MM2406/8441 _______________________________________________________________________________ SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC 2010/2011 SEMESTER ONE EXAMINATION Diploma in Bioengineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time 4th Year (A) Evenings Only Diploma in Resort Facilities and Services Management 2nd Year (A) Full Time THERMOFLUIDS ll Time Allowed: 2 Hours

_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructions to Candidates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The examination rules set out on the last page of the answer booklet are to be complied with. This paper consists of 4 questions. Answer all. Answer your questions on the answer booklet provided. A Steam Tables booklet is provided for this paper. This paper consists of 5 pages including 2 pages of appendix. For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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A diesel engine operating on the ideal Dual Combustion Cycle has a compression ratio of 18:1. At the start of the compression stroke, p1 = 1 bar and T1 = 30 oC. The maximum cycle pressure is 80 bar and the maximum cycle temperature is 1600 oC. Sketch the p-V and T-s diagrams of this cycle and determine the: (a) pressure and temperature at the other points of the cycle, (b) cut-off ratio, (c) constant pressure heat addition pressure ratio, (d) heat added and heat rejected (in kJ/kg), (e) nett work done (in kJ/kg), (f) thermal efficiency, (g) volume at the other points of the cycle if the volume V1 = 0.09 m3. (25 marks) (962.8,57.2,1346.6,672.4,2.22;1.39;1.4;804.6,265.2;539.4;0.67;0.005,0.005,0.00695,0.09) A power station produces 80 MW of electricity. It operates on a Rankine Cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at 120 bar absolute and 600 o C. After an isentropic expansion, the steam leaves the high pressure turbine at 4 bar absolute. The steam is then heated at constant pressure to 300 oC before passing through the low pressure turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.5 bar. The low pressure turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 80 %. Sketch the T-s diagram for this cycle. Start your labelling with point 1 at the inlet to the high pressure steam turbine. Neglecting feed pump work input, calculate the: (a) quality (i.e. dryness fraction) of the steam leaving the high pressure turbine, to 3 decimal places, (b) thermal efficiency for this cycle, (c) specific steam consumption for this plant (in kg/kWh), (d) mass flow rate of steam (in kg/h) (25 marks) (0.981,0.345,2.87,229,531.45) A single stage reciprocating air compressor has a bore of 80 mm and a stroke of 100 mm. The clearance volume is 3 % of the swept volume. The intake conditions are 98 kN/m2 and 30 oC and the delivery pressure is 600 kN/m2. The compression and expansion processes are polytropic with n = 1.31. Draw the p-V diagram for this cycle. If the compressor speed is 1400 rpm, calculate the: (a) induced volume (in m3), (b) FAD (in m3/s), (c) volumetric efficiency at free air conditions, (d) volumetric efficiency at inlet conditions, (e) mass flow rate (in kg/s), (f) indicated power (in kW). Take the atmospheric conditions as 101.3 kN/m2 and 28 oC. (4.576x10-4,0.0103,0.875,0.91,0.012,2.36) (25 marks)

2.

3.

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A fire hose discharges water at a volume flowrate of 0.01 m3/s. If the water strikes a vertical wall at a velocity of 20 m/s find the: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) mass flowrate of the water (in kg/s), diameter of the hose (in mm), vertical component of the force acting on the vertical wall (in N), horizontal component of the force acting on the vertical wall (in N). (10 marks) water jet vertical wall y

x Diagram for Question 4(a) (10,25.23,0,200) (b) A horizontal pipe of varying cross sectional area is used to transport water . The inlet diameter of this pipe is 150 mm, the inlet water pressure is 173 kN/m2 and the inlet flow velocity is 8 m/s. The outlet diameter of the pipe is 300 mm. Determine the: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) static head at inlet (in m of water), velocity head at inlet (in m of water), velocity at outlet (in m/s), pressure at outlet (in kN/m2), mass flowrate of the water (in kg/s).

(15 marks)

For both parts of this question, take density of water = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2. (17.64,3.26,2,203.07,141.37)

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__ Appendix - Table of Formulae

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Constant P P=C
V1 V2 = T1 T2

Constant V V=C
p1 p = 2 T1 T2

Constant T T=C
p1V1 = p2V2

Polytropic

Adiabatic

Equation of state

p1V1n = p 2V2n p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 T2 p =( 2 ) T1 p1

n 1 n

p1V1 = p2V2 p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 T p V = ( 1 ) n 1 2 = ( 2 ) T p1 V2 1

1

=(

V1 1 ) V2

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

p (V2 V1 ) mR (T2 T1 )

p1V1 ln (

V2 ) V1 V2 ) V1

mRT ln (

p1V1 p2V2 n 1 mR(T1 T2 ) n 1

U +W

p1V1 p2V2 1 mR (T1 T2 ) 1

mCp(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCpln(

T2 ) T1

mCvln(

T2 ) T1

mRln(

V2 ) V1

mCvln(

T2 )+ mRln( T1 V2 ) V1

For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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pV = mRT
Vs =

power = mwnet
W = n mR(T2 T1 ) n 1
indicated work shaft work shaft power input power

d 2l
4

rv =

v1 v2 v s + vc vc
v3 v4 ; v2 v3

rv =

motor iso
=

isothermal work indicated work

k=

p3 p2

p c V cn = p d V dn

Wnet TH = Q s

paVFAD p (V Vd ) = 1 a Ta T1

h = hf + xhfg

v v

V FAD Vs
V a V d Vs

s = sf + xsfg
x x1 y y1 = x 2 x1 y 2 y1
S .S .C . =
isen

F = m(V2 V1 )

3600 wnet

p = gh
p1 v12 p v2 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 g 2 g g 2 g

actual work = isentropic work

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