Esztergom's Wondrous Water Machine

Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance.
ZOLTN SZEPESI
ESZTERGOM'S WONDROUS WATER MACHINE FROM THE RENAISSANCE
(Original version: Szepesi Zoltn: Esztergom renesznsz kori bmulatos vzgpe. A technikatrtneti hungarikum. 2009 ://reneszanszvizgep.uw.hu/ Translated by Tams Herczeg)
Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 3 Water bump phenomenon Development and effect of the physical phenomenon of the water bump Chapter 2............................................................................................................................ 9 The principle of the operation of the water-raising machine Confirming the functional principle of the wondrous water machine by model experiments Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 13 Structural construction of the water-raising machine Water supply system, structural construction and operation of the wondrous water machine Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................... 27 The explanation of the fountain The wondrous water machine as a fountain, or the ventilation of the air-bell Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................................... 30 Investigations on the history of technics Hydotechnical machines in the historical past working on the same principals as the operation of the wondrous water machine. Series of knowledge of physical principles in the wondrous's run was far ahead its time. Chapter 6 ........................................................................................................................... 33 The attested for us translation of Celebi's description Translation of Evlia Celebi's Travels in Hungary, and those were out of it. Chapter 7............................................................................................................................ 48 Abstract Abstract of the statute No. 20/1995/XII.26/ IM.sz. 5.. References ..........................................................................................................................54
A HYDROACOUSTICAL WATER-RAISING MACHINE AS A HUNGARIAN PECULIARITY IN THE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING Preface We wanted to submit a patent by the above title as the well-known Kolumbn patent protection and referring to it kept us from almost every deliverance. The patent mentioned above could not be met on the level of technical requirements appertain to the technical plane, therefore we wanted to announce a feasibility study of an invention. Proceeding at the Hungarian Patent Bro we learnt that Mr.Kolumbn's temporary patent protection had been over before the expiration because of the lack of paying the running fee. We decided this time that we would publish our planed patent without fulfilling the formal requirements of the Bro and with important changes.
Chapter 1
Water bump phenomenon Evlia Celebi, the highly cultured Turkish traveller visiting Esztergom around 1663 described an even today mysterious water-elevator that pumped water from the foot of Vrhegy (Castle Hill) up to the Castle.1 According to Gyrgy Kolumbn, a local historian of Esztergom this unique technical miracle was the water machine working on the principle of water bump, the operation principle of which he asked for patent. The invention listed on No. P 0201139 was known as The history and the experimental-archeological reconstruction of the Renaissance water machine of Primacy of Esztergom (1470). The referred patent misinterprets the explanation of the physical phenomenon of water bump, on which the Inventor based practically all the operation principle of the Renaissance water machine. This operation event is well-known for the professionals working on technics of planning and operating water machines. This event (out of the operation of suction-pumps based on the principle of water bump) and it is really a non-wanted physical phenomenon. We mention as an example the instruction how to plant the main water release suction-pumps, that concerns the parry of the harmful effect of water bumps. This example is realistic and it gives a very simple explanation of the phenomenon even for those who are not professionals and do not know the rules of sizing of structural elements. The main suction-pump always should be planted very near to the vertical pit, for the sake of transforming mine-water upto the surface with minimum waste. The sizing of the thickness of the wall of a pushing-pipe should be done so that the the given structural element could not be damaged even at a maximum inner pressure in an extraordinary case. In normal working conditions there is about manometric pressure at the lower section of a pushing-pipe, that pressure is equal with the sum of the geodetical elevating high and the wastes in the pipes. In a case of an extraordinary event, e.g. unexpected power-cut when all unites stop, the watercolumn running up in the pushing-pipe is getting slow down, then falls back. The watercolumn closes very quickly the foot-valve in the pipe downmost and clashes to it, and its pressure increases suddenly at the same time.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. This phenomenon results the so called water bump alltogether. Because of the dropped watercolumn as much as 1.5 times higher of the statical pressure exists at the lower part of the pipe, this value is the etalon for the thickness of the wall of the pipe. If the pipe was not sized on the 50% increased pressure level it would be damaged by the effect of the water bump. The lingo mentions this relationship as the boiler formula. As above the maximum pressure is: pmax = 1,5 pman bar ; The sickness of the pipewall using above: s = (d pmax /2 meg ) + m, where
d is the diameter of the pipe, m; pmax maximum pressure, N/m2;
meg allowed tension of the material, N/m2; rusting factor, m; s sickness of the pipewall, m.
Of course, a water bump phenomenon can not occur at a normal shutdown, because the suction-pump is allowed to shutdown only after the gradual and perfect close of the fastener. A very strickt condition of the restart of the suction-pump is the closed fastener. The exact explanation of water bump phenomenon is important, because we speak about two cases of the operation of the wondrous water machine, when it is improved that the designers of the machine knew and applied the prevention of the dangerous situations caused by the phenomenon. The Kolumbn-patent explains the principle of the operation of the Renaissance water machine by a so called water bump caused by drop of a cca. 4 kg iron ball into a reservoir filled with water. The Inventor drops the iron ball into a pipe being in the reservoir, and then in his opinion on the effect of a mouthful water is pressed with 6 atm into the air caldron through the valve on side of the pipewall. The vacuole of the air caldron was connected to the cistern on the top of Castle Hill (Vrhegy) with a pipe, where the wondrous water machine had to pump (press) the fresh water of the well-spring up. It defines unambiguously that the static pressure in the air caldron (that should be created by dropping a 4 kg iron ball from 1 m height in the water) is equal with the value of Hgeo elevation height. According to the contemporary military maps the height of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) was 36 fathom, it was equal with the height of the cistern, or with the height of the water container jacket as our ancestry called it.2 Three different index-numbers were used when the water machine was being built. We calculate from among the Viennese, the miner and the Hungarian index-numbers with the Hungarian value, that is 1.957 m. According to this the contemporary height of the hill was 70 m (as it is now, as well), so 7 bar overpressure belongs to it. It is obvious, that a wave-stroke created by an iron ball with 4 kg mass was not able to produce such a pressure even if its all power acted exclusively toward the air caldron without any waste. Taking all into consideration we can state squarely that the Inventor based his concept not on the phenomenon of water bump, but on the phenomenon of the splash of the iron ball in the water. The Inventor himself sees reason on page 15 of the patent that his statement is a hydrostatic paradox which he thinks is a kind of principle. Then he continues so: the given watercolumn presses the two-palms big, cca. 2.5 dm valve by 1.5 tonne on the valvechair. The shock wave created at the infall of the balls and existing only for a moment is not able to tide over this pressure. One can not know why, but Cimenti Leonardo di Camicia did not stop planing of the suction-pump, but he got over the barrier by building in a new element (wind-boiler). According to the picture of the abstract the wind-boiler is (properly) just on that side of the valve that is pressed by 6 atmosphere pressure of the 60 m fall of the watercolumn going up to the citadell. In this way there is apparently 6 bar overpressure in the wind-boiler, so the shock wave existing only for a moment is not able to tide over this pressure . So the wondrous water
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. machine was not able to work as a description of the patent announcement. We could not agree with the statement of the mentioned patent, that the wondrous described by Evlia Celebi and the demonstration of the coloured fountain phenomenon were only prospects of the machine for festive events. We have a professional belief that the fountain phenomenon belonged functionally to the technological circle of the normal works of the water machine. Because of the importance of this question we give a detailed review of this procedure in a separate chapter (Chapter 4.) We want to emphasize that we did not look for this wonderful, nice topic from the Renaissance for ourselves, but the topic found us. (Reading the news about the mistery of the operation of the water machine that was published by Mr. Kolumbn in different journals impressed us deeply.) The real request to offer our opinion about this wondrous from the Renaissance has determined our interest unwittingly for several years. We also persisted in searching historical past and we often found the tracks of Gyrgy Kolumbn's research works. We got many really important data that were given by Mr. Kolumbn himself. We acknowledge them with great honour and many thanks. We have concluded on our research work that we have two important differences between our and the Inventor's point of views about the operation of the water machine. One of them, and perhaps the most important one is that the wondrous water machine from the Renaissance was a Hungarian theoretical and physical product clearly. It did not need any foreign assistance. However, Gyryg Kolumbn thought that Cimenti Leonardo di Camicia, a Renaissance man from Florence was its builder per procuration of Jnos Vitz cardinal archbishop, of course. He almost suggests the idea that Cimenti Leonardo di Camicia was its designer, as well. Mr. Kolumbn's statement has not been confirmed by the multiple investigation, or as a researcher says quiz of the proper archives of the Museum of Technology in Florence and that of the Museum of Technology in Vienna, either.3 It has been proven that Camicia did not stay in Hungary while Jnos Vitz archbishop was alive. It is thought-provoking that Scientific Researcher did not investigate the documents of the archives of primacy, at all. We may think that Jnos Vitz was the principal and planner of the Renaissance water machine, we have based it on a Janus Pannonius' quotation taken from Ritokn gnes Szalay Esztergom, the thousand-year-old cultural metropolis4 book. This is one of those poems that serves evidence of familiar relationship between uncle and grandnephew and that of Janus' devoted affection. We base our statement on the followings (translated by Ferenc Stumpa to Hungarian): Now, when Mtys a glorious son, heroic offshoot of a heroic father comes to the throne: Jnos the shepherd builds a fold to give safety to the drove, Do not let the fiend snatch them on the plain. Peter, who guards the entrance of heaven, For his good works open the door of the heaven for the sepherd. (Most, amikor, boldog Magyarorszg, trnodon immr Mtys, hs apa hs sarja, blcs fia l: Jnos, a psztor, akolt pt, hogy a nyjnak a planeon Biztonsga, el ne ragadja gonosz, Tettrt, Pter, ki az gi bejratot rzd, Mennyed a psztor eltt trd ki a nyja eltt.) These rows (as Ritokn) referred not to simply building a fortress that the main sepherd knew his drove in safety (nobile septum) in it, but surely they referred to the wondrous machine that gave water for life of the population of the Primacy Palace and the Royal Castle, as well. The poem might have been written in the second half of 1460s and this date coincides with our possible date of the construction of the water machine. The supposed date of wondrous water
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. machine could be between 1467 and 1469 years, and it may be feasible knowing Jnos Vitz's fate. It is known that King Mtys sentenced the prelate in prison of Visegrd Castle for half a year in 1469 because of rioting, and he was kept in home custody in the Primacy Palace till the end of his life (8 August, 1472). Janus escaped to Florence to avoid imprisoning. But he caught pneumonia on his way and died. According to the facts and conditions the water machine could have been ready by that time. Archbishop Vitz was a European and an East-European genius simulteously. Obviously he was a genius, who could be compared to Mtys Hunyadi (King Mtys) and Janus Pannonius, though he was the master of both of them. He was the number 1 patron of Esztergom and that of the Hungarian culture in the Middle Ages, under whose direction Esztergom became the local and international centre of Renaissance culture. According to arthistoriant Mria Prokopp the strength of this Renaissance era was that we did not copy anybody. A 500-year-old Hungarian state existed whose special history and role was wellknown all over Europe. It has been revealed recently at an exhibition that Florence was not richer from the art-historical point of view in the 15th century than e.g. Kszeg or Szeged. As to Esztergom as a primacy town was even more important and well-to-do settlement, of course. 5 Vitz conjured Esztergom not only as a seat of musae in the classics of architecture and fine art pieces, but he also had an eye on natural sciences. 6 He especially liked modern astronomy. Based on his tables one could precalculate the time of solar and lunar eclipse. This excellent mathematical-astronomical work was used even 150 years later, in Kepler's ages. Jnos Vitz's extraordinary abilities predestinated him to create this unique wondrous water machine that was characteristic of his character, as well. He tried to collect scientists dealing with natural sciences around himself, because he knew: they gave the biggest use of wisdom. He had a smeltery and a joiner yard created by his excellent masters very near to the milltower, where the wondrous water machine that is still unique all over the world could be created with hard work of three years. According to Bonfini Jnos Vitz connected a passageway together with two balconies on the northern side of the stylishly built primacy palace, and he also made a round bastion-tower and domed chapels with bathrooms built in them. He built two gardens along the cliff, one of them was a hanging garden. We also know from Bonfini that he had the burnt cathedral renewed and he had its roof covered by fire-proof glaze tiles.10 Knowing archbishop Jnos Vitz's creative life all historical reminiscence allude to it that the archbisop was the constructor of the wondrous water machine in Esztergom. It is hard to accept the statement of the chief museologist of the Museum of Danube that the underage (7year-old) Hyppolit d Este bishop (1486-1493) was the procurer of the water machine and it was built by Camicia.3 We decided after six years of thinking and preparation to build the sample model of the wondrous in M 1:10 scale. We used softwood and hardwood, and airsetting plasticine, of course. We used the most simple woodwork tools. An electric manual drill was our most modern tool. We needed more than one year to make the sample piece of the wondrous. We used Evlia Celebi's description and changed some points because of professional reasons. We really had experiences how much work and fatigue was needed to construst the real water machine. Considering the duration of planning and constracting of wondrous the estimated three-year is a wondrous performance itself. Even we got on with it slowly. We were building, tearing down, correcting our mistakes redoing and we wre working patiently and hard. We belived and trusted in the success of our work. The belief is a trust in the hoped things and to make sure of existance of unvisible things. Ancestry got good bear witness from God on the basis of this belief. (Jud. 11, 1-2). We made the exampler of the water machine trusting in the mental and spiritual power of Word. We believe that the result of our work is suitable from every aspects of both construction and sizing to answer all the puzzling questions of the operationvel of wondrous.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. The other question we do not share Mr. Kolumbn's opinion is the way of ruination of the water machine. As he says it was destroyed without of trace during the battle of Prkny () on 20th of September 1683., it was not rebuilt and its parts were unknown. It is well-known that the Polish king Jnos Sobieski and prince Kroly of Lotharingia as commander-in-chief of the imperial army had a body blow on the Turkish army lead by Kara Musztafa on September 1683 near Vienna. After the success at Vienna the united army did not give any time to the enemy and hunt down them as they were escaping toward Esztergom. The Polish cavalry lead by Sobieski run down the enemy on 7 th of October at Prkny, then joined the battle with the preponderance of Turks. The trapped cavalry suffered heavy losses in the fight. The Polish had almost 2000 dead, but later they waited for the imperial army and so strengthened they beat the enemy on 9th of October. According to a Transylvanian eye-witness about 40 000 Turks joined battle with the Polish king. They put the enemy to rout at the spile-bridge between Esztergom and Prkny and they pushed them into the Danube. More fighters died in the Danube than because of Vienna. The bridge came off and only a splinter group of escaping Turks avoided death or captivity.7 It is confirmed by Antal Andrs Dek in The Discovery Of Danube titled work, in that he quoted a Turkish report from the excellent engineer Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli. This report also wrote about the drowning of more tenthousand Turks. According to the report translated by Marsigli not Sobieski's canons shot the bridge in pieces, but on Cara Muhamed pasa's mistaken advice worried about the possibility of a stab in the back the Turks themselves cut it half.8 But this decision proved to be fatal. Since the castle of Esztergom was defended by about 2000 Turkish soldier in that time they could secure traversing of Turkish troops through the Danube. It was vital for the garnison that the water machine worked. If the water machine had been destroyed the Turks would not have been able to keep the castle till 27 th of October. If only it had been damaged (and this was the most probable) the christian troops repaired it. The question is, wether the old, water machine from the Renaissance, made by the Hungarian archbishop on high expenditure worked under the protection of the wall of the mill-bastion in that time, or something else did it? We found the answer of this question during our exact research much later. A very nice engraving of the battle of Prkny was published in Chapter 7 in the book entitled Military History of Hungary (Publisher Zrnyi Katonai Kiad 1985), we want to present this engraving as a last picture of our patent announcement. One can see in the picture two still undamaged bridgeheads made of redwood, the bridge cut off in the middle of it, and the undamaged minaret and its outskirts on the side of Esztergom (that is important for us). 7 This engraving confirms that the mill-bastion did not suffer so heavy damages that the water machine would be destroyed. The castle of Esztergom gave accomodation for the imperial troops for long time after its liberation. It could be possible only if a working water machine gave fresh springwater to the people of Castle Hill (Vrhegy). However, no report has come up since Evlia Celebi's one that the water machine was working with bumps like thunders. The military importance of recaptured Esztergom increased. When allies planned their procession against rsekjvr they worried about the attack of the Turks of Buda against Esztergom. This suspicion became reality and Turks processed against the Castle in 1685. Then Sobieski helped again the siezed Esztergom and threw back the Turks' attack. The successful defence of the Castle without water machine was out of the question, the well carved in the cliff would not be able to supply needs. One remarkable event for the people of Esztergom in the life of the Castle from the ages of kuruc war was when general Jnos Bottyn moved in his station in the town. (Kuruc war = Hungarians' war for liberty against Habsburg Austria. Translator's remark.) He wanted to give this very important castle to kurucs by tweak. But his plan was revealed and Kucklnder the caesarian captain of the Castle of Esztergom made him cought and had him sent to Vienna to be court-martialled. But Bottyn escaped on the way and he went to Rkczi's camp. the prince recognized in the summertime of 1705 that to keep Transdanubia it was essential to have the
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. Castle of Esztergom, as a pledge of connection of the countryside till the Danube. 77 So he started the summer actions on 3rd of August 1706. by procession to Esztergom.. The attack was lead by Rkczi himself. A kuruc artillery shot the Castle from the other side of the Danube, then after occupation of the town they ruined down the walls by mines. The feet attacked the Castle several times. However, the defenders were standing out during seven weeks as they believed the exculpatory troops would soon arrive. Because of the lack of it general Kucklnder gave up Esztergom for free defile on 17th of September.7 We say again that the defense of the caesarians fighting in the Castle would not be possible without the water machine. After the kuruc war which lasted more then a decade, except for the Bakcz Chapel only ruins remained in the Castle. The most certain base about the occurence after the kuruc wars was that there were very important works to build a fortress between 1707 and 1729 that fulfil the requirements of modern warfare, as well. They wanted to continue building the Castle from 1750s, but it did not take place probably because of the shortage of water. One can read the following information about the water machine in senior engineer Jnos Krey's work deaking with the fortification and the environment of the Castle in 1756: water was push up by a water machine. The machine run-down in the course of time such an extent that () the county had to submit two wains for the guards once a week in order to - water carrying. This service was so encumbrance that the county-meeting in July of 1721. urged vice-notary to affect finishing waterpipe according to the ready plans soon. Turks maintained the running of right well-springwater, they neglected the water-power of the Danube. At least it was not usable state in the second half of the 17th century. 10 The seemingly puzzling secret of the death of the wondrous water-elevator machine has come to light with it. So this technical miracle was not ruined down in heavy fights, but the Turks simply dismounted it. Esztergom flourished in the Renaissance, which was finished by the Turkish invasion. The wondrous water machine of the town died after its 200-years persistant and bumptious operation because of the shortage of well-springwater needed to its operation and by favour of the Turks. Primate Ferenc Barkczy (1761-1765) started a huge landscaping in the middle of Castle Hill (Vrhegy) in 1763. The exploited ruinous debris was dragged to the western foot of the hill preparing the site for building the St. Stephan church. The replenished area was just the place where zicseli Hdsi Ibrhim's dsami built in the 16th century with its lead roof and its demolished minaret, the mill-bastion or water-castle and the also demolished Verpech-tower were. If a functioning machine had been on this area replenishing would not have happened. The reason of the decrease of water-yield is explained by the geologists with the consequence of bloating the well-springwater. It is proved and excavations give evidence on it that in the begining of 1200s they elevated the water level of the well-spring by, as Istvn . Horvth archeologist says, 4 meters in order to operate a water mill. This bloating probably contributed to develop such side-well-spring, those though after centuries, but caused significant decrease in water-yield. The other reason of the decrease might be the change of weather conditions. The common effects of these two factors caused the gradual decrease of water-yield. The decreased water yield of Verpech well-spring was not enough to keep in operation of the water machine, so the Turks demolished the wondrous, they used its bronze elements. They utilized the still large amount water of the well-spring by making a modern piston suction-pump, for that they used the water wheel and some gears of wondrous. However, the moment of the decreased rev was unchanged, and the piston suction-pumps were not so revdependent machines as the wondrous water machine was. The bronze pipe running to the citadell was kept up, of course, the water supply was assured through it. It is obvious that such a period has started from the 1670s in the history of the water supply of the Castle Hill that its research, learning its secrets give a new exciting task.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. Every historical report confirms that the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) struggled with watershortage in the 18th century. So Sndor Rudnay primate had a water-power made according to the plan of the Hungarian director-general with high expenditure. It was put into operation first on 22nd of November 1822. As the description they could elevate 200 ako (1 ako = 0, 0543 m3, i. e. 54,3 l. Translator's remark.) water an hour from the Danube to the container on the hill by the help of two horses. But this important thing meant a new period in the history of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) connecting to the works of Basilica. 9
Chapter 2
The principle of the operation of the water-raising machine Reading Gyrgy Kolumbn's patent description the use of attributes referring to the strong sound effects was striking for us. The thunderous banging and the bluster and beating () of water are recurrent characteristics of the water machine in Evlia Celebi's description. Perhaps the nicest is when he writes: Great God! So noise arose, as it was the sign of the doomsday. Antal Andrs Dek published a description of a Turkish traveller in one of his brochures from the 16th century, as he stated that the wondrous water machine was a miracle invention. The water-mass was lead to the bastillion and poured on a water wheel that pressed the water up to the Castle automatically meanwhile it caused so noise and view that it made a man crazy. 3 It was not a question for us after this that the strong sound affect in the operation of the water machine played a very important role. We got the confirmation from the experienced traveller Gyrgy Wernherr who was a physician and a supervisor of mines in one man. It was he who called the vessel in the water-basin of wondrous tympanum i.e. hydraulic drum. According to the Strange words and phrases published by Ferenc Bakos in 1989 tympanum means a drum covered by parchment at the old Greeks, medical meaning is a middle ear or drum (hole). 11 Those Those machine elements that are used all together from the words above are called air caldron in the construction of piston suction-pumps. Suction-side and delivery-side of air caldrons can be distiguished, their simplified task is to keep up liquid flow in the pipes. However, they had an other role at our water machine, but the tympanum seemed to be an air caldron on the piston suction-pump side. The presence of tympanum was confirmed by the part of Evlia Celebi's description, translated by professor Gza Dvid, that was out of editorial mistake, it said that the fresh wellspringwater got from the sadirva up to the Castle. According to the professor sadirva meant in the given context one kind of reservoir that it was the same element of the machine that we would mention as air-bell hereafter. Knowing these it is almost unambiguous that the described cannonballs did not fall on the water of circle-shaped basin but they fell on the top of the air-bell. To prove our suggestion we made an equipment by the support of Jzsef Szekeres general manager and part-owner of Rosenberg Hungria Ltd. The equipment was made proper to the supposed original measures and it was suitable to make model-experiments. In our opinion the air-bell and the structural elements connected to the air-bell together were suitable for making the success-hoped model-experiments and proving our theory, The explanation of the operation principle made by the experimental equipment will be given in details by drawings, where in Figure 1. the location of the air-bell and the position of its connected machine-elements, in Figure 2. the state in the air-bell on the effect of the hydrostatic pressure of water, in Figure 3. the spread of longitudinal wave in solid materials, in Figure 4. the spread of longitudinal wave in liquids, and in Figure 5. the spread of longitudinal wave in gas can be seen.
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1. The sketch of the arrangement of the experimental model in Figure 1. the air-bell (2) placed in the waterpool (1) can be seen.
Figure 1. The kinematic sketch of experimental equipment. The diameter of the experimental pool was 1000 mm, its height was 800 mm. The air-bell was made of NA300x700 mm steel-pipe, the cover and the bottom-plate were made of 6 mm thick A34 steel-plate. As suction (3) and delivery (4) valves 3/4 non-return valves with standard measures and spiral-loading were used. In order to create 6 bar overpressure in the liquid column of delivery pipe (5) an air-caldron (6) was connected on the delivery side. We used a manometer (7) with Burdon-tube to measure the overpressure. Instead of iron-balls falling on the cover of air-caldron, receiving 100 mm as diameter and 4 kg as weight we connected a Farkas-hammer mechanism (8) to it. We applied an electrical motor with frequency regulator as a driver of it. We gained the experience that the experimental equipment worked most reliably when the number of beats was 60/min, it fulfiled requirements easily. 2. The state of pressure proportions in the air-bell Filled the round pool with water the states in the air-bell can be seen in Figure 2. On the effect of the water pouring into the air-bell the remained air is compressed, the exact value of it can be calculated by the universal gas low. Though with aproximate accuracy the pressure states can be determined by measurements, as well. The pressure proportions characteristics to the state of air-bell can be determined by the closed right side and the open left side branches of a U-shape manometer after filling up the instrument with measuring liquids. The 0,7 m high water-column in the open branch makes a 0,07 bar overpressure in the closed branch, and it reflects the characteristic state of the air-bell, as well. The model prepared statically to the measurament in this way started carrying water after switching on the driving motor, on the effect of about 60 beating-number on the cover of air-bell with enormous noise. The instrument fulfiled the 6 bar overpressure requirement easily, in fairly short time. The instrument clearly proved the cause of thunder bump and furthermore it proved that the longitudinal shock wave created by the strong sound effect was able to force water from the low overpressure place upto 60 m high or even higher than it!
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Figure 2. Hidrostatic state of the water of air-bell and the pool. 3. Demonstration of the phenomenon of the spread of longitudinal waves in solid phase We demonstrate the phenomenon of longitudinal waves in solid phase in Figure 3. It is well-known that on the effect of beating elementary particles do not move in solid phase only energy moves away. If the free ball standing left side interferes in the direction of the array with the other balls of the row, the last ball at the end of the row jumps out immediately without any delay. So the energy-wave at a beat on the cover of the air-bell runs through the jacket of it then gets through the bottom of the pool to the substructure. We only suppose that it has an effect on the water in the air-ball, as well.
Figure 3. Demonstration of the phenomenon of the spread of longitudinal waves in solid phase. 4. Demonstration of the phenomenon of the spread of longitudinal waves in liquid phase We use an about two meter long and horizontaly stung spiral in Figure 4. to demonstrate the running of shock wave in water. It is well-known that the speed of a shock wave spread is about 800 m/s. Here not only the energy-flow but also the elementary particles move away. If we beat one end of a spiral by a hammer, a longitudinal energy-wave runs in its midline. Because of the increased energy density we perceive it as if a dark spot was running through the spiral. Reflecting the energy-wave from the other side (reflection) the phenomenon is repeated. The explanation of the movement of the visible spot is that the rolls of the spiral really move away comparing each others in the midline of the direction of energy-wave. We can produce this energy-wave by strong sound-waves that we can induce by a beat on the top of the air-bell.
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Figure 4. Demonstration of the phenomenon of the spread of longitudinal waves in liquid phase. 5. Demonstration of the phenomenon of the spread of longitudinal waves in gas phase Figure 5. shows a drawing of an experimental equipment that was suitable to demonstrate the spread of longitudinal waves in gases. The basis of it was a cca. 2 meter long steel tube. Both ends of the tube were closed while there were cca 2 mm holes in regular distances on the superficies of the tube. We loaded propan-butan gas in it, then lighted it. The flame of the gas flowing out was steady and according to the pressure of the gas the flame was smaller or higher. If we strike a blow on the center of the end of the tube the changes of the height of flames show a sinus wave reflection because of energy density. The speed of the spread of soundwaves in the air is about 330 m/s. If we set the soundwaves into the gas by a strong and deep voice loudspeaker then the flames show the picture of permanent sinus waves. The greatest the energy density in the tube the highest the flame. As we increase the height of the sound the amplitude of the sinus wave becomes smaller and its wavelength becomes shorter. This very spectacular demonstration of the spread of energy-wave calls attention on that every strike should be applied just in the center of the cover of the air-bell, and the sound-height should be the first sound of a dur-scale.
Figure 5. Demonstration of the phenomenon of the spread of longitudinal waves in gas phase. 6. The explanation sketch of the flow-technical operation of experimental model based on the effect of shock wave caused by strong sounds: 1 - the shock wave essentially strikes a blow on the surface of water in the air-bell (2) filled with low overpressure air, then increasing its running speed by almost on triple it pushes up water through the delivery valve (4) to the pipe (5). The air caldron (6) (that is necessary only at the experimental measurements) connected to the delivery pipe can receive the water that of the pressure and volume has increased suddenly, the manometer (7) shows the rate of the increase of pressure continuously; 2 - the reflected shock wave moving toward the slightly increased and reduced gaspressure space in the remained water in the air-bell facilitates the water flow through the suctionvalve (3) into the caldron. This flow is primarily due to the common effect of atmospheric pressure and hidrostatic pressure of the water being in the pool, of course. The smaller the whole pressure the greater the quantity of the water that rushes in; 3 - the water machine operates as a free-stroke piston suction-pump (which is not connected to the piston). The water in the air-bell on the effect of the longitudinal shock wave like a real piston pushes (presses) the water through the delivery valve in front of itself, then on the effect of the reflection phenomenon it suckes in from the pool the same amount water as it has been squeezed out.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. So it has been proved by the experimental measurements that the wondrous water machine operates on the effect of shock wave caused by a strong sound like piston suction-pumps. The difference can be described that while in the case of piston suction-pumps the piston gets the necessary energy for its operation through a winch, the piston of wondrous water machine gets it in the form of shock wave from the side of the cylindical space through a slightly overpressure air-space. An other difference is that in the operation of the wondrous water machine the first step is pushing out and only the second step is sucking in. The elevation height, like in the case of piston suction-pumps, is theoretically endless and the practical limits are only the rate of loaded power or the endurance parameters of the machine.
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Chapter 3
Structural construction of the water-raising machine We present the stand-by (statical) state of water machine assigning its essential tasks in pictures taken from the elements of the miniaturized model. The way of the water of Verpech well-spring to the Danube canal and the structural construction of transmission driven by an overshot water wheel with bins and its connection to the driver of the ball-elevating crab will be shown. In next step we elaborate the movement of bronze casting balls kept in movement by a crab, then we show the process how the fresh spring-water gets up to the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) after the bang of balls on the air-bell. Considering their physical and technological importance we explain the aeration of air-bell and the phenomenon of the very scenic fountain described also by Celebi in formerly mentioned Chapter 4. The pictures about the model show the structural elements in detailes in the following theoretical arrangements, and one can see in figure 6. the view from the side of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) to the water reservoir and the watersupply channel together with a part of the dome-shaped roof covered with slat in figure 7. the section view from the Danube to the same power-watersystem with openclosed sluice-shuttle and the shoot running on the water wheel with bins in figure 8. the original location of the wondrous water machine according to the water supply system in figure 9. the water wheel with bins in figure 10. the oval pool with the watercontainer bar-wall and the sluice-shuttle regulating the operation waterlevel, - sluice-shuttle with its lever and rigging to assure dehydration of the pool, the canal to the Danube - segmented housing with gear-wheel caset, in figure 11. ball-elevator with cylinder-wheel curved like the neck of a camel 1 , in figure 12. the air-bell covered by double hemisphere, balls and ballbearers, in figure 13. the interoperability of the ball-elevator crab and the air-bell, in figure 14. the elements of waterducts running to the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) running through the chimney-hole directly to the sky 11 and the regulator valve. 1. The history of Verpech well-spring and the water supply of the wondrous water machine The primacy and chapter of Esztergom moved to Pozsony and to Nagyszombat in 1530 and the Castle was occupied by the troops of King Ferdinnd. In 1542 the Castle of Esztergom became an important starting-point of Christian troops to sieze back Buda. From this time important fortification works were being done by involving of Italian engineers mostly on the millbastion as we call that part of town wall. They built the cambered bastion-wall on the banks of the Danube in a way that it should give the greatest protection and safety to the wondrous water machine that was being built by archbishop Vitz in the second half of 1460s. An arch-type building made of grey sandstones, it is still visible, connected to the town wall that we think to have been a watchpost of the defenders of millbastion. On the top of this putative watchpost was the so called killers' way that was built in even by the Turks, left it undamaged, into their church.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. Neither the watchpost's nor the Verpech tower's and mill's drawing can be seen even on one contemporary map. If we take it in consideration it is quite natural, since the location of the powder-magazine was not indicated though it was at least so important in the Castle as the wondous machine of water supply. Sultan Szulejman attacked the Castle on 23rd of July 1543. and he occupied the Castle (by treason) after a fortnightly siege. 2 The treasonal eyetie helped the Turks not to occupy the citadell but to occupy the waterworks of the Water Castle (Vzivr): The newly built millbastion was occupied by janitars in the evening of 7th of August by a hit raid, and the loss of the water works forced the defenders to give up the citadell. With that the Renaissance of Esztergom finished on 8th of August 1543. As a results of archeological excavations the wonderful zicseli Hdsi Ibrhim's dzsmi and the water supply system of the wondrous water machine burst upon our view, thanks to the wondrous sponsorship of the owner of Rosenberg Hungria Ltd. The Verpech karst-well-spring breaks out at the NW foot of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) under the highest water level of flooding Danube and gives plenty of 26 C water. As it was mentioned above, the water of the well-spring was bloated upto 4 m height, on the one part to protect it from the frequent floods, on the other part to enhance the power by increasing the potential energy of well-springwater. The increased energy of well-spring-water was utilized already at the beginning of the 18th century by a one-stony mill driven by undershot or perhaps breastshot water wheel, as we can conclude it from the traces of archeological excavations. The local history beloved column of Hdlap journal dated back the existance of watermill to 1229. The watermill might be about 3-4 m far from the housing of well-spring. Our ancestors cherished well-spring-waters and they thought keeping their cleanliness very important. They built a tower above its housing for God's glory. The housing of the wellspring was surrounded by freestone wall that beside bloating gave the basis of Verpech tower. In order of bloating they formed water-pits (cisterns) by a wall around the housing, from where besides the decreased amount of water supply of the old mill the waters of thermal baths were assured, as well. The cooled down well-springwater from both the mill and from baths poured in the Danube directly. They built a brick waterdense channel to the watermill to ensure the water supply of the wondrous water machine in the second half of 1460s. The channel, that is wondrous even in our modern ages, runs from the cistern in about. 20 0 to West on the height level determined by the spillover. This nearly 540-year-old construction, by which our ancestors assured the powerwater supply of wondrous water machine during 200 years (bearing witness to astonishing technological knowledges), came to light in the inner court of millbastion during excavations. It had an evidence that the unique watersystem during the wars of centuries, out of the attack in 1595, never suffered such strong damages that they would risk the operation of the water machine after restoration. It also proves that the wondrous water machine was not gone to rack a ruin during the gunfire of the battle of Prkny. We marked the elements in the picture of the scale-modell of water supply system with blue (k, from Hungarian kk. Remark of translator) and that of the water machine black (f, from Hungarian fekete. Remark of translator) Arabic digits. Figure 6. shows the non-proper rate scale-modell of the waterbearer watercourse-system made of (we should say now) great bricks as a view from the Castle Hill (Vrhegy). The waterwheel (2) of the watermill in the forefront of the picture was about 3-4 m far from the well-spring (k1). The water supply of the waterwheel was regulated by the adjustable sluice-slabs. Behind the millwheel the waterbearer watercourse (k3) with its rectangular section can be seen. The reason of the great attribute of the bricks is that our ancestors gave the length of the bricks in foot as this measure was general in those ages. We took several times the value of the foot, that is 0.316 m in SI, 30-31 cm while making the model. The clear width of the
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Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. watercourse built from joint bricks was cca 30 cm, its height was built to 50 cm. As the exact determination of sizes was impossible for us because of the protection of the excavation area, we estimated the published data only from behind the railing. The teared down watercourse contained 2 pieces of tetrangular, covered cavity that played the role of air caldron (k4). (Among the two air caldrons only one was made in the scale-modell). A walled build-up (k5) similar to an air caldron, but having a bit higher shoulder and an open top, resembling a well could be seen about four fathoms (i. e. nearly 8 m) far from the cistern.
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Figure 6. The cross-section picture of water reservoir and water supply system from the view of Bernyi Zs. street.
Figure 7. The cross-section picture of water reservoir and water supply system from the view of the Danube.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. We could see by chance before demolishing the water reservoir (k6) made of bricks, perpendicular to the channel mentioned above, including public well. We got into a space resembling an open well from the Roman ages (the volume of the water reservoir was estimated 10-15 m3) through the entrance of the stairway opened at the Northern side of the defense bastion (k7) (under the killers' way') (figure 7. The view of the watercourse from the Danube). The stand of the pool was covered by soil in thickness that was unknown for us. This soil was probably washed into the unused pool during centuries through the inlet described above and through the stairway. The sediment pool might have cca 3 m height, 2 m width and about 6 m length. The slabstructur of the pool was built from bricks and a hole was made in its dome for the public well. The watercourse of the water inlet connected to the pool perpendicularly just under the dome of the water reservoir. The tightly closed spout line of the watercourse run at the Danube side of the pool, next to the entrance of the stairway toward the water machine and its height was about 0.5 m smaller than that of the inlet of watercourse. Probably a sluice-slab (k10) made of bronzecasting connected to this spout channel. In our assemption a sluice-slab (k8) closed throat was built very near to the base in the same size that of the watercourse at the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) side of the waterpool, that was covered with soil at our visit. If the wondrous water machine did not work, the water of the well-spring and perhaps the solid waste together with the water of baths and that of the watermill were lead into the Danube. So the water reservoir was built in continuous flow through system. The upper sluiceslab structurally, tightly connected to the caber shoot (f1) that lead the water of the well-spring on the overshot water wheel with bins. According to Celebi's description a dome-shaped cover made of deck was built above the water machine, on that a convertible skylight and a chimney throatt in it (k9) was made by the builder scientific master. At starting the water machine the machine-operator opening the cover of the mentioned chimney throat on the roof opened the engine-room, and closing the way of the hot well-spring toward the Danube and the bins of the high wheel in the engine-room were filled by water, so the cylinder-wheels started turning immediately. It is perfectly unambiguous that by opening the skylight the beam built into the slabstructure worked as a scale-beam and it closed the lower sluice-slab (k8) by one of its end while it opened the upper sluice-slab (k10) by its other end immediately. The shoot connected to the upper sluice-slab lead the water of the well-spring with a great inclination, increasing the relative speed of it on the water wheel. It was necessary to increase the waterspeed because of equalizing the diffuser effect, as the size of the shoot broadened twice more than that of the watercourse. The size of the shoot would be two feet, i. e. about 60 cm, the same as the width of the water wheel was. A cassette was made on the end of the structural element of the shoot, that assured free out-flow through its battomplate only toward the bins. The size of the throat was just as large as allowed well-springwater only in three bins of the water wheel. Because filling up a bin took just this time to achieve the required rev. In this way the wided watercourse was able to assure the smooth and undisturbed water supply of the water wheel and the full upload of the bins by a relative increase of speed and by quenching the diffuser effect. The waterbearer watercourse was about 5-6 fathoms from the well-spring to the upper sluice-slab, the inclination between of its two endpoints was about 5% (as it is shown on the modell, as well). To the continuous operation of wondrous water machine, as our calculation, only 240 l/min yield was needed from the more than 300 l/min large wateryield of the Verpech well-spring (data taken from the patent statement). Some thoughts about the role and the operation of air caldrons built into the waterbearer channel. At the occasional, unwanted, simultaneous closure of sluice-slabs (similarly to the mentioned example of the suction-pump station for the clearance of the main water) a wave-
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Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. stroke could start to every directions and also back to the well-spring in the waterbearer channel, that resembled the water bump phenomenon. To avoid damage caused by the increased pressure in the channel made of brick they quasi stultified the peak pressure by pressing the air in the two air caldrons. In this way they could achieve that the occasional reflected wave-stroke did not damage the build-up. The ventilation of air caldrons from the direction of the water reservoir was assured by an air-duct in the size of half brick-bat, worked up in the slabstructure of the watercourse. There was not built such an air-duct between the well-spring housing and its nearer air caldron, of course. It could be achieved only in this way that the air-duct did not fill up with well-springwater. The engineers of the 20th century secured waterpipes from overpressure by oversize of the thickness of pipe walls, while our ancestors 550 years ago solved this problem with building air caldrons in them! Just an other remark on the channel: the 4 m height of well-spring housing was assured by put it on a mound made of cob. They assured static state and blocking the leaking water of the cistern, after shooting in the attack of 1595, by caber piles dug in the ground. The stumps of these piles on the place of the demolished watercourse can be seen even now. The solder of the brick build-up and the density of the water insulation layer were made of a mixture of quicklime and eggs. The northern protector wall of the bastion was run-down during the attacks in 1683 and in 1706, but it was repaired in the 18th century as it was mentioned above. If the above mentioned watercourse supplying the new water machine had damages during the attacks, the repairs would be done, as it was confirmed by the intact state of it during the excavation. But the military map entitled The plan and plot of the fortification and its environments of the castle in Esztergom 10 dated in 1756 signed the building of the cami as primatical lathe and it showed the place of the Verpech tower as the mill and the hotwater bath from Turkish ages. To North of this build-up the military map marks a place of a well-spring water driven mill. The well-spring was connected to the water supply network of Watertown (Vzivros) in 1960s. But as its water was contaminated, withholding the reason of the contamination, it was disconnected from the system immediately. From 1980s the Lencsehegyi mine of Dorog used the technology of karstwater layer sinking, as a consequence of it the Verpech well-spring dried out temporary. The useful yield of the coal pit was exhausted till 2003 and the mine was closed. Acoording to the plan of the recultivation the waterpit was demolished and suction-pumping was stoped in 2004.12 It is a professional experience that karstwater appears in artesian wells and in dried out spring-wells 6-8 years after the finishing of mining. That was the case with the Verpech well-spring, too. The returned water of the well-spring was sparking in the bottom of the test hole at the foot of the former tower after the closure of the mine. The longitudinal visionary midline of the machine was parallel with the midline of the water-reservoir (k6) shown at the background. The old miller gafter, whose shape and wellproportioned height is shown by a carved honorary stud (21), stayed at the place between the water machine and the poole. The convertible boarded dome behind the carved stud with the chimney-hole (k9) is well perceptible, its handler bar is ready to hand for the machine-operator. If the bar was pulled down sturdily the roofbeam, that worked also as a scale-beam, would close the open sluice-slab (k8) toward the Danube very quickly, while it would open the sluice-slab (k10) on the other end of it. The water fills up the bins of the water wheel through the shoot (1) from the water reservoir immediately and the machine starts working without any delay. Figure 8. shows the location of the wondrous water machine as it was in the reality.
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Figure 8. The location of the wondrous water machine as compared to the water supply system. For better perspicuity we decided to show the water supply system in the longitudinal axis of the water machine further on. 2. The overshot water wheel with bins Celebi suggested the water wheel (2) seen in Figure 9. as a cart-wheel large crab on that fifty small bins () are around.
Figure 9. The water wheel with bins. The water wheel resembled really a cart-wheel as its size (about 1 Viennese fathom) corresponded to its ages, its stiftener grid structure made of oak tree, and the bins made of caber connected to it appeared like a wheel with spokes.. We used the SI unit system for the size of length during making the model, but generally we used the index-numbers applied in the Renaissance for calculations. So we calculated the width of the
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water wheel 2 feet i.e. 63,2 cm, while we took its diameter as 189,64 cm. As it was sure that the paddles and the sidewalls of the water wheel were made of caber boards we took its thickness in inch i. e. 2.634 cm corresponding to the board thickness of that ages. Calculating with these data we got a surprising result. The number of bins could be really 50 pieces as it was mentioned in the description and the net pane between the bins was 9 cm considering the wall-thickness of the paddles. The paddles of the water wheel were made in two rows built on each-others bended backwards: the inner row of paddles with shorter radius and with 10 cm of paddle height had 125 bending angle, while the outer row of paddles built on the former ones made with 15 cm height and had 145 bending angle backwards. These two rows built on each-others showed just the well-known figure of the evolvent or extraction curve. This solution generally serves the maximum usage of the gravitation energy of the water being in the bins of the overshot water wheel, and the scope of making was limited, as well. The water of bins would be utilized just of turning in the case of paddles in radius direction while that of in the case of tangential paddles of evolvent curve assured 1/3 utilization. The momentary state of whirling is generally marked in the technical life by the position of clock hands. In our case the first step of a bin filled with water is at 1 o'clock, while it becomes totally empty at 5 o'clock., so the wheel throws away the water almost at the lower stand-off. The volume of each bin was about 11 litre. We can take aproximately 15 bins in filled state with their filling mass 1511 = 165 kg i.e. 1650 N gravity power. This gravity power acts on the radius of the water wheel as a splitting load. Considering the splitting load as a jointed power its effect-line can be estimated on 75% of the size of the radius. On the basis of it the moment of the water wheel was 16500.75 = 1237.5 Nm i.e. 1,2375 kNm, and its value said to be extraordinary large even was increased by the elements of the transmission structurs. The rev of the water wheel was 66 rpm. This rev could be assured if the number of filled bins in the 1/3 water wheel range was 22. In addition this data determined the quantity of the energy transmission water. The 2211 = 242 litre of power-water kept on the optimal level of the rev of the water wheel. 3. The oval-shape pool with the waterbar barrage-wall and the sluice-slab regulating the water levele during operation Though Evlia Celebi wrote about a round waterpool, but surely it was only an optical illusion of him. The water from the bins of the water wheel got in the trough (3) under it, then it got in an about 3 m long and 2 m wide pool (4) covered by white marble as Figure 10. shows it. Celebi thought the pool as a circle, because the barrage-wall (5) of the waterbar was built opposit to the trough, nearly 0.7 m far from it. Similarly to the wall of the pool the barrage-wall of the waterbar was cambered, and it really might cause such a feeling as if the wall of the pool had round shape. The barrage-wall of the waterbar played a very important role to control the movement of the waterflow. On the one part it hindered the water poured out from the trough that by its counter flow to disturbe the ordered movement of the bronze balls similar to cannonballs, on the other hand even to help the motion of the balls toward the right direction.
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Figure 10. The structural construction of the water machine. Similarly to the wall of the pool made of grey stones the barrage-wall was covered by white marble. One of its reason was the very critical protection of the purity of well-springwater, the other point was to assure the watertightal terseness of the pool. The cover was fixed on the wall by a binder made of a mixture of quicklimes and eggs. The height of the wall of the pool could be about more than 1 m, the water in it was 0.8 m deep. This constant waterlevel was assured by a bronze sluice-slab (6) and can be seen at the end of the pool. Its upper shoulder was worked up so that it operated as a spillover (7) through which the waterexcess could flow away and it kept the level of the pool constant. The overtumbled waterexcess flew in a channel (8) created practically, then connecting to the channel of the water reservoir (k8) the cooled down well-springwater got directly in the Danube. The shape of the pool was worked up as an oval, because on the one part the built in structural elements required such shape, on the other hand to prevent stagnant recess that could be an infective plexus of the well-springwater. Interestingly two tetragonal basis of stone build-up built closely near to each other can be seen on the former space of the wondrous water machine in the shadow of the screen of the millbastion. When we did not know the date of the destruction of our water machine we looked for the ruins of the round- or oval-shape basis of the pool. But since we had known engineer Jnos Krey's description about the waterwork of the Water Castle (Vizivr), we had a quite exact idea looking at the ruins with tetragonal basis about the machine built by Turks. So the urgent decision of the county convention about a newly built water machine in July 1721. was quite understandable. As the water machine built by the Turks in 1670s had too many moving elements and because of the many static and dinamic sealants it really had a lot of potential failures. However, a big decrease in the wateryield of the Verpech well-spring caused the biggest trouble.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. 4. The sluice-slab served the dehydration of the pool, the lever and rope to its open, and the channel to the Danube The lower part under the shoulder of the sluice-slab shown in Figure 10. had to seal the pool without leakage. It could be achieved by fairly tight fitting. Generally the caber rods fulfilled this requirement perfectly. The watertightal terseness had to be assured, because an occasional big decrease (15-20%) in the water level of the pool might cause troubles in the movement of the bronze balls. The dehydration of the pool had to be done when the ventilation of the air-bells was necessary. As the honoured reader knows the air is solved in the water. This physical phenomenon in the case of an air-bell results that the air is consumed above the water-mass in it, as we say, vacuum is created, and the sound does not spread in vacuum. Let us recall the example shown in Figure 5. for the explanation of the sweep of longitudinal wavephenomenon in gas. If we increase the pressure of PB gas during the experiment the height of the flame also increases. If we decrease or even close the gas-flow the result should not be explained. So, if the air is consumed from the air-bell, nothing transports the shock wave toward the water-mass and the water transport of the machine stops. As the air-bell filled with water was standing in the middle of the pool air could be got into its inner part if the water had been removed from it and from its environment. This operation will be discussed further on in the chapter where the operation of the machine i.e. its dinamic state and its fountain phenomenon will be presented. Rattling valves were used for the ventilation on the suction side of the air caldron at the modern pistons suction-pumps, they opened on the effect of the decreased inner pressure automatically and let enough air flowing in the air caldron. Here we give only the explanation of the necessity of the sluice-slab rising arm. If we considered the total force of the pressure of the cca 6-7 m 3 water in the pool and the drag of the tight sluice-slab at opening we could accept that human power would not be enough to its operation. Therefore our ancestors built a rope connection (10) between the second altering grade of the spindle (12) of the gear-wheel case and the lever (9), so they could lift up the sluice-slab (6) easily at the start of the machine. They used a bidirectional rope to the connection between the lever and the sluice-slab that allowed the cambered movement of the lever and the rectilinear movement of the sluice-slab. They had the machine operated till the rope driven against the lever lifted the sluice-slab 25-30 cm high. When they had achieved it they decreased the wring of the rope, so the waterflow from the pool was not so strong that it damaged the channel toward the Danube bearer. As the water wheel did not stop immediately when the drive water was taken away the loose elevator rope could not open the sluice-slab more than the desired rate even if it had turned further. 5. The segmented housing gear-wheel case Figure 10. also shows the gears with elementary teething and with cog teething. To make sizing of the gears easier we took the dial of the smaller rounds 40 mm and that of the bigger ones 80 mm by the approach to the number of 1-foot and 2-foot, separately. The number of teeth of the small rounds was 10 that of the bigger ones was 20 after sizing. The first two alterations got in the plane of the segmented case (12) next to the water wheel, while the other three grades got in the line (13) just above the water compared to the oval pool. It is quite obvious that none of them was touched with the well-springwater as the sliding bearing and the teeth profile of the gears should be lubricated to avoid the excessive chafing and to decrease the largescale drag. The cadre structurs of the gears were generally made of oak or pear, the teeth were made of red or black ebony. Do not forget that these noble materials (as e.g. the white marble) were ready to use
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Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. in large amount to build the primatical palace and the builders of the water machine might use as much as they needed. It can be imagined only so that the gears of the water machine and its spindles made of bronze (or more exactly made of ebony) assured the smooth operation for such a long time. The II. grade spindle (12) of the gear-wheel was created as a rope-drum form which the elevator-arm of the sluice-slab could be moved by rolling the connected rope. As the rev of that II. grade spindle was 16,5 a minute, the open of the sluice-slab took place very gently. 6. The curved like a camel's neck form crab It is this part of the wondrous water machine that inspired us to make a modell of this wonderful technology in order to understand its operation. Celebi refers to this part of the engine in the following way: the iron rounds and the ropes of the wooden crab are as thick as a thigh of a man. Some rounds are imitations and they are so thick as an arm of a man and curved like a camel's neck. The smith showed so much skills making these rounds of the wondrous wheels that it was unimaginable.
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Figure 11. The ball-elevator crab. Without a sample we could not drow the rounds of the crab. We began sizing and later making the transmission chain while we were getting nearer and nearer to the reproduction of the ballelevator crab with dismay. Later our worry and wariness proved to be unnecessary. We had not got any trouble with the sizing of this element, as its important index-numbers intrinsically gave themselves. We were sure from the first moment that the wondrous crab laudated not the skill of a smith but the work of a founder. Every metal element of the water machine was made of bronzcasting. The composition of the castings was red copper and 22% stannic. It is very probable that because of sacral intention the casting had about 10% silver, as well.1313 It may give the explanation that many eyewittness with Celebi among them thought many elements were made of iron because of the oxidation of silver. As we mentioned above, the rev of the water wheel was 66 in a minute. Since the gears were built in bisector alteration in the engine, in the fifth grade, that gave the rev of the ball-elevator crab after all, the final rev of it was 4,125 in a minute. This rev caused that the seven ballkeeper
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. seats (see in Figure 11.) on the shoulder of the wooden crab elevating 2-2 balls simultaneously (14) got 30 times on the upper stand-off position in a minute. The bronze balls rolling down in the the camel's neck form channel of ball-bearers drove the water of the Danube into the iron pipes by bumping on the Danube. Obviously, the balls did not fall on the Danube but they bumped in the oval pool, and it is also unambiguous for us that they drove the water of the wellspring into the iron pipes. In fact the 5-5 kg balls did not lash in the pool, but they did on the cover of the air-bell (15) every second second. The 7 pieces of the ball-elevator segment made of bronze casting and thank to the U-profile of it they were connected to each other on the shoulders of the caber crab. The castings of the seats of the ball-container were profiled so that their upper part could stand against the lower part of the next camel's neck watercourse. Both the perfect continuity and the stabil setting of the elements were assured in this way. The distance between the centres of the two ball-container seats was 1 foot i.e. 31 cm, the total width of the elements was 2 feet, the diameter of the crab was 5 feet. According to Celebi's description the water of the pool reached the spindle of the crab, from which we derived the 80 cm depth of the pool. The picture shows the camel's neck form ball-elevator on the cylinderwheel together with the great gear-wheel with its elementary teeth. Our ancestors gave very much heed to both the static and dinamic balance during the planning of the ball-elevator crab. One can observe that while the right side has 4 segments from the 7 ones, the left side has only 3 of them. However, there are 6 bronze balls in the ball-container seats in these 3 segments, and their whole mass is equal with that of the lacking fourth segment. So the static balance of the ball-elevator crab together with the bronze balls is assured, and it is even secured unambiguously at the stopping of the water machine. During its working mode the seats of the ball-container behave similarly to the rolling wheel of a suction-pump equipped with radial paddles, it makes the wondrous water machine similar to the operation of a double turbo injection suction-pump, because the quenching of the the forces toward the spindle directions is perfecty assured in the case of the double injection suction-pumps. In our case the barrage wall ensures perfectly that both sides of the crab have the same amount of water, but the directions of the water flows are opposite. 7. The air-bell covered with double hemisphere together with the channel of ball-bearers and with the bronze balls. When we give the size of the air-bell we mean its inner size. The air-bell was located perpendicularly to the half plane of the ball-elevator crab, and its width was 2 feet, its thickness was 1 foot. Its oval surface was closed by hemispheres which diameter was 1-1 foot. The net (interiour) height of the hemispheres was 2.5 feet. According to Figure 12. a ball-trap made of casting, its size was 0.5 foot was inserted on the outer surface of the hemispheres (15). This balltrap had a hole with about a 10 cm diameter on the side toward the ball-elevator crab, the balls could just move through of it. 4-4 pieces of pipes were made to which the channels of ball-bearer (17) were inserted. This potential of shift was necessary to adjust the optimal distance of the balltrap tubes on the top of the air-bell and that of the channels of the ball-bearers to the ball-elevator crab. 18-18 pcs of balls were in each channel of the ball-bearer which were fixed to the basic plate of the wave deflector.
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Figure 12. The air-bell covered with hemispheres and the channels of the ball-bearers. The wall thickness of the above described air-bell was 30 mm, the same as that of the lower shoulder. According to a founder (whose bells are laudated even abroad) the required D sound-height can be achieved only in this way. The air-bell was set on a casting skillet also having shoulders. To connect the two parts of the machine, cattle crops were used as sealants, and by building the suction valve (16) and pressure valve (18) in the lower part of the bell they simply got the air-bell itself. Because of the great mass it was not necessary to use special truss'. Both valves were adjusted by wedge cords. The weight load elements of the valves were approximatly 1 foot wide and 3 inch high. They also used leather as sealiing. Probably they had preprepared exchange elements, too. The damaged or consumed valves could be exchanged easily at an occasional trouble. We merely remind you that the distance between the midlines of the ball-housing in the ball-elevator crab was 1 foot, and it is the same as the distance between the midlines of the two hemispheres of the air-bell. Refering to the longitudinal spread of shock waves in gases seen in Figure 5., one can see that the balls beat just in the middle of the 1-1 foot diameter cylindric holes which are on the two sides of the air-bell. As the two balls lashed simultaneously in the middle of the hemispheres which work as a sonic instrument, the energy density of the shock wave induced by the strong sound increased more than a double. This energy plus also revealed in the power of the water machine, as the estimated overflow in the volume increased even triple of the power of the experimental sample. According to our rough estimation the volume of the driven water might reach even the 1000 litre/hour easily. 8. The aligned cooperation of the ball-elevator crab and the air-bell. Figure 13. shows not only the static, but also the dinamic i. e. the hot-operation state of the cooperation of the two, formerly shown structural elements. According to Celebi there are fourty-fifty round, cannonball form iron-balls on the edges of the iron rods; these tools and rounds make the different cylinders moving by the force of the water, and the balls on the wheel being lashed on the Danube drive the water of the Danube into the iron pipes and while these rounds are rolling the balls follow each-other.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. As the ball-elevator crab was made by a seven part division, we marked each state of the ball-container by approximately direction of clockwise.
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Figure 13. The aligned cooperation of the ball-elevator crab and the air-bell. Two balls had rolled down at 12 o'clock from the ball-housing directed to 2 o'clock on the camel's neck channel and lashed by high speed into the iron tubes of the ball-traps. These iron tubes were located under the water surface, and the view of the falling balls explaines Celebi's description. As it was mentioned above the balls lashed on the top of the air-bell, then they fell under the water surface into the curved channel of the ball-bearer while they gave strong sound. Comming up against the 18-18 pieces of balls in cue the last ball jumps out immediately from the cue according to the longitudinal wavephenomenon which takes place in solid materials. Meanwhile the housings of the crab at 4, 6 and 8 o'clock like a paddle water wheel press the water to the basis of the a wavedeflector. The put in motion waterflow supports the jumped out ball intrinsically and directs its movement till the falling of next ball into the ball-housing. Loosing its kinetic energy the waterwave falls in the pit between the basis of the wavedeflector and the wall of the waterbar barrage, so it makes possible to give up the next ball to the housing. This moment and the above mentioned wave phenomenon are the over-important things in the smooth operation of the wondrous water machine. Let us consider it: If the rev of the water wheel decreased by e.g. 10% because of the decreased waterforce, the rev of the ball-elevator crab would decrease from 4.125 to 3.7125 in a minute. Instead of 60 balls only 52 ones might lash in the channel of the ball-bearer in a minute. The last balls in the channel jumped up immediately at the bang, but because of the late waterwave the balls would not fall in the ball-housing, they would fall in their original position, i. e. in the channel of ball-bearer. Consequently the guiding of the wondrous water machine would break down, its operation would be impossible because of the decreased rev. The above mentioned paddles together with the existing waterflow help the movement of the ball-cue to ensure its steady state condition. After 2 seconds new lashing balls repeate the descripted procedure producing a stacioner condition.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. The waterflow created by the housing at 3 o'clock primarily does not act on the movement of the balls, but it baffles them toward the suction-valve. The side of the suction-valve in the basis of the wavedeflector also helps the waterflow. Let us consider the consequences of the experiment demonstrated in Figure 5. The higher the gas pressure of the soundwave bearer, the bigger the proportional energy density, and it causes higher power. In this case they increased the gas pressure by increasing the hydrostatic pressure of the pool and they drove more water through the suction-valve to the air-bell. The described operation procedure explained why the ball-elevator crab should have been a whole wheel. If this wheel had spokes, the waterflow would not have been so smooth, so it could not support the movement of the balls. The curved walls on both sides of the waterbar barrage baffle the water of the pool on the crab as a double injection suction-pump does it in the case of the modern turbosuction-pumps. The view of the whirling, torrential and seething water and that of the always successive balls would have been really wondrous. 9. The bearers to the Castle Hill (Vrhegy), and the waterpipe elements toward the sky We show the pipes going to the Castle on the Figure 14. as it carries the water from the delivery-valve (18) of the air-bell through the triple-way valve (19). Arrows on the pipes (30) show the direction of the flow of water. Of course, the elements of the water-pipes were made of bronze. We put a drawing on the side of the scale-modell of the pool to show the work up and the connection of the elements. Their lower part is a hemisphere, while the upper part is similar to a cup. Inserting them into each others they could follow the changes of the directions easily during the laying down of the pipes. After having got the right direction the fittings of the pipes were sealed with molten lead, and they were put in a special channel, so they drove the water safety to the streaming-well of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy). The size of the pipes, which according to Celebi are similar to the iron muskets () and are low value iron pipes, could be the same as the commerce waterpipes can be bought nowdays.
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Figure 14. The waterpipes and the control valve.
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Chapter 4
The explanation of the fountain We made the modell of the wondrous water machine according to Evlia Celebi's description of its operation. Wherever it was necessary to support our right we took the citations word-for-word. Now when we are at the explanation and the clearing of the fountain phenomenon, we take a longer citation of the archeologist Imre Karcson's translation (1897). Only one man is detached to handle the rounds in the engine-room. After having had the visitation I gave some kce to the miller gaffer (machine-operator) and said Old fellow! Allow us to watch the movements of the rounds and the cylinders. Boys! he said, - you can not stand the thunderous noise and the bluster of these rounds, and you do not have enough courage to look at the squirt of fountain to the sky. I replied: My old fellow! We are world-travellers and intelligent men. We wish we looked at it. - He says: Well, do not worry, boys; go back a little!; then first by opening the cover of the above mentioned chimney throat he opened the engine-room, and by closing the way of the hot well-spring to the Danube the small cases of the high wheel in the room filled with water, then the cylinder-wheels started whirling immediately. Great God! Such a noise started as it were the doomsday. Some rounds were rolling to the right, some of them were rolling to the left, and all the wheels were connected to each-other and started whirling like a watch. The old fellow miller said suddenly: Do not worry, do not worry boys! and he turned hard an iron waterpipe and as he turned it the water in the Castle ejected as wide as the neck of a man to the sky through the bearers of the water-channel and the chimney throat, it elevated more than three Sulejmanie minaret, and it went out blustering and lumbering, and when it has reached the highest point it played a rainbow and fell back like a fountain and flowed in the Danube. This long citation was necessary to make real our knowledge unambiguously: in the time of Celebi's and his friends' visit the wondrous water machine worked on top power, it transported water to the Castle. As Figure 15. shows the cca 7 bar overpressure water flowed from the delivery-valve (18) of the air-bell through the triple-way valve (19) and the standpipe (20) to the Castle Hill (Vrhegy). When the handler of the water machine turned hard an iron waterpipe, he opened a button or a valve in the middle of the triple-way valve, by which he made it possible that the water given by the wondrous water machine could leave (in the direction of the smallest obstruction) through the chimney throat to outside. By opening that valve he made free the flow of the water from the pool in the Castle and that of the falling water from the standpipe. As the pressure of this falling water was also around 7 bar, the sum of the cascading pressure in the triple-way valve was around 14 bar in a 2 second cycle, and this overpressure produced the wondrous view of the fountain through the chimney throat toward the Danube. The most important moment over the working machine - in this very scenic water parade is the operation of a button or possibly a scarf valve. Because if a conic, turning valve like e.g. a vent-peg had been put into the triple-way valve instead of the button, our ancestors would have caused the same physical phenomenon that we mentioned in Chapter 1, when we wrote about the water bump in the standpipe of the main water-clearance sucktion-pump station. After finishing the ventilation by the fast turning of a conic valve the back-flowing water would suddanly stop, and as a cosequence of it the well-known 50% increase of the pressure might take place. The spigot-joint standpipe sealed with lead would not be able to stand this sudden overpressure without damage.
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Figure 15. The way of the water flow at the ventilation of the air-bell. It is unambiguous that the description of the really colourful, foutain-like phenomenon was not the part of the common technological cycle of the water machine. Under normal working procedure the fountain pipe did not have the task to support the ventilation of the air-bell. Of course, our ancestors knew the physical phenomenon that the air could be solved in the water, so the air could be solved in the air caldron, as well. This problem was solved easily in the 20 th century by using the so called rattling valves to supply the missing air at the pistons suctionpumps side of the air caldrons. But they were not able to make such adjustable, spiral loaded thing in the end of 1460s, therefore as far as we know, they were the first in the world who worked up the waterjet airsuction-pump.
Figure 16. The position of the wondrous water machine at the ventilation of the air-bell using ropes.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. The dehydration of the oval pool had to be done for this technological operation. It was done by the opening of the sluice-slab (5) which was closing the pool as Figure 16. shows it. As this operation would have been done very hard to do by human forces because of the pressure of the great amount of water, therefore they used the drive of the water machine itself through a lever (9) and a rope system (10) to open it. For this reason they converted a part of the spindle of the second (II) modifying grade of the upper gear-wheel drive (12) into a rope crab, to which they attached the inner end of the hempen rope supported by the rope discs on the slab frame. They put the other end of the rope on the similar rope slab of the lever in the way, that they could assure its tensions by the traction of the rope. At the start of the engine the inner end of the rope was rolled on the slab, and they could open the sluice-slab to the desired rate easily by the foreshortening of the rope and by the regulation of the traction. After the pool had become empty, they opened the closed element of the triple-way valve, so the water flew down from the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) through the chimney of the closed roof toward the Danube by spouting high in a great stream, as Figure 15. explaines it. Our ancestores knew the law of the conservation of energy very well, the high flow speed attached to low pressure, which was able to drag out the water from the air-bell if it was necessary. When all the water had left the air-bell, fresh air drifted to its place through the suction-valve (16). In this way the ventilation of the air-bell was done and the operation was finished by the gradual closing of the triple-way valve. To operate the water machine again, first they closed the sluice-slab of the pool and they put the opening rigging of the sluice-slab in original state. Then they fixed the waterwheel itself with the very strong rope (11) connected to the frame of the water wheel with bins (2) so strongly that it could not move when the hot well-springwater was driven on it. At opening the skylight of the boarding dome the sluice-slab (k8) between the water reservoir pool and the Danube bearers closed, and in the same time the sluice-slab (k10) in the channel running to the water machine opened.. As the water wheel was fixed, the well-springwater ran directly to the oval pool without working. When the pool became full, the more than optimal amount of water flew over the closing sluice-slab of the pool, and it ran through the spillover (7) toward the Danube (8). At the end of the operation the closed the skylight and the upper sluice-slab together with it, they released the rope that fixed the water wheel, and the wondrous water machine was ready to serve again. We think, this is the moment, when we may say conscientiously, that we have solved the secret of the operation of the wondrous water machine. We did this work voluntarily, with the talent that we got from the God almighty, we did it many times receiving comments hard to tolerate. After this we show with pleasure the BATTLE AT PARKANY 1683 engraving promised in Chapter 2., that brings the 325-year ago events to us on the Figure 17.
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Figure 17. The Battle at Parkany, 1683.
Chapter 5
Investigations on the history of technics We have only one important question to answer, namely did any flow machine operate on strong sounds induced shock waves in Europe at all as it was verified by our experiments? As we have done it before in our present paper we have to turn to the knowledge of the history of the technics of mines to answer this question. We showed the ventilation procedure of the air-bell above, to which we used the pipe system of the water machine, as an equipment of the waterjet ventilation. These waterjet ventilators were used as partly ventilators, due to being simple and being comperatively effective, for more than three centuries. They were used in those pits where there was enough and gradient water, and its driving out did not cause any trouble. We got this knowledge from the paper of Jen Faller entitled Good luck!14 We learned the antecedents of the technical history of ventilators here, as Faller wrote in this way: We have known about their use since decades of the second half of the 16th century, and their structure was first described by the Italian physicist Giambattista della Port (1538-1615) in his Magia naturalis entitled work pulished in 1589. According to Delius' Anleitung zu der Bergbaukunst work published in 1773 and according to the drawing in Figure 18. the waterjet ventilators worked in the following way: The shower water was lead by a covered channel, made of wood to the mouth of the pit, from where it got to a downpipe (A) through a conical, toward the pitthroat narrower-and-narrower channel, then it got the taper airtrap bell (B). An airpipe (C) bigan from the upper onethird part of the bell to pipe the fresh air on the pasis on the pit to the workplaces. The bell was placed in a
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. vessel (D) called tub, a stone trunk (E.) for the vaporization of the water was lying on the bottom of the tub. While the water was flowing down in the downpipe it cought more airs through the holes made on the upper onethird part of the pipe, then the water transmitted the air as it fell on the stone trunk and it was vaporized. The transmitted air in the airtrap bell was condensed by the pressure of the water being in the tub, then it pushed through the air-duct to the place of work. The shower water was lead away by the relief tube (F) being near to the top of the tub and in the channels of the basis of the pits.
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Figure 18. The sketch of the waterjet ventilator. Without knowing the operation principle of these equipments which seemed to be mysterious, they called them simply Kunst-s. Bernard Forest de Belidor's (1693-1761) work entiteled Water constructions15 shows nicer and nicer drawings of Kunst-s. The drawing in Figure 19. illustrates unambiguously a waterjet ventilator, though it was made by two downcomers unlike the other one seen on the former drawing. The stumpy pyramidal hammer between the downcomers on the top of the air-bell was a really thrilling finding for us. It was quite obvious that they had leveled blow at the centre of the top of the cover on the air-bell, as the bronze-balls of the Renaissance wondrous water machine had done it. In order to achieve greater and stronger sound effect at the stroke, they made the head of the hammer cavernous. Just as we clap by palm and not by flats of the hands in order to give stronger sound when we want to express our plaudits. But the caught air in the cavernous head of the hammer could produce so high pressure at a stroke, which was able simply to bust the tool made of wood obviously. To avoid it they built a narrow pipe in the handle of the hammer and the top pressure air could blow out freely. Of course, the same longitudinal shock wave run through the inner part of the air-bell as it did also in the air-bell of the wondrous water machine, but in the former case it pushed out the overpressed air instead of water toward the airpipe. The resistance in this direction was much smaller than toward the relief tube of the watercourse. Otherwise this waterjet ventilator was used as an airdiffuser equipment at a smithy in France early in the 18th century.
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Figure 19. An air-diffuser worked on shock waves. Some of the researchers, who wanted to learn the operation principle of the wondrous water machine of Esztergom studied Belidor's wonderful, four-volume work, that was impressive even considering its size. It was quite understandable that without the knowledge of a mining machinist, a man, who was interested in humanities could not recognise this ventilator equipment, and he would never relate it to the water machine of the Renaissance. But in our opinion it was unacceptable that the man, who helped us in the translation of foreign languages, and who was informed by us about the connection between the strokes of the air.bell caused by the hammer according to Figure 19. and caused by the bronze-balls, he kept it quiet in his scientific paper, even he simply denied it. We are aware that the legend used by us in the figure is not an ordinary one, but we use this way in order to the authenticity to confirm the results of our research work We know from Jen Faller's paper that Jzsef Kroly Hell (1713-1789), who was the pioneer of the mechanization of mines and the head of minig mechinists at Selmecbnya (now called Banska Stiavnica) had a ventilation equipment among his many inventions.16 Though the description did not speak about the waterjet-ventilator, but by the characteristics of the machine, which could blow the air even more than 1000 fathom, one could think only longitudinal wavestrokes which were induced by strong sounds. We must understand it that when we gave a hit on the top of the air-bell and let us say one litre of air was pressed in the airpipe on the effect of the strong sound, then the same amount of fresh air would get on the other end of the airpipe to the mine about six seconds later. One fathom is 2.02 m in the mining. Hell built a ventilator with such a big power into the Amlia-pit in 1756. Formerly, in 1753 he planted an air-machine also in the Amlia-pit, this air-machine was the basis of every form of the gas-lift exploitation of the crude oil used all over the world. They installed a similar ventilator to the driving of the Ferencpit in 1760, and as this machine was able to drive fresh air as long as 500 fathom, they saved the very expensive sinking of the airpit. Belidor also knew the tenets of Hell's air-machine, and he summarized them in four point in his paper, furthermore he calculated himself both the theoretical and the physical parameters of
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. the machine. He wrote about the possibilities of the power raising and about the advantages of its use. It is notable that each cycle of the operation principle given according to Figure 19., that is the air-suction through the holes on the oper part of the downcomer, the airflow induced by the shock wave that was generated by the sounds of the strokes on the top of the air-bell, could be found in the operation of the wondrous water machine. The suction of the air through the suction valve from the empty pool, and the longitudinal shock waves induced by the effects of the strokes cause a useful flow of volume during the operation of the water machine. As a summary it is really a great experience to enumerate the physical phenomenons, principles we were encountered. It is almost unnecessary to say that both of these principles were far earlier used than we dated their birthdays. The list of the physical phenomenons that we experienced during the construction and the operation of the shockingly grandiose wondrous water machine: - our ancestores knew the conditions of the equilibrium of liquids for those states, when an outer force did not act on the liquids, i. e. the hydrostatical pressure is constant. According to the Pascal-low determined in the first half of the 17 th century we say, that the pressure extends in liquids steadily; - they knew the reason and the possible harmful effects of the water bump phenomenon. They built the water machine consciously not to allow the above mentioned phenomenon, or if it had been appeared, they would have decreased the critical peakpressure on a reasonable level in the air caldron, e.g. by a water drainage ditch made of bricks; - they knew the the principle of the conservation of energy. They safely applied the effect of the confusor and that of the diffuser at the jump of the airsuction-pump or at the shoot work; - they knew and applied by seemingly unbelievable safety the energy of the spread of the longitudinal wavephenomenon in solid phase materials, liquids and gases; - they were fully aware of the physical phenomen that the air was soluble in the water; - they utilized the knowledges creatively, by which the shock waves induced by robustic strokes were able to operate flowtechnical machines. The constructors of the wondrous water machine from the Renaissance applied almost the all requirements of the machine-manufactural technology with superior positiveness. The sizing and the manufacture of the gears, the curving back paddles of the water wheel with bins made by according to the tangent of the evolvens curve, or the astonishingly precise resort of the cast all belong to the rightful use of the attribute in the title of this paper, namely the wondrous water machine is a really Hungarian peculiarity in the history of engineering. The creation of gear-wheels and ball-bearings are thought to have belonged to the plans of the mechanical and the machine tools of the world-famous Renaissance man, who personalized the Renaissance ideas, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). The exceptionally learned Evlia Celebi gives almost a statuesque picture of the scene at the presentation of the construction of the wondrous water machine. The prospect of the interlocked rounds, that start rolling like in a watch at the start of the water machine, refers to the presence of the gears unambiguously. It is hard-to-believe that the 15 16 year old Leonardo da Vinci started the series of his genius plans just with the gears, and these plans were utilized just in Esztergom. It is certain that the Hungarians used the cogwheel gears first all over the world in the second half of the 1460s at the construction of the wondrous water machine.
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Chapter 6
The attested for us translation of Celebi's description
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. The Hungarian Patent Office17 refused our patent statement, and it referred its cause to OSB archeologist Imre Karcson's paper published in 1897.: Evlia Celebi: Travels in Hungary 1660-1664 (Magyarorszgi utazsok 1660-1664) from the first paragraph on the page 315 till the end of the first paragraph on the page 317. At the end of November 2008. the Danube Museum organized the XI. National Engineering Museologist Meeting, one of its most challenging program was the visit at the excavations of the Water-town and at the beautifully reconstructed building of the mosque. We were astonished that neither the archeologist directing the excavations nor the museologist gentlemen knew the exact location of the operation of the wondrous water machine. This time we decided that we should complete the translated text referred by the Office with the first sentence of the second paragraph on the 317th page, as it contained data related to the wondrous water machine, as well. This sentence determines the location of the wondrous water machine quite exactly, namely: The third gate of this suburb opens toward the door of this mill. The first sentence of the first paragraph of the marked part says: One of the gate down in the suburb the so called Small gate (Kcsk kapu) is under the zicseli Hdsi Ibrahim mosque and it opens to the West on the Danube. () The town has not got any house outside this gate, and inside the gate (toward North) there is the house of the machine that driving water by rounds to the inner Castle. The second gate, though Celebi did not write about it, but being acquainted with the place we knew that it was also under the mosque on the side of the Bernyi Zsigmond street. Since the mosque and the stoned high street of the great under suburb could be visited by monthly regularity, many of us can walk awfully on the more than fivehundred years old cobbles and under those arches, whose size probably the same as that of the domed main door of the wondrous water machine. Essentially, this beautifully curved arch at the end of the stoned high street was the door of the mill of the wondrous water machine. For the sake of distinctness we took 2-2 pictures about the courtyard of the millbastion from Bernyi street. The picture in Figure 20. was taken in December 2007, the picture in Figure 21. was made directly from the side of the mosque in January 2009.
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Figure 20. The state of the wondrous water-raising machine and the public well in 2007.
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Figure 21. The state in 2009. compared to the former figure. The pictures in Figure 22. and in Figure 23. were taken in the formerly mentioned time from the line of the sidewall of the Verpech well-spring housing.
Figure 22. The traces of the water supply system and the remains of the watercourse in 2007.
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Figure 23. The collateral watercourse can be seen in the picture taken in 2009. Figure 20. and Figure 21. show the domed main entrance of the wondrous water machine and the also domed small gate that opened to the public well. In Figure 22. the picture was taken from the other side and a piece of the cross-engraved watercourse can be seen, while in Figure 23. only the sidewall of the water reservoir and the connecting place of the disassembled waterpipe can be seen. The plank in the cross-engraved throat of the tetragonal sidewall shows the former direction of the totally disassembled waterpipe toward the well-spring housing. One can clearly recognize the brick-size watercourse of the airbearers serving the ventilation of the air-caldrones, as we mentioned it in Chapter 3. In the last picture we were astonished to notice a collateral watercourse made of bricks which we simply had not payed attention to before. It was certain that it was connected to the air caldron near to the well-spring and it was almost the first object that fell as a victim to the excavation. That meant that the extremely stabil power water with a steady pressure and volume had got to the starter sluice-slab of the wondrous water machine not only from the water reservoir directly, but also from the narrower collateral watercourse (that had lead under the loose piece of the stair-way of the water reservoir and under the pulpit). Thank to the collateral watercourse, the operation of the water machine was not disturbed even if water was taken out from the public well. It had also an important role to avoid the unescapable harmful effect of the water bump when the water machine was stopped. It behaved during the eduction of the effect of the sudden 50% increase of the overpressure like the control channels did it in the most modern hydraulic turnovers. The overpressure toward the air caldron together with the water of the well-spring produced such a peakpressure for a moment, wich together with the effect of the second air caldron of the main watercourse intrinsically extinguished the overpressure of the water mass that was flowing back in the main channel. This solution was necessary by all means to protect the well-spring housing that was in bloating up state. For the explanation of the physical phenomenon taking place in the first air caldron the example of the controlled non-return valve is the most suitable, without the ball-closing element, of course.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. According to this new situation we modified the scale-modell had been made for the demonstration of the water supply system, that is shown in Figure 24. from the Castle Hill (Vrhegy), and in Figure 25. from the Danube.
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Figure 24. The modified model of the water supply system together with the collateral watercourse from the view of the Bernyi street.
Figure 25. The modell from the view of the Danube. Besides the demonstration of the collateral watercourse this modified scale-modell is also suitable to show the place of the main watercourse, that almost offers itself for saving. A very valuable show-piece, namely a part of a watercourse from the Romanic ages can be seen among others in the courtyard of the Danube museum. We could admire that wondrous finding which confirmed that the Romanics used the cement. It looks almost incredible that they were able to do such technical solution two thousand years ago. Though the waterbearer system of the wondrous water machine of Esztergom from the Renaissance is only cca 540 year old, it would have been deserved the saving of finding. It is un intelligible for us that what was saved during the demolishing power of many centuries and that of the martial anger, the civilization of the 21 st
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. century destroys almost untracable. We suggested to exhibit a part of the waterbearers watercourse as an archeological saving next to the Romanic watercourse in the courtyard of the museum, unfortunately the persons assigned did not take it even to think over our suggestion. We still state that this one-off and unrepeatable archeological finding of waterbearers should have a worthy place next to the Romanic watercourse in the courtyard of the museum. We really hope that the professional will of the honoured archeologists leading the excavations is enough to preserve the last still existing part of the watercourse of the wondrous water machine of Esztergom from the Renaissance. If we consider it, none of the museologists has faced the evaluation of such an archeological excavation, because this problem did not really belong to the classical archeology, but this was a task of the research work of the engineering sciences. We think we have used every words of the paragraph of Celebi's book during the demonstration of the operation of the wondrous water machine. Nevertheless we believe that the copy of Celebi's handwriting and that of the pages of the translator Imre Karcson's book will be challenging for our readers, and this part will help them to appreciate our work. The Imre Karcson's Hungarian translation of the proper pages of Celebi's book and its English translation can be read below. We give a more detailed English translation of the Turkish text by Robert Dankoff (Professor Emeritus, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago) after it. Though the Hungarian edition might have been faulty, we used exclusively it as a source for our work. It gave all the information what we needed to reconstruct the wondrous waterraising machine.
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Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. Travels of the Turkish traveller Evlia Celebi in Hungary in 1660-1664.
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...and there are some twenty houses with thatched roofs. Apart from those buildings there is not anything else on this island, and it is consists of gardens, especially vegetable gardens. One of the gates being below the zi-cseli Hdsi Ibrahim's mosque in the big, lower suburb is called Small gate (Kcsk gate) that opens toward the west on the Danube. Just a horse can go through it, but a coach can not do it. Outside of this gate the town has not got any houses, inside the gate the house of the machine is placed, which drives up water by wheels to the inner Castle. The wondrous water-raising machine1 of Esztergom. (1 Csrkhi m in Turkish = water wheel. - Imre Karcson's remark.) Down at the end of the western part of the big suburb, inside the Small gate there is a water machine. There is a dome shape building over it covered with wooden slats. The dome is made of boards in order to give the chance to open up it. However, there is a chimney hole in the boarded dome. The wise master really rendered a great service with this hole. The sun shining through the hole illuminates the interior of the engine-room quite well. Just under this hole there is a round pool for the healthy water coming from the Danube. There are different crabs in this pool, all their tools including the wheel are made of thick oak, Turkey oak and alder, and they are standing totally in the Danube. Above these crabs there is an oaken crab as big as a coach wheel, this wheel has many holes all around on its edges, and so there are fifty small bins letting the water in; but this wheel is not in the water as the lower crabs are. Under the above mentioned light inlet hole the iron spindle of the crab is as thick as a human arm. The iron rounds and the ropes of the wooden crab are as thick as the thigh of a man. Some rounds are imitations and they are so thick as the arm of a man and curved like a camel's neck. The smith showed so much skill making these rounds of the wondrous wheels that it was unimaginable. There are fourty-fifty round, cannonball form iron-balls on the edges of the iron rods; these tools and rounds make the different cylinders move by the force of the water, and the balls on the wheel being lashed on the Danube drive the water of the Danube into the iron pipes and while these rounds are rolling the balls follow each-other. In this way the water of the Danube flows into the water container of the wellspring in the inner Castle; all the water pipes are guttered and similar to the iron muskets, they are standing upright among the rocky ascent and are low value iron pipes. These water ways going upright like a fountain up to three minaret high and the well-spring being on the threehundred ell height are astonishing. Just at the bottom of the rock of the above mentioned inner Castle, in the engine-room involving the wheels and the water mill, as a hydra-headed dragon hot spring water spouts out from a rock and after draining it falls into the Danube about twenty ell far. Only one man is detached to handle the rounds in the engine-room. After having had the visitation I gave some kce to the miller1 gaffer (1 Dejirmendsi baba in Turkish = miller gaffer. This dejirmendsi was not a miller actually, but he was the controller and the machine-operator of the engine-room. However, Evlia sets the whole engine-room against a mill, that is why its operator is a miller by him. - Imre Karcson's remark.) and said Old fellow! Allow us to watch the movements of the rounds and the cylinders. Boys! he said, - you can not stand the thunderous noise and the bluster of these rounds, and you do not have enough courage to look at the squirt of fountain to the sky. I replied: My old fellow! We are world-travellers and intelligent men. We wish we could look at it. - He says: Well, do not worry, boys; get back a little!; then first by opening the cover of the above mentioned chimney throat he opened the engine-room, and by closing the way of the hot well-spring to the Danube the small cases of the high wheel in the room filled with water, then the cylinder-wheels started whirling immediately. Great God! Such a noise started as if it were the doomsday. Some rounds were rolling to the right, some of them were rolling to the left, and all the wheels were
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connected to each-other and started whirling like a watch. The old fellow miller said suddenly: Do not worry, do not worry boys! and he turned hard an iron waterpipe and as he turned it the water in the Castle ejected as wide as the neck of a man to the sky through the bearers of the water-channel and the chimney throat, it elevated more than three Sulejmanie2 minaret (2 the Sulejmanie is one of the biggest and tallest mosque in Istanbul. - Imre Karcson's remark.), and it went out blustering and lumbering, and when it reached the highest point it played a rainbow and fell back like a fountain and flowed in the Danube. We were lost in admiration during half an hour. God sees the miller gaffer is a very excellent guy, and thanks God he honoured me with his mercy. The great leader itself, Kprli-zde Fzil Ahmed pasha also looked at these things and he presented fifty bezants to the honourable old miller and ordered ten kce pay rise for him. The third gate of this suburb opens also toward the door of the mill of this machine. There are 2900 smaller and taller houses in this town; they are narrow houses without any garden and courtyard. Even they wash some houses' goners in the street, because there are very narrow houses. But at a siege the houses of this town are protected and saved. The town has sixteen parts (mahalle). I know: Hadsi Ibrhim, Alay beg, Mehkeme, Crsi, Budin klszi (Buda Castle), Tasra town (suburb), Iskele (Port), Tepedelen. There are four tabernacles (mihrab), in two of them they do the Friday prayer. Both of them belong to a part of the town. The zicseli Hdsi Ibrhim mosque is a tall and newly built, nice mosque, it is covered with lead, and it has a painted boardered loft, big volume, a minaret built of brick. The Mehkeme mosque was built long time ago, it receives great mass, and above the vault of its gate the following trikh is written: There are martyrs beside it, whose names are known. All of them had martyrdome, One is lying to the right, to the left the other, And the mosque has become the place of the martyrs. The calling word arrived, the prayer sounds; Let the prayers be heard if there is harm done. It has become Mohammed Mustafa's vakuf (waqf), Should God kindly receive the man, who does it. There are some rear trees in the garden of this mosque, otherwise there are not any trees at all. The court of low working on clear principles is also here. It has two medreses: One of them is zicseli Hdsi Ibrhim's medrese, the other is Mehkeme's medrese. It has only four maktabs (small schools). There are two dervish monasteries: one of them is the Ali efendi's monastery of Esztergom, the other is this Hdsi Ibrahim's one. There is...
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. Esztergom water works, translation revised by Robert Dankoff:
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One of the gates in the big, lower suburb, below the zicseli Hdsi Ibrahim Mosque, is called the Small Gate (Kcsk Kapu) that opens toward the west on the Danube. A horse can barely go through it, but a coach cannot. Outside of this gate the town has no houses. Inside the gate is the waterwheel mechanism, which drives up water to the citadel. The wondrous water-mill of Esztergom. Down at the end of the western part of the big suburb, inside the Small Gate, there is a water mechanism. It is covered by a dome with a wooden slat. The dome is made of boards, allowing an opening. There is a chimney hole, cunningly crafted so that the sun shining through the hole illuminates the interior of the engine room. Five fathoms below this hole there is a round pool for the pure water coming from the Danube. In the pool are various waterwheels, their mechanisms made of oak and alder wood, all standing in the Danube. The highest waterwheel, made of oak, is the size of a cart wheel with fifty compartments around the perimeter to let in water. But this waterwheel, unlike those below it, is not standing in the water; rather, it is below the hole, mentioned above, that lets light inside the mechanism. The central axle of this waterwheel is an iron pole as thick as a mans arm. All the wheels and axles of the wooden waterwheels standing in the Danube are made of iron as thick as a mans waist. Some of the wheels, as thick as a mans arm, are twisted like a camels neck. The ironmonger who made them displayed such skill, it is as though they were wrought by the Prophet David himself. Along the edges of these iron wheels are forty or fifty iron balls, like cannon balls. When these wheel mechanisms and the wooden waterwheels are turned by the force of the water, the balls on these wheels strike the Danube like rocks and drive the water into iron pipes. As the wheels turn, these round balls follow one another, continually forcing the water into the pipes so it cannot flow down but is brought up to the citadel where it empties into the fountain reservoir, mentioned above, and then flows out of the fountain. All the water pipes are guttered like iron muskets. There are numerous iron pipes sticking up along the sheer cliff. These iron water channels emerge upright like a fountain jet. They shoot up water into the air three minarets high or 300 fathoms high an astonishing sight. Another noteworthy aspect is that these waterwheels are not turned by the Danube, nor are they turned by horses or oxen. Just at the bottom of the cliff of the citadel, in the engine room of the wheels and water-mills, a hot spring spouts out from a rock like a sevenheaded dragon and flows into the Danube twenty fathoms below. An ancient craftsman somehow pierced the rocks to this hot spring and constructed an underground channel. It has been flowing for the past 260 years, ever since the time of King Mihadi Laszlo. No one knows where it originates. In fact, although this castle has been in the hands of Islam (i.e. the Ottomans) since the time of Sultan Sleyman, the channel of this hot spring has never been cleaned out and its source remains unknown. An ancient craftsman connected this hot spring to the water-mill inside the engine room. It is the water of this hot spring that turns all the wheels and then flows into the Danube through another channel. The mechanism of the water-mill of Esztergom. Only one man is appointed to handle the wheels in this engine room. After I entered the engine room with a few friends and observed all of the equipment described above to my hearts content, I gave some kce to the venerable miller and said: Old man, please allow us to watch the movements and turnings of these waterwheels. Boys, he said, you will not stand the thunderous noise of these wheels, and you will not dare to look at the fountain jet when it spouts up into the sky.
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My dear old father, said I, we are world travellers and boon companions of mankind. So let us see this as well, come what may! Well, dont worry, boys. Just stand back a little. With that he first opened the slat of the chimney cover and revealed the engine room. Then he blocked the channel of the hot spring that flows to the Danube. The small wooden compartments of the high wheel in the engine room filled with water and immediately the waterwheels began to turn. Great God! Such a noise broke out as though it were doomsday. Some wheels turned to the right, some to the left, all of them interconnected and turning like the gears of a clock. Dont worry, boys, said the crafty old miller. As he forcefully turned an iron pipe, like the pipe of a fountain, there was a rumbling noise and a jet of water as thick as a mans neck spouted through the water channel going up to the castle. It shot up to the sky through the chimney hole to a height of three Sleymaniye minarets. When it reached the highest point it splashed down like a rainbow and flowed into the Danube. We were lost in admiration for half an hour as we watched this spectacle. But, God knows, when the water first began to shoot out we were terrified. To such a degree is the poor Danube forced into narrow pipes by various ingenius wheels of fate and brought up to the high castle where at the top of the cliff it shoots up into the sky. After we watched this spectacle the old man craftily turned the fountain pipe of the jet and shut it off. The water began to rise up to the zenith through the upper pipes. The marvelous thing about it is that the iron balls like cannon balls that are in the Danube pool strike the water continuously one after another, forcing it into the iron water pipes. Due to this artful contrivance, and the creation of the jet, the water is conveyed up little by little to the castle. After the pipes are filled, the jet is cut off and the water shoots out. It is a noteworthy construction, at the level of white magic. In short in accordance with the verse, How can hearing be like seeing? it is something indescribable, a mill-works that must be seen and that has suffered no damage after so many centuries. May it continue to turn until the end of time! To be sure, the Danube pool is within the castle walls, but the infidels kept it thus so that in a siege no one would know that water from the Danube entered the castle via an underground channel. For so many centuries the source of the channel has remained unknown. They say that no one has seen it and that it was never repaired. However, womenfolk like to bathe in the hot spring water of this wheel of fate, claiming that it brings them luck and delivers them from ill omen. It is a hidden hot spring, since it is always shut up and the key is with the old miller. He gets a daily wage of forty kce for serving in this post. In fact, the infidels occupied this castle twice and never harmed this ancient father. God be praised, he honored me with his benediction. In fact, the Grand Vizier Kprli-zde Fzil Ahmed Pasha also was struck with amazement at this spectacle and he presented fifty bezants to the honorable old miller and ordered a ten kce pay raise for him. [Turkish text: ms. Revan 1457, fols. 96a-97a] Bu aa byk varoun bir kapusu dahi zieli el-Hac brhm cmii altnda kk kapudur kim cnib-i garba Tuna'ya alr kk kapudur. Bundan araba girp kamaz, amm at gcile sup girp kar. Bu kapudan tara asl varo evleri yokdur. Ve bu kapunun i yznde yukaru i kalaya arh ve zemberek ile giden su dollb krhnesi var. Evsf- ibret-nm-y siyb- arh- m. Evvel bu kala-i strgon'un [96b] aa byk varounun cnib-i garbsi nihyetindeki kk kapunun i yznde bir krhne-i m vardr. st indire tahta rtl kubbesi var ve kubbe tahtadan mebn olmak ile kde olmak in ol tahta kubbede bir baca delii var. std- z-fnn bu bacay bir arz- marifet in etmi, mahalliyle tavsf oluna, bu bacadan fitb- lem-tbn ziys urup bu krhne ii bir mnevver meydndr. Ve bu baca
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altnda be kula aa nehr-i Tuna'dan gelme bir b- hayt havz- mdevveri var. Ve bu havz ire gn-gn dollblar var, cmle letleri ile arhlar kaln mee ve peld ve santa aalarndan olup cmle Tuna iinde durur. Amm bu arh dollblardan l bir mee aacndan gy araba tekerlei gibi bir dollbdr. Diren-mdr tekerlei kenrnda gz gz su girecek elli aded hcreleri var. Amm bu dollb aa dollblar gibi su iinde deildir, mezkr krhne iinde aydnlk giren mezkr baca altndadr. Bu dollbn orta mli dem kolu kalnl demir mldir. Ve aa Tuna iindeki aa dollblarn arhlar ve mlleri cmle dem beli kalnl demirden arhlar ve mllerdir. Ve nie arhlar dem bzsu kalnl deve gerdn gibi eri br musanna arhlardr kim std- haddd bu arh- ibret-nmnlara eyle sanat sarf etmi kim gy kr- haddd- Dvd- Neb'dir. Ve bu demir arhlarn kenrelerinde top gllesi gibi krk elli dne mdevver demir glleler vardr. Kaan kim bu mezkr olan lt- arhlar ve gn-gn aa dollblar su zor ile evirdikde mezkr arhdaki mdevver ta gibi glleler Tuna nehrine urup Tuna suyunu zor ile demir su kngleri iine zor-a-zor suyu koyup arhlar devern etdike mezkr mdevver glleler ale'ddevm birbirine takb edp Tuna suyunu demir kngler dkup aa akmaa komayup t yukaruda i kaladaki mezkr emenin haznesine varup dklp andaki emeden cereyn eder. Amm cmle su kngleri demir mukat tfeng gibi boru knglerdir. Ve yaln kaya arasnda dik yukaru nie demir kngler rygndr. Bu demir su yollar dik yukaru azrevn gibi kar. minre kaddi ve yz kula l yere ba yukaru su kmas vcib's-seyr ibret-nmdr. Amm bu mezkr arhlar nehr-i Tuna evirmez ve atlar ve srlar hod dndrmez, bu dahi bir temghdr. Mezkr i kala kayasnn t aasnda su deirmenleri ve arhlar olan krhne ire bir kayadan ejder-i heft-ser gibi bir lca suyu grleyp cereyn ederek yigirmi zir aa nehr-i Tuna'ya rzn olur, amm suyu ol kadar germb deildir. Bu lca suyuna std- kadm-i selef bir tark ile kayalar oyup bir gne bend-i krz in etmi kim Mihadi Laslo Kral zamnndan ber il-hze'l-n iki yz altm yldan ber bu lca suyunun evveli malm deildir. Hatt Sleymn Hn'dan ber bu kala dest-i slm'da durup bu lca suyu yolu tathr olunmayup ve menba- b- nb bilinmeyp hl durur. std- selef bu uyn- hrra-y krhne ire olan arh- siyba uradup cmle arhlar bu lca suyu evirp gayri yoldan Tuna'ya rzn olur. Der-tahkk-i temgh- arh- siyb- m. Bu krhne ire bu arhlarn hidmetine memr fakad bir demdir. Bu krhneye birka yrn ile girp murd [u] mermmz zre blda tahrr olunan cemi engz arh- dollblar seyr [] tem etdiimizden sonra deirmenci babaya birka ake verp, "Prim, ltf eyle bu arh- dollblarn harekt [u] sekent, devernlarn seyr [] tem edelim" dedikde, "Oullar bu arhlarn rad-vr grld ve sikasna tkat getiremezsiz ve ibtid azrevn gk yzne pertb etdikde ana dahi bakmaa cret edemezsiz" dedikde, "Cnm Baba, biz seyyh- lem ve nedm-i ben demiz, bri bunu da grm olalm. Her i bd bd" dediimizde, "mdi oullar korkman sehel alarka durun" deyp ibtid damn mezkr bacasnn kapan aup krhane kde olup mezkr lcann Tuna'ya akan yolun sed edp krhne ire olan arh- lnin su girecek aa hneciklerin ilerine su dolunca hemn dollblar devern etmee balayup el-azametullh bir grld kopdu kim gy har [] nerden bir yevm'n-nr olup baz arhlar saa ve niesi sola devern edp cmle arhlar birbirlerine girp gy sat gibi arhlar devern ederken hemn siyb-bz koca baba-y kurnaz "Korkman oullar" deyp bir demir eme llesi gibi lleyi kuvvet ile burup evirince kalaya kan su borusundan dem gerdn kalnl bir su evc-i sumna mezkr baca deliinden tara kup Sleymniyye minresi kaddi su evc-i semya gjlayarak ve grleyerek eyle kd kim t nihyet m evc-i semya urc edp badehu kavs- kuzah-vr azrevn ba aa nehr-i Tuna'ya dklp nm sat temsnda [97a] dembeste ve hayrn olduk, amm Hud'ya ayndr ibtid suyun pertb etdiinden zehremiz k menzilimiz hk olayazd. T bu mertebe fakr nehr-i Tuna zor-a-zor muzk borular ile gn-gn muhdes arh- felekler ile evc-i sumna berber kaya banda olan kala-i blya su kmaldr. Bu tem-y azrevn seyr edp koca baba yine mezkr azrevn emesi llesin bir sanat ile evirp kapatdkdan sonra su yukaru kngler ile evce urc etmee balad, amm sanat- garbe v acbenin gzdesi nehr-i Tuna havz iinde olan glle-misl demir toplar biri biri ard
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sra Tuna suyun demirden su borularna vurup suyu borulara zor ile dkmasnda sanat- azmedir. Ve, Bir dahi sanat- kbr: "Tuna suyu ibtid zoriyyeti alsn" dey azrevn cd edp azrevndan ziydesi azar azar kalaya kup borular su ile doldukdan sonra azrevn kesp kalaya su kmas sihr-i hall mertebesi kr- ibret-nmdr. Hulsa-i kelm, enden key buved mnend-i dden dedii msran mazmnu zre tarf [] tavsfi mmkn deil, grmee muhtc bir krhne-i siyb- revc bir dollb- arh- felekdir kim bu kadar yz yldan ber asl fen bulmamdr. l mallh nkrzu'd-devrn bu siyb devern etmede ola, mn. Amm mezkr Tuna havz kala iindedir, amm hn-i muhsarada kffr nehr-i Tuna'nn kala iine kehrz ile girdiin bilme{mek in eyle} hfz etmi kim bu kadar yz yldan ber ne menba- krzi bilindi ve ne grnd ve ne meremmt olundu, derler. Amm bu arh- felek lcas suyuna kavm-i zenn ve bintnlar girp "arh suyudur" dey gusl edp krklanrlar. Zumlarnca bahtlar alup nuhsetden kurtulurlar bir nihnce lcadr, zr dim mesdd durur, mifth deirmenbz babadadr. Beher yevm krkar ake vazfe-i muayyenesi var bir pri fndir. Hatt kffr iki kerre bu kalaya istl etdikde yine bu baba-y lemi kffr incitmeyp yine deirmen-bz baba-y ehbz imi. Hamd-i Hud hayr dusyla eref-yb olduk. Hatt Sadrazam Kprlzde Ahmed Paa bizim gibi bu temy edp engt ber-dehen etdikde babaya elli altun ve on ake terakk ihsn eder.
Chapter 7
Abstract Abstract of the statute No 20/1995/XII. IM sz. 5.. Our ancestors had a one-stony watermill (2) operated by the water of the Verpech wellspring (1) at the NW foot of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) in the begining of the 1200 years. In the second half of 1460 cardinal Jnos Vitz had such a water machine built for the inhabitants of the citadell, which was able to pump up the 26 C water of the well-spring to 70 m high on the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) by a machine that gave a strong thunderous, rustling sound. The water machine was driven by the water of the well-spring. To ensure the undisturbed water supply of the machine they built a waterbearers system (shown in Figure 26.) which was similar on the face of it to the open wells of the Romanic ages. The water was lead from the wellspring housing (1) in a closed tetrangular waterbearers channel (3) to a large volume water reservoir pool (6) which involved the throat of the well (5) in the structure of the slab. Two pieces of air cadron (4) made of bricks were built into the waterbearers channel, the ventilation of them was assured by an air-watercourse (4*2) connected to the airspace of the waterpool. A so called collateral watercourse (7) was built to the air caldron being nearer to the well-spring housing, which cross section was also tetrangular, but it had an essentially smaller cross section than that of the former waterbearers watercourse had. This watercourse together with the spout of the water reservier pool (6) was connected to a sluice-slab (10) which controlled the water supply of the water machine. When the water supply of the operating machine was stopped by a quick closing of this sluice-slab, one of the air caldrons that was built nearer to the well-spring housing worked as a controlled return valve (4*1) on the effect of the peakpressure running back in the collateral channel, so the harmful effect of the water bump was avoided in this way. The overpressure started from the water reservoir pool going toward the well-spring housing was reduced in that rate that neither the waterbearers channels made of bricks nor the well-spring housing filled with bloating water were damaged. The standard water level of the water reservoir pool and that of the whole drainage system was assured by a convertible sluice-slab (8) toward the Danube. When they opened quickly the skylight (9) that had a chimney and it was connected to a wooden dome-shaped slabstructure, the bearers runoff throat (8) became closed toward the Danube, at the same time by opening the upper sluice-slab (10) the power water ran into a channel (11) that was broadened gradually
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and it had a diffuser effect. Here the power water reached a steady and smooth water level on the effect of the relative increase of its speed, and it flew in the water wheel bins (12), and as a consequence of it the wondrous water machine immediately started working. The water wheel with bins having back curved paddles released the water after a 1/3 turn, and this water fell in the oval pool (13). They put a cambered form barrage-wall (14) opposite to the waterflow in order to expand the falling power water steadily in the pool. The constant water level was assured by a sluice-slab (15) that was built on the spout side and also functioned as a spillover. When the water wheel was rolling with a steady speed it gave a constant rev to the ballelevator cylinder-wheel (17) in the middle of the pool by the connected gears (16). The ballelevator cylinder-wheel dropped the near 5 kg bronze balls in pairs on the also bronze top of the air-bell (tympanum) (18) in every 2 seconds. The fall of the 10 kg mass caused such a strong sound that the in this way induced longitudinal shock wave pushed the water from air-bell through the channel of the three-way control valve (19) up to the bearers pipe (20) of the Citadell. In this way on the effect of the bronze balls falling on the air-bell thirty times a minute, the wondrous water machine was able to transport even more than 1000 litre of fresh well-spring water up to 70 m for the people of the Castle. Meanwhile the balls after having fallen on the top of the air-bell standing in the middle of the pool were moving continuously on the effect of the energy flow and that of the waterflow in the ballbearers channel toward the crab, and by getting into the seats of the ballbearers they repeated the former phenomenon and they could assure the continuos operation of the water machine.
Figure 26. The sketch of the wondrous water machine and that of the settlement of the water supply system. As the air closed in the air-bell solved in the also present water during the operation, its lack made the transport ability of the water machine impossible. In this case they released the water of the poole by elevating the sluice-slab (15) on the side of the spout, then by opening the three-way control valve (19) they allowed the water to leave. This water was lead back from the cistern of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) through a standpipe (20), fell down with high pressur through the standing pipe (21) oriented toward the Danube, and left like a waterjet of a fountain. This
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permanently produced waterjet airsuction-pump pulled at fresh air into the inner space of the airbell After the ventilation they filled the pool (13) again with well-springwater, then in order to avoid the water bump phenomenon they closed control valve carefully, so they set back the original state, and so the wondrous water machine was ready to serve fresh water to the people of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy). The domed main entrance of the house of the water machine (22) and the also domed entrance of the well (23) are side by side according to Figure 26. The pictures of Figure 27. and Figure 28. were taken in about 70 m height from the shoulder of the NW battlement of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) in the winter month of February. They show the top view of the mosque together with its trunken minaret, the house of the wondrous water machine with the former killer way above it, and the water supply system with the remains of the Verpech well-spring.
Figure 27. The view of the place of the house of the water machine from the shoulder of the NW battlement of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy).
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Figure 28. The view of the Water Castle (Vizivr) from the battlement. The present (2013 year) state: The large part of the area of the excavations has been filled in and only a water wheel is standing as a symbol of the wondrous water-raising machine and the water mill. (Figure 29.)
Figure 29. The view of the former place of the wondrous water-raising machine in 2013.
Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance. The Appendix of the abstract
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The sketch of the settlement of the wondrous water machine and the water supply system.
The main elements of the water supply system: The main elements of the wondrous water machine:
1. Verpech well-spring; 11. waterbearers watercourse with diffusor (shoot); 2. One-stony mill paddle water round; 12. water wheel with bins and curving back paddles; 3. Waterbearers watercourse made of bricks; 13. oval waterpool; 4. Air caldron made of bricks; 14. cambered formed waterdeflector with barragewall; 4*1. Air caldron as a guided flowcontroller; 15. pool-stopper sluice-slab with a spillover; 4*2. Air caldron with the aeration channel; 16. segmented housing gear-wheel case; 5. Romanic style open well; 17. ball-elevator crab; 6. Romanic style water reservoir 18. bronze air-bell with the ballkeapers; with big volume and its entrance 19. three-way controller way; 7. Collateral tetragonal waterbearers watercourse; 20. standpipe to the Citasell; 8. Sluice-slab to control the drainage to the Danube; 21. pipe of the waterjet airsuction-pump. 9. Beam holding the skylight to the operation of the sluice-slabs; 10. Sluice-slabs to the operation of the water machine; - continuous footed arrow: the direction of the powerwater - dashed footed arrow: the direction of the increased pressure water caused by the water bump, - continuous arrow: the direction of the water toward the Danube; - continuous and dashed line:the aeretation channels of the air caldros. The elements were taken out from the inner wall of the Water Castle (Vzivr): 22. The water machine housing with its domed main entrance; 23. The domed entrance of the Castle well from the Romanic ages.
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Figure 30. The view of the water supply system from the direction of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy).
Figure 31. The view of the water supply system from the direction of the Danube.
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Figure 32. The map of the Castle Hill (Vrhegy) and the Watertown2.
References
(1) Evlia Celebi: Travels in Hungary 1660-1664 Translated by Imre Karcson OSB archeologist, (1897.) The cited part is from the first section of page 315. till the last sentence of the second section of page 317. (in Hungarian) (2) Istvn Horvth, Mrta H. Kelemen,, Istvn Torma: The archeological topography of Hungary. (Vol. 5.) (in Hungarian) (3) Andrs A..Dek: The history of the Renaissance water machine of Esztergom. Published by Duna Museum. (in Hungarian) (4) gnes Ritokn Szalay: Esztergom, the one thousand-year-old cultural metropolis. (in Hungarian) (5) Mria Prokopp: Journal of Hdlap. Vol. 6., No. 5. (in Hungarian) (6) rpd Szllsi: Jnos Vitz Jnos and the natural sciences. Annales of Esztergom. (1990:) 45-51. (in Hungarian) (7) Ervin Liptai: Military history of Hungary. (1985.) Zrnyi Military Press. Vol. 7. (in Hungarian) (8) Antal Andrs Dek: The discovery of the Danube. (2004.) Archives and book collection of the Hydraulic Museum. (in Hungarian) (9) Adolf Kunike: Hungarian translation of a German description of Jacob Alt's engraves. (1826.) Vienna. (in Hungarian) (10) The plan and plotting of the Castle and fortress of Esztergom and its close environment in 1756. Assessed and drawn by Jnos Krey head of engineering. (1685.) Nrnberg, page 221. and County archives, Esztergom. Protoc. 1719-1727. page 88. (in Hungarian) (11) Ferenc Bakos : Dictionary of foreign words and phrases. (1989.) Akadmiai Press, Budapest. (in Hungarian) (12) Gza Sasvri, captain of Dorog coal mines: personal information.
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(13) Imre Plhegyi:, caster master: personal information. (14) Jen Faller Good luck!:(1975.) Technological Press, Budapest (in Hungarian) (15) Bernard Forest Belidor: Archytectura Hydraulica. (1743.) Vol. 2., Auspurg. (16) Jen Faller: The pioneers of the mechanization of the Hungarian mines in the 18th century. (1953.) Akadmia Press. (in Hungarian) (17) Guidelines for inventors. Submit a patent. Hungarian Patent Bro, Budapest. (ISBN 963 9157 06 6). (in Hungarian)

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Zoltn Szepesi: Esztergom's wondrous water machine from the Renaissance.