Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics CCB 2024

Dr. Lukman Ismail (Block 05-03-35) & Dr. Lau Kok Keong

Nama Mata Pelajaran / Subject Name Kod / Code Status Mata Pelajaran / Subject Status Peringkat / Level Nilai Kredit / Credit Value Prasyarat (jika ada) / Prerequisite (if any) Penilaian / Assessment

Termodinamik Kejuruteraan Kimia / Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics CCB 2024 Teras / Core Sarjana Muda / Bachelor 4 Physical Chemistry Quiz / Test / Assignment Final Exam 40% 60%

Outcome-Based Education (OBE)

Chemical Engineering Programme Outcomes (PO)

1.
2.

3.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.
10. 11.

12.

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to the solution of complex chemical engineering problems. Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex chemical engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences Design solutions for complex chemical engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. Investigate complex chemical engineering problems using research based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions. Use modern engineering and IT tools to evaluate complex chemical engineering activities. Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice. Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of chemical engineering practice Communicate effectively on complex chemical engineering activities with the engineering community and society. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multidisciplinary settings. Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of technological change. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering and management principles and apply these to ones own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Course Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. explain and apply the fundamental principles and laws of thermodynamics. 2. apply the laws of thermodynamics to solve chemical engineering problems such as fluid properties, phase equilibria, chemical reaction equilibria and power cycle. 3. perform different methods of solution to solve ideal/real gas/liquid in pure component/mixtures. 4. relate the chemical thermodynamics principles with the application in separation and reaction processes.
The above course learning outcomes are mapped to the three highlighted programme outcomes i.e., PO 1& 2

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (7 th edition) Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles

Supplements:
1) Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by Moran & Shapiro 2) Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by Sonntag, Borgnakke & Van Wylen 3) Engineering Thermodynamics by J.B. Jones

References: Text book for the 1st part

Coursework Total = 40 % 20% - Dr. Lukman 20% - Dr. Lau 20% - Test 10% - Quiz 2% - Video assignment 8%

Final exam (60%): Must obtain 20% minimum marks, otherwise fail for the course Attendance : Must exceed 90%, below which the students can be barred from the final exam.

Attendance of all international students will be recorded and submitted to the Ministry of Education and will be forwarded to the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Course Outlines:

Chapter 1: Basics Concepts of Thermodynamics Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Substances Chapter 3: Energy Transfer by Heat, Work and Mass Chapter 4: The First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy

CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS

What is Thermodynamics?
Greek Words

Therme (Heat)

Dynamis (Power)

Early description: Convert heat into power Current Definition: The study of energy and energy transformations, including power generation, refrigeration and relationship among the properties of matter.

1.1 What is Energy? Ability to cause changes

Laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth Law = dealing with thermal equilibrium {if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other} First Law = deal with conservation of energy {during an interaction, energy can change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant. E.g. a rock falling off a cliff & in the diet industry}

Second Law = energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing the quality of energy.
heat Hot Cold body, spontaneous Cold

heat

Hot body, requires work

Third Law = entropy of pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

House-hold utensils appliances: Air-cond, heater, refrigerator humidifier, pressure cooker, water heater computer & TV Engines:
Automotive, aircraft, rocket
The human body Aircondition ing systems Airplanes

Plant/ Factory
Refinery, power plants, nuclear power plant
Car radiators Power plants
Refrigeration systems

1.2

Dimensions and Units

Primary Dimension

Secondary
Eg: Volume V velocity v energy E

M - mass L - length T - temperature t - time n - mole A - Ampere

Units

SI - International System - Commonly applied English System - also known as United States Customary System (USCS)

1.3

Closed and Open Systems

Thermodynamic system (system) - quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. Surroundings - the mass or region outside the system Boundary - the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surrounding - is the contact surface shared by both the system & surroundings - has zero thickness & can either contain any mass nor occupy volume in space. - can be fixed or movable

fixed

Boundary
movable

Types of system: (a) isolated - no heat/ mass transfer across boundary (b) closed(control mass) - only heat transferred (c) open system(control volume) - heat & mass transferred (b) (c)

1.4

Energy

Forms of energy - thermal, mechanical, chemical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic & nuclear E = total energy i.e sum of all energy in a system e = total energy = E (kJ/kg) mass m Forms of energy that make up the total energy of a system :
energy of a system as a whole with respect to some outside reference frames, e.g. KE, PE - related to molecular structure of a system and the degree of molecular activity - independent of outside reference frames

Energy form macroscopic microscopic

Sum of all microscopic forms of energy = Internal Energy (U)

Macroscopic forms of energy

Kinetic energy (KE) - result of motion relative to some reference frame KE = mv2/2 (kJ) where v = velocity of the system relative to some fixed reference frame (m/s) m = mass of an object (kg) Therefore, E =

Potential energy (PE) - due to elevation in a gravitational field PE = mgh (kJ) where g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2 h = elevation of center of gravity of a system relative to some arbitrarily plane (m) U + KE + PE (kJ)

1.5

Internal Energy

Internal energy - sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system related to - 1) molecular structure 2) degree of molecular activity I. E KE molecular translation molecular rotation electron translation molecular vibration electron spin nuclear spin

a.k.a sensible energy depend on the temperature

PE

Latent heat - Internal energy associated to with the phase of a system - phase -change process can occur without a change in the chemical composition of a system

1.6

Properties of a System

Property - any characteristic of a system or any quantity that describe a system

Some familiar properties are P, T, V and m. But can be extended to include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient and etc m (kg/m3) depends on T & P Density (mass per unit volume),

Specific gravity or relative density (ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature) e.g. for water, s Specific volume,

V m

H 2O

(m3/kg)

Intensive Properties

independent of the size/extent of the system

T, P, age, colour

Extensive
dependent on the size/extent of the system m V total E

Specific properties - extensive properties per unit mass E.g. specific volume (v = V/m) and specific total energy (e = E/m)

1.7
State

State & Equilibrium

a set of properties that describe the condition of a system at certain time At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. If the value of one property changes, the state will change to a different one. Equilibrium state steady state/ state of balance & no change in time Thermal equilibrium Mechanical equilibrium Phase equilibrium Chemical equilibrium T is the same throughout the system P is the same throughout the system m of each phase unchanged chemical composition unchanged

Thermal equilibrium (uniform temperature)

1.8
Process

Processes & Cycle

any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another Series of states through which a system passes during a process

Path

need to specify the initial & final states of the process, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.

1.9

Quasi-equilibrium/ Quasi-static

When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to equilibrium state at all times. Sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust to itself internally so that properties in one part of the system do not change any faster than those at other parts.

Slow compression (quasi-equilibrium)

very fast compression (non-quasi equilibrium)

 The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant. Isothermal Process a process when T remains constant Isobaric
Isochoric/ Isometric
P 2

P constant
specific volume v remains constant Process
B

Process
A

A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of the process. For a cycle, the initial & final states are identical

1.10
P =

Pressure
F Unit = N/m2 or Pa A

Gas or liquid Solids Common units 1 bar = 105 Pa 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 bars 1 kgf/ cm2 = 0.9807 bar = 0.96788 atm English unit Ibf/in2 or psi

Force Area

= Pressure Stress

Absolute pressure
Gage pressure

Vacuum pressure

Actual pressure at at given position & measured relative to absolute vacuum Difference between absolute pressure & local atmospheric pressure Difference between atmospheric pressure & absolute pressure

 Absolute, gage & vacuum pressures are all +ve quantities & related to each other by: Pgage = Pabs - Patm (for pressure above Patm) Pvac = Patm - Pabs (for pressure below Patm)

In thermo, absolute pressure is always used unless stated.

Example 1-1
A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 5.8 psi at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psi. Determine the absolute pressure in the chamber. Using Pvac = Patm - Pabs, So, Pabs = 14.5 - 5.8 = 8.7 psi

Manometer Small to moderate pressure difference are measured by a manometer and a differential fluid column of height h corresponds to a pressure difference between the system and the surrounding of the manometer.

P g h

( kPa )

Other Pressure Measurement Device

Bourdon Tube

Modern pressure sensors: 1) Pressure transducers 2) Piezoelectric material

Example 1-2 A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in the tank? Solution: Pabs = Patm - Pgage = 98 kPa - 30 kPa = 68 kPa Example 1-3 A pressure gage connected to a valve stern of a truck tire reads 240 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in the tire, in kPa and in psia? Solution: Pabs = Patm - Pgage = 100 kPa + 240 kPa = 340 kPa

The pressure in psia is Pabs = 340 kPa 14.7 psia = 49.3 psia 101.3kPa
What is the gage pressure of the air in the tire, in psig? Pgage = Pabs - Patm = 49.3 psia - 14.7 psia = 34.6 psig Example 1-4 Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure. If the pressure gage reads 80 kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluids is mercury whose density is 13,600 kg/m3.

P h g

103 N / m3 80 kPa kPa h kg m 1N 13600 3 9.807 2 m s kg m / s2 0.6 m

Temperature
Measure of hotness and coldness Transfer of heat from higher to lower temp. until both bodies attain the same temp. At that point, heat transfer stops and the two bodies have reached thermal equilibrium requirement: equality of temperature Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when they have reached the same temperature. If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Temperature scales: Celcius (C) Fahrenheit (F) Kelvin (K) Rankine (R)

Conversion:
T(K) = T(C) + 273.15 T(R) = T(F) + 459.67 T K = (T2C +273.15) - (T1C + 273.15) = T2C - T1C = TC T R = TF

Temperature Scale Comparison