Chapter (2)

Heat and thermal expansion

Dr. A.M. Abdelghany
Definations
Heat is the thermal energy lost or gained by
objects.
One calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat required
to raise the temperature of one gram of water
one Celsius degree.
One kilocalorie (kcal) is the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one kilogram
of water one Celsius degree.
(1 kcal = 1000 cal)
One British thermal unit (Btu) is the quantity of
heat required to raise the temperature of one
standard pound of water one Fahrenheit degree.
Joule's experiments
He spent many years making careful experiments
to show that the mechanical and electrical energy
could be transferred to internal energy in water
which produced a rise in temperature.
W Q
W = J H
Where J is the mechanical heat equivalent defined
as the work done to produce a quantity of heat
equal to 1 cal.

J = 4.186 Joule /cal
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
Quantity of heat gained or lost from any material
can be calculated using a simple formula;

Q = m c AT

Where the quantity (C = m c) is called the heat
capacity defined as the quantity of heat required
to raise the temperature of a body by 1 Celsius
degree .
Specific heat capacity ( c ) defined as the
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature
of a 1 gm of material by 1 Celsius degree.
Units

F lb
Btu
or
K kg
Joule
or
C gm
cal
T m
Q
c
o

=
=
=
A
=
Example 1
Suppose that the cowboy fires a 10
gm lead bullet, calculate the
quantity of heat released knowing
that the specific heat of lead = 128
J/Kg .C (AT = 156 C)
Solution
Q = m c AT
= 10 10-3 128 (156)
= 199.68 J
Specific Heat of some substance
Example 2
How much heat is required to raise
the temperature of 200 g of
mercury from 20 to 100 C? The
specific heat of mercury ( c= 0.033
cal /gm . C)
Solution
Q = m c AT
= 200 0.033 (100 20)
= 528 cal
Example 3
A 0.05 kg ingot of metal is heated to 200 C and
then dropped into a beaker containing 0.4 kg of
water initially at 20 C. If the final equilibrium
temperature of the mixed system is 22.4 C, find
the specific heat of metal?
Solution
Heat lost = heat gained
m
m
C
m
(T
im
T
fm
) = m
w
C
w
(T
fw
T
iw
)
0.05 Cm (200-22.4) = 0.4 (4186) (22.4 20)
C
m
= 453 J/Kg C
Example 4
What is the total heat transferred to
the water in cooling the ingot?
Solution

Q = m
w
C
w
(T
fw
T
iw
)
= 0.4 (4186) (22.4 20)
= 4018.56 J
Example 5
A handful of copper shots is heated to 90 C and
then dropped into 80 gm of water at 10C. The
final temperature of the mixture is 18 C. What
was the mass of the shots?
(specific heat of Cu = 0.093 cal/gm.C-1, and that
of water cw = 1.0 cal/gm.C-1)
Solution
Heat lost by shot = heat gained by water
m
s
c
s
AT
s
= m
w
c
w
AT
w
m
s
(0.093) ( 90-18 ) = (80) (1) ( 18 10 )
m
s
= 95.6 gm
Change of Phase
Latent heat defined as the amount of heat per unit
mass needed to transform material completely from
one phase to another phase with out change in
temperature (i.e. at const temperature).
Latent heat of melting Lm defined as the amount of
heat per unit mass needed to transform material
completely from one solid phase to liquid phase
without change in temperature (i.e. at const
temperature called the melting temperature).
Latent heat of vaporization Lv defined as the
amount of heat per unit mass needed to transform
material completely from one liquid phase to gas phase
without change in temperature (i.e. at const
temperature called the boiling temperature).
Thermal Expansion
o = AL /L
i
/ AT
The change in length per unit length
per unit temperature change.
L = L
i
+AL
L = L
i
+ o L
i
AT
L = L
i
(1 + o AT)
Surface Expansion Coefficient

The change in area per unit area per unit temperature
change.
The change in length and width can be written as
a = a
i
+Aa and b = b
i
+Ab
the new area A = a b
= (a
i
+Aa)(b
i
+Ab)
= a
i
b
i
+ a
i
Ab + b
i
Aa + Ab Aa
(the term Ab Aa 0)
= a
i
b
i
+ a
i
o b
i
AT + b
i
o a
i
AT
= a
i
b
i
+ 2 o a
i
b
i
AT
= A
i
+ 2o A
i
AT
= A
i
(1+ 2o AT)
= A
i
(1+ AT) where = 2o
Homework
By the same method prove that the
volume expansion coefficient | = 3o