V

8.1

,
.
, ,
..
,

. .
,
.
8.2

, ,
.

:
z = f(x,y)
(8.2.1)
f(x,y) Y,
x y . ,
, ,
z=f(x,y).

.
:
F(x,y,z) = 0
(8.2.2)
2
2
: ) z=f(x,y)=x +y )
F(x,y,z)=x2+y2+z2-R2=0, , 8.2.1 8.2.2.
,
(x,y,z) (8.2.1) (8.2.2), , ,
. ,
.
: .

120 VIII
z
z

. 8.2.2

. 8.2.1

OXY. C, ,
, (. 8.2.3).
y

y
T

T
C

C
x

. 8.2.3

. 8.2.4

, , , (.
8.2.4).
"".
,
.
.
z=f(x,y), f(x,y) , .

 121
8.3

z=f(x,y) F(x,y,z)=0.
.
,
.

S, ( . .. r=r()=cosi+sinj
. ,
, , ,
). .
S,
. ( ), S.
u , v , .
u- v-, . 8.3.1.
z
v

u-

v3
v2

v3
v2

v1

v1
O

u1

u2

u3

u1

u
x

u2
u3

v-

. 8.3.1
u- v-,
,
u v, . u
v, , .

OUV
S. , , (),
, OUV.

122 VIII
1: ,
.
. ,
' , ,
. 8.3.2.

z
-





Y

O
y
OXYZ

-

x

. 8.3.2

.
, (. 8.3.2),
, 0<2, , , (
, ). 0<2, X, (
Y ). .
, , -, ,
, , ( ). , ,
-, ,
.
1: M
, .

, (. 8.3.3).

 123
A

B
A

2: S z=f(x,y).
S z
OXY .
x-
,

x= y=,

y-
S

O
y
z=f(x,y), (. 8.3.4).

x=.
,

y=.
x
, (..
8.3.4

, Y,
/2.
8.4
u v S. , , (x,y,z). x,y,z S, u
v, OUV , :
x=x(u,v) y=y(u,v) z=z(u,v)
(8.4.1)

124 VIII
(8.4.1) S.

r(u,v) = x(u,v)i+y(u,v)j+z(u,v)k
(8.4.2)
.
1: S z=f(x,y),
:
r(x,y) = xi+yj+f(x,y)k
(8.4.3)
x,y .
1: S, r/u r/v , .
.
.
1: ,
,
, >.
:
.
,
. 8.4.1.

r
r1

r2

. 8.4.1

r1 , r2
r , :
r1=cosi+sinj , r2=sincosi+sinsinj+cosk
:
(8.4.4)
r(,)=r1+r2=(+sin)cosi+(+sin)sinj+cosk

 125
( ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 - 2 ) = 4 2 (x 2 + y 2 ) ,
2

5 . 8.4 . )

8.5 .
S :
r(u,v)=x(u,v)i+y(u,v)j+z(u,v)k
(8.5.1)
C . C t. t
C, S,
u v. u v t,
( )
u=u(t) , v=v(t)
(8.5.2)
C,
(8.5.1)
r(t)=r[u(t),v(t)]=x[u(t),v(t)]i+y[u(t),v(t)]j+z[u(t),v(t)]k
(8.5.3)
t
u v (8.5.1), , .
(8.5.3). :
d
r du r dv
r(t ) =
+
(8.5.4)
dt
u dt v dt
:
r
r
ru=
(8.5.5)
rv=
u
v

.
r ( P )
, .
u
v- .

8.6

' .

S,
' , . 8.6.1
ru rv ,
. S 0.

126 VIII
rP0 0 r
,
(r-r0)=0
(8.6.1)
.
:
(8.6.2)
N=rurv
. ( rurv=0 ).
1: S z=f(x,y).
F(x,y,z)=z-f(x,y)=0 f
f
: r=xi+yj+f(x,y)k. rx=i+ k , ry=j+ k
x
y
z
Po
rPo

ru

r
rv
P

x
. 8.6.1

N=rxry=

f
f f
x = i j+k
x y

f
y

(8.6.3)

F
f
f
(8.6.4)
:
F=- i
j+k =N
x
y
0(x0,y0,z0) S
:

 127

[(x - x 0 )i + (y - y 0 )j + (z - z 0 )k ] x i y j + k =0

(x x 0 )

f
f
+ (y y 0 )
(z z 0 ) = 0
y
x

(8.6.5)

2: S
F(x,y,z)=0, :
F
F
F
(x x 0 )
(8.6.6)
+ (y y 0 )
+ (z z 0 )
=0
y
z
x
8.7

S f(x,y,z) . S1,S2,,Sn
. Si -

z
Si
. Pi

S
x

. 8.7.1

i, . 8.7.1. :
n

f ( P ) S
i =1

(8.7.1)

f
S , ( ):
n

(8.7.2)
f
P
dS
lim
=
f ( Pi ) Si
n
S ( )
max Si 0 i =1

S ,
:
(8.7.3)
f (P)dS
S

8.8 dS

S :

128 VIII
r = r(u,v)
(8.8.1)
Q OUV (u,v),
r=r(u,v), (. 8.8.1).
, Q U S, .
v-. u-.
Q U u,
v-
r
r
u . ||=
v .
||
u
v
Q111 S,
:

r
r
r r
u v =

uv
u
v
u v
:
r r
dS=

dudv
u v
S=

u-

v
Q

(8.8.3)

u=.
B1

(8.8.2)

v=.

A A1

v-

A
y

u
S

x
. 8.8.1

S z=z(x,y)(1 ,
u=x, v=y :
r(x,y) = xi+yj+z(x,y)k
(8.8.4)
r
z
r
z
(8.8.5)
k

=i+
=j+
k
y
y
x
x

(1

z=z(x,y) f(x,y,z) .

 129

r r
=1

u v

k
z
z
z
= i
j+ k
x
x
y
z
y
2

z
r r
z
= 1+ +

x
y
u v
2

z
z
dS= 1 + + dxdy
x
y

(8.8.6)
(8.8.7)

S
F(x,y,z)=0. S
OXY , F(x,y,z)=0, z x y.
z/x, z/y F
:
F
F
z
z
y
=

(8.8.8)
= x
F
F
y
x
z
z
(8.8.8) (8.8.7) :
2

dS =

F
F
F
+ +
x
z
y
F
dxdy
dxdy
dxdy =
dxdy =
=
F
nk
F k
F
k
z
F

n=

dS =

dxdy
n k

(8.8.9)

1: (8.8.8)
: F(x,y,z)=0
z x y z=z(x,y). , :
F(x,y,z(x,y)) = 0
:
g(x,y) = F(x,y,z(x,y))
: g(x,y)=0.
g/x g/y . g(x,y) :
g(x,y) = F[u1(x,y),u2(x,y),u3(x,y)]
u1(x,y)=x, u2(x,y)=y u3(x,y)=z(x,y) :

130 VIII
g F u 1 F u 2 F u 3
=
+
+
()
x u 1 x u 2 x u 3 x
g F u 1 F u 2
F u 3
()
=
+
+
y u 1 y u 2 y u 3 y
u1/x=1 , u2/x=0 , u3/x=z/x g/x=0 ()
F
F
F
F u 3
u 1
z
+
=0

=
= x
F
F
u1 u 3 x
x
u 3
z
F
z
y
() :
=

F
y
z

8.9 .

1) S z=z(x,y), :
I = f (x, y, z)dS
(8.9.1)
S

:
2
2

z z
I = f x,y,z(x,y) 1+ + dxdy

x y

(8.9.2)

S Y.
x=x(y,z) y=y(x,z).
2) S F(x,y,z)=0, :
dxdy
I = f (x, y, z)
(8.9.3)
nk
T
S Y n=

F
F

(8.9.4)
S , :
I = f (x, y, z)
T

dxdz
n j

(8.9.5)

S Y ,
:

 131
I = f (x, y, z)
T

dydz
ni

(8.9.6)

1: S z=z(x,y)=x2+y 0x1, -1y1

f=x. I = f (x, y, z)dS .
S

2
2

z z
: (8.9.2): I = f x,y,z(x,y) 1+ + dxdy

x y

T={ (x,y) / 0x1, -1y1 }. :

I = x 1 + ( 2x )

1
1
1
2
+ 1dxdy = dy dx x 2 + 4x = dy 2 + 4x 2 d ( 2 + 4x 2 ) =
8 0
0
1

1
2 1
1
1
1

dy ( 2 + 4x 2 ) = dy ( 63/ 2 23/ 2 ) = ( 63/ 2 23/ 2 ) = 2 3

0
3 8 1
12 1
6
3

2: I = ( x 2 + y 2 ) dS S
S

z =3(x +y ), z=0, z=3.

: :
F(x,y,z)=z2-3(x2+y2)
8.8.9:
2

F F F
+ +
x y z
dS =
dxdy
F
z
( z,

z2=3(x2+y2)

z = z ( x, y ) = 3 ( x 2 + y 2 )

).
:
F
F
F
= 6x,
= 6y,
= 2z
x
y
z

( 6x ) + ( 6y ) + ( 2z )
2

dS =

2z

dxdy =

I = ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2dxdy
T

x2+y2=3

36 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 12 ( x 2 + y 2 )
2 3 ( x 2 + y2 )

dxdy = 2dxdy

132 VIII

S . z=3, : x2+y2=3.
x=rcos, y=rsin, dxdyrdrd :
2

r4
I = r rdrd = d r 3dr = 2
4
0
T

3: I = z 2 dS S S

x2+y2+z2=1.
:
: r(,)=Rcossini+Rsinsinj+Rcosk
i
j
k
i
j
k

x
r r

z
R sin sin R cos sin
=

R cos cos

R sin cos R sin

=-R2cossin2i-R2sinsin2j+[-R2sin2cos-R2cos2cossin]k=
=-R2cossin2i-R2sinsin2j-R2cossink
r r

= R 2 sin 4 + cos2 sin 2 = R 2 | sin |= R 2 sin 0<.

R=1 :

z dS = ( cos )
2

sin dd = d cos 2 sin d = 2 cos 2 d(cos ) =

cos3
4
= 2
=
3 0
3

4: ,
x2+y25z2, z0.
z
:
.
1: x2 +y2+z2=1

.
, .

y

-

 133
, . :
x2 +y2+z2=1, x2+y2=5z2 6z2=1 z=1/6 x2+y2=5/6.
x2+y2=5/6 z=1/6. ,
, x2+y2=5/6.
F=x2+y2+z2-1=0 F/x=2x, F/y=2y, F/z=2z
2

F F F
x + y + z
4x 2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2
1

=
dxdy =
dxdy =
dxdy =
F
z
| 2z |

T
T

1
dxdy x2+y2=5/6 .
=
2
2
1 x y
T

: x=rcos, y=rsin, dxdy rdrd :

2

5/ 6

5/ 6
r
1

= d dr
= 2 1 r 2
= 2 1

0
6

1 r2

0
0

: S r P(x,y,z). dS , C
.
d
r=|r|, C.
d, dS, :
d
d = 2
r
nr
: d = 3 dS .
r
: n , dS
n r, :
nr
nr
nr
cos =
. : d=dScos=
dS d = 3 dS
r
r
r

8.10 .

r=r(u,v) OUV S -

134 VIII

W OST , g, (. 8.10.1):
g(s,t)=u(s,t)e1+v(s,t)e2
(8.10.1)
R, W :
R(s,t) = r(g(s,t))
(8.10.2)
:
r r
r r D(u , v)
S fdS = T f (r(u , v)) u v dudv = W f (r(g(s, t )) u v D(s, t ) dsdt (8.10.3)

z
S=r(T)=R(w)
S

y
x

R
r

t
g

e2
O

e1

8.10.1
8.11
1)

.
p(x,y,z) S.
S :
(8.11.1)
M = p(x, y, z)dS
C

2)

S :
1
x k = xp(x, y, z)dS
M S
yk =

1
yp(x, y, z)dS
M
S

(8.11.2)
(8.11.3)

 135
zk =

1
zp(x, y, z)dS
M
S

(8.11.4)

3) x, y, z X, OY, OZ :
I x = y 2 + z 2 p((x, y, z)dS
(8.11.5)

I y = ( x 2 + z 2 ) p((x, y, z)dS

(8.11.6)

Iz = ( x 2 + y 2 ) p((x, y, z)dS

(8.11.7))

.
1)
,
z=f(x,y)=x2+y2, 1z9 ,
.
: :
2
2

z z
S = dS = 1 + + dxdy = 1 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 dxdy

x y
S
T

T 1x2+y29. , :
2

2
( 4r + 1)

2 1
2
S = 1 + 4r 2 rdrd = d dr r 1 + 4r 2 = 2
1 + 4r d (1 + 4r ) =

8
4
1
T'
1
3

3/ 2 3

3/ 2

= 373 / 2 53 / 2
6
:
M = p(x, y, z)dS
C

p : p = x 2 + y 2 . :
M = p(x, y, z)dS = x 2 + y 2 1 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 dxdy = r 1 + 4r 2 rdrd =
S

T'

= 2 1 + 4r 2 r 2 dr
1

x
x + a dx =
4
2

x=r a=1 :

a2
a4
2
2
( x + a ) 8 x x + a 8 ln x + x 2 + a 2
9 5 1 2 + 5
3
M=
37
+ ln
27

2 8
8
4 6 + 37
2

2 3

136 VIII
8.12
' ' S
, ( ),
. ,
S . , , S, ..
.
, .

8.13
0 S () S 0 . () , n -n, . (8.13.1).
C S,
0
S.
n
n
0
P0
C, C
-n
S.
S
n
C 0,
:
1) n ()
. 8.13.1
n

2) n
-n.
:

1: S
n, S,
, .
, n , S .

 137

1: .
, .. , .
2: , z=f(x,y) . , n,
, , ( ), ,
( ), .
3: , , , .. , ..
,
, , .
4:
Mbious, (. 8.13.2)
CD C D,
180 .
C
A
D

. 8.13
. 8.13.2
S n(), ( ),
n . , . .

138 VIII
1: , .
2: ,
(global), ' , .. , , (local), .
3: , ( ),
. ,
.
, , ( ).
z=f(x,y) F(x,y,z)=0, , (z-f(x,y))
F(x,y,z).
8.14

A ,
.
.
, (x,y,z)
:
v(x,y,z) = v1(x,y,z)i+v2(x,y,z)j+v3(x,y,z)k
(8.14.1)
p=p(x,y,z). S, (
).
.
dS S, (. 8.14.1).
n
, dS
, ,
v
dS
:
(8.14.2)
d=pvndS
S
n dS.

. , . 8.14.1
,
S ,

= pv ndS
(8.14.3)
S

:
S F=F1(x,y,z)i+F2(x,y,z)j+F3(x,y,z)k
S.

 139
n.
:
I = F ndS
(8.14.4)
S

F
S, ( ).
(8.14.4) :
I = F dS
(8.14.5)
S

dS=ndS.
, n -n .

1: I = F dS
S

F=12yi+2xj-3k S x+2y+8z=12,
x0, y0, z0.
F n
: I = F dS =
dxdy ,
z
| n k |
S
T
12/8
T n , : f= x+2y+8z-12=0
6 y
f
1
=
+
2
+
8
i
j
k

f=i+2j+8k n =
(
)
| f |
69
x+2y=12
8
1
, nF=
nk=
(12y + 4x 24 )
69
69
x 12
:
1
x

3
F n
I =
dxdy = (12y + 4x 24 ) dxdy = y + 3 dxdy
8T
2
| n k |

2
T

T (12,0,0), (0,6,0), (0,0,0) :

12

12

12
y =6 x / 2
6 x / 2
3 2 xy
3
x

I = dx dy y + 3 = dx y +
3y
= dx x 2 + 9 =
2
2

2
4
y=0

16

0
0
0
0

x =12

1 x3

=
+ 9x
= 72
16 3
x =0

140 VIII
8.15

,
:
I = FdS
(8.15.1)
S

, ( ) .
(8.15.1) :
(8.15.2)
I = [F1i + F2 j + F3 k ]dS = F1dSi + F2dSj + F3dSk
S

.
:
p(x,y,z) S m0 0, , (. 8.15.1).
F, S 0.
dS, dm=p(x,y,z)dS,
(x,y,z) dS. Newton
dF, dm 0 :
Gm 0 p(x, y, z)dS
(8.15.3)
dF =
r
r3
G r , 0
(x,y,z) S, (. 8.15.1). F,
, :
p(x, y, z)r
F = Gm 0
dS
(8.15.4)
3
r
S
.

z
r

y
P0

. 8.15.1

dS

(x,y,z)

 141

:
S = ndS
S

16.
1: :
f (x, y, z)ndS = f (x, y, z)dS
S

F(x, y, z) ndS = F(x, y, z) dS

S

1.
h.
2. R.
3. :
r(u,v)=ucosvi+usinvj+u2k 0u4 0v2.
4. :
r(,)=(+sin)cosi+(+sin)sinj+cosk 0<2, 0<2.
5. x+y+z=,
x2+y2=2 .
6. x2+y2+z2=2,
x2+y2=y >0.
7. ' .
.
,
, .
8.

2
2
x +y +z2=2, .
9. S : z=1-(x2+y2)/2, 0x1,
0y1 p(x,y,z) xy.
10. F :
) F=xi+yj+zk, ) F=(x+z)k, ) F=x2i-y2j

142 VIII

S x+y+z=, . n ,
.
11.

f ( x,y,z )dS :
S

)
f(x,y,z)=x+y+z
S: z=x+y, 0yx, 0x1
)
f(x,y,z)=exp(x+y)
S: x+y+z=1, x,y,z0
)
f(x,y,z)=x+1
S: r(u,v)=cosui+sinvj+vk, 0u2, 0v3
)
f(x,y,z)=x+y+z
S: x2+y2=1, 0z2
2
S: r(u,v)=ui+vj+(1-v2)k, -1u1, 0v1
)
f(x,y,z)=(1-x) y
S: z=(x2+y2)1/2 , x2+y24
)
f(x,y,z)=x2+y2
(. ) 3, ) 3 ) 6, ) 4, ) (53/2-1)/9, ) 82
12.

F( x,y,z ) d S

)
F(x,y,z)=xi+yj
S: z=2x+3y, 0x2, -1y1
2
F(x,y,z)=x i-xzk
S: r(u,v)=ui+u2j+vk, 0u1, -2v2
)
F(x,y,z)=sinxi+zj+yk
S: y2+z2=4, -1/2x1/2, y0, z0
)
F(x,y,z)=i+x2j+xyzk
S: z=xy, 0xy, 0y1
)
3
3
2
F(x,y,z)=y i+x j+3z k
S: z=x2+y2, x2+y24
)
sinx
2
x
F(x,y,z)=e i-2y j+e k
S: r(u,v)=ui+vj+v2k, 1u3, 1v2
)
(. ) -8, ) 2 ) 2, ) 59/180, ) 64, ) 30+(e3-e)
13.
x2+xyz-z3=1 0(1,1,1).
14. f(x,y,z)=x2+y2-z2=1, g(x,y,z)=x+y+x=5
C. C 0(1,2,2).
15.
,
.
) r(t)=lnti+tlntj+tk xz2yz+cosxy=1 (0,0,1).
) r(t)=[t3/4-2]i+[4/t-3]j+cos(t-2) k 3
x +y3+z3-xyz=0 t=2.
16. S : ) R. ) R, ) H R, )
y, ) , )
(/2, /2)
.
(. ) S=0, ) S=R2k, ) S=0, ) S=2RHj ) S=0 ) S=2k)