Auto.txt Definition: Antifreeze, also called coolant, is the colored fluid (usually green or red) found in your radiator.

Antifreeze serves a few purposes. The most important and known is keeping the water in your radiator and engine from freezing in cold temps. It also keeps that same water from boiling over in the summer. Radiators are normally filled with a 50/50 mixture of antifreeze and water. The third function of antifreeze, or coolant is lubrication -- it lubricates the moving parts it comes in contact with, like the water pump. How Does It Work? The key chemical component in today's coolants is ethylene glycol. Mixed correctly, this stuff can keep your radiator fluid from freezing even if the temperature is less than 30 degrees below zero! That's cold. The amazing thing is that it can also keep the same fluid from boiling at as much as 275 degrees F. Antifreeze can really get control of those water molecules! KEY WORDS Engine Performance : It is a indication of the degree of success with which it does its assigned job, i.e. conversion of chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. Power : Power is defined as the rate of doing work. Indicated Power : The total power developed by combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber. Mean Effective Pressure : It is defined as hypothetical pressure which is thought to be acting on the piston throughout the power stroke. Volumetric Efficiency : It is defined as the ratio of actual volume to the charge drawn in during the suction stroke to the swipt volume of the piston. Fuel Air Ratio : It is the ratio of the mass of fuel to the mass of air in the fuel air mixture. Biodiesel is made from animal fats or vegetable oils, renewable resources that come from plants such as, soybean, sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut, safflower, canola, sesame, cottonseed, etc. Once these fats or oils are filtered from their hydrocarbons and then combined with alcohol like methanol, biodiesel is brought to life from this chemical reaction. These raw materials can either be mixed with pure diesel to make various proportions, or used alone. Despite ones mixture preference, biodiesel will release a smaller number of its pollutants (carbon monoxide particulates and hydrocarbons) than conventional diesel, because biodiesel burns both cleaner and more efficiently. Even with regular diesels reduced quantity of sulfur from the ULSD (ultra-low sulfur diesel) invention, biodiesel exceeds those levels because it is sulfur-free.

CNG vehicles can use both renewable CNG and non-renewable CNG.[9] Conventional CNG is produced from the many underground natural gas reserves are in widespread production worldwide today. New technologies such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing to economically access unconventional gas resources, appear to have increased the supply of natural gas in a fundamental way.[10] Renewable natural gas or biogas is a methanebased gas with similar properties to natural gas that can be used as transportation fuel. Present sources of biogas are mainly landfills, sewage, and animal/agriwaste. Based on the process type, biogas can be divided into the following: Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion, Landfill gas collected from landfills, treated to remove trace contaminants, and Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). Cetane number or CN is a measure of a fuel's ignition delay, the time period between the start of injection and the first identifiable pressure increase during combustion of the fuel. In a particular diesel engine, higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane fuels. Page 1

Auto.txt The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in high-compression engines that generally have higher performance.

Page 2