A Method For Voltage Stability Enhancement Using Soft Computing

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)
A Publisher for Research Motivation........
Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org ISSN 2321-600X
A Method for Voltage Stability Enhancement using Soft Computing

C. M. Narayanamma, Dr. C. Zhenfang
School of Informatio Electric Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, China
ABSTRACT
Due to large increase in power demand, trendy power grid networks square measure being operated beneath extremely stressed conditions. This has resulted into the problem in meeting reactive power demand and maintaining the bus voltage inside acceptable limits. Voltage instability within the system happens within the type of a progressive decay in voltage magnitude at a number of the buses. the issues of voltage instability and voltage collapse square measure the forem ost issues within the operation of power grid. it's important to try to to the facility system analysis with relevancy voltage stability. versatile AC transmission (FACTS) device in an exceedingly power grid improves the steadiness, enhances the voltage stability margin and reduces the facility losses. Identification of location of FACTS device within the power grid is incredibly necessary task. analysis is administered to analyze application of Particle Swarm optimisation (PSO), Genetic rule (GA) and hybrid PSOGA to search out best location and rated worth of SVC device to attenuate the voltage stability index, total power loss, load voltage deviation, value of generation and value of FACTS device to boost voltage stability within the power grid. best location and rated worth of SVC device are found for various loading situation exploitation PSO, GA and PSOGA. it's discovered from the results that the voltages stability margin is improved, voltage profile of the facility system is raised, load voltage deviation is reduced and real power losses conjointly reduced by optimally locating SVC device within the power grid. The planned rule is verified with IEEE fifty seven bus and 118 bus power grid.
Keywords: Voltage stability analysis, Voltage collapse, Hybrid PSOGA , SVC
1. INTRODUCTION
Modern grid networks area unit being operated beneath extremely stressed conditions owing to continuous increase in power demand. This has been obligatory the threat of maintaining the desired bus voltage, and so the systems are facing voltage instability drawback. Voltage stability is outlined because the ability of an influence system to keep up steady voltages in any respect the buses within the system when being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial in operation condition. A system enters a state of voltage instability once a disturbance, increase in load demand, or amendment in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage. the most issue inflicting voltage instability is that the inability of the facility system to satisfy the demand for reactive power as in [1] and [2]. Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI), L-index, the minimum singular worth of power flow Jacobian matrix, the loading margin, minimum chemist worth of reduced Jacobian Matrix etc. area unit a number of the voltage stability indices outlined to seek out the locations for the FACTS devices. FACTS have created the facility systems operation additional versatile and secure. they need the flexibility to regulate, during a quick and effective manner, it's conjointly doable to regulate the phase, the voltage magnitude at chosen buses and/or line impedances of transmission as in [3] and [4]. FACTS controllers enhance the voltage profile and also the loadability margin of power systems as in [5] and [6]. FACTS devices is sculptural and used for power flow analysis as in [7] and [8]. Particle swarm improvement (PSO) may be a population primarily based random improvement technique developed by Dr.Eberhart and Dr.Kennedy in 1995, impressed by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. the most plan relies on the food-searching behavior of birds as in [9]. it's ascertained that they take into thought of the globallevel of knowledge to see their direction. the worldwide and native best positions area unit computed at every iteration and also the output is that the new direction of search. Once this direction is detected, it's followed by the cluster of birds.
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The best location of SVC is found mistreatment PSO so as to boost the voltage stability margin, minimize load voltage deviation and scale back power loss as in [10]. coincidental application of particle swarm improvement (PSO) and continuation power ow (CPF) to boost voltage prole, minimize grid total losses, and maximize system loadability with regard to the scale of STATCOM is created as in [11]. Genetic formula is at the start developed by John European nation, University of Michigan throughout 1970s, it's associate degree repetitious procedure, that maintains a relentless size population of candidate solutions. throughout every iteration step, 3 genetic operators like copy, crossover, and mutation area unit performed to come up with new population and chromosomes of the new population area unit evaluated via the worth of the fitness. supported these genetic operators and also the evaluations, the higher new populations of candidate resolution area unit shaped. If the search goal has not been achieved, once more GA creates offspring strings through 3 operators and also the method is sustained till the search goal is achieved. Genetic formula is employed to optimize the varied method parameters concerned of FACTS devices during a grid. the varied parameters taken into thought area unit the placement of the device, their type, and their rated worth of the devices as in [12]. Multi-type FACTS devices is placed in best location to boost security margins and scale back losses within the network as in [13]. GA is applied to seek out best location of SVC to extend the facility transfer capability and to cut back the generation prices as in [14]. PSO shares several similarities with biological process computation techniques like Genetic Algorithms (GA). The system is initialized with a population of random solutions and searches for optima by change generations. In PSO, the potential solutions, referred to as particles, fly through the matter house by following this optimum particles. Compared to GA, the benefits of PSO area unit that PSO is simple to implement and there area unit few parameters to regulate. GA and PSO algorithms area unit enforced for best location of SVC mistreatment MATLAB software package as in [15]. This paper deals with the applications of PSO, GA and hybrid PSOGA to seek out best location and rating of SVC to attenuate the voltage stability index, total power loss, load voltage deviation, price of generation and value of FACTS device to boost voltage stability within the grid.
2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
In the gift work, the multi-objective operate is developed to seek out best location and size of SVC device by minimizing sure objective functions subject to satisfying some network constraints. The multi-objective functions is written as in [18]. 2.1 Voltage stability index Voltage stability is a vital drawback to electrical power system. associate degree indicator L-index is employed to judge voltage stability at every bus of the system. The indicator worth varies between zero (no load case) and one (voltage collapse) as in [16] and [17]. L index at load bus j is expressed as given in jL (1) where L = set of load buses G = set of generator buses Vj = complex voltage at load bus j Vi = complex voltage at generator bus i Cji = Elements of matrix C which can be determined using (2) [C] = -[YLL]-1 [YLG] (2) Matrix [YLL]and [YLG] are sub matrices of Y bus matrix and it can be found using (3). (3) The objective function considering minimization of voltage stability index can be represented as given in (4). F1 = Voltage Stability Index =Lmax (4) Where Lmax = max (Lj) jL 2.2 Fuel Cost The objective function considering minimization of generation cost can be represented as given in (5). F2 = F(PG) = (5) where
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n is the number of generators PGi is generated power of ith generator ai is Cost coefficient of ith generator ($/MWh 2) bi is Cost coefficient of ith generator ($/MWh) ci is Cost coefficient of ith generator 2.3 Power loss The objective of real power loss step-down is completed by choosing the most effective combination of variables, that minimizes the whole real power loss of the network at the same time satisfying all the network constraints. Mathematically it will be expressed as given in (6). (6) Where Viis the voltage magnitude at bus gi,jis the electrical phenomenon of line i-j i is that the voltage angle at bus i NLis the whole range of transmission lines 2.4 Voltage Deviation To have an honest voltage performance, the voltage deviation at every load bus should be created as tiny as potential. The voltage deviation (VD) to be reduced is given in(7). (7) whereVi is that the voltage magnitude at load bus i. 2.5 Price of FACTS device The objective perform considering step-down of price of SVC device as in [19] will be portrayed as in (8). F5 = CSVC = zero.0003S2 -0.305S+127.38 (8) where CSVC is price of SVC in $/VAR S is working vary of SVC in MVAR and it will be found victimisation (9). S=|Q_2-Q_1 | (9) Q1 is MVAR flow before inserting FACTS device. Q2 is MVAR flow once inserting FACTS device. 2.6 Power balance constraints The total power generated by the units should be up to the add of total load demand and total real power loss within the transmission lines. therefore the equality constraints aregiven in (10) and (11). 0 (10) 0 (11) wherePGiis the $64000 power generation at bus i QGiis the reactive power generation at bus i PDiis the $64000 power demand at bus i QDiis the reactive power demand at bus i N is that the total range of buses i,jis the angle of bus admittance part i,j Yi,jis the magnitude of bus admittance part i,j 2.7 Difference Constraints The real power output of generating units, generator reactive power, voltages of all PV buses, electrical device faucet positions, bus voltage magnitudes of all PQ buses and power flow within the conductor should be restricted among their various lower and higher bounds (inequality constraints). 2.8 Fitness perform Considering all the target performs from (1)-(8) the fitness function is expressed asgiven in (12). Fitness perform = h1F1+ h2 F2 + h3 F3 + h4 F4+ h5 F5 (12) where h1, h2 h3, h4 and h5 area unit weight issue of voltage stability index step-down objective perform, weight issue of fuel price step-down objective perform, weight issue of loss step-down objective perform, weight issue of voltage deviation step-down objective perform and weight issue of FACTS price step-down objective perform severally. h1+h2+h3+h4+h5=1 (13)
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The coefficients h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5are optimized by trial and error technique to zero.2, 0.1, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.1 by satisfying (13).
3. FACTS DEVICE
FACTS devices have the flexibility to regulate the phase, the voltage magnitude at chosen buses and line impedances of gear mechanism. so as to fulfill the growing power demand, utilities have associate degree interest in higher utilization of accessible grid capacities, existing generation and existing power transmission network, rather than building new transmission lines and increasing substations. . 3.1 Power flow modelling of SVC SVC may be a shunt-connected static volt-ampere generator or absorbent material whose output is adjusted to exchange electrical phenomenon or inductive current therefore on maintain or management specific parameters of the power system (typically bus voltage). it's sculpturesque as a perfect reactive power injection at the load ends as in [8]. Variable shunt susceptance model is shown in Fig.1.
Figure 1: Variable shunt susceptance model The current drawn by the SVC is given in (14). ISVC = jBSVCVk(14) The reactive power drawn by the SVC, that is additionally the reactive power injected at bus k, is given in (15). QSVC = Qk = -VK2 BSVC(15) where BSVC is that the susceptance of SVC and Vk is that the voltage at bus k.
4. PARTICLE SWARM IMPROVEMENT (PSO)

PSO was planned by James Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart in 1995, galvanized by social behavior of organisms like bird flocking and fish schooling. PSO as associate degree improvement tool, provides a population based mostly search procedure during which people known as particles amendment their position (state) with time as in [9]. 4.1 Mathematical model of PSO The swarm of particles initialized with a population of random candidate solutions move through the d-dimension downside area to look the new solutions. The fitness, f, will be calculated. every particle features a position and a speed. once each iteration the most effective position among the swarm therefore is keep. (16) (17) Inertia weight w is calculated using equation (23). (18) where Vik: speed of ithparticle at kth iteration; Vik+1: speed of ithparticle at (k+1)th iteration Sik: Current position of particle i at kth iteration Sik+1: Current position of particle i at (k+1)th iteration Pbest i: Best position of ithparticle Gbest i: Best position among the particles (group best) c1: constant of the self-recognition part, c2: constant of the social part c1+c2 = 4 rand1 and rand2 area unit the random numbers typically chosen between [0, 1] w: Inertia weight, wmax: Initial price of inertia weight;
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wmin: Final price of inertia weight; iter: Current iteration number; iterwmax: most iteration range planned algorithmic rule for PSO The planned algorithmic rule for the optimum placement of SVC device victimisation PSO is given below: Step 1: Initialize speed, Pbest, Gbest, No.of particles and most iteration. Step 2: for every particle initialize SVC size and placement of SVC. Step 3: Check whether or not most iteration is reached, if affirmative then acquire the optimum location and rating of SVC. Step 4: Run power flow program and cipher objective perform Step 5: for every particle confirm and store Pbest Step 6: for every particle confirm and store Gbest Step 7: Update speed and position victimisation equations (16)-(18). Step 8: If practicability resolution is obtained then goto step three. Otherwise relocate particle to possible position of search space.
5. GENETIC ALGORITHMIC RULE (GA)

GA is associate degree organic process computing technique within the space of computer science. it's a random world search and improvement technique that's supported ideas from natural biology and also the Darwinian survival-of-thefittest code. biology is typically accustomed reach to a close to world optimum resolution. In every iteration of GA, a brand new set of string (.i.e. chromosomes) with improved fitness is created victimisation genetic operators (i.e. choice crossover and mutation). Main elements of GA algorithmic rule area unit data formatting, selection, crossover, mutation and termination as in [12]. 5.1 planned algorithmic rule for GA The planned algorithmic rule for the optimum placement of SVC device victimisation GA is given below: Step 1: produce associate degree initial population Step 2: Run power flow program Step 3: value fitness price of all the people. Step 4: choose a brand new population from the recent population supported the fitness of the people as given by the analysis perform Step 5:Applygenetic operators (mutation and crossover) to members of the population to form new solutions. Step 6: value the fitness price of latest chromosomes and insert them into the population. Step 7: If time is up, stop and come back the most effective individual if not, head to step four.
6.
HYBRID PSOGA
Hybrid PSOGA algorithmic rule combines the quality speed and position update rules of PSOs with the ideas of choice and crossover from GAs. The algorithmic rule is intended so the PSO performs a world search and also the GA performs a neighborhood search. 6.1 planned algorithmic rule for hybrid PSOGA The planned algorithmic rule for the optimum placement of SVC device victimisation GA is given below: Step 1: Initialize speed, Pbest, Gbest, No.of particles and most iteration. Step 2: for every particle initialize SVC size and placement of SVC. Step 3: Check whether or not most iteration is reached, if affirmative then acquire the optimum location and rating of SVC. Step 4: Run power flow program and cipher objective perform Step 5: for every particle confirm and store Pbest. Step 6: for every particle confirm and store Gbest. Step 7: Update speed and position victimisation equations (21)-(23). Step 8: If practicability resolution is obtained then goto step three. Otherwise relocate particle to possible position of search space. Step 9: produce associate degree initial population Step 10: Run power flow program Step eleven value fitness price of all the people.
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Step 12: choose a brand new population from the recent population supported the fitness of the people as given by the analysis perform Step 13: Apply genetic operators (mutation and crossover) to members of the population to form new solutions. Step 14: value the fitness price of latest chromosomes and insert them into the population. Step 15: If time is up, stop and come back the most effective individual not, head to step twelve.
7.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The solutions for optimum location of SVC device to reduce the target perform for IEEE fourteen bus, IEEE thirty bus systems were obtained and mentioned below. The take a look at system knowledge used as in [20].The location, setting of SVC device, optimum objective perform price, voltage profile and total real power losses of grid area unit obtained victimisation the PSO, GA and PSOGA techniques.The parameters used for GA and PSO techniques area unit shown in Table one. The planned PSO and GA is tested on commonplace IEEE fifty seven bus and IEEE 118 bus systems. Table 1: GA and PSO parameters
GA Population Crossover fraction Selection function Elite count Crossover function 20 0.8 Stochastic uniform 2 Scattered Population C1 C2 Wmax Wmin PSO 10 2.5 1.5 0.9 0.4
7.1 IEEE 57 bus system The take a look at system consists of seven generator buses (bus no. 1,2,3,6,8,9,12) fifty load buses (bus no. 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57) and eighty transmission lines the whole system demand is 259 MW. the whole system demand is 1195.8 MW. Comparison of voltage profile and Comparison of real power loss of IEEE fifty seven Bus system for traditional loading condition area unit shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. three severally. best location and rating of SVC are found for various load situation for IEEE fifty seven bus victimisation GA, PSO and PSOGA techniques and it's shown in Table a pair of.
Figure 2 Voltage profile of IEEE 57 bus system for normal loading condition In typical technique, Voltage stability index (L index) is evaluated in the least the load buses of IEEE fifty seven Bus system. The load bus with highest worth of L index is taken into account as weakest bus. victimisation L index technique bus thirty one is known because the best location for SVC and susceptance rating of SVC is zero.01p.u.Voltage profile is accrued in the least the load buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.412 MW. Table 2: best location and rating of SVC for IEEE57 bus system victimisation GA, PSO and PSOGA
Loading condition Normal loading GA Susceptance Location Rating (p.u.) 39 0.0086 PSO Susceptance Location Rating (p.u.) 33 0.015 Hybrid PSOGA Susceptance Location Rating (p.u.) 38 0.0102
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Figure 3 Comparison of real power loss of IEEE 57 bus system Optimal location of SVC victimisation GA is Bus thirty-nine and susceptance rating of SVC is zero.0086 p.u. and voltage profile is accrued in the least the buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.518 MW. Bus thirty three is known as best location of SVC victimisation PSO and susceptance rating of SVC is zero.015 p.u. and voltage profile is accrued in the least the buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.445 MW. Bus thirty eight is known as best location of SVC victimisation hybrid PSOGA and susceptance rating of SVC is zero.0102 p.u. and voltage profile is accrued in the least the buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.865 MW. 7.2 IEEE 118 bus system IEEE 118 bus system consists of fifty four generator buses (bus no. 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31,32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 46, 49, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116) , sixty four load buses (bus no. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13,14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101,102, 106, 108, 109, 114, 115, 117, 118), eighty six transmission lines and bus sixty nine is slack bus. the whole system demand is 3668 MW and 1438 MVAR. Comparison of voltage profile and Comparison of real power loss of IEEE 118 Bus system for traditional loading condition area unit shown in Fig. 4 and Fig.5 severally. best location and rating of SVC are found for various load situation for IEEE 118 bus victimisation GA, PSO and PSOGA techniques and it's shown in Table three. Table 3: Optimal location and rating of SVC for IEEE 118 bus using GA, PSO and PSOGA
GA PSO Hybrid PSOGA Loading conditio Susceptanc Susceptanc Susceptanc n Location e Rating Location e Rating Location e Rating (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) Normal 96 0.008 94 -0.1791 95 0.082 loading
1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 Without SVC Conventio nal method (Lindex) GA
Voltage Magnitude in p.u.
Figure 5 Comparison of real power loss of IEEE 118 Bus system
1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109 115

Bus Number
Figure 4 Voltage profile of IEEE 118 Bus system
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In typical technique, Voltage stability index (L index) is evaluated in the least the load buses of IEEE thirty Bus system, SVC set at the load bus, that has high worth of L index. victimisation L index technique bus forty four is known because the best location for SVC and susceptance rating of SVC is zero.01p.u.Voltage profile is accrued in the least the load buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.294 MW. Optimal location of SVC victimisation GA is bus ninety six and susceptance rating of SVC is zero.008 p.u. and voltage profile is accrued in the least the buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.362 MW. Bus ninety four is known as best location of SVC victimisation PSO and susceptance rating of SVC is -0.1791 p.u. and voltage profile is accrued in the least the buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.4 MW. Bus ninety four is known as best location of SVC victimisation PSO and susceptance rating of SVC is -0.1791 p.u. and voltage profile is accrued in the least the buses and real power loss is reduced by zero.4 MW.
8. CONCLUSION
This paper created a shot to seek out the best location and size of SVC device for decreasing voltage stability index, power loss, voltage deviation, value of generating unit and value of SVC device victimisation PSO, GA and PSOGA for various loading condition. Simulations were performed on IEEE fifty seven and IEEE 118 bus systems. it's ascertained that the voltages stability margin is improved, voltage profile of the facility system is accrued, load voltage deviation is reduced and real power losses conjointly reduced by optimally locating SVC device within the grid. Hybrid PSOGA results area unit higher than that of GA, PSO and traditional technique.
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IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org ISSN 2321-600X