Astm A 10.7

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T A N S I A10.7
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ANSI Al 0.7a-1991
Supplement to
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ANSI A I 0.7-1 989
American National Standard

for construction and demolition -
commercial explosives and blasting agents safety requirements for transportation, storage, handling, and use (new subclauses 6.1.3, 6.1.4, and 6.5.6.2)
(
Approved June
24,1991
Secretariat: National Safety Council
Page 1 of 2 pages
Insert new subclauses 6.1.3 and 6.1.4

6.1.3
Whenever a new explosive materials storage location, including a temporary job site, is established, local authorities, such as law enforcement agencies, fire departments, and local emergency planning committees, shall be notified immediately of the type, quantity, and location of explosive materials at the site.
All normal access roads to explosive material storage facilities shall be posted with the following warning sign:
6.1.4
DANGER
NEVER FIGHT EXPLOSIVE FIRES
EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE CALL
An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.
A
COPYRIGHT American National Institute Copyright Q 1991 by Standards American National standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 Licensed by Information Handling Services
ANSISCI 29 1/10
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Page 2 of 2 pages
The sign shall be weather resistant, have a reflective surface, and have lettering that is a minimum of 2 inches high. The first two line$ of lettering shall be red and the remaining lettering black. 6.5.6.2 The placards required by the U.S. Department of Transportation for the transportation of blasting agents shall be displayed on all Type-5 storage magazines while blasting agents are being stored in the magazine.
Replace current Subclause 6.5.6.2 with the following text:
Renumber current Subclauses 6.5,6.2 - 6.5.6.8 as 6.5.6.3 - 6.5.6.9
ANSI Al 0.7a-1991
COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services
ANSI A L O - 7 89 W O724350 00004L2 L W -
s- 3 % 1 \
ANSI A10.7-1989
for Construction und Demolition -
Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling, and Use
American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway New York, New York
ANSI AL097 8 7 E 072'4LCO O O O O ' t 3 3 3 E

ANSI @
AI 0.7-1989
Revision of ANSI Al0.7-1987
American National Standard for Construction and Demolition -
Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling, and Use
Secretariat
National Safety Council
Approved September 18,1989
American National Standards Institute, Inc
American quirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by National the standards developer. Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from inanufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.
Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the re-
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.
Published by
American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018
Copyright O 1989 by American National Standards Institute, nc All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, i n an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America

A lM1289/21
A N S I A 1 0 - 7 87 H 0 7 2 q 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 5 7
Foreword
(This Foreword is not part of American National Standard A10.7-1989.)
This, the 1989 revision of the standard last revised in 1987, brings the standard up to date with respect to governmental regulations and industry practice. The standard applies to the construction and demolition operations industry. It provides reasonable minimum recommendations for establishing and maintaining health and safety for those involved with commercial explosives and blasting agents. (The reader is also advised to consult the many governmental regulations bearing on the subjects covered in this standard.) This standard was first approved and published as Part VI, Blasting, of American National Standard Safety Code for Building Construction, ANSI A10.2-1944. It was next revised as American National Standard Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling, and Use of Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents in the Construction Industry, ANSI A10.7-1970, and a revision of this was published in 1979. The 1987 revision appeared as American National Standard for Construction and Demolition - Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents - Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling, and Use. This standard is one of a series of safety standards that have been formulated by Accredited Standards Committee on Safety in Construction and Demolition Operations, Alo, It is expected that the standards in the A10 series will find a major application in industry, serving as a guide to contractors, labor, and equipment manufacturers. For the convenience of the users, existing and proposed standards in the A10 series for safety requirements in construction and demolition operations are as follows: A10.3 A10.4 A10.5 A10.6 A10.7 Powder-Actuated Fastening Systems Personnel Hoists Material Hoists Demolition Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents - Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling, and Use A10.8 Scaffolding A10.9 Concrete Construction and Masonry Work A1O.10 Temporary and Portable Space Heating Devices and Equipment Used in the Construction Industry A10.11 Safety Nets Used during Construction,Repair, and Demolition Operations Alo. 12 Excavation (under development) A10.13 Steel Erection A10.15 Dredging A10.16 Tunnels, Shafts, and Caissons A10.17 Asphalt Pavement Construction (under development) A10.18 Temporary Floor and Wall Openings, Flat Roofs, Stairs, Railings, and Toeboards A10.19 Pile Driving (under development) A10.20 Ceramic Tile, Terrazzo, and Marble Work A10.22 Rope-Guided and Nonguided Workmens Hoists A10.24 Roofing (under development) A10.27 Asphalt Mixing Plants for Construction Projects (under development) A10.28 Work Platforms Suspended from Cranes or Derricks A10.30 Drilled Caissons (under development) A10.31 Digger Derricks A10.32 Fall Prevention System (under development) A10.33 Safety Programs (under developmeiit)
A N S I A30.7
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A10.34 A10.35 A10.36 A10.37
Public Protection (under development) High Pressure Hydro Blasting (under development) Dry Diamond Laws (under development) Debris Nets (under development)
One purpose of these standards is to serve as a guide to governmental authorities having jurisdiction over subjects within the scope of the A10 Committee. If these standards are adopted for governmental use, the references to other national codes or standards in the individual volumes may be changed to refer to the corresponding regulations of the governmental authorities. All inquiries requesting interpretation of the language of the Committees approved American National Standards must be in writing and directed to the secretariat. The A10 Committee shall approve the interpretation before a response is sent to the inquirer. (Only the A10 Committee is authorized to provide any interpretation of this standard.) The A10 Committee solicits comments on, and criticisms of, the requirements of the standards, The standards will be revised form time to time to provide for new developments. Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. All requests for interpretation and all suggestions for improvement should be sent to the A10 Committee, National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by Accredited Standards Committee on Safety in Construction and Demolition Operations, Alo. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the A10 Committee had the following members: Matthew J. Burkart, Chairman Jim E. Lapping, Vice-chairman Phil Schmidt, Secretary
Organization Represented Aegis Corporation ................................................................................ Alliance of American Insurers ............................................................. Name of Representative Matthew J. Burkart Daniel J. Mortenson Campbell G. Dewey (Alt) Robert S. Gosnell Peter D. Courtois S. J. Henry (Alt) Jim E. Lapping Leslie Murphy (Alt) H. W. Eisenberg Ron Davis Charles Peshek (Alt) Micheal Sbaglia Peter C. Danielsen (Alt) Ernest Jorgenson, Jr F. C. Daniels (Alt) Thomas Vorholt Paul A. King Richard K. King Gary Buffington (Alt) Oscar F. Smith, IV Harry Huggins (Alt) William E. Miller A. D. Cobb D. A. Gaddy (Alt) Tom Malloy Richard Chapman (Alt)
American Concrete Institute ................................................................ American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations .............................................. American Institute of Architects ......................................................... American Institute of Steel Construction ............................................ American Insurance Service Group, Inc ............................................. American Society of Safety Engineers ................................................ Associated Builders and Contractors .................................................. The Associated General Contractors of America ............................... Black & Veatch .................................................................................... Colonnas Shipyard, Incorporated ....................................................... Construction Industry Manufacturers Association ............................. E. I. DuPont DeNemours & Company ................................................. Engineering Contractors Association ..................................................
ANSI AL0.7 84
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Organization Represented
Name of RepreseMatve
Human Factors Society ........................................................................ Industrial Safety Equipment Association ............................................ Institute of Makers of Explosives ........................................................ International Association of Bridge Structured and Ornamental Iron Workers ......................................................... Intemational Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ...............................
~ w i C. s Barbe Frank E. Wilcher Catherine A. Morin (Alt) Roger N. Prescott Thomas P. Dowling (Alt)
Bernard Puchalski (Alt) George E. Smith Dick Stromburg (Alt) A, Bennett Hill, Jr International Union of Operation Engineers ....................................... Don Ciuson (Alt) Vito Russo Laborers International Union of North America ................................ Jack Hansman Mechanical Contractors Association of America ............................... William C. Abernathy (Alt) Morley Brickman Morley Brickman and Associates Ltd Gil Miller National Association of Dredging Contractors ................................... John Brooks National Association of Governmental Labor Officials ........... Harold E. Van Werden National Association of Home Builders ............................................. Kenneth A. Paradis National Contractors Association ........................................................ National Electrical Contractors Association ....................................... Charles J. Hart William J. Normand (Alt) William Treharne National Erectors Association ............................................................. S. C. Burkhammer (Alt) Andrew Johnson National Roofing Contractors Association Carl Good (Alt) National Safety Council ....................................................................... John A. Gleichman On Site Health Services, Inc ................................................................ Judith A. Paul Sue Kennedy (Alt) Clyde W. Farrar, Jr Professional Safety Consultants, Inc ................................................... Sinto, Inc .............................................................................................. Daniel M.Paine David Denny (Alt) Randy Krueger The Taylor Companies ......................................................................... Joe A. Adam United Association ............................................................................... Joseph L. Durst, Jr United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America ............... United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers ..........Robert J. Kru1 Joseph A. Wiederkehr (Alt) United States Department of the Army ............................................... James T. Pattea Michael G. Vogt (Alt) United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration ............................ Roy Gurnham Anthony D. Brown United States Environmental Protection Agency ............................... James Makris (Alt) H. S. Lew United States National Bureau of Standards ....................................... Wire Rope Technical Board ................................................................ J o Ferry ~ Ingo Zeise Zeise ...................................................................................................... Zum Industries ..................................................................................... Jeffrey D. Meddm
.................................................
.........................................
This revision was developed by the A10 Committee as a whole, sitting as a working group, in consultation with many knowledgeable persons in the field.
Contents
PAGE
1. Scope and Purpose .................................................................................................... 1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................. 1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................ 2. Referenced and Related Standards and Other Publications .................................... 2.1 Referenced American National Standard ....................................................... 2.2 Other Referenced Standards ............................................................................ 2.3 Referenced Publications .................................................................................. 2.4 Related Standards ............................................................................................
............................................ 4 . General Requirements ...............................................................................................

5. Transportation of Explosives .................................................................................... 5.1 General Provisions ........................................................................................... 5.2 Transportation Vehicles ................................................................................... 5.3 Operation of Transportation Vehicles ............................................................. 5.4 Underground Transportation ........................................................................... 6 . Storage of Explosive Materials ................................................................................. 6.1 General Provisions ........................................................................................... 6.2 Classification and Use of Magazines .............................................................. 6.3 Location of Magazines .................................................................................... 6.4 Construction of Magazines - General Considerations................................... 6.5 Construction of Magazines - Specifics .......................................................... 6.6 Operation of Magazines .................................................................................. 7 . Use of Explosive Materials ....................................................................................... 7.1 General Provisions ........................................................................................... 7.2 Blaster - Minimum Qualifications.................................................................. 7.3 Blaster's Permit Restrictions ........................................................................... 7.4 Denial. Revocation. or Suspension of Permits ............................................... 7.5 Loading of Explosive Materials ...................................................................... 7.6 Initiation of Explosive Charges.......................................................................
3 . Definitions ....................................................................
8
11
12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 16 16 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 24
25 25 25 25
8 . Firing the Blast ..........................................................................................................

9. Procedure After Blasting ........................................................................................... 9.1 Returning to Blast Area ................................................................................... 9.2 Inspection of Blast Area .................................................................................. 9.3 Misfires ............................................................................................................
Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Classification and Use of Magazines ..................................................... Using ATD and SDT to Determine Distances ....................................... Types of Blaster's Permit ........................................................................
15 15 21 26 28 36
Appendixes Appendix A Excavation Work in Compressed Air ............................................... Appendix B Safe Distance Tables for Locating Facilities for the Manufacture and Storage of Explosive Materials ............................ Appendix C Survey of Job Site .............................................................................
A N S I A10.7
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American National Standard for Construction and Demolition -
Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents Safety Requirements for Transportaton, Storage, Handling, and Use
1. Scope and Purpose

1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to provide the construction industry with reasonable minimum recommendations for establishing and maintaining a level of health and safety with regard to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of commercial explosives and blasting agents. 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 This standard is applicable to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of commercial explosives and blasting agents in the construction industry. 1.2.2 This standard does not supersede legal requirements, or laws, or regulations by local, state, or federal agencies, pertaining to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of commercial explosives and blasting agents. 1.2.3 The following exceptions should be noted. The requirements of this standard shall not be applied to pyrotechnics, small-arms ammunition, or explosive power packs in the form of explosive-activated or explosive-charged construction devices such as explosive rivets, explosive bolts, explosive charges for driving pins or studs, and cartridges for explosive-actuated power tools.
2.2 Other Referenced Standards. This standard is also intended for use with the following standards:
IME Publication No. 2 (February 1986), The American Table of Distances IME Publication No. 12 (January 1985), Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industrial Terms IME Publication No. 20 (December 1988), Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of Commercial Detonators
2.3 Referenced Publications. This standard is also intended for use with the following publications.
[1] Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (Department of the Treasury) CFR 27, Part 55 [2] U.S. Department of Transportation,CFR 49, Part 173.14(a)
[3] Code of Federal Regulations (Commerce in Explosives) Part 55, Title 27 (Dated: this list is updated at least annually)2
[4] Importation, Manufacture, Distribution, and Storage of Explosive Materials, 18 U.S,C., Chapter 40 [5] Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, U.S.C. Title 18, Section 841
2. Referenced and Related Standards and Other Publications

2.1 Referenced American National Standard. This standard is intended for use in conjunction with the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70-1987. When this referenced standard is superseded by a revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc, the revision shall apply.
[6] U.S. Department of Transportation, CFR Title
49, Parts 1-999

[7] U.S. Department of Transportation, CFR Title 49, Parts 100-179
Available from Institute of Makers of Explosives, Suite 310, 1120 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036-3605. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.
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[8] U.S. Department of Transportation, CFR Title 49, Parts 100-199

2.4 Related Standards. The following standards are listed for information only and are not essential for completion of the requirements of this standard.
blast site. The area in which explosive materials are being loaded, or have been loaded, including all holes to be loaded for the same blast for a distance of 50 feet on all sides. blaster. That qualified person in charge of, and responsible for, the loading and firing of a blast (same as shot firer), blasting primary blasthg. Blasting to fragment and displace material from its original position to facilitate subsequent handling and crushing.
ANSI/NFPA 1-1987, Fire Prevention Code ANSI/NFPA 10-1988, Portable Fire Extinguishers ANSINPA 495- 1985, Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, and Use of Explosive Materials ANSI/NFPA 498-1986, Explosives Motor Vehicle Terminals IMFi Publication No, 1 (June 1986), Construction Guide for Storage Magazines
IMEi Publication No. 3 (January 1985), Suggested Code of Regulations for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, Sale, Possession and Use of Explosive Materials
secondary blasting. Blasting to reduce the size of boulders resulting from a primary blast.
blasting agent. An explosive material that meets prescribed criteria for insensitivity to initiation. For storage, a blasting agent is defined as any material or mixture, consisting of fuel and oxidizer, intended for blasting but not otherwise defined as an explosive. This assumes that the finished product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined (for storage purposes, the definition is from a regulation of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms of the Department of the Treasury [i])? For transportation, a blasting agent is defined as a material for blasting that has been tested and found to be so insensitive that there is very little probability of accidental initiation to explosion or transition from deflagration to detonation (for transport purposes, the definition is from a Department of Transportation regulation [2]). blasting cap. A metallic capsule containing an initiating explosive and a base charge, open at the upper end to accept a section of safety fuse, and used for initiating the primer or main charge. Also referred to as: fuse cap, regular or ordinary blasting cap. block-holing. The secondary reduction of boulders by loading and firing light explosive charges in drilled holes of small diameter. bulk-mix delivery equipment. Equipment (usually a motor vehicle with or without mechanical delivery device) that transports explosive materials in bulk form for mixing, or for loading directly into blast holes, or both. bullet-resistant construction. Magazine walls or doors of construction that is resistant to penetration
Numbers in brackets refer to corresponding numbers in 2.3, Referenced Publications.
IME Publication No. 4 (June 1989), Warnings and Instructions for Consumers in Transporting, Storing, Handling and Using Explosive Materials IMFi Publication No, 17 (March 1987), Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of Explosive Materials
3. Definitions
In this standard, the following definitions shall apply:
acceptor. A charge of explosives or blasting agent receiving an impulse from an exploding donor charge. ammonium nitrate. The ammonium salt of nitric acid, represented by the formula ,NO3. authorized; approved; authorization; approval. Terms that refer to persons, installations,equipment, or procedures that are authorized or approved by, or have authorization or approval by, th authority having jurisdiction. authority having jurisdiction. The governmental agency, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installation, or a procedure. blast area. The area of a blast, including the area immediately adjacent that is within the influence of flying-rock missiles and concussion. blast preparation. Drilling, hole inspection, loading explosive charges, installing systems for initiation and confinement of the blast.
A N S I AL0.7 8 9
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by a bullet of 150-grain M2 ball ammunition of nominal muzzle velocity 2,700 feet per second, fired from a .30 caliber rifle at a right angle to the wall or door, from a distance of 190 feet. When a magazine ceiling or roof is required to be bullet-resistant, the ceiling or roof shall be constructed of materials comparable to the side walls or of other materials that will withstand penetration when the bullet described above is fired at an angle of 45 degrees to the surface. Tests to determine bullet-resistance shall be conducted on test panels or empty magazines that will resist penetration of 5 out of 5 shots placed independently of each other in an area at least 3 feet by 3 feet. If hardwood or softwood is used, the water content of the wood shall not exceed 15%. Examples of construction that meet this definitions are given in 6.5.5.
detonator, Any device containing any initiating or primary explosive that is used for initiating detonation, A detonator may not contain more than 10 grams of total explosives by weight, excluding ignition or delay charges, The term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps of instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety fuses, detonating-cord delay connectors, and nonelectric instantaneous and delay blasting caps that use detonating cord, shock tube, or any other replacement for electric leg-wires. donor. An exploding charge producing an impulse that impinges upon an acceptor charge. electric blasting cap. A blasting cap designed for, and capable of, initiation by means of an electric current. emulsion explosive, An explosive material containing substantial amounts of oxidizers dissolved in water droplets surrounded by an immiscible fuel. explosive materials. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite and other high explosives; slurries, emulsions, and water gels; black powder and . pellet powder; initiating explosives; detonators (blasting caps); safety fuse; squibs; detonating cord; igniter cord; and igniters. A list of explosive materials determined to be within the coverage of 18 U.S.C, Chapter 40, Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials is issued at least annually by the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms of the Department of the Treasury [3], [4]. The United States Department of Transportation classifications of explosive materials used in commercial blasting operations are not identical with the statutory definitions of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 [5]. To achieve uniformity in transportation, the definitions of these materials in the United $tates Department of Transportation in Title 49, Transportation CFR Parts 1-999 are subdivided into the following categories [6]: (1) Class A Explosives - detonating or otherwise maximum hazard ( 2 ) Class B Explosives - flammable hazard (3) Class C Explosives - minimum hazard (4) Blasting Agents - See definition for blasting agent explosives. Any chemical compound, mixture, or device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion.
9
bullet-sensitive explosive material. Explosive material that can be detonated by 150-grain M2 ball ammunition of nominal muzzle velocity 2700 feet per second, fired from a -30 caliber rifle from a distance of 100 feet when the test material, at 70F to 75F, is placed against a backing material of halfinch steel plate.
bus wire. Two wires that form extensions of the lead line and connecting wire and that are common to all caps in parallel. In parallel firing, each of the two wires of each electric blasting cap is connected to a different bus wire. For parallel firing of a series, each side of the series is connected to a different bus wire.
competent person. A person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable unsanitary conditions, or hazards or dangers to employees, in the surroundings or working conditions, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate the causes, connecting wire. A wire of smaller gauge than leading wire, used for connecting to lead lines or extending electric blasting-cap leg-wires from one borehole
to another.
conveyance. Any unit for transporting explosives or blasting agents, including, but not limited to, trucks, trailers, rail cars, barges, and ships. designated person. An authorized person (See authorized; approved; authorization; approval.) detonating cord. A flexible cord, containing a center core of high explosive, used to initiate other explosives.
fire extinguisher rating. A rating, set forth in ANSI NFPA 1-1987,National Fire Code, that may be identified on an extinguisher by a number, for example, 5,20, or 70, indicating relative effectiveness, followed by a letter, for example, A, B, or C, indicating the class or classes of fires for which the extinguisher has been found to be effective. fire-resistant. Designed and constructed to offer controlled protection against fire. flash point. The lowest temperature at which vapor from a volatile combustible (flammable) substance ignites in air when exposed to flame. fuse lighters. Pyrotechnic devices for rapid and certain lighting of safety fuse. hardwood. Any close-grained wood, such as oak, maple, ash, and the like, that is free from loose knots, wind shakes, or similar defects. high explosives. Explosives that are characterized by a very high rate of reaction, high pressure development, and the presence of a detonation wave in the explosions. highway. Any street, alley, or road. inhabited building. A building regularly occupied, in whole or in part, as a habitation for human beings; or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station, store, or other structure where people are accustomed to assemble, except any building or structure occupied in connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage, or use of explosive materials. issuing authority. The governmental agency, office, or official vested with the authority to issue permits or licenses. leading (lead) lines or wire. The insulating wire connecting the electrical power source with the electric blasting-cap circuit. low explosives. Explosives that are characterized by deflagration, or a low rate of reaction, and the development of low pressures. magazine. Any structure, container, or building, other than a building in which explosives are manufactured, approved for the storage of explosive materials. mass-detonation (mass-expIosion). Explosive materials mass-detonate (mass-explode) when one unit or any part of a large quantity of explosive material explodes and causes detonation or explosion of all or a substantial part of the remaining material simulta-
neously. With respect to detonators, a substantial part means 90 percent or more.
misfire. An explosive material that fails to detonate completely after an attempt at initiation. motor vehicle. Any self-propelled vehicle, truck, tractor, semitrailer, or full trailer that is used for the transportation of freight over public highways. mud-capping. A mud-covered or unconfined explosive blast, fired in contact with a rock surface without. the use of a borehole. nonelectric delay device. A detonator with an integral delay element, used in conjunction with, and capable of being initiated by, a detonating impulse. oxidizer or oxidizing material. A substance, such as a nitrate, that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing substances to stimulate the combustion of organic matter or other fuel. particle-board. A composition-board made out of very small pieces of wood bonded together with, for example, a synthetic resin. permanent blasting line or wire. A permanently mounted, insulated leading wire, used between the electric power source and the electric blasting-cap circuit. person. Any individual, corporation, company, association, firm, partnership, society, or joint-stock company. placards. Signs placed on vehicles transporting hazardous materials (including explosive materials) indicating the nature of the cargo. plywood. Exterior-construction-grade plywood. primer. A unit, package, or cartridge of explosives, used to initiate other explosives or blasting agents, and which contains (1) a detonator; or (2) detonating cord to which is attached a detonator designed to initiate the detonating cord. qualified. One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, and who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. railway. Any steam-powered, electric, or other railroad or railway that carries passengers for hire. safety fuse. A flexible cord, containing an internal burning medium by which fire or flame is conveyed
10
A N S I A 1 0 . 7 87 W 072Ll150 0 0 0 0 4 2 3 b W
at a continuous and uniform rate from the point of ignition to the point of use, usually a detonator.
weather-resistant. Designed and constructed to offer reasonable protection against weather.
semi-conductive hose. A hose whose electrical resistance is high enough to limit flow of stray electric currents to safe levels, yet not so high as to prevent drainage of static electric charges to ground. Hose meeting this requirement has a resistance of not more than 2 megohms over its entire length, but not less than 5000 ohms per foot. sensitivity. A physical characteristic of an explosive material, classifying its ability to detonate upon receiving an external impulse such as impact shock, flame, or other influence that can cause explosive decomposition. shall. In this standard, the verb used to indicate mandatory requirements. shot firer. See blasrer. should. In this standard, the verb used to indicate recommendations. singular and plural. Words used in the singular shall generally be understood to refer also to more than one instance, whereas words used in the plural shall also generally be understood to be applicable to a single case. slurry. An explosive material containing substantial portions of liquid, oxidizers, and fuel, plus a thickener. softwood. Douglas fir, or other wood of equal bulletresistance, free from loose knots, wind shakes, or similar defects, springing. The practice of enlarging the bottom of a blast-hole by the use of a relatively small charge of explosive material. Typically, this is done so that a larger charge of explosive material can be loaded into the same borehole in a subsequent blast. steel. General-purpose low-carbon steel (hot- or cold-rolled) such as ASTM specification A366 or equivalent. stemming. Inert material placed in a borehole after the explosive, used to confine the explosive materiais, or to separate charges of explosive materials placed in the same borehole. theft-resistant. Designed and constructed to deter illegal entry into facilities for the storage of explosive material, water gel. An explosive material containing substantial portions of water, oxidizers, and fuel, plus a cross-linking agent,
4. General Requirements
4.1 Explosives are intentionally manufactured to explode, and when supplied with sufficient initiating energy will do so. Furthermore, explosives will not distinguish between initiating energy supplied accidentally and that supplied deliberately. Therefore, the burden of protecting explosives from accidental sources of initiating energy must rest with those who handle and use the explosives.
4.2 All federal, state, county, or municipal laws,
ordinances, or regulations applicable to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of commercial explosives and blasting agents shall be obeyed.
4.3 All persons involved in the Vansportation, storage, handling, or use of explosives or blasting agents shall be a minimum of 21 years of age. They shall also be. careful, capable, reliable, and able to read and understand instructions. They shall not be addicted to the use of, or under the influence of, intoxicants or narcotics that reduce their ability to function normally. 4.4 A competent person shall always be in charge of explosives and shall be held responsible for seeing that all safety precautions are taken in connection therewith. 4.5 When any blasting is done, precautions shall be exercised to prevent damage and to minimize earth vibrations, air blasts, and thrown fragments. 4.6 Smoking; firearms; cartridges; open-flame lamps; and other fire-producing, flame-producing,or heat-producing devices shall be prohibited in or near an explosives magazine; and while explosives are being handled, transported, or used. However, safe smoking areas should be provided at a distance that prevents ignition sources from reaching the hazard area. 4.7 No fire shall be fought that has come in contact with explosives. All personnel shall be removed to a safe area and the fire area guarded against intruders. 4.8 No explosives shall be left lying around or allowed to fall into the hands of children or irresponsible persons.
4.9 No explosives material or blasting agents shall be abandoned,
11
A N S I AL097 87
0724350 0 0 0 0 ~ 2 48 W
5. Transportation of Explosives
5.1 General Provisions 5.1.1 The transportation of explosive materials over all highways within areas of authority having jurisdiction shall be in accord with regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation [7]. 5.1.2 Explosive materials shall not be transported through any prohibited vehicular tunnel, or subway, or over any prohibited bridge, roadway, or elevated highway. 5.1.3 No person shall smoke, or carry matches or any other flame-producingdevice, or carry any firearms or cartridges, while in or near a motor vehicle transporting explosive materials. However, the authority having jurisdiction may authorize the use of a separate container (for smoking materials and flameproducing devices only) to be placed on the outside of the vehicle, away from the cargo area. This container shall be labeled as to the contents, and shall have a lock. 5.1.4 No person shall drive, load, or unload a vehicle Uansporting explosive materials in a careless or reckless manner, 5.1.5 Explosive materials shall not be carried or transported in or upon a public conveyance or vehicle carrying passengers. 5.1.6 Explosive materials shall not be transferred from one motor vehicle to another on any public highway, street, or road within any city, county, or state without informing the fire and police departments thereof. In the event of breakdown or collision, the local fire and police departments shall be promptly notified of the location and type of cargo. Explosive materials shall be transferred from the disabled vehicle to another vehicle only under proper and qualified supervision. 5.1.7 Detonators may be transported with other explosive materials in the same motor vehicle only in accordance with the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. The amounts of detonators, and the containment, shall be such that: (1) the detonators will be protected from initiation, and (2) the explosives will be separated from the detonators, so that initiation of the detonators will not affect the explosives being transported. 5.2 Transportation Vehicles 5.2.1 Vehicles used for transporting explosive materials shall be strong enough to carry the load and be in good mechanical condition. The transportation of explosive materials in open-bodied motor vehicles that depend on a fire-resistant tarpaulin cover for protection is not permitted. When explosive materials
12
are transported by a vehicle with an open body, they

shall be loaded into a portable magazine or closed container, and such portable magazine or container shall be securely fastened to the truck bed. All vehicles used for the transportation of explosive materials shall have tight floors, and any exposed sparkproducing metal on the inside of the vehicle body, portable magazine, or closed container shall be covered with wood or other nonsparking material to prevent contact with the explosive materials, except that exposed spark-producing metal need not be covered in vehicles transporting blasting agents or oxidizing materials. 5.2.2 Motor vehicles, when used for transporting any quantity of explosive materials, shall display the placards required by regulations of the authority having jurisdiction. 5.2.3 Each motor vehicle used for transporting explosive materials shall be equipped with fire extinguishers. 5.2.3.1 The number of fire extinguishers shall be as follows: (i) Trucks of Less than 14 O00 Pounds GVW Rating. Minimum of two extinguishers with total fire-extinguisher rating of at least 4-A:20-B:C. (2) Trucks o f over 14 O00 Pounds GVW Rating and Tractor Semi-Trailer Units. Two or more extinguishers with a total fire extinguisherrating of at least 4-A:70-B:Ce 5.2.3.2 Only extinguishers listed or approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory shall be used on motor vehicles carrying explosive materials. They shall be equipped with a device permitting visual determination of charged condition. 5.2.3.3 Extinguishers shall be located where they will be accessible for immediate use. 5.2.3.4 Extinguishers shall be examined and recharged periodically in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. 5.2.3.5 When trucks are operated in subzero temperatures, dry powder extinguishers shall be pressurized with nitrogen gas, 5.2.4 A motor vehicle used for transporting explosive materials shall be inspected each day before use to determine that it is in proper condition for safe transportation. The inspection shall determine that: (1) Fire extinguishers are charged and ready for use (2) All electric wiring is protected and fastened to prevent short-circuiting (3) Chassis, motor, pan, and underside of body are reasonably clean and free of excess oil and grease (4) Fuel tanks, feed lines, and crossover lines are secure and have no leaks
ANSI A I O - 7 87 M 0724350 0000425 T M

( 5 ) Brakes, lights, horns, windshield wipers, defrosters, and steering apparatus are functioning properly (6) Tires have proper inflation and are in serviceable condition, free of defects and mismatching that might cause overheating or failure
5.3 Operation of Transportation Vehicles 5.3.1 Vehicles transporting explosive materials shall be driven by, and be in the charge of, a properly licensed driver not less than 21 years of age, The driver shall be physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, and able to read and write the English language. The driver shall not be addicted to the use of, or under the influence of, intoxicants or narcotics which reduce the persons ability to function normally. The driver shall be familiar with applicable local, state, and federal laws and regulations governing the transportation of explosive materials. 5.3.2 Except under emergency conditions, no motor vehicle transporting explosive materials shall be parked before reaching its destination, even though attended, on any highway adjacent to, or in proximity to, any bridge, tunnel, dwelling, building, or place where people work, congregate, or assemble. 5.3.3 Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of explosive materials shall, at all times, be attended by the driver or another person employed by the drivers employer, Such attendant shall have been: (1) Made aware of the class of explosive material in the motor vehicle and of its inherent dangers (2) Instructed in the measures and procedures to be followed in order to protect the public from such inherent dangers (3) Familiarized with the vehicle he/she is assigned to attend (4) Trained, authorized, and enabled to move the vehicle when required 5.3.4 For the purpose of this section, an explosives-laden motor vehicle shall be deemed attended only when such attendant: (1) Is physically on or in the vehicle, or has it within sight and.can reach it quickly without any interference (2) Is awake and alert and not engaged in other duties or activities that divert the attendants attention from the vehicle (3) Only leaves the vehicle, if there is a single attendant, for brief periods for (a) necessary communication with public officers or representatives of the carrier, shipper, or consignee; or (b) to provide for necessary physical comfort (4) Only leaves a laden vehicle for longer periods
if it is parked within a securely fenced or walled area with all gates and entrances locked, at a site where parking the explosives-laden vehicle is permitted, or at a magazine site or other location established solely for the purpose of storing explosive materials, and approved for such storage by the authority having jurisdiction, 5.3.5 Tires shall be checked for proper inflation and general condition after each 2 hours of travel, or 100 miles, whichever occurs first, and at every rest stop, A flat or overheated tire shall be removed from the vehicle immediately. After its removal, the tire shall be placed far enough from the vehicle so that spontaneous ignition of the tire will not endanger the vehicle or its cargo. The tire shall not be replaced on the vehicle until it has been cooled below the temperature of ignition, nor shall it be used until the cause of the problem has been corrected. 5.3.6 No spark-producing metal, spark-producing metal tools, oils, matches, firearms, electric storage batteries, flammable substances, acids, oxidizing materials, or corrosive compounds shall be carried in the body of any motor vehicle transportingexplosive materials, except as permitted by regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation (49 CFR) [8]. 5.3.7 Vehicles transporting explosive materials shall avoid congested areas and heavy traffic, and shall follow special routes when such are designated by local authorities. 5.3.8 Delivery shall be made only to authorized persons, and into authorized magazines or into approved temporary storage or handling areas. 5.3.9 Motor vehicles transporting explosive materials shall come to a full stop before crossing any railway track or main highway, and shall not proceed until the driver determines that the way is clear. 5.3.10 Only authorized persons, drivers or passengers, are permitted on any motor vehicle transporting explosive materials,
5.4 Underground Transportation 5.4.1 All explosive materials in transit underground shall be taken to the place of use or storage without delay. 5.4.2 The quantity of explosive materials taken to an underground working place shall not exceed the amount estimated to be necessary for the blast. 5.4.3 Explosive materials in transit shall not be left unattended. 5.4.4 The hoistman shall be notified before explosive materials are transported in a shaft conveyance. 5.4.5 Explosive materials shall be hoisted or lowered in a powder car or in Type-2 or Type-3 magazines. No other materials, supplies, or equipment
13
ANSI AIO-7 87 laa 0724150 000042b I W

shall be hoisted or lowered in the same cage or shaftconveyance. 5.4.6 While hoisting or lowering explosives or blasting agents, the hoisting and lowering of muck or other materials in other shaft compartments shall only be permitted provided: (1) the hoisting compartments are enclosed, or (2) the explosive materiais being hoisted or lowered are in an adequately enclosed shaft-conveyance. 5.4.7 No one, except the operator, the operators helper, and the powderman (powder handler) shall be permitted to ride on a conveyance transporting explosive materials. No person shall ride in any shaftconveyance transporting explosive materials. 5.4.8 No explosive materials shall be transported on any locomotive. 5.4.9 No explosive materials shall be transported on a man trip. 5.4.10 The car(s) or conveyance(s) containing explosive materials shall be pulled, and not pushed, whenever possible. 5.4.11 The powder car or conveyance shall be specially built for the purpose of transporting explosive material and each side shall bear a sign with the word Explosives in letters not less than 4 inches in height upon a background of sharply contrasting color, 5.4.12 Compartments for transporting both detonators and explosive materials in the same horizontal car or conveyance shall be physically separated by a distance of at least 24 inches, or by a solid partition at least 6 inches thick, or by an approved equivalent method. Detonators and other explosives shall not be transported together in any shaft-conveyance. 5.4.13 Explosive materials or blasting supplies shall not be transported with other materials. 5.4.14 Explosive material not in original containers shall be placed in a suitable container (not in clothing or pockets) when transporting manually. 5.4.15 Detonators, primers, and other explosives shall be carried in separate containers when transporting manually.
6.1.2 All explosive materials shall be stored in magazines unless they are: (1) In the process of being manufactured (2) Being used at the blast site (3) Being loaded into transportation vehicles, or unloaded, or while in the course of transportation.
6.2 Classification and Use of Magazines 6.2.1 Outdoor magazines are classified and used as indicated in Table 1, 6.2.2 Indoor magazines used for the storage of 50 pounds or less of explosive materials in warehouses and in wholesale and retail establishments shall be subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. They shall be fire-retardant and theft-resistant.
6. Storage of Explosive Materials

6.1 General Provisions 6.1.1 Explosive materials, including smokeless propellants in quantities in excess of 800 pounds, and black powder propellants in quantities in excess of 5 pounds, shall be stored in magazines that meet the requirements of Section 6.
14
6.3 Location of Magazines 6.3.1 All outdoor magazines except Type 3 shall be located in compliance with the Institute of Makers of Explosives table titled American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials (ATD)4 which specifies minimum distances from inhabited buildings, railways, and highways. Locatiqn of plants for manufacturing blasting agents, and storage sites for blasting agents and ammonium nitrate shall be in compliance with the Institute of Makers of Explosives table titled Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents (SDT): as well as the ATD? 6.3.2 Separation Distances in ATD, SDT, or in both of these tables shall be used when determining minimum separation of storage facilities for explosive materials and ammonium nitrate. ATD and SDT shall be applied as indicated in Table 2 to determine separation distances for specific types of materials. 6.3.3 A magazine in a building shall be located on a floor that has a direct entrance on, or a ramp to, exterior grade-level. The magazine shall be located not more than 10 feet from such an entrance. Two magazines shall not be located in the same building except when one is used for detonators only, in quantities not in excess of 5000 detonators, and when a distance of at least 10 feet is maintained between the magazines. The local fire department shall be notified of the location of the magazines and of any change in location.
The two tables, ATD and SDT, are reproduced in Appendix B, by permission. They are from The American Table of Distances, IME Publication No. 2. To determine the required separation between a magazine for the storage of explosives and a magazine for the storage of blasting agents, look up distances in both ATD and SDT, and use the greater distance.
ANSI A L O - 7 8 9 W 0724150 0000427 3

Table I Classification and Use of Magazines

Features Construction Permanent Portable Bullet resistant Fire resistant Theft resistant Weather resistant Ventilated Storage of high explosives (Class-A explosive materials, dynamite, detonating cord, Class-A detonators, and other bullet-sensitive explosive materials) Storage of low explosives (Class-B propellant explosives, black powder, propellant, and smokeless propellants) Storage of Class-C detonators (Notes 2,3) Storage of safety fuse, electric squibs, igniters, and igniter cord
1
2
X X X X X X
Magazine Types 3 4
X X X X
X X
X
X X (Note 1) X
X X X X
X X
X X
X (Note 1) X
X X
X X
NOTES: (1) Type-3 and Type-5 magazines require one 5-tumbler padlock having a 3/8inch case-hardened shackle. The lock need not be hooded. (2) Includes electric detonators with legwires 4 feet long or longer or detonators with empty plastic tubing 12 feet long or longer that contain not more than 1 gram of explosives (excluding ignition and delay charges). (3) Detonators are not to be stored in the same magazine with other explosive materials, except that Class-C detonators, and those described in Note 2, may be stored with safety fuse, electric squibs, igniters, or igniter cord inType-1, Type-2, Type-3, or Type4 magazines.
Table 2 Using ATD and SDT to Determine Distances*

Type of Donor Explosive materials Explosive materials Explosive materials Blasting agent Blasting agent Blasting agent Type of Acceptor Explosive materials Ammonium nitrate BIasting agent Explosive materials Blasting agent Ammonium nitrate Table ATD SDT SDT ATD ATD SDT SDT SDT Separation Distance May Be n Columns Headed Found i Separation of Magazines Ammonium Nitrate Blasting Agents and Separation of Mag azines Separation of Magazines and Blasting Agent Blasting Agent Ammonium Nitrate
* Both tables are reproduced in Appendix B.

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A N S I A30.7
87 W 0 7 2 4 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 8 5 W
6.3.4 Type-3 magazines shall be located as far away as practicable from neighboring inhabited buildings, railways, highways, and other magazines. Type3 magazines shall be attended when containing explosive materials. At the end of the workday, all explosive materials shall be transferred to a Type-1, Type-2, Type-4, or Type-5 magazine, as appropriate. Two Type-3 magazines may be located at the site of blasting operations when one magazine is used for detonators. 6.4 Construction of Magazines - General Considerations 6.4.1 Magazines shall be constructed in conformity with the provisions of this section (Section 6), or in a manner substantially equivalent to the standards of security and safety contained in this standard. 6.4.2 The ground around a magazine shall be graded in such a manner that water will drain away from the magazine. 6.4.3 Magazines requiring heat shall be heated by either hot-water radiant heating within the magazine, or air directed into the magazine over either hotwater or low-pressure steam coils (not more than 15 psig) located outside the magazine. 6.4.4 Magazine heating systems shall meet the following requirements: (1) Hot-water radiant heating coils within the magazine shall be installed in such a manner that the explosive materials, or their containers, cannot contact the coils, and there is free air circulation between the coils and the explosive materials or their containers. (2) Heating ducts shall be installed in such a manner that the hot-air discharge from the duct is not directed against the explosive materials or their containers, (3) Heating devices used in connection with the magazine shall have controls that prevent the ambient temperature in the magazine from exceeding 130F. (4) Electric fans or pumps used in a heating system for a magazine shall be mounted outside and separate from the wall of the magazine, and shall be grounded. (5) Motors of electric fans or pumps and controls for electrical heating devices used to heat water or steam shall have overloads and disconnects that comply with the American National Standard National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70-1987. All electrical switching devices shall be located outside and separate from the wall of the magazine and shall be grounded. (6) Electric heating coils or an electric heating
source for water or steam shall,be separated from the magazine by a distance of not less than 25 feet. A fuel-fired heating source for hot water or steam shall be separated from the magazine by a distance of not less than 50 feet. The area between the heating unit and the magazine shall be clear of all combustible materials. (7) Explosive materials shall be stored in a manner that will allow air circulation to promote temperature uniformity throughout the magazine. 6.4.5 When lights are necessary inside the magazine, electric safety flashlights or electric safety lanterns shall be used. The authority having jurisdiction may authorize interior lighting of special design for magazines. If lighting is authorized in a magazine, the following minimum requirements shall be followed: (1) Junction boxes containing fuses or breakers and cut-off switches shall be located outside the magazine and at least 25 feet away, (2) Switches and fuses or breakers shall be protected by a voltage-surgearrester capable of handling 2500 amperes for O. 1 second. (3) All wiring from the switch, both inside and outside the magazine, shall be in rigid conduit. Outside wiring from the switch to the magazine shall be underground. (4) Conduit and light fixtures in the magazine shall be protected against physical damage by guards (physical barriers) or by location. (5) Light fixtures shall be suitably enclosed to prevent sparks or hot metal from falling on the floor, or on materials stored in the magazine. (6) Junction boxes inside the magazine shall have no openings and shall be equipped with close-fitting covers. (7) Wiring and fixtures shall conform to the National Electrical Code, ANSINPA 70-1987. (8) Interior magazine lights shall be turned off when the magazine is unattended 6.4.6 Type-1, Type-2, Type-3, or Type4 magazines shall be constructed with a lining of nonsparking lattice, paint, mastic, or the equivalent, to prevent contact of explosive materials with masonry walls or ferrous metal. 6.4.7 In a Type-5 magazine, ferrous metal may be exposed on the interior of the magazine, provided it cannot rupture the package of explosive materials.
6.5 Construction of Magazines - Specifics 6.5.1 Bullet-Resistant Construction. Magazines constructed according to the following minimum specifications are approved as bullet-resistant,as defined in Section 3. (All steel and wood dimensions
16
A N S I A10.7
B7
= 0724350
0000429 7
are actual thicknesses; all concrete block and brick

dimensions are nominal thicknesses.) 6.5.1.1 Exterior of Steel (1) 5/8-inch steel with an interior lining of any type of nonsparking material (2) 1/2-inch steel with an interior lining of not less than 3/8-inch plywood (3) 3/8-inch steel with an interior lining of: (a) 2 inches of hardwood, or (b) 3 inches of softwood, or (c) 2-1/4 inches of plywood (4) 1/4-inch steel with an interior lining OE: (a) 3 inches of hardwood, or (b) 5 inches of softwood, or (c) 5-1/4 inches of plywood, or (d) 1-1/2 inches of plywood with an intermediate layer of 2 inches of hardwood, or (e) 5-1/4 inches of particle-board (5) 3/16-inch steel with an interior lining of: (a) 4 inches of hardwood, or (b) 7 inches of softwood, or (c) 6-3/4 inches of plywood, or (d) 3/4 inch of plywood with an intermediate layer of 3 inches of hardwood, or (e) 6-3/4 inches of particle-board (6) 1/8-inch steel with an interior lining of: (a) 5 inches of hardwood, or (b) 9 inches of softwood, or (c) 3/4 inch of plywood with an intermediate layer of 4 inches of hardwood, or (d) 3/4 inch of plywood with a first intermediate layer of 3/4-inch plywood and a second intermediate layer of 3-5/8 inches of well-tamped dry sand or sandlcement mixture. 6.5.1.2 Exterior of any type o fire-resistant material that is structurally sound, with: (1) An interior lining of 1/2-inch plywood placed securely against an intermediate layer of: (a) 4 inches of solid concrete block, or (b) 4 inches of solid brick, or (c) 4 inches of solid concrete. (2) An interior lining of 3/4-inch plywood, a first intermediate layer of 3/4-inch plywood, a second, intermediate layer of 3-5/8 inches of well-tamped dry sand or sand/cement mixture, a third intermediate layer of 3/4-inch plywood, and a fourth intermediate layer of 14-gauge steel or 2 inches of hardwood. (3) An intermediate 6-inch space filled with welltamped dry sand or well-tamped sand/cement mixture. 6.5.1.3 Masonry Construction of: (1) Standard 8-inch concrete block with voids filled with well-tamped dry sand or well-tamped sand/cement mixture, or (2) Standard 8-inch solid brick, or
(3) Solid concrete 8 inches thick, or (4) Two 4-inch thicknesses of concrete block. 6.5.2 Type-1 Magazines. A Type-1 magazine shall be a permanent structure, such as a building or an igloo, constructed as follows: (1) Walls. The walls may be constructed according to any of the specifications in 6.5. (2) Doors. The doors may be constructed according to any of the specifications in 6.5. (3) Roof. The roof may be constructed of any type of structurally sound materials that are fireresistant on the exterior, or have been made so. (4) Roof or Ceiling. Where the natural terrain around the magazine makes it possible to shoot a bullet through the roof or ceiling at such an angle that a bullet could strike the explosive materials stored, then either the roof or ceiling shall be of bullet-resistant construction. (5) Foundation. The foundation may be of masonry, wood, or metal, and shall be completely enclosed except for openings to provide cross-ventilation. A wooden foundation enclosure shall be covered on the exterior with fire-resistant material. (6) Floor. The floor may be constructed of wood or other suitable materials. Floors constructed of materials that may cause sparks shall be covered with a surface of nonsparking material, or else the packages of explosive materials shall be placed on pallets or other nonsparking materials strong enough to support the load. (7) Ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided to prevent dampness and heating of stored explosive materials. Ventilating openings shall be screened to prevent the entrance of sparks. Ventilation openings in side walls and foundations shall be offset or shielded for bullet-resistant purposes. Magazines having foundation and roof ventilators, with the air circulating between the side walls and the ceiling, shall have a wooden lattice or equivalent lining to prevent the blocking of air circulation by packages of explosive materials that might otherwise be stacked directly against the side walls. (8) Locks, Each door shall be equipped with (a) two mortise locks; or (b) two padlocks fastened in separate hasps and staples; or (c) a combination of mortise lock and a padlock; or (d) a mortise lock that requires two keys to open; or (e) a three-point or equivalent type of lock that secures the door to the frame at more than one point, Padlocks shall be steel and shall have at least five tumblers and a case-hardened shackle of at least 3/8 inch diameter. Except when otherwise indicated in this standard, all padlocks shall be protected by steel hoods that are installed in such a manner as to discourage insertion
17
ANSI A L O - 7 87 W 0 7 2 4 1 5 0 0000430 3 W
of bolt-cutters, saws, files, or levering devices. Doors that are secured by at least two substantial internal bolts or bars do not require additional locking devices. Hinges and hasps and all locking hardware shall be rigidly secured and fastened by welding or through-bolts that cannot be removed when the door is locked. 6.5.3 Type-2 Magazines. A Type-2 magazine shall be a portable or mobile structure, such as a box, skid-magazine,trailer, or semitrailer. Any construction specified for a Type-1 magazine is acceptable for a Type-2 magazine. 6.5.3.1 Floors constructed of ferrous metal shall be covered with a surface of nonsparking materials. Magazines with top openings shall have a lid that overlaps the sides by at least 1 inch when in a closed position, for weather-resistance purposes. .6.5.3.2 The magazine shall be supported in such dmanner as to prevent direct contact between its floor and the earth. Magazines less than 1 cubic yard in size shall be securely fastened to a fixed object to prevent theft of the entire magazine. 6.5.3.3 Hinges, hasps, locks, and locking hardware shall conform to the provisions for Type-1 magazines, as specified in 6.5.2(8). When unattended, a vehicular magazine shall have its wheels removed, or be locked with a kingpin-locking device, or shall otherwise be effectively immobilized. 6.5.4 Type3 Magazines 6.5.4.1 A Type-3 magazine is a day box or other portable magazine. It shall be theft resistant, fire resistant, and weather resistant. (It does not have to be bullet resistant.) 6.5.4.2 It shall be constructed of not less than 12-gaugesteel lined with at least l@-inch plywood or Masonite. Doors shall overlap sides by at least 1 inch. 6.5.4.3 Hinges and hasps are to be attached by welding, riveting, or bolting (nuts on the inside). The magazine shall have one steel padlock having at least five tumblers and a case-hardened shackle of at least 3/8 inch diameter. (The padlock need not be protected by a steel hood.) 6.5.4.4 Explosive materials shall not be left unattended in a Type-3 magazine and shall be moved to a magazine approved for unattended storage. 6.5.5 Type-4 Magazines 6.5.5.1 A Type4 magazine shall be a permanent, portable, or mobile structure such as a building, igloo, box, or semitrailer or other mobile container; it need not be bullet resistant. 6.5.5.2 The construction of a Type-4 magazine shall be of masonry, or wood covered with metal, or fabricated metal, or a combination of these materials. 18
The doors shall be metal or wood covered with metal. Permanent magazines shall be constructed in accordance with those provisions for Type-1 magazines pertaining to foundations (6.5.2(5)), floors (6.5.2(6)), ventilation (6.5.2(7)), and locks, hinges, hasps, and locking hardware (6.5.2(8)). Vehicular magazines shall be immobilized when unattended (6.5.3.3). 6.5.6 Type-5 Magazines 6.5.6.1 A Type-5 magazine shall be a permanent structure such as a building, igloo, bin, or a portable or mobile facility-structuresuch as a tank, semitrailer, bulk-trailer, tank-trailer, bulk-truck, or tank-truck, 6.5.6.2 The doors on a permanent Type-5 magazine shall be locked in accordance with the requirements of 6.5.2(8). Trailers, semitrailers, and similar vehicular magazines may, for each door, be locked with one steel padlock (which need not be protected by a steel hood). The padlock shall have at least five tumblers and a case-hardened shackle of at least 3/8 inch diameter. 6.5.6.3 A vehicular Type-5 magazine, when unattended, shall be immobilized in accordance with the provisions for a Type-2 magazine (6.5.3.3). 6.5.6.4 A bulk-storage unit, including supports, shall be constructed of compatible materials and supported or braced to withstand the combination of all loads, including impact forees arising from product movement within the unit, or accidental vehicle contact with the support legs. 6.5.6.5 The bulk-storage units discharge shall be designed to provide a closure tight enough to prevent leakage of the stored product, 6.5.6.6 Manways, access hatches, and discharges of bulk-storage units shall be designed to permit required locking. 6.5.6.7 Any electrically driven conveyors for loading or unloading a bulk-storage unit shall conform to the requirements of the American National Standard National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 701987. 6.5.6.8 Spilled product from a bulk-storage unit shall not be allowed to accumulate on the ground. 6.5.7 Indoor Magazines 6.5.7.1 Indoor magazines constructed of wood shall have sides, bottoms, and lids or doors constructed of 2-inch wood and shall be well-braced at corners. The magazines shall be covered on the exterior with sheet metal of not less than 26 gauge. 6.5.7.2 Indoor magazines constructed of metal shall have sides, bottom, and lids or doors constructed of at least 12-gauge metal. 6.5.7.3 Indoor magazines shall be provided
A N S I A10.7
87 I I 072i150 O O O O q 3 L 5
with substantial wheels or casters to facilitate removal from a building in an emergency. The lid or door for such magazines shall have substantial strap hinges, and a means for locking with at least a fivetumbler steel padlock having case-hardened shackles of at least 3/8 inch diameter. 6.5.7.4 Indoor magazines shall be painted red, and the lid or doors shall bear white lettering at least three inches high, spelling out Explosives - Keep Fire Away.
6.6 Operation of Magazines 6.6.1 Storage within Magazines 6.6.1.1 A competent person shall be in charge of a magazine. This shall be a person at least 21 years of age who is conversant with, and responsible for, the enforcement of all safety precautions. 6.6.1.2 Detonators shall not be stored in the same magazine with other explosive materials. 6.6.1.3 All magazines containing explosive materials shall be inspected at intervals, as frequently as necessary but at least every 7 days, to determine whether there has been an unauthorized entry or attempted entry into the magazines, or unauthorized removal of the magazines or their contents. 6.6.1.4 Magazine doors shall be kept locked when the magazine is unattended. 6.6.1.5 Current safety rules covering the operation of magazines shall be posted on the interior of the magazine. 6.6.1.6 When explosive material is removed from a magazine for use, the oldest usable stocks shall be removed first, 6.6.1.7 Corresponding grades and brands shall be stored together and in such a manner that brand and grade marks are visible, All stocks shall so be stored as to be easily counted and checked. 6.6.1.8 Packages of explosive materials shall be stacked in a stable manner, not exceeding 8 feet in height. 6.6.1.9 Propellant explosives, when stored in the same magazine with other explosive materials, shall be stacked separately. 6.6.1.10 Packages of explosive materials that have been opened shall be closed before being placed in a magazine. Only fiberboard packages may be opened in the magazine. 6.6.1.11 Packages of damaged explosive materials shall not be unpacked or repacked in, or within 50 feet of, a magazine, or in close proximity to other explosive materials. 6.6.1.12 Magazines shall be used exclusively for the storage of explosive materials and such other blasting materials as may be permitted by the author-
ity having jurisdiction. No tools except conveying equipment shall be stored in a magazine. 6.6.1.13 Magazine floors shall be swept regularly, and kept clean, dry, and free of grit, paper, and rubbish. Brooms and other cleaning utensils shall not have any spark-producingmetal parts, except for a Type-5 magazine. Sweepings from floors of magazines shall be disposed of in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. 6.6.1.14 When explosive materials have deteriorated to an extent that they are in an unstable or dangerous condition, or any liquid leaks from any explosive material, the person in possession of such explosive material shall immediately contact the manufacturer. Only experienced persons shall direct the work of destroying explosive materials. 6.6.1.15 Magazine floors stained with liquid shall be dealt with according to instructions obtained from the manufacturer of the explosive materials stored in the magazine. 6.6.1.16 When magazines need interior repairs, all explosive materials shall first be removed, and the floors shall be cleaned before and after making the repairs. 6.6.1.17 In making exterior magazine repairs, when there is a possibility of causing a fire, all explosive materials shall first be removed from the magazine. 6.6.1.18 Explosive materials removed from a magazine under repair shall either be placed in another magazine, or shall be placed a safe distance from the magazine where they shall be properly guarded and protected until repairs have been completed, Upon completion of repairs, the explosive materials shall be promptly returned to the magazine. 6.6.1.19 Smoking, matches, and other flameproducing devices, open flames, and firearms or cartridges shall not be permitted inside magazines or within 50 feet of them. 6.6.1.20 The land within 25 feet of any magazine shall be kept clear of rubbish, brush, dried grass, leaves, dead trees, and all live trees less than 10 feet high. 6.6.1.21 Combustible materials shall not be stored within 50 feet of magazines. 6.6.1.22 Explosive materials recovered from blasting misfires shall be placed in a magazine until an experienced person has determined upon a method of disposal. 6.6.1,23 The premises upon which all outdoor magazines, except Type 3, are located shall be posted with signs reading Explosives - Keep Off. These signs shall be in contrasting colors with letters of minimum height 3 inches, made with half-inch brush-
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strokes. AI1 signs shall be so located that a bullet passing through the sign will not strike a magazine, and no sign shall be attached to a magazine.
7 . Use of Explosive Materiais

7.1 General Provisions 7.1.1 Persons handling explosive materials shall be at least 21 years of age and possess a users or blasters permit, or shall be at least 18 years of age and be supervised by a holder of either a users or blasters permit. 7.1.2 All explosives, blasting agents, and blasting supplies shall be used in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. 7.1.3 While explosive materials are being handled or used, smoking shall not be permitted in the area. However, safe smoking areas may be provided at least 50 feet distant from the hazard area. 7.1.4 No one near explosive materials shall possess matches, or an open light or other fire or flame, except to light fuse. 7.1.5 No person shall handle explosive materials while under the influence of intoxicating liquors or narcotics that reduce the persons ability to function normally. 7.1.6 For taking detonators and other explosives from storage magazines to the blasting area, original containers, or Type-2 magazines, shall be used. 7.1.7 When blasting is done in congested areas or in proximity to a structure, railway or highway, or any other installation that may be damaged, the blaster shall lake special precautions in the loading, delaying, initiation, and confinement of each blast with mats or other means, so as to control the throw of fragments, and thus prevent bodily injury or property damage. 7.1.8 Persons authorized to prepare explosive charges or conduct blasting operations shall use every reasonable precaution to ensure the safety of the general public and workers, including, but not limited to, the use of visual and audible warning signals, flags, or barricades. 7.1.9 Insofar as possible, blasting operations above ground shall be conducted during daylight hours. 7.1.10 Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of gas, electric, water, fire alarm, telephone, telegraph, or steam utilities, the blaster shall notify the appropriate representatives of such utilities at least 24 hours in advance of blasting, specifying the location and intended time of such blasting. Ver20
bal notice shall be confirmed with written notice. In an emergency, this time limit may be waived by the authority having jurisdiction. 7.1.11 Blasting operations shall be so conducted that ground vibrations and air-blast, measured at the nearest structures or buildings, do not exceed limits allowed by local, state, and federal regulations. 7.1.12 Preparations for blasting shall be done with the least number of employees necessary for the work. Ail unauthorized personnel shall be kept off the blast site. 7.1.13 Due precautions shall be taken to prevent accidental discharge of electric detonators from current induced by radar, radio transmitters, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust storms, or other sources of extraneous electricity. These precautions should include: (1) Suspension of all blasting operations and removal of persons from the blasting site to a safe location during the approach and progress of an electric storm. (2) Posting of signs warning against the use of mobile radio transmitters on all roads within 1000 feet of electric blasting-cap operations. Lettering shall not be less than four inches in height, and shall be on a contrasting background. (3) Posting of the signs prior to bringing explosive materials to the blast site. The signs should be removed after the blast. (4) Ensuring that mobile radio transmitters that are less than 100 feet away from electric detonators shall be de-energized and effectively locked if the detonators are not in their original containers. ( 5 ) Complying with the safety recommendations of the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) with regard to blasting in the vicinity of radio transmitters, as stipulated in IME Publication No. 20 (December 1988). 7.1.14 Empty boxes and paper and fiber packing materials that have previously contained high explosives shall not be used again for any purpose, but shall be destroyed by burning at an approved, isolated location out-of-doors. N o person shall be nearer than 100 feet after the burning has started. 7.1.15 Explosives, blasting agents, and blasting supplies that are obviously deteriorated or damaged shall not be used. Contact the manufacturer for proper disposal. 7.1.16 No explosives or blasting agents shall be abandoned.
7.2 Blaster - Minimum Quaiifications 7.2.1 It shall be unlawful for any person to fire explosive materials unless the person or the persons
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Table 3 Types of Blaster?s Permit

Class A Category Unlimited General Above-Ground General Underground Demolition Seismic Prospecting Agriculture Special Type of Blasting Permitted
B
C
D
All types of blasting All phases of blasting operations i n quarries, open-pitmines, aboveground construction
All phases of blasting operations in underground mines, shafts,

h I M d S , and drifts All phases of blasting i n demolitionprojects All phases of blasting in seismic prospecting Ail phases of blasting in agriculture, but limited to notmore than 50 pounds per blast Special blasting as described on the permit
E
F
G
supervisor is a c&tified blaster. The blaster?s permit shall conform to the class and use as provided in 7.2.7, and shall be carried on the person of each such individual during the use of the explosive materials. 7.2.2 The applicant for an initial blaster?spermit to supervise and perform the loading and firing of explosive materials shall demonstrate adequate training and experience in the use of explosive materials in any class authorized by the permit applied for, and shall pass a qualifying examination prepared and administered by the issuing authority. The examination may be written, oral, or conducted by any other means necessary to determine that the applicant is competent to conduct blasting operations and to perform the duties of a blaster. 7.2.3 Applicants for a blaster certification shall: (1) Be at least 21 years of age. (2) Be in physical and mental condition adequate to perform the work required. (3) Be able to understand the English language and use it to give written and oral orders. (4) Not be addicted to alcohol, narcotics, or dangerous drugs. (5) Be qualified by reason of training, knowledge, and field experience in transporting, storing, handling, and using explosive materials applicable to the class permit. (6) Have a working knowledge of federal, state, and local laws and regulations pertaining to explosive materials. 7.2.4 When a holder of a blaster?spermit is convicted of a violation of any law or regulation relating to explosive materials, the certification shall be suspended. 7.2.5 Any individual whose blaster?scertification has been suspended shall be required to pass a qualifying examination before the permit is reinstated.
7.2.6 Any individual whose permit has lapsed for a period of 1 year or more shall be required to pass a qualifying examination before renewal. 7.2.7 Classes of Blaster?s Permits. The classes of blaster?s permits are as shown Table 3. 7.3 Blaster?s Permit Restrictions 7.3.1 No permit shall be assigned or transferred. 7.3.2 Permits shaI1 be classified, dated, numbered, and be valid for no more than 2 years from the date of issue. 7.3.3 A blaster?s permit shall bear the blaster?s name, address, and photograph. 7.4 Denial, Revocation, or Suspension of Permits 7.4.1 A permit for the use of explosive materials, or to blast, may be denied, revoked, or suspended for any of the following reasons: (i) Noncompliance with any order of the issuing authority. (2) Proof that the permit applicant or holder is under indictment for, or has been convicted of, a felony or a misdemeanor (3) The applicant is a fugitive from justice (4) The applicant is an unlawful user of, or addicted to, alcohol, narcotics, or dangerous drugs (5) The applicant has been adjudicated a mental defective (6) Proof that the permit applicant or holder advocates, or knowingly belongs to any organization or group that advocates violent overthrow of, or violent action against, any federal, state, or local government (7) Proof that the permit applicant or holder suffers from a mental or physical defect that would interfere with the applicant?ssafe handling of explosive materials (8) Violation, by the applicant or holder of a permit, of any provision of any law or regulation relat21
r--------COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services
A N S I A10.7
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ing to explosive materials, or proof that false information was willfully given, or a misrepresentation was willfully made, to obtain the permit. 7.4.2 In any case where the issuing authority denies, revokes, or suspends a permit, the authority shall promptly notify the applicant or permit holder. Said notice will set forth the specific basis for the denial, revocation, or suspension, and will state that upon written request a hearing will be held before the issuing,authoritywithin 10 days after the date of the request. 7.4.3 Within 15 days after such a hearing, the issuing authority shall state its findings and conclusions in writing, and shall transmit a copy to the applioant or former permit-holder. 7.4.4 Upon notice of the revocation or suspension of any permit, the former permit holder shall immediately surrender the permit, and all copies thereof, to the issuing authority.
7.5 Loading of Explosive Materials 7.5.1 Procedures that permit safe and efficient loading shall be established before loading is started. 7.5.2 All drill-holes shall be sufficiently large to admit freely the cartridge of explosives to be inserted. 7.5.3 Tamping shall be done only with wood rods that do not have exposed metal parts, but nonsparking metal connectors may be used for joint poles. An approved plastic tamping pole may also be used. 7.5.4 Drilling shall not be started until all remaining butts of old holes are examined for unexploded charges, and if any are found they shall be refired before work proceeds. 7.5.5 No person shall be allowed to deepen drillholes that have contained explosives or blasting agents. 7.5.6 Holes shall not be drilled in such a way that they disturb or intersect a loaded hole. 7.5.7 No explosive materials shall be left unattended at the blast site. 7.5.8 Only machines and tools used for preparing the blast, loading explosive materials, and drilling may be present at the blast site during delivery of explosive materials. 7.5.9 During the time that holes are being loaded with explosives,blasting agents, or detonators,the blast site shall be barred to all except those authorized persons who are engaged in the drilling and loading operations,or who are otherwise authorized to enter the site. The blast site shall be guarded, or barricaded and posted, or flagged against unauthorized entry. 7.5.10 Power lines and portable electric cables for equipment being used shall be kept a safe distance
22
from explosives or blasting agents being loaded into drill-holes. Cables in the proximity of the blast site shall be deenergized and locked out by the blaster. 7.5.11 Holes shall be checked prior to loading to determine depth and condition. 7.5.12 No explosive shall be loaded or used underground in the presence of combustible gases, or combustible dusts, unless the conditions of use have been described and accepted as being safe, in writing, by a competent person qualified by a thorough knowledge of the factors to be evaluated, or, where an authority exercises jurisdiction, by written permission of the authority having jurisdiction. 7.5.13 No explosives shall be used underground other than those in Fume Class 1, as set forth by IME Publication 12 (January 1985). However, explosives complying with the requirements of Fume Class 2 and Fume Class 3 may be used if the competent person or authority having jurisdiction determines that adequate additional ventilation has been provided. 7.5.14 All blast-holes in open work shall be stemmed to the collar, or to a point that will confine the charge. 7.5.15 Standard-typewarning signs indicating a blast area shall be maintained at all approaches to the blast area. The lettering of the warning signs shall not be less than four inches in height, and shall be on a contrasting background. 7.5.16 A borehole shall never be sprung when it is near or adjacent to a hole that is loaded. This is of special importance in wet ground, because the springing charge may cause a detonation wave to propagate through the wet ground, and detonate the loaded holes. 7.5.17 The blaster shall keep an accurate, up-todate record of explosives, blasting agents, and blasting supplies used in a blast, and should make a written report for each blast. The blaster shall keep an accurate running inventory of all explosives and blasting agents stored on the operation.
7.6 Initiation of Explosive Charges 7.6.1 Precautions. In congested areas or adjacent to highways open to traffic, only electric detonators, delay electric detonators, nonelectric delay-detonators, or detonating cord, or a combination thereof shall be used for blasting operations. Electric detonators shall not be used where sources of extraneous electricity make the use of electric detonators dangerous. 7.6.2 Further Precautions. As soon as practical, after all blast holes are connected and prior to connecting to a source of initiation such as a blasting machine, the blast area shall be guarded, or barri-
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caded and posted, or flagged against unauthorized entry until the shot has been fired and is subjected to post-blast examination. 7.6.3 Electric Blasting 7.6.3.1 Before adopting any system of electrical firing, the blaster shall conduct a thorough survey for extraneous currents. All dangerous currents shall be eliminated before any holes are loaded. 7.6.3.2 In any blast using electric detonators, all caps shall be from the same manufacturer. 7.6.3.3 Electric blasting shall be carried out by using blasting circuits or power circuits in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer of the electric detonator, or as approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 7.6.3.4 When firing a circuit of electric detonators, care shall be exercised to ensure that adequate current is supplied, in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. 7.6.3.5 Connecting wires and lead wires shall be insulated, single solid wires of sufficient currentcarrying capacity. 7.6.3.6 Bus wires shall be single solid wires of sufficient current-carrying capacity, 7.6.3.7 When firing electrically, the insulation on all firing lines shall be adequate and in good condition. 7.6.3.8 A power circuit used for firing electric detonators shall not be grounded. 7.6.3.9 When firing from a power circuit in underground operations, a safety switch shall be so devised that it can be locked only in the off position, and shall be provided with a short-circuitingarrangement of the firing lines to the detonator circuit. 7.6.3.10 In underground operations, there shall be a lightning gap of at least 15 feet in the firing systcm ahcad of the main firing switch; that is, between this switch and the source of power, This gap shall be bridged by a flexible jumper cord just before firing the blast. 7.6.3.11 When firing from a power circuit, the firing switch shall be locked in the open or off position at all times, except when firing. It shall be so designed that the firing lines to the detonator circuit are automatically short-circuited when the switch is in the off position, Keys to this switch shall be entrusted only to the blaster. 7.6.3.12 Blasting machines shall be in good condition and shall be tested periodically to make certain that they can deliver power at rated capacity. 7.6.3.13 When firing with blasting machines, the connections shall be made as recommended by the manufacturer of the electric detonators used.
7.6.3.14 The number of electric detonators connected to a blasting machine shall not be in excess of its rated capacity. Furthermore, in primary blasting, a series circuit shall contain no more caps than the limits recommended by the manufacturer of the electric detonators in use. 7.6.3.15 The blaster shall be in charge of all blasting machines, and no other person shall connect the leading wires to the machine. All circuits shall be checked with a test instrument meeting the requirements of 7.6.3.16 prior to connecting to the blasting machine. 7.6.3.16 Blasters, when testing electric detonators or blasting circuits, shall use only instruments that are specifically designed for this purpose and are marked blasting galvanometer,blasting ohmmeter, blasters ohmmeter, or blasters multimeter. 7.6.3.17 Whenever the possibility exists that a leading line or blasting wire might be thrown over a live power line by the force of an explosion, care shall be taken to see that the total lengths of wires are kept too short to hit the lines, or that the wires are securely anchored to the ground. If neither of these requirements can be satisfied, a nonelectric system shall be used. 7.6.3.18 In electrical firing, only the person making leading-wire connections shall fire the shot. All connections should be made from the shot back to the source of firing current, and the leading wires shall remain shunted and not be connected to the blasting machine, or other source of current, until the charge is to be fired. 7.6.4 Use of Safety Fuse 7.6.4.1 The average burning rate of the safety fuse being used shall be determined by test burns and posted on bulletin boards, or in other conspicuous places where it can be seen by all employees. 7.6.4.2 It is forbidden to use fuse that has been hammered or injured in any way. 7.6.4.3 The hanging of fuse on nails or on other projections that will cause a sharp bend to be formed in the fuse is prohibited. 7.6.4.4 Before capping safety fuse, a short length shall be cut from the end of the supply reel to assure having a fresh-cut end in each blasting cap. 7.6.4.5 Only a cap crimper of approved design shall be used for attaching blasting caps to safety fuse, Crimpers shall be kept in good repair and accessible for use, 7.6.4.6 No unused cap, or fuse, or short capped fuse shall be placed in any hole to be blasted. Any unused detonator shall be removed from the working place and destroyed. 23
ANSI A I O - 7 87 W 0724350 O000436 4

7.6.4.7 No fuse shall be capped, or primers made up, in any magazine or near any possible source of ignition. 7.6.4.8 No one shall be permitted to carry detonators or primers of any kind on hisher person. 7.6.4.9 The minimum length of safety fuse to be used in blasting shall be as required by state law or as established by the authority having jurisdiction. In no case shall it be permitted to use any 40-secondper-foot safety fuse less than 36 inches long, or any 30-second-per-footsafety fuse less than 48 inches long. 7.6.4.10 At least two persons shall be present when any cap and fuse blasting is done by handlighting methods. 7.6.4.11 Not more than 12 fuses shall be lighted by each blaster when hand-lighting devices are used. However, when two or more safety fuses in a group are lighted as one, by means of igniter cord or other similar fuse-lighting devices, they may be considered as one fuse. 7.6.4.12 The so-called drop-fuse method of dropping or pushing a primer, or any explosive with a lighted fuse attached, is forbidden. 7.6.4.13 Cap and fuse shall not be used for mudcap blasting unless charges are separated sufficiently to prevent the firing of one charge from dislodging other charges in the blast. 7.6.4.14 When blasting with safety fuses, consideration shall be given to the length and burning rate of the fuse. Sufficient time, with a margin of safety, shall always be provided for the blaster to reach a place of safety. 7.6.5 Use of Detonating Cord, Shock or GasTubing 7.6.5.1 Care shall be taken to select a detonating cord consistent with the type of physical condition of the borehole and stemming, and with the type of explosives used. 7.6.5.2 Detonating cord shall be handled and used with the same respect and care given other explosives. 7.6.5.3 The line of detonating cord extending out of a borehole or from a charge shall be cut from the supply spool before loading the remainder of the borehole or placing additional charges. 7.6.5.4 Detonating cord shall be handled and used with care to avoid damaging or severing the cord during, and after, loading and hooking-up. 7.6.5.5 Detonating-cord connections shall be made in accordance with approved recommended methods. Knotted or other cord-to-cord connections shall be made only with detonating cord in which the explosive core is dry.
24
7.6.5.6 All detonating-cord trunklines and branchlines shall be free of loops, sharp kinks, or angles that direct the cord back toward the oncoming line of detonation. 7.6.5.7 All detonating-cord connections shall be inspected before firing the blast. 7.6.5.8 When detonating-cord-milliseconddelay connectors or short-interval-delay electric blasting caps are used with detonating cord, the practice shall conform strictly to the manufacturers recommendations, 7.6.5.9 When connecting a detonator to detonating cord, the detonators shall be taped or otherwise attached securely along the side or the end of the detonating cord, with the end of the detonator containing the explosive charge pointed in the direction in which the detonation is to proceed. 7.6.5.10 Detonators for firing the trunkline shall not be brought to the loading area, nor attached to the detonating cord, until everything else is in readiness for the blast. 7.6.5.11 Where double-trunkline, closed-loop, or crosstied hookups are judged to be necessary by the blaster-in-charge,such hookups shall be made in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
8. Firing the Blast

8.1 A code of blasting signals shall be posted at one or more conspicuous places on the operation, and all employees shall be required to familiarize themselves with the code and conform to it. Danger signs shall be placed at suitable locations. 8.2 Before a blast is fired, a loud warning signal shall be given by the blaster in charge, after the blaster has made certain that all surplus explosives are in a safe place, and that all persons, vehicles, and equipment are at a safe distance or under sufficient cover. 8.3 Flagmen (flaggers) shall be safely stationed on highways that pass through the danger zone, to stop traffic during blasting operations. 8.4 It shall be the duty of the blaster to fix the time of blasting. 8.5 Before firing an underground blast, warning shall be given and all possible entries into the blasting area and any entrances to any working place shall be carefully guarded where a drift, raise, or other opening is about to hole through. The blaster shall make sure that all persons are out of the blast area before firing a blast.
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9. Procedure after Blasting

9.1 Returning to Blast Area. No person shall return to the blast area until permitted to do so by the
blaster.
9.2 Inspection of Blast Area. Sufficient time should be allowed for the smoke and fumes to leave the blasted area before returning to the shot. Before employees are allowed to return to the operation, an inspection of the area shall be made by the blaster to determine if all charges have been exploded.
9.3 Misfires 9.3.1 If a misfire is found, the blaster shall provide proper safeguards for excluding all personnel from the danger zone. 9.3.2 No other work shall be done except that
necessary to remove the hazard of the misfire, and only those persons necessary to do the work shall remain in the danger zone. 9.3.3 The blaster shall determine the safest method for handling the hazards of the misfires. Some misfires may require consultation with the supplier or manufacturer of the explosive material. 9.3.4 If there are any misfires while using cap and fuse, all persons shall remain away from the charge for at least 30 minutes, For all other electric and nonelectric systems, this waiting period may be reduced to 15 minutes. 9.3.5 No drilling, digging, or picking shall be permitted until all missed holes have been detonated, or until a qualified, competent person, or the authority having jurisdiction, has approved that work may proceed.
25
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Append xes
Appendix A
(These Appendixes are not part of American National Standard A10.7-1989, but are included for information only.)
Excavation Work in Compressed Air
A l . General
The recommendations contained in this Appendix augment all provisions and definitions of this standard that are applicable to excavation work in compressed air.
A3. Storing Detonators and Explosives

Detonators and explosives should not be stored or kept in tunnels, shafts, or caissons except as may be permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. Detonators and explosives for each round should be taken directly from the magazines to the blasting zone and immediately loaded. Detonators and explosives left over after loading a round should be removed from the working chamber before the connecting wires are connected up.
A2. Special Definitions air lock. A compartment designed to permit passage between free air and a compressed-air working chamber, in either direction. caisson. A structure that is sunk from the surface to some desired depth. When the bottom of the structure extends below the elevation of free water, and excavation is performed by workers in a working chamber at an air pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, the caisson is then said to be a compressed-air caisson. mixed face. A tunnel excavation consisting of both rock and soft ground, or without adequate rock cover above the crown to support the overburden. powderman (powder handler). The person authorized and qualified to handle explosives. rock face. A tunnel excavation consisting of sound rock from invert to a level above the crown adequate to support the overburden. shaft. A passage, made from the surface of the ground to a point underground, the longer axis of which makes an angle greater than 20 degrees with the horizontal. soft ground face. A tunnel excavation consisting of soft ground or disintegrated rock from invert to crown. tunnel. An excavation, beneath the surface of the ground, the longer axis of which makes an angle not greater than 20 degrees with the horizontal.
A4. Transporting Detonators and Explosives
A4.1 When detonators or explosives are brought into an air lock, no persons except the powderman (powder handler), blaster, lock tender, and any persons necessary for carrying, should be permitted to enter the air lock. No other material, supplies, or equpment should be locked through with the explosives car.
A4.2 Detonators and explosives should be taken separately into caisson working chambers.
A4.3 The powderman (powder handler) should be responsible for the receipt, unloading, storage, and on-site transportation of explosives and detonators.
A5. Electrical Grounding

All metal pipes, rails, air locks, and steel tunnellining should be electrically bonded together and grounded at or near the portal or shaft, and such pipes and rails should be cross-bonded together at not less than 1000-foot intervals throughout the length of the tunnel. In addition, each low air supply pipe should be grounded at its delivery end.
A6. Responsibilities of Blaster

The blaster should be responsible for removal of electric circuits, safe illumination of the blasting
26
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zone, loading shot holes, connecting up blasting circuits, vacating the blasting zone, safe disposition of personnel during blasting, detonating the round, and returning to the blasting zone to view the results.
A9. Approaching and Tunneling through Mixed Face

When tunnel-excavation in rock face is approaching mixed face, and when tunnel-excavation is in mixed face, blasting should be performed with light charges and with light burden on each hole. Advance drilling should be performed as tunnel-excavationin rock face approaches mixed face to determine (1) the general nature and extent of rock cover and (2) the remaining distance ahead to soft ground as excavation advances.
A7. Detonators
Only instantaneous and dclay electric detonators should be used, unless otherwise authorized by the authority having jurisdiction.
Alo. Qualifications of Blasters

AS. Explosives
The explosives should be water-resistant and suitable for use in wet holes, They should be Fume Class 1. The blaster should be knowledgeable about, and competent in, the use of each type of explosive material and blasting circuit that is being employed. Refer to 7.2 for more information concerning the blaster's qualifications.
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Appendix B Safe Distance Tables for Locating Facilities for the Manufacture and Storage of Explosive Materials
This Appendix consists of two tables and explanatory matter reproduced, by permission of the publisher, from The American Table of Distances (1986 Edition), Publication No. 2 of the Institute of Makers of Explosives.
PREFACE
T h e original study to develop safe distances for the location of explosive storage magazines was begun in 1909, a time when a majority of explosive materials were transported by rail and explosive materials storage facilities were located near the railroad lines. T h e potential hazard to passenger carrying trains and residential areas near the railroad, should an explosion occur in the magazine, necessitated radical changes in magazine location. A special committee of the Association of Manufacturers of Powder and High Explosives was appointed to study the problem and develop recommendations. After reviewing established foreign requirements, the committee determined that these regulations could not be utilized for conditions existing in the United States. T h e committee then decided to develop an American Table of Distances based on empirical data gathered from explosions that had occurred in the field. Information was gathered on a number of explosions ranging from very small amounts of explosive materials to some approximating one million pounds. T h e explosions studied covered a period of almost fifty years and occurred in manufacturing, transportation and storage, both in the United States and abroad. Based on the work of the special committee of the Association of Manufacturers of Powder and High Explosives the American Table of Distances for inhabited buildings and public railways was established in December 1910. When it became apparent that the distance table should also contain minimum safe distances for the location of ex losive storage and manufacturing buildings from public highways, tYl e special committee, in conjunction with the Institute of Makers of Explosives (founded in 1913), conducted additional studies. T h e highway distances were approved and adopted by the Institute of Makers of Explosives in 1914. After the adoption of the American Table of Distances, the collection of data on explosions was continued. T h e table was reviewed in 1919 and again in 1939 to evaluate it and consider the data accumulated since the table was established. No significant revisions were made after either review. Another detailed study of the table was made in 1950 to distinguish between military explosives (bombs, projectiles, cased ammunition, etc.) and commercial explosive materials which have virtually no missile hazard. T h e study also noted that the table was specifically designed to cover manufacture and permanent storage of explosive materials and is not applicable for the incidental handling or temporary storage of explosive materials being transported.
28
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ANSI ALO.7 8 7
0724350 0000442 T M
AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS* As Revised and Approved by The Institute of Makers of Explosives - February 1986
II
II
DISTANCES
IN
FEET
IIOANTITY OF EXPLSIVE
II
Inhabltid Buildings Is)
1
1
Public Hlphw C l a u A to D
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Pubil3 inmc u than 3,wO Ii

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51 64 81 93 1O3 110 127 139 150 159 175 189 20 1 221 238 253 266 278 289 300
3 1 8
336 351 366 378
408
432 474 513 546 573 600 624 645 687 723 756 786 813 876 933 98 1 1,026 1,068 1,104 1,140 1,173 1,206 1,236 1,263
1 , 1 9 3
1,317 1,344 1,368 1,392 1,437 1,479 1,521 1,557 1,593
1 1 6 2 9
1,662 1,695 1,725 1,755 1,782 1,836 1,890 1,950 2,000
* This table is ATD,referenced in 6.3.1.

30
Numbers in ( ) refer to explanatory notes.
APPENDIX
EXPLANATORY NOTES ESSENTIAL TO THE APPLICATION
OF THE AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR

STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
NOTE I-"Explosive materials" means explosives, blasting agents and detonators.
NOTE 2-"Explosives" means any chemical compound, mixture, or device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion. A list of explosives determined to be within the coverage of "18 U.S.C. Chapter 40, Importation. Manufacturer, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials" is issued at least annually by the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms of the Department of the Treasury. For quantity and distance purposes, detonating cord of 50 grains per foot should be calculated as equivalent to 8 Ibs. of high explosives per 1, feet. Heavier or lighter core loads should be rated proportionately. NOTE3-"Blasting agents" meansany material or mixture, consisting of fuel and oxidizer, intended for blasting, not otherwise defined as an explosive: Provided, That the finished product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined. NOTE 4-"Detonator" means any device containing any initiating or primary explosive that is used for initialing detonation. A detonator may not contain more than 10 grams of total explosives by weight, excluding ignition or delay charges. The term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps of instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety fuses, detonating cord delay connectors, and nonelectric instantaneous and delay blasting caps which use detonating cord, shock tube, or any other replacement for electric leg wires. All types of detonators in strengths through No. 8 cap should be rated at 1% Ibs. of explosives per 1,000 caps. For strengths higher than No. 8 cap, consult the manufacturer. NOTE 5-"Magazine" means any building, structure. or container, other than an explosives manufacturing building, approved for the storage of explosive materials. NOTE W'Natural Barricade" means natural features of the ground, such as hills, or timber of sufficient densify that the surrounding explosures which require protection cannof be seen from the magazine when the trees are bare of leaves. NOTE 7-"Artificial Barricade" means an artificial mound or revetted wall of earth of a minimum thickness of three feet. NOTE 8-"Barricaded" means the effective screening of a building containing explosive materials from the magazine or other building, railway, or highway by a natural or an artificial barrier. A straight line from the top of any sidewall of the building Containing explosive materials to the eave line of any magazine or other building or to a point twelve feet above the center of a railway or highway shall pass through such barrier. NOTE %-"Inhabited Building" means a building regularly occupied in whole or part as a habitation for human beings, or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station. store, or other structure where people are accustomed to assemble, except any building or structure occupied In connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage or use of explosive materials. NOTEI-Y3ailway" meansany steam, electric, orother railroador railwaywhich carriers passengers for hire. NOTE Il-"Highway" means any public street, public alley, or public road. "Public HighwaysClass A to D" are hlghways with average trafficvolumeof 3,000or lessvehicles per day as specified in "American Civil Engineering Practice" (Abbett, Vol. 1, Table 46, Sec. 3-74, 1956 Edition, John Wiley and Sons). NOTE 12-When two or more storage magazines are located on the same property, each magazine must comply with the minimum distances specified from inhabited buildings, railways, and highways. and, in addition, they should be separated from each other by not less than the distances shown for "Separation of Magazines," except that the quantity of explosive materials contained in detonator magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing of said detonator magazines from magazines containing other explosive materials. If any two or more magazines are separated from each other by less than the specified "Separation of Magazines" distances, then such two or more magazines, as a group, must be considered as one magazine, and the total quantity of explosive materials stored in such group must be treated as if stored in a single magazine located on the site of any magazine of the group, and must comply with the minimum of distances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings, railways, and highways. NOTE 13-Storage i n excess of 300,000Ibs. of explosive materials, in one magazine is generally not required for commercial enterprises. NOTE 14-This Table applies only to the manufacture and permanent storage of commercial explosive materials. It is not applicable to transportation of explosives or any handling or temporary storage necessary or incident thereto. It is not intended to apply to bombs, projectiles. or other heavily encased explosives.
31
ANSI A I O - 7 87 N 0724350 O000444 3 N

APPENDIX
Recommended
Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents
NFPA 495 - 1985
Chapter 1 Derivation of the Table

1-1 A test program sponsored by industry with cooperation of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association and the Institute of Makers of Explosives and conducted by the Bureau of Mines developed data on the relative sensitivity of ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) to sympathetic detonation. These data were applied to the existing American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosives to develop the following table of recommended separation distances for ammonium nitrate and blasting agents from stores of high explosives or blasting agents.
1-2 T h e American Table of Distances for barricaded storage of explosives has been proven adequate through the years, and no data were developed in the test programs that would suggest that this table should be modified for explosives. O n the other hand, a factor of 2 has been suggested in the past for increasing the distances listed in the American Table of Distances when the magazines are unbarricaded. T h e results, employing two charge sizes of AN and one charge size of ANFO, gave ratios of unbarricaded to barricaded distances of 4.2 to 7.4, for an average of about 6 which was taken as the appropriate factor. Thus, unbarricaded stores of AN or ANFO not in bullet-resistant magazines should have 6 times the separation distances as barricaded stores. 1-3 T h e relative sensitivity of AN and ANFO to dynamite was obtained by examining the relative K factors for 50 percent propagation distances when the cube root of the weight was employed in the usual equation :
S = KW'/3
This equation allowed comparison of 1,600-pound dynamite acceptors with 5,400-pound AN and ANFO acceptors; results from these large charges are believed to be the most reliable available, The ratio of K factors for dynamite and AN was 6.27 which was rounded to 6 ; the ratio for dynamite and ANFO was 1.6. These factors were applied to the American Table of Distances by thus reducing the distance for barricaded ammonium nitrate to 1/6 the corresporicling distance for explosives in the American Table o f Distances and for ANFO to 6/10.
1-4 One point should be emphasized; the distances in the table are for separation of stores only. No change should be made in the American Table of Distances with respect to inhabited buildings, passenger railways, and public highways, as the blast effect from ANFO is not importantly less than for high explosives, but the blast effect from AN is about one-half that from high explosives. T h e blast effect is little modified by the presence of barricades, but the American Table of Distances for separation of stores from inhabited buildings, passenger railways, and public highways for unbarricaded stores provides an additional safety factor and should be retained.
The niaterial in this appendix is re rinted by permission of the National Fire Protection Association from NFPA 8y5-1985.
32
ANSI AL0.7 8 9
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APPENDIX
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ANSI A L 0 - 7 87 W 0 7 2 4 3 5 0 O O O O q 4 8 O W
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Appendix C
Survey of Job Site
Construction and demolition workers are subject to certain hazards that cannot be eliminated by mechanical means and must be controlled by care, common sense, and intelligence. The A10 Committee realizes the importance of safety and strongly recommends that, prior to commencing any operation, the employer make a survey of the conditions of the site to determine the hazards and the kind and number of safeguards that the employer will install. The survey should include, but not be limited to, the following:
(i) Safe access and movement (a) Work areas (b) Walkways, runways, and passageways (c) Ladders, stairways, and elevators (d) Protection for floor and roof openings (e) Illumination
(2) Vehicles (a) Roads: (i) Turn space (U) Parking area (iii) Mud areas (b) Materials storage areas and dump areas (c) Signs and signals to route vehicles on the job (d) Maintenance and repair of vehicles
(3) Utiiities and service (a) Location of temporary buildings (b) Location and identification of high-voltage lines (identify by signs; move, de-energize, or erect barrier to prevent contact) (c) Location of sanitary facilities and drinking water
(4) Scheduling work for safety (a) Providing hard hats, life belts, goggles, work vests, and the like, on the job (b) Establishing liaison among contractors to prevent congestion among trades (c) Providing temporary flooring, safety nets, and scaffolding where required (5) Work procedures (a) Space (b) Equipment such as cranes, hoists, elevators, and trucks (c) Rigging procedures (6) Tools and equipment (a) Repair, maintenance, and care (b) Inspection (c) Supplies of tools for each job (7) Workers and supervisors . (a) Job assignment (b) Training and supervision (c) Number of workers (d) Plans for maintaining interest in safety: (i) Safety bulletins, record charts, and posters (U) Recognition for groups or individuals (iii) Iiivestigation and reporting on reportable accidents (iv) Knowledge of safety orders (v) Safety meetings (vi) Specific safety instructions for new employees (e) Establishment of provisions to take immediate action to correct unsafe conditions or acts (0 First-aid and medical treatment of injuries

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ANSI A I 0.7-1 989

American National Standard

Secretariat: National Safety Council

Insert new subclauses 6.1.3 and 6.1.4

EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE CALL

Replace current Subclause 6.5.6.2 with the following text:

Renumber current Subclauses 6.5,6.2 - 6.5.6.8 as 6.5.6.3 - 6.5.6.9

ANSI A L O - 7 89 W O724350 00004L2 L W -

for Construction und Demolition -

ANSI AL097 8 7 E 072'4LCO O O O O ' t 3 3 3 E

American National Standard for Construction and Demolition -

National Safety Council

Approved September 18,1989

American National Standards Institute, Inc

COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

Copyright O 1989 by American National Standards Institute, nc All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

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(This Foreword is not part of American National Standard A10.7-1989.)

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A10.34 A10.35 A10.36 A10.37

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COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

............................................ 4 . General Requirements ...............................................................................................

8 . Firing the Blast ..........................................................................................................

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American National Standard for Construction and Demolition -

1. Scope and Purpose

2. Referenced and Related Standards and Other Publications

[6] U.S. Department of Transportation, CFR Title

49, Parts 1-999

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.7-1989

[8] U.S. Department of Transportation, CFR Title 49, Parts 100-199

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COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.7-1989

neously. With respect to detonators, a substantial part means 90 percent or more.

weather-resistant. Designed and constructed to offer reasonable protection against weather.

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are transported by a vehicle with an open body, they

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ANSI A I O - 7 87 M 0724350 0000425 T M

COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

ANSI AIO-7 87 laa 0724150 000042b I W

6. Storage of Explosive Materials

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ANSI A L O - 7 8 9 W 0724150 0000427 3

Table I Classification and Use of Magazines

Table 2 Using ATD and SDT to Determine Distances*

* Both tables are reproduced in Appendix B.

COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.7-1989

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are actual thicknesses; all concrete block and brick

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COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

COPYRIGHT American National Standards Institute Licensed by Information Handling Services

7 . Use of Explosive Materiais

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.7-1989

Table 3 Types of Blaster?s Permit