CHAPTER II METHOD

This study utilized the survey research. This employed sets of standardized and modified questionnaires administered to a sample of respondents. The sets of questionnaires measured the different personality traits and tendencies of the respondents that served as variables of the study. Survey research is best used for descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory purposes with individuals and groups used as units of analysis. This is also the best method in collecting data from a large population and an excellent tool in measuring attitudes and orientations (Babbie, 1998). Thus, the researcher purely utilized this method considering the desirability and appropriateness of the approach. Sample The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Integrees served as respondents of the study. These Integrees are former MNLF rebels who are currently absorbed in the Armed Forces of the Philippines. They are presently assigned at the 4th Infantry Division of the Philippine Army covering the following Philippine Army (PA) units of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM): 8th Infantry Battalion (Maramag, Bukidnon), 29th Infantry Battalion (Nangka, Balo-i, Lanao del Norte), 30th IB (Balo-i, Lanao del Norte). Of

33 the 647 Integrees distributed in these different battalions, 98 Integrees were purposively sampled. The researcher employed the purposive sampling method in the selection of the participants. There was difficulty in establishing a randomized selection of respondents because some of the Integrees were distributed at the outskirts of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao where there was higher incidence of ambush and kidnapping. Also, little wars between the Phillippine Army (PA) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) ensued during the data gathering period, which created difficulty in penetrating the outskirts. Because of these risks, commanding officers of the respective battalions advised the researcher to conduct data collection in their respective headquarters. Therefore, the researcher purely utilized those number of Integrees assigned to the different headquarters of the above-mentioned battalions. Table 1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents Based on Age Age range Frequency Percentage distribution

20-34 (Early Adults) 35-55 (Middle Adults)

73 25 ________

74.5 25.5 _________ 100.00

Total

98

34 Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents based on age. Of the 98 respondents, majority were early adults comprising about 75% of the sample. The rest of the respondents were on their middle adulthood that is about 25% of the sample.

Table 2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents Based on Age and Educational Attainment Educational qualifications 20-34 years old F None Elementary level Elementary graduate High school level High school graduate College level College graduate 4 17 8 32 10 2 ____ Total 73 % 4.08 17.34 8.16 32.67 10.20 2.04 ____ 74.48 Age 35-55 years old F 2 4 12 2 5 ____ 25 % 2.04 4.08 12.24 2.04 5.10 _____ 25.51 F 2 8 29 10 37 10 2 _____ 98 Total % 2.04 8.16 29.59 10.20 37.76 10.20 2.04 _____ 100.00

Table 2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the sample based on age and educational attainment. Majority of the respondents were early adults that comprise

35 about 75% of the sample. Out of this number, majority of the early adult respondents finished high school; 17.34% finished elementary; 10% of the sample were college level, and 2.04% obtained a college degree.

Roughly 25% of the respondents were middle adults. Majority of these middle adults finished elementary. It is significant to note that there were two who did not obtain schooling and nobody from this group finished college. Table 3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents Based on Age and Civil Status Age Civil status Married F 20-34 (Early Adulthood) 35-55 (Middle Adulthood) 57 23 ____ Total 80 % 58.16 23.47 ____ 81.63 Single F 16 2 ____ 18 % 16.32 2.04 ____ 18.36 Total F 73 25 ____ 98 % 74.49 25.5 ____ 100.00

Table 3 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the sample based on age and civil status. It can be seen from the data that almost 75% of the sample were early adults and 25% of the sample were middle adults. On the other hand, more than 80% of the respondents were married whereas the rest of the members were single. Of the total married

36 respondents, almost half were early adults and almost 25% were middle adults. It is evident that a large number of the respondents were early adults who were married.

Table 4 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Their Ethnic Origin Ethnic origin Tausog Maranaw Maguindanao Yakan Kalagan Total Frequency 64 17 13 3 1 _____ 98 Percentage distribution 65.3 17.3 13.3 3.1 1.0 ______ 100.00

Table 4 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to their ethnic origin. From the information, it shows that majority of the respondents were Tausogs. They comprised almost 65% of the sample. About 16.67% were Maranao and a smaller percentage came from the Maguindanaos, Yakan, and Kalagan groups.

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Table 5 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to Educational Attainment Educational attainment None Elementary Level Elementary Graduate High School Level High School Graduate College Level College Graduate Total Frequency 2 8 29 19 29 9 2 ______ 98 Percentage distribution 2.04 8.16 29.59 19.38 29.59 9.2 2.0 ______ 100.00

Table 5 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to their educational attainment. The table shows that of the total 98 respondents,

38 there were 2 who did not receive education. Majority of the respondents were elementary and high school graduates whereas only 2% obtained college degrees.

Table 6 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents Based on Their Length of Service in the AFP Number of years in service 2-2.11 2-3.11 4-4.11 5-5.11 Total Frequency 17 19 49 13 ______ 98 Percentage distribution 17.3 19.4 50.00 13.3 ______ 100.00

Table 6 summarizes the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents based on their length of service in the AFP organization. It can be gleaned from the table that half of the respondents stayed in the organization for 4 years; only about 12.5% of the respondents stayed for 5 years; whereas only 17 or 17.3% stayed in the organization for 2 to 3 years. The Variables Measured and Instruments

39 Independent Variables Discrimination. This is conceptually defined as the behavioral manifestations of stereotypes and prejudice where an individual is treated differently in any political, economic, cultural, or social situation because of his membership in a distinct group or category. The category could be his ethnicity, sex, religion, race, or age (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1986). For this particular study, manifestations of stereotype and prejudice are directed to the MNLF Integrees because of their ethnic minority status inside the AFP organization. This perceived discrimination was measured using the Schedule of Racist Event Questionnaire (SRE) developed by Landrine and Klonoff (1996). The original instrument was constructed to assess racial discrimination in the wide variety of arenas and forms as suggested by the literature on racism (e.g., Bell, 1992; Dovidio & Gaertner, 1986). Each item is completed using a 6-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 6 (almost all the time). After the revision of the instrument, a pretest was conducted to a few Integrees to assess whether the instrument achieved its aim. Of the original 18 items, those items that fit the current organizational set up were modified and considered. Thus, the researcher only came up with a 15-item questionnaire (see Appendix A). Internal consistency reliability of the SRE was .95 and a split-half reliability coefficient (correlations between scores on the odd-numbered items and on the even numbered items) was .93. Pretesting revealed that items reliability of the SRE was .95 for alpha and .96 for standardized alpha.

40 The mean scores and standard deviations were obtained. The raw scores were then converted into standard z scores. Higher scores suggest more experiences of discrimination whereas lower scores suggest lesser experiences of discrimination. Collective self-esteem. For this particular study, this refers to the MNLF Integrees aspect of their self-concept that is anchored on their ethnicity or ethnic identity. The ethnic identity consists of signs, symbols, and underlying values that capture the groups distinct identity. The outward signs of ethnic identity are similar race, religion, and national origin (Smith, 1985). For this particular research, this refers to the MNLF Integrees knowledge of being a member of Muslim group together with the emotional significance attached to their membership. The collective self-esteem of the respondents was measured using the Collective Self-Esteem Scale developed by Luhtanen and Crocker (1992) (see Appendix B). The Collective Self-Esteem Scale is composed of four subscales that measures selfesteem as it relates to specific social groups: private, public, membership, and identity. Private collective self-esteem reflects a persons view of his or her own group. Public collective self-esteem reflects beliefs about how others may view ones social group. Membership collective self-esteem reflects ones own value as a social group member. Identity collective self-esteem reflects the importance of the social group to ones identity. Each subscale consists of four items that are written in the positive and negative direction and are rated in a 7-point Likert Scale from 1(strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree). The range of internal reliability () estimated for the subscales were .73-.75 (Membership), . 71-.80 (Private), .78-.80 (Public), and .73-.86 (Identity). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed strong construct validity for the four-factor and hierarchical model with fit indices

41 ranging from .71 to .92. The subscales also have moderate positive correlations with other measures of self-esteem. The original questionnaire is composed of 16 items. Pretesting revealed that = .71 and standardized = .74 for Items 5, 13, 8, 16, 6, 14, 3, and 11. Other items were deleted due to lower reliability. The mean and standard deviation were obtained. The raw scores were transformed into z scores. Higher scores reflect higher collective self-esteem and lower scores reflect lower collective self-esteem. Social support. This refers to the social support extended by family and friends. For this particular study, the researcher utilized the Provision of Social Support Relations (PSSR) (Turner, Frankel, & Levin, 1983). The PSR is a 15-item instrument designed to measure components of social support (see Appendix C). Based initially on the conceptualization by Weins of five components of social support (attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, and guidance), factor analyses revealed the PSR have essentially two dimensions: family support (Items 4, 7, 11, 12, 14) and friend support (Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 15). The PSR has good internal consistency, with alphas that range from .75 to .87. It also has a good concurrent validity correlating significantly with the Kaplan Scale of Social Support. The PSR is negatively correlated with several measures of psychological distress, indicating that it is not confounded by item context measuring psychological distress (Corcocan & Fisher, 1987). During pretesting, items reliability for the whole scale was .79 and .80 for alpha and standardized alpha respectively. Item reliability for the two dimensions

42 showed that family support received an alpha = .80 and standardized alpha = .80 whereas friends support with .71 for both alpha and standardized alpha. The mean was obtained. The raw scores of the respondents for this particular measure were transformed into standard z scores. Higher scores reflect more social support and lower scores imply less social support. Locus of control. This refers to the degree to which an individual perceives he is in control of the events (Rotters, 1966). This is measured in terms of the scores that MNLF Integrees obtained in the Pilipino Locus of Control Scale (see Appendix D). To measure the internal-external control construct, the scale devised by Mataragnon (1980) was used. It was patterned after the Stanford Locus of Control Scale (Lefcourt, 1977). The scale consisted of 30 forced-choice items using hypothetical events providing two reasons in varying locus of control (internal vs. external). Internal consistency coefficients were significant for the whole scale. Analyses of internal consistency revealed a coefficient of r = .40 for the whole scale, p <. 05. Validation of the whole scale against Rotters Scale yielded an r = .48 which was significant at p < .01. Pretest was conducted with items 9, 16, 17, 18, 25, and 27 were deleted because of lower reliability. Reliability analysis obtained an alpha = .75 and standardized alpha of .74. A high score obtained in the Pilipino Locus of Control would mean a high internal (or low external) locus of control whereas a low score would mean a low internal (or high external) locus of control. The scoring involves getting the raw scores and then converting them into z scores. The mean score of the group was also obtained.

43 Location. This refers to specific area where their specific battalion is located. This categorizes whether Integrees were located in a predominantly Muslim community or Christian Community. The Integrees were distributed in the following battalions: 8th Infantry Battalion, 29th Infantry Battalion, and 30th Infantry Battalion. The 8th Infantry Battalion was situated in Bukidnon where residents were predominantly Christians. The 29th Infantry Battalion and 30th Infantry Battalions were both situated in Balo-i, a predominantly Muslim community. Dependent Variable Well-being. This refers to a set of behavioral attitudes and feelings that represent an individuals level of personal effectiveness, success, and satisfaction. The researcher utilized the General Health Questionnaires by Goldberg (1972) to measure the Integrees mental health (see Appendix E). The original development of the measure (Goldberg, 1972) resulted in a 60-item version (GHQ-60) with the best 30, 20, and 12 of these items (GHQ30, GHQ-20, and GHQ-12, respectively) being identified for use where respondents time is at a premium. Items consist of a question asking whether the respondent has recently experienced a particular symptom or behavior rated on a 4-point scale. The Likert method is appropriate to use for scoring where responses are given weights of 0, 1, 2, and 3. The development studies showed that the full scale exhibited high internal consistency and good retest reliability over a period of 6 months. All versions of the scale also correlated highly with one another. The original and subsequent empirical studies (summarized in Goldberg, 1978) have provided evidence of the validity of the GHQ as shown by its linear associations with independent

44 clinical assessments (typically r = 0.70 or greater), and its sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between cases and normals. Pretesting of the instrument showed that MHQ received an alpha = .66 and standardized alpha = .67. The scoring involves getting the raw scores of the respondents. The mean scores were then converted into z scores. Individuals with low scores expressed that they have high level of personal effectiveness, success, and satisfaction. On the other hand, those individuals with low scores expressed lower levels of effectiveness, success, and failures. Procedure At the outset, the researcher delivered a formal letter of request to the Commanding General (CG) of the Philippine Army (PA) of the 4th Infantry Division, Camp Evangelista, Patag Cagayan de Oro City. The letter explained the purpose and objective of the study ( see Appendix F). Prior to the approval of the said request, the Intelligence Unit of the Philippine Army (PA) conducted a 3-week background investigation on the researcher. After the background investigation, the Commanding General issued clearance to the researcher that served as passport to different sites/battalions. For the scheduling of the pretesting and actual administration, the researcher presented the clearance to the Commanding Officer (CO) of the different battalions. Their respective civil military relation officer facilitated the final schedule of the visit for administration. Pretest. The researcher conducted a pretest to determine the following possibilities: error or vagueness/ambiguity of the different sets of questionnaire. Prior to pretesting, the researcher translated the instruments in Filipino upon the suggestion of the commanding officer who handled the Integrees because majority of the Integrees developed difficulty in

45 comprehending the materials in the original English version. Therefore, four of the five instruments from their original English version were translated in Tagalog version. The researcher hired Filipino teachers to do the translation. The 30th IB located at Nangka, Balo-I, Lanao del Norte served as the pretest site. Thirty Integrees serve as subjects for pretesting. The researcher contacted two research assistants, one was Muslim and the other was Tausog, to facilitate the administration of the questionnaires. The presence of two Muslim research assistants helped the researcher in building rapport, trust, and confidence since majority of the Integrees were doubtful of the study. At the outset, the research assistants introduced the research team to the Integrees and explained the purpose of meeting them. The researcher further conducted an orientation/briefing as to the nature and purpose of the study. They were also briefed as to what they would be doing during the pretesting. After the administration of the instruments, the team thanked the Integrees and they were assured of the confidentiality of the results. It was found that though some of the Integrees felt comfortable in answering the Tagalog version of the instruments, there were some individuals who developed difficulty in understanding Tagalog. There was a need, therefore, in translating the materials in Maranao and Tausog versions. Thus, a group of educated Maranaos and Tausogs translated the materials in Maranao and Tagalog versions. Actual procedure. During the actual data gathering, the researcher sought the assistance of two Muslim students whose ethnic memberships are Tausog and Maranaw. These individuals were already briefed as to what they would be during the pretesting of the instruments.

46 During the administration, the Integrees gathered in a hall. Rapport building was given emphasis to eliminate inhibitions during the administration of the questionnaires. Because suspiciousness and doubts as to the nature and goal of the study were observed during the pretest, this prompted the researcher to give a general idea as to the goal of the study. The research team also assured them that their responses would be treated with utmost confidentiality. They were given proper instructions what to do with the questionnaires. Then members were divided into four groups and each group was facilitated and handled by a member of the research team. In some cases, the researcher individually administered those respondents who experienced difficulty in reading and comprehension. The research team later thanked the members of the Integrees for their cooperation and time spent in answering the sets of questionnaires.

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