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Introduction To Analytical Chemistry
Introduction To Analytical Chemistry
Introduction To Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry
identification of sample constituents (qualitative analysis) determination of relative amounts of sample constituent(s) (quantitative analysis)
ANALYTE
1.
2.
3.
the amount of each constituent of the sample is determined quantitatively Example: blood chemistry involves the determination of glucose, sodium, potassium, triglycerides
Ultimate analysis
the amount of each element is determined Example: analysis of gasoline reports %C, %H, %O, %Pb, etc % elements
the amount of a selected constituent in a sample is determined Example: partial analysis of aspirin tablets gives the amount of salicylic acid impurity crude fat or crude fiber in animal feeds
1.
2.
3.
4.
based on classification of analyte major constituent > 1% of the sample minor constituent 0.01 1% of the sample trace constituent 0.001 0.01% of sample ultratrace constituent < 0.001% of sample
ANALYSIS
Example
What type of analysis was performed on a 0.500 g sample of animal feeds which was found to contain 1.35% zinc?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a complete macroanalysis of a major constituent a partial macroanalysis of a minor constituent a partial macroanalysis of a major constituent a complete macroanalysis of a minor constituent
MOISTURE DETERMINATION
A 1.000 g as received soil sample has a moisture content of 14.00%. The oven-dried sample, which is completely moisture-free, has an 18.00% Na. Find the % Na in the sample on an as-received basis.
Solution 1:
as-received
14.00 x 86
oven-dried
0 18.00 100
Solution 2:
g H2O = (1.000)(14.00/100) = 0.1400 g gNVM = g asrcvd g H2O = 1.000 0.1400 g = 0.8600 gK = gNVM x %Na = 0.8600(18.00/100) = 0.1548 gK
Molarity, M
Analytical molarity, Cx
Formality total number of moles of solute regardless of its chemical state per liter of solution or mmoles /mL refers to analytical or total concentration describes how a solution of a given molarity can be prepared
Example:
A 1.0 M NaOH solution is more accurately described as 1.0 F NaOH. Why? There are no NaOH molecules in solution
Example:
Normality, N
= the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution = meq solute/mL solution _g solute_ EW solute
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2.
3.
Acid-base reaction
Acid: n is the number of replaceable or acidic H+ according to the reaction Base: n is the number of H+ required to neutralize each mole of a base
Example:
EM H3PO4 = FM/2 N = g/(FM/2)/L Why? Phosphoric acid has two acidic H+ per mole phosphoric acid EM NaOH = FM/1 Why? 2 moles NaOH reacted with 2 moles H+ or 1 mol H+ required to neutralize 1 mol NaOH
Oxidation-reduction reaction
n is the number of electrons gained or lost in the reaction per mole of the species
NOTE: to get n, the equation need not be completely balanced BUT the ATOMS which gained or lost electrons have to be balanced
Example
EMKMnO4 = FM/5 Why? MnO4- to Mn2+ involves 5eEMK2C2O4 = FM/2 C2O42- CO2 Why? each C atom lost 1 e-, thus 2 carbon atoms lost 2 electrons
metal cation: n = charge of cation anion: n = the number of metal ion equivalents that one mole of the anion reacts with
Examples:
EMKCN = FM/1/2 = 2FM Why? 1 mol CN- reacts with metal ion equivalents since 2 mol CN- reacts with 1 metal ion equivalents
Cu(NO3)2 + Na3PO4 Cu3(PO4) 2 + NaNO3 EM Cu(NO3)2 = FM/2 EM Na3PO4 = FM/3 EM Cu3(PO4) 2 = FM/6 EM NaNO3 = FM/1
EM Cu(NO3)2 = FM/2
EM KCN = 2FM Why? 4 mol CN- reacts with 2 metal ion equivalents 1 mol CN- reacts with 2/4 metal ion equivalents OR metal ion equivalents
N = nM
Significance of Normality:
aA + bB products
at the endpoint: equivalents A = equivalents B (the hope is the equivalence point is achieved, and the stoichiometric point is reached) THUS, NAVA = NBVB OR meqA = meqB
Titer Methods
Corresponding means: will react exactly with is chemically equivalent to is contained in may be obtained from may be substituted for
Titer
states the weight of some substance other than the solute with which 1 mL of solution will react exactly
= mg reactant/substance mL solution
Example:
n=1 1 meq acid = 1 meq base Titer = 4.00 mg NaOH = 4.00 mg mL HCl mL
N = ___mg____ = meq mL x EW mL
Titer = Nsoln x EWreactant Note: EW of substance with which the solution reacts
Example:
It the titer = 4.00 mg/mL N = __T__ = _4.00 mg/mL_ EW 40.00 mg/meq N = 0.1000 meq/mL
Example:
What is the NH3 titer of a 0.120 N solution of HCl? T = 0.120 meq x 17.0 mg NH3 = 2.04 mq NH3 mL meq mL HCl
Example:
Calculate the normality of an HCl solution having a Na2CO3 titer of 5.00 mg/mL.
Na2CO3 + HCl 2NaCl + H2CO3 EW Na2CO3 = FW 2 or 106 mg Na2CO3 = 2 meq HCl T = Nsoln x EWreactant
Example:
How many g of AgNO3 (169.9) would be used to prepare 500.0 mL of a solution that has a chloride (35.45) titer of 0.5000? g AgNO3 = 169.9 mg x 0.5000 mg Cl- x 500 mL meq mL Ag+ ___________________________ 35.45 mg x 1000 mg meq q g AgNO3 = 1.198
Example:
Calculate the Na2CO3 (EW 53.00) titer of a 0.1037 N HCl solution. x 53 mg Na2CO3 1 meq HCl