Farallon Islands , California

The number of great white sharks in a population

increases at a rate that is proportional to the number of
sharks present (at least for awhile.)
So does any population of living creatures. Other things
that increase or decrease at a rate proportional to the
amount present include radioactive material and money in
an interest-bearing account.
If the rate of change is proportional to the amount present,
the change can be modeled by:
dy
ky
dt
=
dy
ky
dt
=
1
dy k dt
y
=
1
dy k dt
y
=
} }
ln y kt C = +
Rate of change is proportional
to the amount present.
Divide both sides by y.
Integrate both sides.
1
dy k dt
y
=
} }
ln y kt C = +
Integrate both sides.
Exponentiate both sides.
When multiplying like bases, sum
exponents. Summed exponents
can be written as multiplication.
ln y
kt C
e e
+
=
C kt
y e e =
ln y
kt C
e e
+
=
C kt
y e e =
Exponentiate both sides.
When multiplying like bases, sum
exponents. Summed exponents
can be written as multiplication.
C kt
y e e =
kt
y Ae = Since is a constant, let .
C
e
C
e A =
C kt
y e e =
kt
y Ae = Since is a constant, let .
C
e
C
e A =
At , . 0 t =
0
y y =
0
0
k
y Ae

=
0
y A =
1
0
kt
y y e =
This is the solution to our original initial
value problem.
0
kt
y y e =
Exponential Change:
If the constant k is positive, then the equation
represents growth.
If k is
negative
negative, then the equation represents
decay
decay.
Note: This lecture will talk about exponential change
formulas and where they come from. The problems in
this section of the book mostly involve using those
formulas. There are good examples in the book, which I
will not repeat here.
Continuously Compounded Interest
If money is invested in a fixed-interest account where the
interest is added to the account k times per year, at an
annual interest rate r, the amount present after t years is:
( )
0
1
kt
r
A t A
k
| |
= +
|
\ .
If the money is added back more frequently, you will make
a little more money.
Adding interest continuously
gives the optimal result.
Find the amount that results from the investment:
$50 invested at 6% compounded monthly after a
period of 3 years.
Example
) 3 ( 12
12
.06
1 50 A
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= 59.83
Investing $1,000 at a rate of 10% compounded annually,
Investing $1,000 at a rate of 10% compounded annually,
quarterly, monthly, and daily will yield the following
quarterly, monthly, and daily will yield the following
amounts after 1 year:
amounts after 1 year:
A = P(1 + r) = 1,000(1 + .1) = $1100.00
A = P(1 + r) = 1,000(1 + .1) = $1100.00
Comparing Compounding Periods
$1103.81
4
.1
1 1000 A
4
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
$1104.71
12
.1
1 1000 A
12
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
$1105.16
365
.1
1 1000 A
365
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Of course, the bank does not employ some clerk to
continuously calculate your interest with an adding machine.
We could calculate:
0
lim 1
kt
k
r
A
k

| |
+
|
\ .
but we wont learn how to find this limit for a bit.
Since the interest is proportional to the amount present,
the equation becomes:
Continuously Compounded
Interest:
0
rt
A A e =
You may also use:
rt
A Pe =
which is the same thing.
Investing $1,000 at a rate of 10%, compounded
daily
daily yields :
$1105.16
365
.1
1 1000 A
365
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Investing $1,000 at a rate of 10%, compounded
continuously
continuously yields :
A = 1000 e
A = 1000 e
.1
.1
= $1105.17
= $1105.17
Comparing Compounding Periods
What amount will result from investing $100
What amount will result from investing $100
at 12%, compounded continuously, after a
at 12%, compounded continuously, after a
period of
period of
years.
years.
4
3
3
A = Pe
A = Pe
rt rt
A = 100 e
A = 100 e
.12(3.75) .12(3.75)
A = $156.83
A = $156.83
Example
Radioactive Decay
The equation for the amount of
a radioactive element left after
time t is:
0
kt
y y e

=
This allows the decay constant, k,
to be positive.
The half-life is the time required for half the material to decay.
Half-life
0 0
1
2
kt
y y e

=
( )
1
ln ln
2
kt
e

| |
=
|
\ .
ln1 ln2 kt =
0
ln2 kt =
ln2
t
k
=
Half-life:
ln2
half-life
k
=
Model: Carbon Dating
The radioactive element
C-14 (carbon-14) has a
half-life of 5750 years.
The percentage of C-14
present in the remains of
plants or animals can be
used to determine their
age.
How old is a human
bone that has lost 25%
of its C-14?
In the carbon dating problem we are not given the
initial value, only that the half-life is 5750 years.
Exponential model has the form
Use half-life to find k.
Model: Carbon Dating
t k
e y t f

=
0
) (
5750
) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
1

=
k
e f f
5750
2
1

=
k
e
Model: Carbon Dating
Use half-life to find k :
5750
2
1

=
k
e
0
( ) ( ) 5750 2 ln 1 ln = k
( ) 5750 2 ln =k
( )
k = = 0.00012
5750
2 ln
( )
5750
ln
2
1
ln

=
|
.
|

\
|
k
e
Exponential model:
25% C-14 lost; 75% remains.
Thus
t
e y t f

=
00012 . 0
0
) (
t
e f f

=
00012 . 0
) 0 ( ) 0 ( 75 . 0
Model: Carbon Dating
( )
5 . 2397
12
28770
00012 . 0
0.2877
00012 . 0
75 . 0 ln
~ ~

= t
t
e

=
00012 . 0
75 . 0
The bone is roughly
2,397 years old.
Solve the related equation graphically
t
e

=
00012 . 0
75 . 0
75 . 0
00012 . 0
=
t
e y
Model: Carbon Dating
Newtons Law of Cooling
Espresso left in a cup will cool to the temperature of the
surrounding air. The rate of cooling is proportional to the
difference in temperature between the liquid and the air.
(It is assumed that the air temperature is constant.)
If we solve the differential equation:
| |
s
dT
k T T
dt
=
we get:
Newtons Law of Cooling
| |
0
kt
s s
T T T T e

=
where is the temperature
of the surrounding medium,
which is a constant.
s
T
Algor
Algor
Mortis
Mortis:
The cooling rate of the body after death.

Body cools by
Body cools by

Radiation
Radiation

(the higher the body temperature, the more heat lost)
(the higher the body temperature, the more heat lost)

Conduction depends on surface contact
Conduction depends on surface contact

faster if in water because enhanced contact
faster if in water because enhanced contact

Convection
Convection

Wind cools faster
Wind cools faster

Rate of cooling of body after death
Rate of cooling of body after death

1.5
1.5

F per hour under
F per hour under

normal conditions
normal conditions

No real
No real
-
-
world conditions are
world conditions are

normal
normal

Algor
Algor
Mortis
Mortis
Ambient temperature
Newtons Law of Cooling

T
T is body temperature,
t
t is time
The bigger the temperature difference, the faster
the cooling rate
Outdoors, temperature varies a lotmust
correct formula by varying
T
T
ambient ambient
| |
t k
e T T T T
ambient ambient

=
0
If the surrounding / ambient temperature is
constant, Newtons Law of Cooling is easy to
solve
Measure temperature at two different times
without moving the body to find k
0
( ) ( )
kt
ambient ambient
T t T T T e

= +
Algor
Algor
Mortis
Mortis
Example
Example
Suppose the temperature
of a homicide victim is
85 when it is discovered
and the ambient
temperature is 68.
If, after two hours, the
corpses temperature is
74, determine the time of
death. (Assume constant
ambient temperature.)
Example
Example
( ) | |
t k
e T T T t T
ambient ambient

+ =
0
; 68 ; 74 ; 85 ; 6 . 98
2 1 0
= = = =
ambient
T T T T
; 6 . 30 68 6 . 98
0
= =
ambient
T T
| |

+ =
kt
e 6 . 30 68 85
| |
( )

+
+ =
2
6 . 30 68 74
t k
e
| |
( ) 2
6 . 30 6
+
=
t k
e
| |
t k
e

= 6 . 30 17
Example
Example
( ) t k t k
e
+
=
2
6
17
k
e
2
6
17
=
0.5207
6
17
ln
2
1
6
17
ln 2 =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= k k
| |
t k
e

= 6 . 30 17
| |
( ) 2
6 . 30 6
+
=
t k
e
Example
Example
t
0.5207
6
17
ln
2
1
6
17
ln 2 =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= k k
Recall:
| |

=
t k
e 6 . 30 17
t 5207 . 0
6 . 30
17
ln =
|
.
|

\
|
hrs t 13 . 1 = prior to discovery