Inference Formulas & Procedures

Situation/Tes Conditions Null Hypothesis Test Statistic Confidence Interval

t
1 sample z 1. SRS H 0 :µ = µ  − µ  σ 
z= x ±  
test And either: σ   
2. Pop is normal, or 
large sample size ( n ≥  ),
or if n<30, the sample dist
is not
severely skewed and does
not
have extreme outliers.
2 sample z Same as above for BOTH H 0 : µ = µ   −   −  µ − µ    σ  σ  
z=
test samples or (x1 −   ±    +
σ  σ 
+    
H 0 : µ − µ = 
 
1 sample t 1. SRS H 0 :µ = µ  − µ  
t= x ±   ; df = n-1
test and either:  ; df = n-1   
2. Pop is normal, or n>40 
(even if skewed & outliers),
or 15<n<40 with npp
showing little skewness,
or n<15 with npp showing
no outliers and no
skewness
2 sample t 1. Populations are H 0 :µ = µ   −   −  µ − µ     
t=
test independent  
  (x1 −   ±     +   ; df = n-1
2. Same as above, replace 
+     
 
n with n1 + 
Matched Same as 1 sample t test H 0 :µ =   − µ  
t= x ±   ; df = n-1
pairs where µ d is the  ; df = n-1   
t test difference of 
dependent
 sample means
1 proportion 1. SRS H 0 : p =   −    −  
z= pö ±  
z test 2. Population ≥ 10n   −   
3. CI: npö ≥  , n(1 −   ≥  
HT: np0 ≥  , n(1 −   ≥ 
(Verify use of normal
approx)
2 proportion 1. Populations are H 0 : p1 =     −    −   −      −       −   
z= ( pö1 −    ±   +
z test independent or    
2. SRS (both samples) H 0 : p1 −  =    −    + 
3. Populations ≥ 10n    
4. CI: n1 pö1 ≥  , n1 (1 −    ≥   + 
n2 pö2 ≥  , n2 (1 −    ≥  where pö =
 + 
HT: n1 pö ≥  , n1 (1 −   ≥ 
n2 pö ≥  , n2 (1 −   ≥ 
(Verify use of normal
approx)
Chi Square 1. All expected counts ≥ 1 H 0 : Actual (O - E)2 One-way table
Goodness of 2. 80% of expected counts proportions are
χ2 = å Single SRS, one categorical
E
Fit ≥ 5 equal to df = k-1 variable
hypothesized k = # of categories
proportions
Chi Square Same as above. H 0 : Proportions (O - E)2 Two-way table
Homogeneit are all equal or a
χ2 = å Two SRS, two categorical
E
y fixed value df = (r-1)(c-1) variables
Chi Square Same as above. H 0 : No associations (O - E)2 Two way table
Independenc between variables
χ2 = å Single SRS, two categorical
E
e or the variables are df = (r-1)(c-1) variables
independent of
each other
Linear 1. Independent ordered H 0 :β =  no linear  b ±    ; df = n-2
t= , df = n-2
Regression; pairs relationship 
regression 2. Roughly linear between the two
slope scatterplot variables
3. Standard deviation of
response is constant
(scatter around LSRL is
consistent)
4. Response variable
varies normally (residuals
are approx normal)