should have consulted a doctor much charges in the hospital are high. I
Nandan: It is time my father were here. He told
earlier. am looking for money. 1) °ü¿l ¢√∞¡x-®·-†-éÌDl, ņ’-¶µº´ç °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
me a week ago that he would come
here in two or three days. If he were
Now look at the following sentences Prabhas: Look here, Subhash. Time you knew 2) áçûª Ç -vúÕçé˙ û√TûË, Åçûª Éçé¬ û√í¬-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
from the conversation between you have a friend who can help you. ANSWERS:
here now, he could take me to a doc.
Nandan and Santan Subhash: Just don't worry. I will get it some 1) The older you are/ you grow, the more is your
(´÷Ø√†o É°æp-öÀéà ™‰úÕ-éπ\úø, á°æ¤púÓ -Öçú≈- experience.
1) It's time you saw a doctor. how.
Lq-Ø√-ߪ’†. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©èπ◊ ´≤ƒh-†E 2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like
†’´¤y Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC/ Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from
¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô îÁ§ƒpúø’. Çߪ’E°æ¤-úø’ -Öç-úÕ drinking it.
Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. me.
Öçõ‰ -†-†’o -ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√úø’.)
(Verb - saw - past doing word)
Doc = present day English ™ short
2) Time we started serious preparation.
form for doctor.) -v°æ-¨¡o: What is the difference between "found" and "discovery"?
Santan: Call him and tell him of your problem.
°æ-Kéπ~-©èπ◊ Æ‘-J-ߪ’Æˇí¬ -v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴ôç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-
– ņ’-´÷©¨ÎöÀd éÀ≥Ú®˝, ®√-N-†÷-ûª-©
Time you were free from all worries to
°æ¤púÓ Ç®Ωç-Gµç-î√-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC.
prepare for the exams. (Verb - started - past doing word) -ï-¢√-•’: 'Found' means to establish (≤ƒn°œç-îªôç). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR
(Ñ éπ©-ûª© †’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-ô-°æúÕ °æ-Kéπ~- 3) It's time my father were here. TDP E ≤ƒn°œç-î √®Ω’.)
©èπ◊ -v°œÊ°®˝ Å´¤-ûª÷ -Öç-ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y) ´÷ Ø√†o á°æ¤púÓ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC 2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, îª÷úøôç ÅØË
Nandan: I'll do it immediately then. (Verb - were) Å®ΩnçûÓ. I found him working very hard = Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(¢ÁçôØË îË≤ƒh†’.) 4) Time you were free from all worries to pre- î√†’.
pare for the exams. 3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first
Santan: The earlier, the better.
time Åçõ‰ à N≠æ-ߪ÷-ØÁj oØ√ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅE.
Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. of nature. †÷u-ô-Ø˛ í∫’®Ω’-û√y-éπ-®Ω{ù ¨¡éÀhE éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç (Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-
´ôç /Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç) v°æéπ%-AE í∫’Jç* ´’† Å´-í¬-£æ«-†™ ´÷®Ω’p ûÁ*açC. Find
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm out Åçõ‰ discover ÅØË Å®Ωnç-´-Ææ’hçC.-
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 14 -W-Ø˛ 2006
I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they Madan: But it doesn't to me.
new? (Ø√éπ™« àO’ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
(F •ôd©’ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?) ☯ ☯ ☯
Pramod: Yes. They are. (Å´¤†’) VI. Balu: I must start at once, or I'll be late for
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot. office. ( -ØË-†’ -¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-™‰l-®√L. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË
(ÅN ¶«í¬ êK-üÁj-†-´-†’-èπ◊çö«) office èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-C.)
Pramod: Yes. They did. Giri: So must I. I've to reserve tickets for
Prasad: You look quite smart in them. my journey. (؈÷ ¢Á∞«xL. v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ
(†’¢√y •ôd™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤) tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L)
Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment. Balu: Have you the key to lock the room?
Giri: I have. 1) Ramu: Do you take coffee?
(Å´¤Ø√? F §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ thanks) O’ English speech Å´’-J-†-ô’xç-ú≈-©çõ‰ ÉN ¶«í¬
Balu: Will you lock the room then? practice Somu: Yes, I do/ No, I don't (do not)
Prasad: Then shall we start? îËÆœ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøí∫LT Öçú≈L.
Giri: I will. Don't worry. 2) John: Does she sing well?
Pramod: We shall.
ÉN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç:
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ ¢Á·ü¿-ôí¬ study the short responses in the short Eddy: Yes, she does/ No, she doesn't (does
°j short conversations îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™ conversations at the beginning of this lesson. not)
II. Srikanth: Have you met suman?
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ daily con- 1. Prasad: ... Are they new? 3) Sarala: Did he meet you yesterday?
Ravinder: Yes. I have.
versation ™ informal situations ™ ´’†ç ¢ËÊÆ Pramod: Yes, they are.
Srikanth: Do you know where he is? Vanaja: Yes, he did/ No he didn't (did not)
questions, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´îËa answers °j´-Fo†÷. (Ééπ\úÕ response, î√™«-´’çC ÅØËô’x, yes, ÅEé¬E,
Ravinder: No, I don't.
Carefully observe the questions and the yes, they are new ÅEé¬F ņ®Ω’. correct con-
Å™«Íí sentence ™ shall, will, can, could, may,
Srikanth: Will you meet him again? replies in the dialogues above. you find the might, need ´ÊÆh, responses ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë
versation ™ ÆæÈ®j† response: Yes, they are.
Ravinder: No, I won't. I've important work. responses (replies) very brief and expressed repeat Å´¤-û√®·, Yes, Å®·ûË not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, No
Answer é¬ü¿’ Å®·ûË, No, they aren't. Ééπ\úø
Srikanth: Do you expect him here today? in a word or two. èπÿú≈, No ûÓ Ç°æ-ôç-é¬F, No, they are not new Å®·ûË, not îËJa.
(Ñ®ÓV ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?) (°j passage ™E ï¢√-•’-©Fo èπÿú≈ î√™« èπ◊x°æhçí¬ ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç°æôç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, standard spoken a) Kavya: Will you buy the book?
Ravinder: I'm afraid no. (®√úø-†’-èπ◊çö«) äéπöÀ È®çúø’ -´÷-ô© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç English ™. Å™«Íí– Navya: Yes, I will/ No, I won't (will not)
☯ ☯ ☯ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.) Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot. b) Kiran: Can he walk?
III. Naresh: The shop hasn't yet opened today. Pramod: Yes, they did. (Yes ûÓ Ç°æôç é¬F, Shyam: Yes, he can/ No, he can't.
shop Yes, they cost me a lot é¬F é¬ü¿’)
(Ñ®ÓV Éçé¬ ûÁ®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’) c) Ram: could you understand that?
Mahesh: Yes, it hasn't. It is usually open by Prasad: Shall we start?
Das: Yes, I could/ No, I couldn't.
this time.
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ñ time èπ◊ ûÁJ-ç-ô’çC) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 170 Pramod: We shall. (short response) (We shall
start é¬ü¿’) 4) Have, has, had sentences ™ ´ÊÆh respons-
es ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë ´≤ƒh®·.
a) Venu: Have you understood it?
Naresh: So it is. But I don't know what's É™«çöÀ short respons- Passage II ™ short responses í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 5) Kesav: He had seen me before he went out.
happened today. es English conversa- a) Yes, I have (met b) No. I don't (Know
™‰ü¿’) Kumar: Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't.
tion/ spoken English èπ◊ c) No I won't (meet
™‰ü¿’) d) I'm afraid no
™‰ü¿’) EXERCISE
(Å´¤†’. Ñ®ÓV à¢Á’içüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’) Ææ£æ«-ï-û√y-Eo-≤ƒh®·. (Ééπ\úøexpect v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË ™‰ü¿’) Now practise short responses for the fol-
Mahesh: There they are coming to open.
Spoken English ™ Passage III: a) Yes, it hasn't. (opened
But I think it will be some time
™‰ü¿’) lowing aloud.
questions èπ◊, ´·êuçí¬ b) So it is. (open c) Nor can I (wait
™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’)
before they start selling. I can't non 'wh' word ques- Srinath: E†o †’´¤y ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?
Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late ™‰ü¿’
wait. tions what, M. SURESAN Srikar: (¶«üµ¿í¬) ™‰ü¿’.
(Åçõ‰ éπü∆?) b) But you weren't (here ™‰ü¿’) c) So, it
(ÅCíÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁ®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. when, why, where, who, whose ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ does (So it makes me late é¬ü¿’) Srinath: Ñ®Ó-ñ„jØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?
Å´’tôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ö«-EéÀ éÌçûª time questions)
v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç é¬E responses
èπ◊ î√™« Passage V: a) But we haven't (been îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) b) Srikar: éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’, Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC.
°æúø’-ûª’çC. ؈’ wait îËߪ’-™‰†’.) èπ◊x°æhçí¬ Öçö«®·. But I'm not. (mistaken îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) c) But it doesn't Srinath: ¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh¢√?
☯ ☯ ☯ °j conversation passages äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ´‚úø’, seem, to me (familiar repeat Å´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Srikar: îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F ¢√úø’ Ü∞x ÖØ√oú≈ ÅØËC
IV. Bhaskar: Why did you come so late yester-
Ø√©’-í∫’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªCN practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat 鬴ôç ņ’-´÷†ç Ø√èπ◊.
short responses ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ O’èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤- ™‰ü¿’) b) I have ('the key' repeat 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’)
day? Srinath: †’´¤y ¢√úÕE last time éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
(E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a¢˛?) ûª’çC. Look at the following exchanges. c) I will (lock it ņôç ™‰ü¿’)
†’Oy N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
I. Balaram: May I come in? °j passages ÅFo Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ 3, 4 ≤ƒ®Ω’x practice
Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time. Srikar: îÁ§ƒp†’. Ç N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆,
Rajaram: Please do. (Have a seat) îËߪ’çúÕ. Short responses Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·.
(-ØËØ√? ØËE-éπ\úø time èπ◊ ÖØ√o†’.) Short responses ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË ÅçCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ÅC
í∫’®Ω’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Ééπ\úø come in ÅE é¬F, please come in Srinath: í∫’®Ω’hçC. äéπ-≤ƒJ ü∆Eo ´’Sx îÁ°æpôç FÍéç
Bhaskar: But you weren't. I noted the time. ÅE é¬F reply ™ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. form îËߪ’ôç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ç Ææ÷vû√-LN:
It was 8.15. a) Are they students? DEéÀ short response - Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?
II. Ramana: Australians play well.
¢√∞¡Ÿx students Å®·ûË, Yes, they are students Srikar: ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ§ƒh.
Bhavani: But it wasn't 8.15. It was only 8.05. Kamala: Yes, they do/ No, they don't.
ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, yes, they are ûÓ ANSWER
(Å°æ¤púø’ 8.15 é¬ü¿’. 8.05 ´÷vûª¢Ë’) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ yes, they play well/ No, they ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. é¬éπ-§ÚûË, No, they aren't (are not) Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday?
Bhaskar: Even that makes you late. don't' play well play
ÅE, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç í∫´’- Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø easy short response ÉîËa-ô-
English natural practice. Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't.
(Å°æ¤púø®·Ø√ †’´¤y Ç©-Ææu-¢Ë’-éπü∆?) Eç-îªçúÕ. ÉD ™ °æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿ô sentence ™ verb îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.
III. Teacher: Can you sing, Radha? ü∆Eo-•öÀd ´’† response Öçô’çC. sentence Srinath: Will you meet him at least today?
Bhavani: So it does. (Å´¤-ØÁxçúÕ)
Radha: Yes, I can, Maam/ No I can't/ I'm ™ 'Are' ÖçC 鬕öÀd, So they are ÅE Srikar: I won't. I have work.
☯ ☯ ☯
afraid I can't. response. Srinath: Will you at least call him?
V. Chetan: Madan, we have been here before. b) Ramarao: Are you a student?
Ñ dialogue ™E response ™ èπÿú≈ sing Srikar: I will, of course. But I doubt if he is in
(´’ü¿Ø˛, ´’†ç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÌî√aç.) Balaram: Yes, I am/ No I'm not. Sentence town.
repeat é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.
Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken. ™E verb, Are, response
™E verb 'am'
äÍé
(I'm afraid; Ééπ\úø afraid èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’ç ÅE Srinath: When you met him last, I think you told
tense
™ Öçú≈L.
(´’†ç ®√™‰ü¿’. †’¢ËyüÓ §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤) é¬ü¿’. à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f/ É≠ædç- him of it.
c) Sentence ™ 1st Regular Doing Word (go,
Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place ™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ I'm afraid Åçö«ç.) Srikar: I did. I told you that I had told him of it
come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word
seems familiar to me. É™«çöÀ short responses ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´’† spo- too. Hope you remember it.
(goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular
(ØËØËç §Ò®Ω-•-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπØÓ Ñ ken English èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-ï-û√yEo´yí∫-©´¤. É™«çöÀ Doing Word (went, came, sang..) ´*a-†- Srinath: I do. But would you mind repeating it?
v°æü˨¡ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ†ô’d short responses ™‰E conversation bookish do, does and did
°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Srikar: No, certainly not.
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC) í¬, ÅA-éÀç-*-†ô’x Öçô’çC. ¢√úøû√ç.
I am not going - Nor am I Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does
his brother/ His brother doesn't
either.
(ÅûªúÕ brother
èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬_ îªü¿-´úø’)
Gowtham: Our heroes and heroines just dance É™«çöÀ Negative Sentences
èπ◊ negative
Sentences (b), (c) Spoken English ™ also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
in the movies. They act little. ( response
°j Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.
´’† ©™ question tags Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' (Ç ûªLx ®√™‰ü¿’)
heroes and heroines ÆœE-´÷™x ÖØ√o®·, (Don't you?
dance
¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, not ûÓ ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
îË≤ƒh®ΩçûË. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †öÀç-îªôç ÅØËC and didn't you). Åçü¿’- Anil: (°œ©x©’ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü¿’)
lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’) éπE Ééπ\úø response eg: a) He knows English; he knows Telugu too/ Nor did the children/ neither did the children/
Uttham: So they do! The weak story line offers É´y-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xØË The children didn't either. (The children also
he knows Telugu as well. ( He also
Ééπ\úø
them no scope for action. ( Å´¤†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† help- ..., spoken form ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’.) ÅüË not ûÓ did not come ņç. Not also
ûÓ ®√ØË-®√ü¿’).
ing verbs (do, did) M. SURESAN
îËÊÆ-ü¿üË. éπü∑¿™x •©ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx also ¢√ú≈Lq ´ÊÆh,not either (n't either) III a) Ramana: I didn't like the movie.
ûª´’ †ô† îª÷°œçîË Ç≤ƒ\-®Ω¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’) ÖØ√o®·.
Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go,
¢√úøû√ç. (Ø√é¬-Æœ-E´÷ †îªa-™‰ü¿’)
Gowtham: No it doesn't. Nor do most of the He doesn't know Telugu; he doesn't know
sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes, Sumana: But I did. (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ †*açC)
audiences seem to expect anything Tamil either.
goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came, b) Raghav: He has passed. (Åûªúø’ pass
other than that. ( Å´¤†’ Ç éπü∑¿-©çûË. went, sang, etc) responses
Å®·ûË, do, ™ (Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ®√ü¿’, Tamil èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’) Åߪ÷uúø’)
vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’çC Åçûª-éπçõ‰ àç éÓ®Ω’- does and did ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç I didn't like it ÅE Gowtham Åçõ‰,Uttam èπÿú≈
èπ◊-ØËô’x ™‰®Ω’) Sekhar: But I'm afraid his brother hasn't.
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ - I didn't like it brother pass
Uttham: What do you think of Hindi movies? either ņúøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(é¬F ÅûªúÕ Å´-™‰ü¿’)
Ééπ N’í∫û√ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ (will, shall, would,
(£œ«çC ÆœE-´÷-™„™« ÖØ√o-ߪ’ç-ö«´¤?) could, etc ...) ÅN éπE-°œ-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, N’í∫-û√-´Fo èπÿú≈: So have most movies îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. äéπ sentence ™ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´uA-
Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All short responses ™ ¢√öÀØË ¢√úøû√ç. nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it
Í®-éπ-¢Á’i† response É¢√y-©çõ‰ 'But' ûÓ begin
Indian movies are alike. Perhaps Now look at the following. doesn't èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. îË≤ƒhç.
the music in them is better. ( d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink. Ñ three types of response ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
2) So have most movies nowadays.
Å¢Ë-´’†o
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√- Vikranth: Yes, it is. (Å´¤†’, ÅüË, Ñ ®ÓV™x î√™« ÆœE-´÷™x ÅçûË I. Both positive
©Fo äÍé-B®Ω’. •£æ›¨» £œ«çD ÆœE-´÷™x Yes, it is ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´îËa short ÅE ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç) Prem: My watch shows the correct time.
ÆæçUûªç é¬Ææh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-üË¢Á÷?) response. Å®·ûË Ç milk ´’†èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL- 3) So they are (-ØË-†’ èπÿ-ú≈) (Ø√ watch correct time îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a
hero's action in a movie is good. All that
TçîË Åçûª ¢ËúÕ (Å´¤ØË, ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçüË! ÅØË Å®Ωnç (ÉC yes, so are they éÀ •ü¿’©’) ÉC èπÿú≈ Syam: So does mine. (Ø√C èπÿú≈)
´îËaô’x) Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’ response: Yes, so it is! (Å´¤ †’, ÅçûË– ÅüË Øˆ÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ÅØË II. Both negative:
we hear them say is that the hero has
e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall?
Radha: I am not going
danced well in the movie and that his
Å®Ω n ç ûÓ) (ØË¢Á-∞¡xúøç ™‰ü¿’)
Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is! 4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do Åçõ‰
steps are good. (ÆœE-´÷™ hero action Sneha: Nor am I/ neither am I/ I'm not either.
(ofcourse = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆) ´’†ç Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-†oô’x – Å´¤†’, ÅüË
¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©-†ôç ´’†ç N†ç. ´’†ç III. Statement & response opposite each other.
f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today? Ø√éπ-E-°œç-îË-D†÷ – ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x.
NØËü¿çû√ Ç hero ¶«í¬ dance î˨»-úøF,
Çߪ’† 'steps' ¶«í∫’-Ø√o-ߪ’E.) (Ñ®ÓV Åûª ú ø ’ úø • ’s îÁ L x - Æ æ ’ h - Ø √oú≈?) 5) No, it doesn't – ÉC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
Hitesh: He is quite happy.
Yes, it has/so it has Lasya: In fact she speaks better than most of
a) ؈’ îª÷¨»†’:
b) ؈÷ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’:
7) E†o †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤:
a) Å´¤†’, Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´î√a†’:
b) ØËØËç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’:
8) ´†ï °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçC:
up before 6 in the morning. Its possi-
ble for you to start early? us ÉC ´’†ç last lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. a) Å´¤†’ éÌEçC. b) ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’:
(Ø√ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô’ç-ö«´¤, ÇJç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ (ÅÆæ©’ ´’†™ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– not c) ؈’ é̆-™‰ü¿’:
´·çüË ™‰´-†E, ᙫ ≤ƒüµ¿uç Fèπ◊ ûÌçü¿- ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.) ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. 9) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ teacher Åçõ‰ ¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’:
Priya: Yes/of course she does/so she does Summary: É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊
®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç) a) Ø√èπ◊çC: b) Ø√èπÿ ™‰ü¿’:
Archana: But I would, if I had to start early (Å´¤†’, ÆæçüË-£æ«-¢Ë’çöÀ?) the points we have
learnt
10) ؈’ FéπØ√o î√™« ´·çü¿’í¬ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o:
e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in
(´·ç-üË •ßª’-™‰l-®√Lq ´ÊÆh -ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh†’) a) Å´¤†’: b) àç é¬ü¿’:
the world. a) Questions é¬èπ◊çú≈
Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want Answers:
me to believe that you'd get up early. (v°æ°æç-îªç™ Australia èπ◊ Öûªh´’ crick- ´÷´‚©’ state-
ments 1) This book is a big bore
et team ÖçC) †’ ´’†ç
(†’´¤y ü¿’éπ\-™«í¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√´¤. ††’o †´’t- a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't
´’ç-ö«´¤... †’´¤y ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh-†çõ‰) Syam: Yes, it has/so it has (Å´¤†’) ä°æ¤pèπ◊ØËôôx®·ûË
Yes, it is/so it is. M. SURESAN 2) He plays well
Archana: My policy is sleep while you sleep, °j dialogues ™ responses ÅFoäéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC
ÅçU-éπJçîË responses. äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC é¬ü¿-†-ö«-EéÀ (Ééπ \ úø is èπ ◊ •ü¿ ’ ©’ sub- a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't
work while you work.
Åçõ‰ negative responses ᙫ Öçö«ßË’ ject †’•öÃd, time of action of the verb †’ •öÃd 3) I feel very tired
(Evü¿-§Ú-¢√-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’ Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, °æE-îË- verb ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. a) Yes, you look so/you do look so
ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤úø’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç, Ø√ °æ-ü¿l¥-A) îª ÷ü∆lç.
a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you So it is, ÅØË response, yes, it is éπØ√o èπÿú≈ éÌçîÁç b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh
Rachana: You can say all this, but action is dif-
explain this? stress áèπ◊\´ (ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ôç/-éÌçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω- 4) He looks very angry
ferent.
(Fèπ◊ Tamil ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. ÉC N´-Jç) ôç – Å´¤ØË! ņoô’x) îª a) Yes, he does/so he does
(-É-´-Fo ´÷ô™‰, °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤púø’ °æE-éÀ- b) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’†ç negative response
®√´¤) Suman: But I don't. b) But he doesn't
ÉÆæ’h†oôx®·ûË ´’†ç ÅC 'but' ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. 5) I know you don't like coffee:
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ questions èπÿ, (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)
a) Keval: She appears fat
question tag Ö†o sentences èπÿ ´’†ç short b) Kesav: You go there everyday. Why don't a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee
you take me there today? Kesav: But she doesn't
responses ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆, ÅüËçöÀ? 6) I didn't see you yesterday
b) Kumar: She is not beautiful
a) Answer, yes Å®·ûË, short response, (†’´¤y ®ÓW Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«h´¤. É¢√y∞¡ - a) But I did
Krishna: But she is
i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/ †- Ø Á o ç- ü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ BÆæ ’ - È é - ∞ ¡ x - è π ÿ - ú ø ü ¿ ÷ ?) b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I did-
may, etc. Kedar: But I don't c) äéπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°p negative statements èπ◊ ´’† neg- n't see you either
ative responses ™ Neither, nor, n't either
ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/ ؈’ (®ÓW) ¢Á∞¡xØË. (Åçõ‰ Ñ ®ÓV-؈’ 7) Why did you come late yesterday?
may, etc ¢Á ∞ ¡ x - é π - § Ú- ´ îª ’ a) ¢√úø ü∆ç. a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't
Dialogues a), b) ©™ responses Anand: I'm not hungry.
b) Answer, no Å®·ûË short response, äéπ®Ω’ 8) Vanaja has bought the book
i) No, I/ we/ you/ they don't/ didn't/ haven't/ îÁ°œp-†ü∆Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ é¬ü¿-†ôç. Ééπ\úø negative Vikram: Neither am I / Nor am I/ I'm not either. a) Yes, she has/so she has.
can't/ could't/ may it etc. response, 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’- (Neither, nor ûÓ begin îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, verb ´·çü¿’,
b) So have I
subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ii) No, he/ she/ it doesn't/ didn't/ hasn't/ can't/ EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. c) But I haven't
c) Madhav: You can't understand this, I'm sure. Exercise: Now, practise the following aloud
couldn't/ mayn't etc. 9) They are not afraid of the teacher
in English, using short responses
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç practise îËÆœ, conversation ™ (†’NyC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-´E Ø√ †´’téπç)
Translate each statement into English, and give a) But I am
¢√úø-¶-ûª’†o short responses, äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-† - Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.
the response, both positive and negative. b) Neither am I/nor am I/I'm not either
ü∆-EéÀ (Question é¬èπ◊çú≈) Å´¤-†-†-ôç/-é¬-ü¿-†ôç (é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’/ é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’- 10) I have been here long before you
ᙫ ÅE. ÉC éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. éÓ-í∫-©-†ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC) Example: Ñ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù v°æ鬮Ωç îËߪ’çúÕ.
Ramesh: Ñ Table î√™« °ü¿lC. DEéÀ ¢Á·ü¿ô a) Yes, you have/so you have
É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌçûª N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç. d) Anand: I haven't been here before.
English îÁ°æpçúÕ: b) But you haven't
a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good. (Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ
Jalaja: So it is This table is very big.
Cricket is a costlier game than football the other. (Positive)- ÉC ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, é¬F
ü∆†çûª ¶«í¬™‰ü¿’.
This is the best of the lot- superlative.
(comparison of more than 2 Ö†o ¢√öÀ™x ÉC
Åûª’u-ûªh´’ç)
Pavan: In Bengal football is more popular than 3) a) Superlative degree 'the'
´·çü¿’, éπ*a-ûªçí¬
Look at sentences (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h).
É™«çöÀ sentences ØË®Ω’a-éÌE practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
cricket. Most of our great footballers ¢√ú≈L
comparison Practise the following aloud in English
are from Bengal, particularly Kolkata. b) comparative than any other + sin-
OöÀ™x È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’–
ûª®√yûª cricket, football. superlative Pranav:
àçöÀ! Ç È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ Åçûªí¬
There are more football fans than gular/ than all other + plural
®√¢√L.
Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀéÀ
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛?
cricket fans in Bengal.
Öçúøü¿’.
c) positive, no other ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. Vinai:
c) I often see more people playing cricket than Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ¢Á’®Ω’í¬ ÅE Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o.
(¶„çí¬-™¸™ cricket éπçõ‰ football Åçõ‰ØË 4) Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd à degree ¢√ú≈™ E®Ωg-®·ç-- Pranav: coverûÓ -Ö-†o -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷úø’. ÅC,
football = áv®Ω
ÅGµ-´÷†ç áèπ◊\´. ´’† íÌ°æp football véÃú≈- èπ◊çö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ äéπ degree †’ç* football ÇúË-¢√-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ cricket ÇúË-¢√∞Ïx áèπ◊\´ Ç éÓ´èπ ◊ îÁçC† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-Eoç-öÀ-™ †÷
é¬-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¶„çí¬-M™‰, ´·êuçí¬ éÓ™¸-éπ-û√ ÉçéÓ degree ´÷Í®a exercise ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Öûª h ´ ’ç.
¢√∞¡Ÿx. Bengal ™ cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπçõ‰ Now, look at the following sentences from the Vinai: F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆?
football ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´.) e) People are more interested in cricket than in
conversation at the beginning of the lesson: football. Pranav: îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬. ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉC íÌ°æp-ü¿E.
fan = ÅGµ-´÷E
a) It's the most popular game in the world. f) Cricket is a costlier game than football. Vinai: ؈’ ´’† lecturer †’ Åúø’í∫’û√.
Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian Pranav: Åçõ‰ Ø√ éπçõ‰ Çߪ’-ØÁo-èπ◊\´ †´·t-û√¢√?
v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªu-Cµéπ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç Ö†o véÃúø. g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than foot-
sportsmen. The players of other Vinai: ÅçûË ´’J.
(superlative degree) ball.
games do not earn as much. And our
b) People watch this game more than any other h) There are more cricket fans than football Answer
cricket control board is the richest in
game - comparative degree fans in India Pranav: Why are you looking at those two
the world.
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ superlative books?
c) I often see more people playing cricket than
(¶µ«®Ωûª véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x cricketers Åûªuçûª üµ¿E- Öçúøü¿’. °j ¢√é¬u-©Eo èπÿú≈ comparative™ Vinai: I am just wandering which of the two is
football.
èπ◊©’. Éûª®Ω véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ Åçûª Ææ秃-Cç-îª-úøç- the better.
™‰ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ωûª cricket control board d) No other game is played so much as cricket Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Cricket is more popular than football in India. Pranav: Look at that book... the one with the
v°æ°æç-îªç™E ÅEo cricket boards éπçõ‰ in India - much - positive degree
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, comparative red cover; that is the best of all/ the
e) ... people are more interested in cricket than
üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC.)
ûª®√yûª than, ü∆E ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç (foot best of the books in its class/ category.
Pavan: That's true. Hockey is our national in football - comparative degree.
ball) ®√´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (... than any other/ Vinai: Is it as good as the one you have?
game, but hockey players are not so f) Cricket is a costlier game than football =
all other ®√ü¿’.) Pranav: I told you. That's the best of the lot.
highly paid, unfortunately. football éπçõ‰ cricket êK-üÁj† Çô N’í∫û√ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Vinai: I'll consult our lecturer.
(Å´¤†’. ´’† ñ«Bߪ’véÃúø hockey. é¬F Football is much cheaper than cricket. Pranav: (Do) you trust him more than me?
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’) than ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç ®√´ôç
ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ¢√∞¡x-éπçûª úø•’s îÁLxç-îª®Ω’.) Comparative degree. îª÷úøçúÕ (than any other/ all other é¬èπ◊çú≈). Vinai: Ofcourse.