Κεφάλαιο 6-Βασικές έννοιες των συναρτήσεων

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6

6.1

1. :
i) f ( x)
4
x 2 16
4
1
iii) f ( x) 2
iv) f ( x)
5 ii) f ( x) 2
x x
x 1
x 4x
x 1
i) x x 1 0 x 1.
= -{1}=(-,1) (1,+ ).
ii) x
x 2 4 x 0 x( x 4) 0 x 0 x 4 .
= -{0,4}=(-,0) (0,4)
(4,+ ).
iii) x
x 2 1 0 x 2 1 .
H x.

.
iv) x
x x 0 x x .
H x>0
=(0,+).
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2. :
f ( x) x 1 2 x
iv) f ( x)
ii) f ( x) x 2 4
iii) f ( x) x 2 4 x 3
1
x 1
i) x x 1 0 x 1
2 x 0 x 2 .
=[1,2].
ii) x
x 2 4 0 ( x 2)( x 2) 0 x 2 x 2 .
=(-,-2] [2,+ ).
iii) x
x 2 4x 3 0 x 2 4x 3 0 .
x 2 4 x 3 :
(4) 2 4 1 3 16 12 4
:
x1
(4) 4 4 2 6
3
2 1
2
2
x2
(4) 4 4 2 2
1
2 1
2
2
:
x 2 4 x 3 0 ( x 3)( x 1) 0 1 x 3
= [1,3].
iv) x x 0
x 1 0 x 1 x 1 .
=[0,1) (1,+ ).
x 3 av
3. f ( x)
2 x 3 av
x0
x0
(-5), (0) (6).
:
f (5) (5) 3 125
f (0) 2 0 3 3
f (6) 2 6 3 12 3 15
4. :
" , ' 1,
4 ".
i) x = 0 , x =1, x = 2
x = 3. ;
ii) x
(x) = 36, (x) = 49, (x) = 100 (x) = 144.
i) x .
:
x 1 ( x+1).
4 ( 4(x+1)).
x ( 4(x+1)+x2 ). E
f :
f(x) 4(x 1) x 2 x 2 4 x 4 ( x 2) 2 , x (xN).
:
f(0) (0 2) 2 4
f(1) (1 2) 2 32 9
f(2) (2 2) 2 4 2 16
f(3) (3 2) 2 5 2 25
ii)
f(x) 36 ( x 2) 2 6 2 ( x 2 6 x 4) ( x 2 6 x 8)
H x=-8 x
x>0. x=4.
f(x) 49 ( x 2) 2 7 2 ( x 2 7 x 5) ( x 2 7 x 9)
H x=-9 x
x>0. x=5.
f(x) 100 ( x 2) 2 10 2 ( x 2 10 x 8) ( x 2 10 x 12)
H x=-12 x
x>0. x=8.
f(x) 144 ( x 2) 2 12 2 ( x 2 12 x 10) ( x 2 12 x 14)
H x=-14 x
x>0. x=10.
5. :
i) f ( x)
4
5
x 1
ii) g ( x)
x 2 16
x 2 4x
iii) h( x)
1
x 1
2
x :
i) f ( x) 7 ii) g ( x) 2 iii) h( x)
1
5
i) x x 1 0 x 1.
= -{1}=(-,1) (1,+ ).
:
f ( x) 7
4
4
5 7
2 2( x 1) 4 2 x 2 4 2 x 6 x 3
x 1
x 1
ii) g x
x 2 4 x 0 x( x 4) 0 x 0 x 4 .
= -{0,4}=(-,0) (0,4)
(4,+ ).
:
g ( x) 2
x 2 16
( x 4)( x 4)
2
2 x 4 2x x 4
2
x( x 4)
x 4x
H x=4 .
iii) h x
x 2 1 0 x 2 1 .
H x.

.
:
h( x)
1
1
1
2
x 2 1 5 x 2 4 x 2 x 2
5
x 1 5
6.2

1. :
(-1,2), (3,4), (0,0), (3,0), (0,-5) (-2,-3).
2. (x,y)
. x, y ;
x
2 5 ( 2<x<5), y
1 7 ( 1<x<7).
3. (-1,3),
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
x' x
y' y
xO y
O .
(-1, 3) ,
, :
i) x'x B(-1,-3),
.
ii) y'y (1,3),
.
iii) xO y
E(3,-1)
.
iv) (1,-3),
.
T ,,, :
4. :
i) O(0,0) (4,-2)
ii) (-1,1) (3,4)
iii) (-3,-1) (1,-1)
iv) (1,-1) (1,4)
Oxy
(x1,y1) (x2,y2) ,
: ( AB ) ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2 . :
i) O(0,0) (4,-2) :
(OA) (4 0) 2 (2 0) 2 4 2 (2) 2 16 4 20 4 5 2 2 5 2 5
ii) (-1,1) (3,4) :

( AB) [3 (1)]2 (4 1) 2 4 2 32 16 9 25 5
iii) (-3,-1) (1,-1) :

( AB) [1 (3)]2 [(1) (1)]2 4 2 0 2 16 4
iv) (1,-1) (1,4) :

( AB ) [1 1]2 [4 (1)]2 0 2 5 2 25 5
5. :
i.
ii.
(1,2), (4,-2) (-3,5)

.
(1,-1), (-1,1) (4,2)
.
i) .
( AB ) ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2
. :
( AB) (4 1) 2 (2 2) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2 9 16 25 5
( A) (3 1) 2 (5 2) 2 (4) 2 (3) 2 16 9 25 5
() (3 4) 2 [5 (2)]2 (7) 2 (7) 2 49 49 2 49 2 7 2 7 2
()=() .
ii)
( AB ) ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2 . :
( AB) (1 1) 2 [1 (1)]2 (2) 2 (2) 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
( A) (4 1) 2 [2 (1)]2 (3) 2 (3) 2 9 9 2 9 2 32 3 2
() [4 (1)]2 (2 1)2 (5)2 (1)2 25 1 26

.
:
42 8
9 2 18
26
26
( AB ) 2 2 2
( A) 2 3 2
() 2
: ()2 = ()2 + ()2
6. :
(2,5), (5,1) , (2,-3) , (-1,1)
.
,,,
. :

( AB ) ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2 . :
( AB) (5 2) 2 (1 5) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2 9 16 25 5
( B) (2 5) 2 (3 1) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2 9 16 25 5
() (1 2) 2 [1 (3)]2 (3) 2 (4) 2 9 16 25 5
() (1 2) 2 (1 5) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2 9 16 25 5
,
.
7. k
.
i) (x) = x2 + k , (2,6)
ii) g(x) = kx3, (-2,8)
iii) h( x) k x 1 , M(3,8)
i) (2,6) f:
f (2) 6 2 2 k 6 k 6 4 k 2
ii) (-2,8) g:
g ( 2) 8 k (2) 3 8 8k 8 k 1
iii) (3,8) g:
h(3) 8 k 3 1 8 4k 8 2k 8 k 4
8. ,
.
i) f ( x) x 4
ii) g ( x) ( x 2)( x 3)
iii) h( x) ( x 1) 2
10
v) ( x) x x - 1
iv) q( x) x 2 x 1
vi) (x) x x 2 - 4
i)
f ( x) x 4
.
y=0 f ( x) x 4 0 x 4 , y=f(x) xx
(4,0).
x=0 f (0) 0 4 4 , y=f(x) yy
B(0,-4).
ii) g ( x) ( x 2)( x 3)
.
y=0 g ( x) ( x 2)( x 3) 0 x 2 x 3 , y=g(x)
xx 1(2,0) 2(3,0).
x=0 g (0) (0 2)(0 3) (2)(3) 6 , y=g(x)
yy B(0,6).
iii) h( x) ( x 1) 2
.
y=0 h( x) ( x 1) 2 0 x 1 0 x 1 , y=h(x)
xx (1,0).
x=0 h(0) (0 1) 2 (1) 2 1 , y=h(x) yy
B(0,1).
iv) q( x) x 2 x 1
.
y=0 q( x) x 2 x 1 0 .
x 2 x 1 :
12 4 1 1 1 4 3
<0 y=q(x) xx
.
x=0 q(0) 0 2 0 1 1 , y=q(x) yy
B(0,1).
11
v) ( x) x x - 1 x
x 1 0 x 1 . =[1,+ ).
y=0 (x) x x - 1 0 x 0
x - 1 0 x 1 . H x=0
y=(x)
xx (1,0).
To x=0 y=(x)
yy .
vi) (x) x x 2 - 4 x
x 2 4 0 ( x 2)( x 2) 0 x 2 x 2 .
= (-,-2] [2,+ ).
y=0 (x) x x 2 - 4 0 x 0 x 2 x 2 . H x=0
y=(x)
xx 1(-2,0) 2(2,0).
To x=0 y=(x)
yy .
9. (x) = x2 -1. :
i.
ii.
C .
C
x'x .
i)
f ( x) x 2 1
.
y=0 f ( x) x 2 1 0 ( x 1)( x 1) 0 x 1 x 1 ,
y=f(x) xx 1(-1,0) 2(1,0).
x=0 f (0) 0 2 1 1, y=f(x) yy
B(0,-1).
ii) C x'x
f ( x) 0 . :
f ( x) 0 x 2 1 0 ( x 1)( x 1) 0 x 1 x 1
12
10. (x) = x2 - 5x + 4 g(x) = 2x - 6. :

i.
ii.
C Cg .
C Cg .
C Cg f(x) g(x):
f ( x) g ( x) x 2 5x 4 2 x 6 x 2 7 x 10 0
:
(7) 2 4 1 10 49 40 9
:
x1
(7) 9 7 3 10
5
2 1
2
2
x2
(7) 9 7 3 4
2
2 1
2
2
x1 x2
g(x) :
x=5 g(5)=25-6=10-6=4.
x=2 g(2)=22-6=4-6= -2.
f(x) g(x) (5,4) (2, -2)
ii) C Cg
f ( x) g ( x) . :
f ( x) g ( x) x 2 5x 4 2 x 6 x 2 7 x 10 0 ( x 2)( x 5) 0 2 x 5
13
6.3 f(x)=x+

1. x' x :
i) y x 2
ii) y 3x 1
iii) y x 1
iv) y 3x 2

y ax
x'x a . :
i) 1 45
ii)
3 60
iii) 1 135
iv) 3 120
2. :
i) A(1,2) B(2,3)
ii) A(1,2) B(2,1)
iii) A(2,1) B(-1,1)
v) A(1,3) B(2,1)
A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2) y = x + ,
y y
a 2 1 .
x2 x1
:
i) a
y2 y1 3 2
1
x2 x1 2 1
ii) a
y2 y1 1 2
1
x2 x1 2 1
iii) a
y2 y1
1 1
0
x2 x1 1 2
14
iv) a
y2 y1 1 3
2
x2 x1 2 1
3. :
i.
ii.
iii.
= -1 y'y B(0,2).
x'x = 45 y'y
B(0,1).
y = 2x - 3 A
(1,1).
H y ax .
i) = -1 .
B(0,2) :
2 (1) 0 2
y x 2
ii)
y ax
x'x a . :
45 1
B(0,1) :
1 1 0 1
y x 1
iii) y = 2x 3,
=2.
(1,1) :
1 2 1 1 2 1
y 2 x 1
15
4. :
i) A(1,2) B(2,3)
ii) A(1,2) B(2,1)
iii) A(2,1) B(-1,1)
v) A(1,3) B(2,1)
A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2) y = x + ,
y y
a 2 1 .
x2 x1
:
i) a
y2 y1 3 2
1
x2 x1 2 1
(1,2) :
2 11 2 1 1
y x 1
ii) a
y2 y1 1 2
1
x2 x1 2 1
(1,2) :
2 (1) 1 2 1 3
y x 3
iii) a
y2 y1
1 1
0
x2 x1 1 2
(2,1) :
1 02 1
y 1
iv) a
y2 y1 1 3
2
x2 x1 2 1
(1,3) :
3 (2) 1 3 2 5
16
y 2 x 5
5.
C Celsius F
5
Fahrenheit C ( F 32) .
9
0C 32F 100C 212F.

;
H Celsius
F Fahrenheit C aF .
0C 32 F.
:
0 a 32 32a (1)
100C 212 F.
:
100 212a (2)

(1) (2) :
(1)
100 212a 100 212a 32a 100 180a a
100
5
a (3)
180
9
(3) (1)
.
32a 32
5
9
: C
5
5
5
F 32 C ( F 32)
9
9
9

, C=F=x
:
17
5
x ( x 32) 9 x 5 x 160 4 x 160 x 40
9
-40
. -40C -40F.
6. :
x 2
f ( x) 2
x 1
x 0
0 x 1
1 x
H :
y x 2 .
x y.
y=0 f ( x) x 2 0 x 2 , y=f(x)
xx (2,0).
x=0 f (0) 0 2 2 , y=f(x) yy
B(0,2).
y x 2
x (-, 0].
y 2 . yy
B(0,2) xx.
xx.
y 2 x [0,1].
y x 1 .
x y.
y=0 f ( x) x 1 0 x 1 , y=f(x)
xx (-1,0).
x=0 f (0) 0 1 1 , y=f(x) yy
B(0,1).
y x 1
x [1, +).
18
H :
7.
y = x.
: i) : (x) = 1 (x) = x .
ii) : (x)<1 (x) x .
i) (x) = 1 ( )
y=f(x) y=1,
-1 1.
(x) = x ( )
y=f(x) y=x, -2 ,
0 1.
19
ii) (x) < 1 y=f(x)

y=1 ( ),
x (-, 1) {-1}.
(x) x y=f(x)
y=x ( ), x [-2, 0]
[1, +).
8. i)

(x) = |x| g(x) = 1
:
|x| 1 |x|>1.
ii) .
(x) = |x| g(x) =

1.
20
x , x 0
(x) = |x| : f ( x)
.
x , x 0
f :
y x .
(0,0).
y x
x (-, 0).
y x .
(0,0).
y x
x [0, +).
g(x) = 1 yy B(0,1)
xx.
xx.
(x) = |x|
g(x) = 1 :
|x| 1 ( )
y=|x| y=1
, x [-1,1].
21
|x| > 1 ( )
y=|x| y=1,
x (-,-1) (1, +).
ii) .

x 1 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1

x
.
B
1.
[-6,5].
i) x [-6,5].
ii) :
(x) = 0, (x) = -1 (x) = 1
22
iii)

(x)<0,5 x .
i) : f(-6)=1, f(-5)=1/2, f(-4)=0, f(-3)=-1/2, f(-2)= -1, f(-1)=0, f(0)=1, f(1)=1,

f(2)=1, f(3)=0, f(4)= -1, f(5)= -2.
ii) (x) = 0 .
y=0 f. H y=0
xx.
( ) -4, -1 3.
(x) = -1 .
y= -1 f. H y= -1
xx (0,-1).
( ) -5 4.
(x) = 1 .
y= 1 f. H y= 1
xx (0,1).
( ) -6, 0, 1 2.
iii) H y = x + (-2, -1)

(2,1).
(x1,y1) (x2,y2) y = x + ,
y y
a 2 1 .
x2 x1
:
y 2 y1 1 (1) 2 1

x2 x1 2 (2) 4 2
(2,1) :
1
2 11 0
2
23
x
2
(x)<0,5 x (
) f
x
y , x [2,5] {-2}.
2
2. y = 1 - x
x'x.
.
y = 1 - x
x'x. .
y=0 : 0 1 - x x 1
(1,0).
yy y = 1 x.
x=0 : y 1 - 0 y 1 . y = 1 x yy
(0,1).
y = 1 x
x=1. (0,1)
x=1, (2,1).
H y = x +
(1,0) (2,1).
(x1,y1) (x2,y2) y = x + ,
y y
a 2 1 .
x2 x1
:
24
y 2 y1 1 0
1
x2 x1 2 1
(1,0) :
0 1 1 1
y x 1 x 1 .
3. 600 .
2000 .
100 :
i) , t,
:
) ) .
ii)

.
i) ) (t)
t. 2000
100 . (t)=2000-100t.
.
(t)=0 2000 100t 0 100t 2000 t 20
0 t 20
t (t)=2000-100t.
) (t)
t. 600
100 . (t)=600+100t.
0 t 20 .
25
ii)
x y.
(t)=2000-100t:
y=0 B(t ) 2000 100t 0 100t 2000 t 20 ,
y=(t) xx (20,0).
t=0 B(0) 2000 100 0 2000 , y=B(t)
yy (0,2000).
(t)=2000-100t
t [0, 20].
(t)=600+100t :
y=0 (t ) 600 100t 0 100t 600 t 6 ,
y=(t) xx (-6,0).
t=0 (0) 600 100 0 600 , y=(t)
yy (0,600).
(t)=600+100t
t [0, 20].
(t)=2000-100t (t)=600+100t
.

.
(t) (t) 2000 - 100t 600 100t 200t 1400 t 7 min
t=7min
.
26
4.
. x
(x) .
E = (x) .
.
:
( ) (2 4) 4
6 2 12
2
2
4x
2x
2
2
2(4 x)
4x
2
2
E 12 2x - (4 - x) 12 - 2x - 4 x 8 - x
f(x) 8 - x 0 x 4 .

x=0 x=4 0 x 4 .
27
x=4 f(4) 8 - 4 4 , y=f(x) (4,4).

x=0 f(0) 8 - 0 0 y 8 , y=f(x) yy
(0,8).
f(x) 8 - x x [0,4].
H :
5. 1 2, 20cm ,
3 , 4
. 1 2, t,
,
k1 k2 .
i.
ii.
iii.
h = h1(t) h = h2(t) ,
t, 1 2 .
2 1.

. ;
i) H h=h1(t) h = t +
(0,20) (3,0).
28
(t1,t1) (t2,t2) h = t + ,
t t
a 2 1 .
t 2 t1
:
t 2 t1 0 20
20
t 2 t1
30
3
(3,0) :
0
20
3 20
3
h1
20
t 20 0 t 3 .
3
H h=h2(t) h = t +
(0,20) (4,0).
(t1,t1) (t2,t2) h = t + ,
t t
a 2 1 .
t 2 t1
:
t 2 t1 0 20
20
5
t 2 t1
40
4
(4,0) :
0 5 4 20
h2 5t 20 0 t 4 .
ii) 2 1 t :
h2(t)=2h1(t). :
20
40
t 20) 5t 20 t 40
3
3
60
15t 60 40t 120 25t 60 t
2,4
25
h 2 (t) 2h 1 (t) 5t 20 2(
2 1 t=2,4h.
iii) .
29
H h=h1(t) h = t +
(0,) (3,0).
(t1,t1) (t2,t2) h = t + ,
t t
a 2 1 .
t 2 t1
:
t 2 t1 0
t 2 t1 3 0
3
(3,0) :
0 3
3
h1 t 0 t 3 .
3
H h=h2(t) h = t +
(0,) (4,0).
(t1,t1) (t2,t2) h = t + ,
t t
a 2 1 .
t 2 t1
:
t 2 t1 0
t 2 t1 4 0
4
(4,0) :
0 4
4
h2 t 0 t 4 .
4
2 1 t :
h2(t)=2h1(t). :
2
h 2 (t) 2h 1 (t) t 2( t ) t t 2
4
3
4
3
12
3t 12 8t 24 5t 12 t
2,4
5
30
2 1 t=2,4h
.
31

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sciencephysics4all.weebly.

(-5), (0) (6).

f(x) 100 ( x 2) 2 10 2 ( x 2 10 x 8) ( x 2 10 x 12)

f(x) 144 ( x 2) 2 12 2 ( x 2 12 x 10) ( x 2 12 x 14)

ii) (-1,1) (3,4)

iii) (-3,-1) (1,-1)

iv) (1,-1) (1,4)

ii) (-1,1) (3,4) :

iii) (-3,-1) (1,-1) :

iv) (1,-1) (1,4) :

(1,2), (4,-2) (-3,5)

() [4 (1)]2 (2 1)2 (5)2 (1)2 25 1 26

: ()2 = ()2 + ()2

10. (x) = x2 - 5x + 4 g(x) = 2x - 6. :

ii) A(1,2) B(2,1)

iii) A(2,1) B(-1,1)

ii) A(1,2) B(2,1)

iii) A(2,1) B(-1,1)

100 212a (2)

100 212a 100 212a 32a 100 180a a

ii) (x) < 1 y=f(x)

(x) = |x| g(x) =

i) : f(-6)=1, f(-5)=1/2, f(-4)=0, f(-3)=-1/2, f(-2)= -1, f(-1)=0, f(0)=1, f(1)=1,

iii) H y = x + (-2, -1)

x=4 f(4) 8 - 4 4 , y=f(x) (4,4).

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