KAMPALA UNIVERSITY LUWERO CAMPUS

NAME: AYERANGO AGNES REG NUMBER: 12A/KUL/ CSWASA/ 079 COURSE UNIT: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SEMISTER: TWO
YEAR: 2013

SCHOOL: SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT: SOCIAL AND SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION

LECTURER: MR. OKELLO DAVID

PROGRAME: WEEKEND PROGRAME

SING: --------------------------------------QUESTION: WITH REFERENCE TO DEVELOPMENTALISTS AND THEORISTS OF DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY, DISCUSS THE ROLES OF PARENTING IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.

Psycholog refers to the stud of behavior and mind. Therefor developmental psycholog is the scientific study of the changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Originally concerning infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescents, adult development. Parenting however refers to the ways in which parents impact child development from infancy to adulthood. However finding the actual causes and effects links between specific actions of parents and later the behavior of children is very difficult. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably simpler personality like psychologist Diana Baumrind who conducted a study on more than a hundred pre school age children using naturalist observation, parent interview and other research methods. She identified four important dimensions of parenting that is disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles, expectation of maturity and control. According to Diana Baumrind, majority of the parents atleast displayed one of the three different parenting style as illustrated below. Authoritarian parenting, where children are expected to follow the strict rule established by the parents and failure to abide can lead to penalty. Authoritative parenting, where rules and guidelines are established by parents and the have to follow. However parenting style is much more democratic because parents of this category are willing to listen to their children. Permisive parenting, where parents have few demands to their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectation of maturity and self control and according to Diana, permissive parents are more responsive man they are demanding Involved parenting, which is chracterised by few demands, low permissive an little communication. While these parents fulfill childrens basic needs, they are generally detected from their childs life and in extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the need of their children. Bandura theory of modeling teaches parents to be exemplary becase they copy whatever parents do. Therefor should parents behave negatively, children re more likel to take the same trend. Parents should assist of help to guide children on making rights and choices when choosing friends because at adolocent stage, adolesnents tend to be hero woshipers. Singmund Freud with his theory of pschoson development shows different stages. Fixation therefor parents must make a substantial follow up to avoid such fixation that is to say at oral stage, breastfeeding must be handled well and the weening must be done carefully to avoid the following; the indicator of fixation at this stage include sarcasism, gluttony, pen bitting, pipe smoking etc. Toilet training; parents must train their children good toilet behaviors like where and when to deposit their faeces and how to withhold to avoid the following finanifestation and fixation that is to say toilet jokes, poor hygiene and untidiness.

At falic stage, genital stage; at this stage children take much of their time manipulating theoir genitals they want to discover what is sex and they do experience oedpus and electrain conflicts in girls and boys respectively. Oedpus is a situation where a bab boy wants to have sex with his mother and he hates his father whereas in electrain conflict, girls want to sleep with their fathers and have sex and if not handled well, such fixation will happen, girls will love sugar dadies, boys sugar momies. Girls will be mascicilar, boy epicene/ ladish/feminine. The role of parents here is to assume full responsibility of mothers and fathers. Pavlo parent condition and purnishment. Sometimes parents must purnish their children where necessary to change the behaviors. Pavlo and other scholars also encourages positive reinforcement to motivate children to work and improve on their performance. Erick Erickson, with his theor of psychological development talks about identity vs confusion. Prents should guide their children what they must be in future or else some people are confused over what they are supposed to do in a particular time eg people do not do courses the should do and went to get married they have failed to make descisions of their own. He taught about industry versus inferiority. The children fail to be the people of all thoughts but when parents refuse them to do what the are trying to do, children in the later stage fail to be creative in the nature because they were stoped by their parent to do what they started to do, forexample, upt o now graduates failt to start a business because they fail to acquire a job and are denied to do what they were supposed to do. Trust versus mistrust; when parents leave a child, that child will start crying because the parents have gone away; when the parent comes back home, the child will keep quiet, and when the same tries to go to town another time, the child will follow him or her because the other time he was left alone. So when the children grow with this mistrust, they will never trust their parents and the same to the husband if they get married, it is the parents obligation to cultivate trust in their children to avoid mistrust in their children that may affect them even when they grow. Therefor the breast feeding must take two years atleast and the weening must be done properly. It nis very dangerous when weening and you go to Masaka for the baby to starve. Industr versus inferiority; this stage cover sthe early school years approximately aged five to eleven.through social interaction, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishment and ability.

REFFERENCES Cloninger, susan, C. theories of personality understanding person (6th ed. Ed.) The power of parenting