Crude birth rate is the natality or childbirths per 1,000 people per year.

[1]

It can be represented by number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population. This figure is combined with the crude death rate to produce the rate of natural population growth (natural in that it does not take into account net migration). As of 2007, the average birth rate for the whole world is 20.3 per year per 1000 total population, which for a worldpopulationof 6.5 billion comes to 134 million babies per

year. Another indicator of fertility is frequently used: the total fertility rate average number of children born to each woman over the course of her life. In general, the total fertility rate is a better indicator of (current) fertility rates because unlike the crude birth rate it is not affected by the age distribution of the population. Fertility rates tend to be higher in less economically developed countries and lower in more economically developed countries. The birth rate is an item of concern and policy for a number of national governments. Some, including those of Italy and Malaysia, seek to increase the national birth rate using measures such as financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, others aim to reduce the birth rate. For example, the government of China has adopted a mandatory One child policy, while non-coercive measures such as improved information about and availability of birth control have achieved similar results in countries such as Iran

[edit] Other methods of measuring birth rate

Total number of births in the United States, 1934 to present Total number of births General fertility rate (GFR) This measures the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 or 15 to 49.

Standardised birth rate (SBR) This compares the age-sex structure to a hypothetical standard population. Total fertility rate (TFR) The mean number of children a woman is expected to bear during her child-bearing years. It is also independent of the age-sex structure of the population.

Factors affecting birth rate

Pro-natalist policies and Antinatalist policies from government Existing age-sex structure Availability of family planning services Social and religious beliefs - especially in relation to contraception and abortion.Economic prosperity (although in theory when the economy is doing well families can afford to have more children in practice the higher the economic prosperity the lower the birth rate). Poverty levels children can be seen as an economic resource in developing countries as they can earn money. Typical age of marriage Pension availability Conflict

References
1. ^ See "Fertility rates"; Economic Geography Glossary at University of Washington

Rate of natural increase

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search In demographics, the rate of natural increase (RNI) is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population (excluding migration). When looking at countries, it gives an idea of what position in the Demographic Transition Model, but to find out how much a country is growing, the population growth rate should be observed. This science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Natural Increase: Natural increase is the birth rate minus the death rate. If it is a positive number that means the population is increasing but if it is a negative number that means the population decreasing. Example if it is positive that means more people are being born than dying but if it is a decrease that means more people are dying than being born. Here is an example using the population of Ghana.

Births - 459,942 Deaths - 175,686 Natural increase = births - deaths = 459,942 - 175,686 =284,256

Net migration rate

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Jump to: navigation, search Net migration rates for 2006: positive (blue) and negative (orange) Net migration rate is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided (usually) per 1,000 inhabitants (considered on midterm population). A positive value represents more people entering the country than leaving it, while a negative value mean more people leaving than entering it.. Example: On January 1, year 2000 our country A has a population of 1,000,000 inhabitants. From that date to January 1, 2001, 200,000 people immigrated to A, and 100,000 people left the country. At the same time, there were born 100,000 babies, and nobody died. Therefore, the population of A On January 1, 2001 is 1,200,000. We consider that on July 1, 2000 (the middle of out time term) there were 1,100,000 inhabitants. And since 100,000 left and 200,000 came, the migration difference is +100,000.

But this value is per inhabitant, and we want a per 1,000 persons value:

This number give us a comparable idea of the impact of migration on the country's population. Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Migration (resulting in population isolation) is one of the four evolutionary forces (along with natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation). The discipline of Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in gene variation (allele) frequencies under such influences. The pressures of human migrations, whether as outright conquest or by slow cultural infiltration and resettlement, have affected the grand epochs in history (e.g. the fall of the Western Roman Empire); under the form of colonization, migration has transformed the world (e.g. the prehistoric and historic settlements of Australia and the Americas). Population genetics studied in traditionally settled modern populations

have opened a window into the historical patterns of migrations, a technique pioneered by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza.

mtDNA-based chart of large human migrations. Forced migration (see population transfer) has been a means of social control under authoritarian regimes, yet free initiative migration is a powerful factor in social adjustment (e.g. the growth of urban populations). In December 2003 The Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) was launched with the support of Kofi Annan and several countries, with an independent 19-member Commission, threefold mandate and a finite life-span, ending December 2005. Its report, based on regional consultation meetings with stakeholders and scientific reports from leading international migration experts, was published and presented to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan on 5 October 2005.[1] Different types of migration include:

Daily human commuting.[citation needed] Seasonal human migration is mainly related to agriculture. Permanent migration, for the purposes of permanent or long-term stays. Local Regional Rural to Urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization) Urban to Rural, more common in developed countries due to a higher cost of urban living

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.