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Attenuation
Attenuation
DEPT. OF ECE IV B.Tech ECE I Sem Microwave & Optical Communication Lab List of Experiments Cycle Wise Cycle 1 1. Characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator. 2. Attenuation Measurements. 3. VSWR Measurements. 4. Frequency& wavelenth Measurements. 5. Characteristics of LED. 6. Characteristics of LASER diode. Cycle 2 7. Directional Coupler Characteristics. 8. Wave guide Parameters & Measurements. 9. Scattering Parameters of Circulators. 10.Scattering Parameters of Magic -Tee. 11.Design of Fibre Optic Digital Link. 12.Gunn diode Characteristics. Design Based Experiments: 1. Intensity Modulation of LASER output through an Optical Fibre. 2. Magic Tee as a Mixer. 3. Circulator as a Duplexer.
Lab Incharge
HOD, ECE
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Klystron Power Supply 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Power Detector
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure. 2. Keep the beam voltage around the value of 300 volts. 3. Vary the repeller voltage in steps of 5 volts and measure the corresponding beam current by switching into current mode using in built ammeter. 4. For various values of repeller voltage find the repeller current. 5. To measure the frequency adjust the frequency meter (rolling in either up or down direction) until minimum dip is obtained in the detector. 6. At this value of dip measure the frequency of incoming signal.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of reflex klystron was found and verified and the graph is plotted for Repeller Voltage versus Output Power.
S.No.
KLYSTRON MOUNT
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
POWER DETECTOR
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply) 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. DUT (Fixed Attenuator) 7. Power Detector
FORMULA:
Attenuation = 20 log (V1 / V2) db
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure 1 and measure the input
(P2) at the output of the given wave guide. 3. Using formula find the attenuation introduced by the wave guide.
RESULT:
Thus the attenuation introduced by the given wave guide was found and verified.
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
V1
DETECTOR
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY V1 METER
DUT
(FIXED ATTENUATOR)
V2 DETECTOR
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply) 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Slotted section 6. Matched Termination 7. VSWR meter (or) CRO
FORMULA:
VSWR = V max / V min
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.
2. Adjust the probe carriage to measure V max and note the readings. 3. Adjust the probe carriage to measure V min and note the readings.
RESULT:
Thus the VSWR introduced by the wave guide in dominant mode of propagation was determined and verified.
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
SLOTTED SECTION
MATCHED TERMINATION
VSWR METER
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply) 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Slotted section 6. Matched Termination 7. VSWR meter (or) CRO
FORMULA:
Guide wavelength g = 2(d2 d1) Where (d2 d1) is the difference between two successive minimums (or) maximum. _1_ 2 _1_ 2 2. The operating frequency of the wave is f = c g + 2a
1.
Where a = 2 . 3 cms for X band. 3. The guide wavelength (g) is related to free space wavelength (o) by o 2 g = Where c = _o_ 2 _m 2 _n_ 1c a + b
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure. 2. Switch on the microwave source and adjust the attenuator, frequency meter, etc to get maximum power. 3. Move the carriage probe in the slotted section in particular direction until there is a minimum deflection in the indicating meter is obtained note this distance as d1. 4. Once again move the carriage probe from its position d1 in particular direction in order to get minimum deflection on the indication meter. Note this distance as d2. 5. Calculate the guide wave length using formula 1, also find frequency of the wave using formula 2 and verify it with frequency meter.
RESULT:
Thus the wavelength & frequency of the wave is determined.
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
SLOTTED SECTION
MATCHED TERMINATION
VSWR METER
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Optical trainer kit 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter
PROCEDURE: 1. Make the jumper settings as shown in figure. 2. Insert the sockets to connect the jumpers JP17 & JP16 as shown in figure. 3. Keep the potentiometer Pr 10 to its minimum position. 4. By varying slowly Pr 10 to clock wise direction note down the readings between voltage and current.
5.
RESULT:
Thus the VI characteristics of LED were found and graph was plotted.
.1
V A
.2 .3 .4
Jp 17
MODEL GRAPH: IF in mA
VF in Volts
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Laser diode set 2. Fibre optic cable 3. PIN photo detector 4. Power supply for laser diode set 5. Digital multi meter (DMM) ----- 2Nos.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the fibre optic cable to TX unit and couple the laser light to the power meter on the RX unit. Select ACC mode of operation in the TX unit. 2. Set DMM to the 20V DC range and connect the DMM probes to the Vout and ground points on the RX unit. Now power meter is ready for use Po = (reading)/10dBm.
3. Set DMM to the 20V DC range and connect the DMM probes to the Vin
reduce IF to zero.
5. Slowly turn the SET 1 knob clockwise to increase
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of LASER diode was found and graph was plotted.
DMM
TX UNIT
ACC MODE APC MODE
DMM
OFC CABL E
SET UP FOR ACC MODE
RX UNIT
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Directional coupler 6. Power Detector 7. Matched termination ----- 1 No
FORMULA:
1. Coupling factor of directional coupler C = 10 log (V1 / V3)
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting directional coupler and measure the input power. 2. Now connect the directional coupler and note down the output power at port 2, port 3 & port 4. 3. Using the measured value find the characteristics of given directional coupler.
SCATTERING MATRIX:
0 S12 S= 0 S14
S12 0 S23 0
0 S23 0 S34
S14 0 S34 0
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given directional coupler was found and verified.
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply) 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. DUT 7. Power Detector
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure. 2. Vary the signal frequency in such a way that the maximum output is obtained in the detector.
3. This is due to the fact that DUT is having resonant frequency fo.
4. Now vary the frequency to obtain to obtain the half power frequency by varying the frequency of the signal. 5. In the similar way find other frequency end. 6. Using lower and upper cut off frequencies calculate the bandwidth and Q factor using the below equation.
Q = fo / bandwidth RESULT:
Thus the Q factor of the given cavity was determined and verified.
VARIABLE
ISOLATOR
ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
DUT
DETECTOR
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source (klystron power supply) 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Circulator 7. Power Detector 8. Matched termination ----- 1 No
FORMULA:
1. The S matrix of 3 port circulator is
0 S= 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
Where
S11 = s22 = s33 = 0 S12 = s23 = s31 = 0 S21 = 20log (V2 / V1) S13 = 20log (V1 / V3)
2. Insertion loss = 10 log (p1/p2) 3. Isolation = 10 log (p1/p3)
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting circulator and measure the input power. 2. Now connect the circulator and note down the output power at port 2 & port 3. 3. Substitute the values to estimate the S matrix of circulator.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given 3 port circulator was obtained and verified.
2
CIRCULATO
FREQUENCY METER
3
MATCHED TERMINATION (or) DETECTOR
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source(klystron power supply) 2. Klystron Mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Magic Tee 7. Power Detector 8. Matched termination ----- 2 Nos
FORMULA:
0 0
The S matrix of the magic tee is
0 0 1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 -1 0 0
S =1/ 2
1 1
Where
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup with out connecting magic tee and measure the input power. 2. Now connect the magic tee and note down the output power at port 2, port 3 & port 4. 3. Substitute the value of the port currents to obtain the scattering parameters of given magic tee. 4. For various values of input power find the scattering matrix.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of given Magic Tee was found and verified.
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
MAGIC TEE
4
MATCHED TERMINATION (or) DETECTOR
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Laser diode set 2. Fibre optic cable 3. Power supply for laser diode set 4. Function Generator 5. C R O
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the fibre optic cable to TX unit and couple the laser light to the power meter on the RX unit. Select ACC mode of operation. 2. Take output from Function Generator (FG) and connect to the input of TX unit as well as to CH 2 of CRO. 3. Connect the output from RX unit to CH 1 of CRO. 4. Both the TX & RX knobs are kept in maximum position and vary the frequency from FG . 5. Take outputs from both CHS of Amplitudes i.e. Vi & Vo. 6. Plot the graph between Vi & Vo.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of an intensity modulation of LASER output through optical fibre was found and graph was plotted.
FG
TX UNIT
ACC MODE APC MODE
CRO
OFC CABL E
RX UNIT
MODEL GRAPH:
Vo in Volts
Vi in Volts
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Gunn Diode Power Supply 2. Gunn Diode 3. Pin Modulator 4. Isolator 5. Variable Attenuator 6. Frequency meter 7. Power Detector
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure. 2. Switch on the gunn power supply. 3. Initially give some gunn bias voltage, fix the attenuation and adjust the frequency meter to give maximum output. 4. Now keep the gunn bias in minimum position around 0.5V and increase it slowly. 5. For difference values of voltage measure the gunn diode current. 6. From the tabulation observed, plot the V-I characteristics.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode was found and verified and graph was plotted.
S.No.
TABULAR COLUMN:
MODEL GRAPH: I in mA
V in Volts
GUNN DIODE
PIN MODULATOR
ISOLATOR
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
FREQUENCY METER
POWER DETECTOR
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Digital trainer kit 2. Fibre cable 3. Dual trace CRO 4. Function Generator
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the jumper settings as shown in figure. 2. Insert the fibre into IR LED SRH 450v loop. 3. Now short the jumpers JP15, JP16, JP17 & JP20. 4. Connect the power cord to the kit and switch on the power supply. 5. Feed the power end to function generator to connector labeled as Ext TTL using connecting cables provided with kit. 6. Connect the circuit and observe the received signal. 7. Vary the frequency of the signal and observe the output.
RESULT:
Thus the fibre optic digital link was studied.
ENCODER
AMPLIFIER
DECODER
LASER DIODE
Pr 10 Terminal
Emitter of Q2
Ground
Amp Output Base of Q1 Digital buffer output
JP 18
JP 20
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source ------ 2 Nos 2. Klystron Mount ---------- 2 Nos 3. Isolator -------------------- 2 Nos 4. Variable Attenuator ----- 2 Nos 5. Magic Tee -------------- 1 No 6. Matched termination ----- 1 No
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig. 2. Apply the signal 1 at port 4, signal 2 at port 3 of the Magic Tee. 3. Measure the output signal at port 2. 4. From the output verify the Mixer operation.
RESULT:
Thus Mixer using Magic Tee was constructed and verified.
VARIABLE
ISOLATOR
ATTENUATOR S1 4 E ARM 1
MAGI C TEE
MATCHED TERMINATION
S2
ISOLATOR
ATTENUATOR
Signal 2
DEPT. OF ECE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Micro wave source ------ 2 Nos 2. Klystron Mount ---------- 2 Nos 3. Isolator -------------------- 2 Nos 4. Variable Attenuator ----- 2 Nos 5. Circulator ----------------- 1 No 6. Power Detector ---------- 1 Nos
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig. 2. Apply the signal 1 at port 1 and signal 2 at port 3 of the circulator. 3. Measure the output signal at port 2. 4. From the output verify the Mixer operation.
RESULT:
Thus Mixer using Circulator was constructed and verified.
BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF CIRCULATOR AS DUPLEXER: MICRO WAVE SOURCE 1 VARIABLE ATTENUATOR 1
Signal 1
ISOLATOR 1
2
CIRCULATOR
DETECTOR
ISOLATOR 2
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR 2
Signal 2