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OCTOBER 2012
VOL 4, NO 6

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

Work Motivation of Male and Female Secondary School Teachers in Karachi

Ahmad Saeed Associate Professor Hamdard Institute of Education and Social Sciences Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan Rizwana Muneer Assistant Professor Department of Education, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate the work motivation of male and female secondary school teachers in Karachi. The knowledge of work motivation helps to a better understanding of teachers. The study was limited to all secondary school teachers in Karachi. The strategy of research was survey. Stratified random sampling design was adopted. The female teachers were found to be more motivated to their work than male teachers. It is recommended that the principals should adopt a dynamic leadership style and encourage participation of teachers in decision making. Keywords: Work Motivation, Secondary School Teachers

Introduction
Work motivation enhances the quality of work. A highly motivated teacher works hard to achieve the performance goals. Such as teacher will be highly productive. Teachers job is to channelize the creative energies of students and inspire them to learn. Teachers are not only professionals but they are regarded as leasers in their respective communities. The basic purpose of the research was to analyze work motivation of male and female teachers in government and private secondary schools of Karachi and make recommendations for enhancing the work motivation level of teachers. The study is expected to yield the following benefits for the improvement of school practices and work motivation of teachers: 1. The knowledge of work motivation helps to a better understanding of teachers. 2. The study will assist the educational authorities to have guidelines for recruitment of the teachers. 3. It will be helpful to teachers as well to schools. 4. Last but not least, this knowledge of work motivation would have tremendous impact on the cumulative efficiency of teachers. The study was limited to government and private secondary school teachers of Karachi. Work motivation is a process to energize employees to the work goals through a specific path (Ray, 2001). A person devotes much efforts, persistence and direction towards his occupation.

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Johns (1983) defined motivation as: The person work hard, The person keeps at his / her work and The person directs his or her behavior towards appropriate goals. Secondary School: An educational institution which provides education to children from classes 6th to 10th, aged 11+ to 15+. Teacher: A person who teaches in a school. A person who gives systematic information, instruction or skill.

Review of Literature
One of the most difficult aspects in life is to remain constantly motivated under any circumstances. Motivation is the most important factor that drives every human beings to reach their goals. In fact the importance of motivation multiples at the workplace. According to Mangal (2005), the human mind has certain innate or inherited tendencies which are the essential springs or motive power of all thoughts and action, whether individual or collective and are the bases from which the character and will of individuals, and of nations are gradually developed under the guidance of intellectual faculties. Without motivation, the progress is not possible. Motivation plays a key role in all processes of life. With motivation outcomes, accomplishments and success would be improved (Lezine-articles.com, 2008). Motivation helps to do better in career, relationships, health and money. Nothing would move forward without motivation. Motivation is an integrated and cumulative product of the interaction among the biological, and cognitive components of ones personality. (Mangal, 2005). Motivation is a term used to refer to the reasons for engaging in a particular behavior, especially human behavior as studied in psychology. These reasons may include basic needs such as food or desired object, hobbies and goals. The motivation for a behavior may also be attributed to less apparent reasons such as morality (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/motivation). Motivation is enthusiasm or interest that causes a specific action or certain behavior. Motivation is present in every life function. Simple acts such as eating are motivated by hunger. Motivation is simply the reason for an action which gives purpose and direction to behavior. Motivation is What drives you to behave in a certain way or to take a particular action. It is your Why (www.motivation-for-dreamers.com). According to Taylor salaries motivate workers. Theory of scientific management argued workers do work when close supervision and control is implemented. Workers are paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard. Taylors method was widely adopted. It helps to achieve the increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The theory can equally be applied in educational settings. The phenomena of motivation can be used in the field of education through following rules (www.motivationtools.com). Set a major goals, but follow a path. Finish whatever someone has started. Socialized with others of similar interest. Learn how to learn. Harmonize natural talent with interest that motivates. Increase knowledge of subjects that inspires. 463

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Take Risk: Failure and bouncing back are elements of motivation. Failure is a learning tool; no one has ever succeeded at anything without a string of failures.

Methodology
The strategy of research was survey. The population of the study comprised of all secondary school teachers of Karachi. There are approximately 25000 secondary school teachers (BSE-, 2009). It was not possible to carry out a census. Consequently a stratified random sampling design was adopted. The principle of stratification was related to the gender of teachers. The sample size was 300 teachers drawn from 72 schools. A tailor-made questionnaire was designed. Instrument was personally administered to the respondents. The data were analyzed statistically through t-test. Table 1: Distribution of Secondary School Teachers of Karachi by Gender Sex Male Female Total Frequency 74 226 300 Percentage 25 75 100

It is clear from the table that out of 300 teachers, 25% were male and 75% female. Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference in the level of work motivation among male and female secondary school teachers of Karachi. Analysis of the Problem 1. 2. 3. 4. Ho : 1 = 2 H1 : 12 = 0.05 Test Statistics: t

X1 X 2 t= SE X1 X 2 5. Decision Rule: Reject Ho if computed value of t 1.96 6. Conclusion

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Table shows the application of t- test for testing the null hypothesis. Table Application of t-test for testing the Null Hypothesis 1 Group 1 Male X1 177 165 174 166 X1 = 12717 N1 = 74 X12 31329 27225 30276 27556 X12 = 2211441 X1 = 171.85 X2 170 165 193 152 X2= 40199 N2 = 226 Group 2 Female

X22 28900 27225 37249 23104 X22= 7247499 X2 = 177.87

Conclusion
Referring to table t, we find that the tabulated value of t=1.96 with df= 298 at 0.05 is smaller than the computed value of t=2.32. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and it is concluded that there is a significant difference in the level of work motivation among male and female teachers. From inspection of the table, it is clear that the female teachers are more motivated to work than their male counterparts. This may be due to the fact that female teachers are concentrating on their job without external pressure. Moreover, female teachers are not facing the burden of supporting the family as compared to their male colleagues. As a result the on job motivation remains high. Male secondary school teachers in most of the cases are the single bread earners for family. Therefore they are looking for other options to enhance their income. It results in low level of on job motivation. In light of the findings, the following recommendations are made:

Principal Support
It is recommended that principals should adopt a dynamic, democratic leadership style. It will encourage participation of teachers in decision-making. Team work among the teachers and high discipline and order in the school enhances the work motivation.

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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Strict Enforcement of Rules and Regulations

The administration enforce the rules and regulations effectively and equally to all of its staff members. It will give confidence to teachers and they will make extra efforts towards their work.

Salary Package
Pay package must be at market competitive prices.

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References

1. BSE (Board of Secondary Education), (2009). List of Secondary School Teachers in Karachi. 2. Taylor (2008), Cognitive Theories, Motivation-Theories p.4. retrieved from http://tutor2u.net/business/gese/people-motivationtheories. 3. Definition of Motivation (2008). retrieved from http://www.motivation-fordreamers.com. 4. http://www.ezinearticles.com/sosan Birmingham (2008). 5. Importance of Motivation, retrieved from http://www.motivation.co.in/importance-ofmotivation.htm. 6. Johns Garry (1983), Organizational Behavior Understanding Life at Work, G. Lendiv, Scott, Foreman, P.173. 7. Motivation, (2008) retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/motivation,p-8. 8. Mangal S. K. (2005), Advanced Educational Psychology, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall of India. Private Limited, New Delhi. 9. Ray D. Datta (2001). Work Motivation: Barriers and Strategies, Lecture Dated 17.11.2001, Psychology Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institution, Kolkata, India. 10. Seven Rules of Motivation (2008), p.1. retrieved from http://www.motivationtools.com/elements/seven_rules.html.

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