Electricity and Magnetism II - Homework Assignment 1

Alejandro G omez Espinosa February 6, 2013

Jackson, 7.2 A plane wave is incident on a layered interface as shown in the Figure 1. The indices of refraction of the three nonpermeable media are n1 , n2 , n3 . The thickness of the intermediate layer is d. Each of the other media is semi-innite.

Figure 1: Sketch of Problem 7.2. (a) Calculate the transmission and reection coecients (ratios of transmitted and reected Poyntings ux to the incident ux), and sketch their behavior as a funcion of frequency for n1 = 1, n2 = 2, n3 = 3; n1 = 3, n2 = 2, n3 = 1; and n1 = 2, n2 = 4, n3 = 1 Let us take the coordinate system where Ei , according to Figure 1, is pointing in the x axis and, the wave is moving through z axis. Also, let us placed the origin of the axis in the limit of medium 1 and 2. Then, we can dene in the rst medium: Ei = EOi exp (ik1 z it) ; Er = EOr exp (ik1 z it) (1)

where the index i represents the incident waves and r is the reected wave and, k1 = /v1 . For the second medium: E2 i = EOi2 exp (ik2 z it) ; and for the third medium: ET 3 = ET exp (ik3 z it) (3) Now, let us used the bondary conditions described in Jackson Eq. 7.37. Here, the nonpermeable media condition described in the exercises means that 1 = 2 = 3 . At x = 0 in our coordinate

E2 r = EOr2 exp (ik2 z it)

(2)

gomez@physics.rutgers.edu

system we have the bondary conditions: E0i + E0r = E2i + E2r 1 1 (E0i E0r ) = (E2i E2r ) v1 v2 Then, between medium 2 and 3, at x = d: E2i eik2 d + E2r eik2 d = ET eik3 d 1 1 (E2i eik2 d E2r eik2 d ) = ET eik3 d v2 v3 Using (4), (5), (6) and (7); let us solve for E0i : (4) + (5) : 2E0i = E2i + E2r + 1+ v1 v2 v1 v1 E2i E2r v2 v2 v1 E2i + 1 E2r v2 v2 = 1+ ET eik3 d v3 ET eid(k3 k2 ) 1 v2 v3 ET eik3 d (10) (6) (7) (4) (5)

2E0i = (6) + (7) :

(8)

2E2i eik2 d 1 2 1+

E2i = (6) (7) :

v2 v3

(9)

2E2r eik2 d = 1 2 1 v2 v3

E2r = Replacing (9) and (10) in (8): 2E0i = = = 2 E0i ET = 1+ v1 v2 1 2

ET eid(k3 +k2 )

1 ET eik3 d 2 1 ET eik3 d 2 v1 1+ v3

v2 v2 v1 1 1 ET eid(k3 k2 ) + 1 ET eid(k3 +k2 ) v3 v2 2 v3 v1 v2 v1 v2 1+ 1+ eik2 d + 1 1 eidk2 v2 v3 v2 v3 v1 v1 v2 1+ 2 cos(k2 d) + 2i sin(k2 d) v3 v2 v3 v1 v2 cos(k2 d) + i sin(k2 d) eik3 d (11) v2 v3 1+

Following the same procedure for E0r , we can found: 2 E0r = ET 1 v1 v3 cos(k2 d) + v1 v2 v2 v3 i sin(k2 d) eik3 d (12)

Replacing vi with ni , squaring (11) and (12), we found the relations for the transmited and reected wave: T = = n3 ET 2 n1 E0i n3 n1 n3 1+ n 1 (13) 4
2 2

(14) sin2 (k2 d)

cos2 (k2 d) + 2

n2 n1

n3 n2

R = 1T =1

n3 n1

4 1+
n3 n1 2

cos2 (k2 d) +

n2 n1

n3 n2

sin2 (k2 d) (15)

2 2 2 2 2 2 n2 2 (n1 n3 ) + (n2 n3 )(n2 n1 ) sin (k2 d) 2 2 2 2 2 2 n2 2 (n1 + n3 ) + (n2 n3 )(n2 n1 ) sin (k2 d)

Now, let us calculate this coecients with the given values: 1. n1 = 1, n2 = 2, n3 = 3: T = = = 3 1 1+ 4

3 2 cos2 (k2 d) 1 2 1 3 2 sin2 (k2 d) 2

12 2 16 cos2 (k2 d) + 49 4 sin (k2 d) 48 2 15 cos (k2 d) + 49 48 49

R = 1 =

15 cos2 (k2 d) + 15 cos2 (k2 d) + 1 15 cos2 (k2 d) + 49

The behavior of this case is shown in Figure 2.

R,T Coefficient

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0

10 k

Figure 2: Sketch of the behavior of the transmited and reected coecients in terms of the k2 , for the case where n1 = 1, n2 = 2, n3 = 3. Here, the red line is the transmited coecient and the black line represents the reected coecient.

2. n1 = 3, n2 = 2, n3 = 1: T = = = 1 3 1+
16 3

4
1 2 cos2 (k2 d) 3

2 3

1 2 sin2 (k2 d) 2

cos2 (k2 d) 48

4 +

49 12

sin2 (k2 d)

15 cos2 (k2 d)

+ 49

R =

15 cos2 (k2 d) + 1 15 cos2 (k2 d) + 49

Since this coecients are the same as case 1, the behaviour of this waves is shown also in Figure 2. 3. n1 = 2, n2 = 4, n3 = 1: T = = = 1 2 1+
9 2

4
1 2 cos2 (k2 d) 2

4 2

1 2 sin2 (k2 d) 4

cos2 (k2 d)
2

4 +

81 8

sin2 (k2 d)

32 9(5 sin (k2 d) + 4) R= 45 sin2 (k2 d) + 4 9(5 sin2 (k2 d) + 4)

The behavior of this case is shown in Figure 3.

R,T Coefficients

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10 k

Figure 3: Sketch of the behavior of the transmited and reected coecients in terms of the k2 , for the case where n1 = 2, n2 = 4, n3 = 1. Here, the red line is the transmited coecient and the black line represents the reected coecient.

(b) The medium n1 is part of an optical system (e.g., a lens); medium n3 is air (n3 = 1). desired to put an optical coating (medium n2 ) on the surface so that there is no reected for a frequency 0 . What thickness d and index of refraction n2 are necessary? From (15), we can see that the reected wave has a minimum value when sin2 (k2 d) Therefore, 0 n 2 d c k2 d = = d= c 2 2n2 0

It is wave = 1. (16)

Since we do not want to have a reected wave, the index of refraction must be n1 < n2 < n3 . In addition, applying the minimum value, the previous condition becomes:
2 2 2 2 n2 2 (n1 1) + (n2 1)(n2 n1 ) = 0

n2 2 = n1

(17)

where we can verify that n1 > n2 , being both greater than zero.