THE CLASSICAL DUVAL TRIANGLE 1 FOR TRANSFORMERS, BUSHINGS AND CABLES FILLED WITH MINERAL OIL

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H2

33 0 0 33

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2

100.0 0.0 0.0

Fault

PD
ENTER

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % C2H2

% CH4 100.0

% C2H4 % C2H2 0.0 0.0

Fault PD

Color

Date 12/9/2005 0:00

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ES FILLED WITH MINERAL OIL

PD = Corona partial discharges D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults Note: a fault appearing in zone D2 may also be due in some cases to a mixture of faults D1 and T3.

% C2H4

100 0

Record No. 1

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 2 FOR LOAD TAP CHANGERS FILLED WITH MINERAL OIL

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H2

0 3 46 49

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2

0.0 6.1 93.9

Fault

D1
ENTER

Triangle 2 applies to conventional, compartment-type LTCs where normal operation involves mostly arc breaking in oil For LTCs of the conventional, vacuum bottle-type with no sparking of the selector in the cooling oil, use Triangle 1.

For LTCs of the in-tank type (e.g., Reinhausen) where most or a significant portion of current is dissipated in transition resistors the normal operating zone may be located in a different part of the Triangle (e.g., in T3 or T2). New versions of Triangle 2 are in

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault % C2H2 Color Date

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N = Normal operation T3 = Severe thermal fault T3 (T > 700C), heavy coking T2 = Severe thermal fault T2 (300 < T < 700C), coking

X3 = Fault T3 or T2 in progress, or abnormal severe arcing D2 D1 = Abnormal arcing D1 X1 = Abnormal arcing D1 or thermal fault in progress

stly arc breaking in oil oil, use Triangle 1.

dissipated in transition resistors and heats up the resistors, ew versions of Triangle 2 are in preparation for such LTCs.

100 0 Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR BIO TEMP OILS

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H2

3 3 79 85

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2

3.5 3.5 92.9

Fault

D1
ENTER

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color % C2H2 Date

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PD = Corona partial discharges D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100 0 Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR FR3 OILS

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H2

2 2 40 44

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2

4.5 4.5 90.9

Fault

D1
ENTER

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % C2H2

% CH4

% C2H4 % C2H2

Fault

Color

Date
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PD = Corona partial discharges D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100 0

Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR MIDEL OILS

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H2

0 25 75 100

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2

0.0 25.0 75.0

Fault

D1
ENTER

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % C2H2

% CH4

% C2H4 % C2H2

Fault

Color

Date
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PD = Corona partial discharges D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100 0

Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR SILICONE OILS

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H2

50 15 35 100

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2

50.0 15.0 35.0

Fault

D2
ENTER

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % C2H2

% CH4

% C2H4 % C2H2

Fault

Color

Date
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PD = Corona partial discharges D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100 0

Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 4 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS AND FAULTS IN PAPER IN MINERAL OILS

ppm H2 ppm CH4 ppm C2H6

300 1500 350 2150

% H2 % CH4 % C2H6

14.0 69.8 16.3

Fault

C
ENTER

Warning: The Triangle 4 for low temperature faults in mineral oils uses gases H2, CH4 and C2H6. Use the Triangle 4 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) Do not use the Triangle 4 for faults D1, D2 or T3 in mineral oils.

100

% H2

% CH4

0 100 % H2 91.2 % C2H6 % CH4 6.9 % C2H6 1.9 Fault S Color Date 11/2/2010 12:04
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R IN MINERAL OILS

PD = Corona partial discharges S = Stray gassing of mineral oil C = Hot spots with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C) N/D = Not determined

w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) with the Duval Triangle 1 for mineral oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% CH4

100

100 0 Record No. 1

RESULTS

ove the date of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 5 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS AND FAULTS IN PAPER IN MINERAL OILS

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H6

1500 900 350 2750

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H6

54.5 32.7 12.7

Fault

C
ENTER

Warning: The Triangle 5 for low temperature faults in mineral oils uses gases CH4, C2H4 and C2H6. Use the Triangle 5 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) Do not use the Triangle 5 for faults D1, D2 in mineral oils.

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % C2H6

% CH4

% C2H4 % C2H6

Fault

Color

Date
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R IN MINERAL OILS

PD = Corona partial discharges S = Stray gassing of mineral oil C = Hot Spot with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C) T3 = Thermal faults of very hygh temperature T > 700 C N/D = Not determined

H4 and C2H6. w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) with the Triangle 1 for mineral oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% C2H4

100 0

Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 6 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS IN FR3 OILS

ppm H2 ppm CH4 ppm C2H6

52 2.2 61 115.2

% H2 % CH4 % C2H6

45.1 1.9 53.0

Fault

S
ENTER

Warning: The Triangle 6 for low temperature faults in FR3 oils uses gases H2, CH4 and C2H6. Use the Triangle 6 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) Do not use the Triangle 6 for faults D1, D2 and T3 in FR3 oils.

100

% H2

% CH4

0 100 % H2 % CH4 % C2H6 Fault Color % C2H6 Date

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PD = Corona partial discharges S = Stray gassing of FR3 oil C = Hot spots with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C) N/D = Not determined

w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) by the Triangle 3 for FR3 oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% CH4

100 0 Record No.

e of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 7 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS IN FR3 OILS

ppm CH4 ppm C2H4 ppm C2H6

4 4 114 122

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H6

3.3 3.3 93.4

Fault

S
ENTER

Warning: The Triangle 7 for low temperature faults in FR3 oils uses gases CH4, C2H4 and C2H6. Use the Triangle 7 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) Do not use the Triangle 7 for faults D1, D2 in FR3 oils.

100

% CH4

% C2H4

0 100 % CH4 % C2H4 % C2H6 Fault Color % C2H6 Date

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PD = Corona partial discharges S = Stray gassing of FR3 oil C = Hot Spot with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C) T3 = Thermal faults of very high temperature T > 700 C N/D = Not determined

w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) with the Triangle 3 for FR3 oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% C2H4

100 0 Record No.

e of each DGA point