Phil-C115 MT EXAM Student Preview Allowed 1. "Critical Thinking" is another name for logic. TRUE FALSE 2.

In the broadest sense, _______________, is just any matter that is in dispute, in doubt, or simply "up for review."
logic critical thinking an issue a premise

3. Learning how to distinguish between good and bad arguments makes one a better global citizen.
True False

4. Premises and conclusions are the same kind of statements.

True False

5. Good reasoning is always fallacious reasoning.

True False

6. Arguments are composed of:

Premises Conclusions reasons and claims all of the above

7. Arguments are never:

started for the wrong reasons Questions a collection of premises leading to a conclusion all of the above

8. When it comes to the intelligent evaluation of arguments, ignorance is bliss.

True False

9. "General" beliefs are usually more important than "particular" ones.

True False

10. Most world views are general in nature. True False

11. We tend to absorb the beliefs of those around us as we mature from children into adults.
True False

12. There is no substantial difference between cogent reasoning and being right about a matter of fact.
True False

13. Valid deductive arguments can yield what element(s)?

True or false conclusions only true conclusions only false conclusions all of the above Null

14. Deductive validity is a matter of:

Form Content form and content none of the above

15. A valid argument can contain questionable premises.

True False

16. All fallacious reasoning falls into one of the three broad categories. TRUE FALSE 17. A trustworthy authority is anyone you love.
True False

18. One ought to check the educational pedigree and actual positive experience of any so-called "experts" before considering them legitimate authorities. True 19. One should become an "expert" in everything.
True False

20. We reason fallaciously when we:

fail to challenge questionable premises fail to take relevant evidence seriously make invalid inferences all of the above

21. Arguments encountered in real life are never:

vague or ambiguous missing premises missing an obvious conclusion none of the above

22. Ad Hominem Argument is an irrelevant attack on an opponent rather than on the opponent's evidence.
True False

23. Attacks on character or credentials are never cogent.

True False

24. Judging people by the company they keep is called Guilt By Association.
True False

25. Two Wrongs Make a Right is justifying an apparently wrong action by charging their accuser with a similar wrong.
True False

26. Assuming that an item has certain parts because all of its parts have that property is called division of parts.
True

False

27. An Ad Hominem argument:

attacks the argument right at its heart is always a justified form of reasoning is never a justified form of reasoning attacks the opponent and not the argument at all

28. According to the authors, the Ad Hominem fallacy is committed:

by everyone by politicians on "both sides of the aisle" by no one none of the above

29. Accepting an argument on the basis of relevant and sufficient information is called Hasty Conclusion.
True False

30. Questionable Cause is classifying "A" the same as "B" on evidence that is insufficient.

True False

31. Questionable Analogy is drawing a conclusion when the cases compared are not relevantly alike.

True False

32. Erroneous False Charge of Fallacy is accusing others of fallacious reasoning.

True False

33. When deciding whether someone has committed a fallacy, we don't want to quibble.
True False

34. The broad category of invalid inference includes:

hasty conclusion questionable cause questionable use of statistics all of the above

35. Our reasoning sometimes is out of focus from the truth because of Loyalty.

True False

36. The Herd Instinct tends to keep us within the bounds of what society will accept.

True False

37. Being prejudiced against members of another group is simply having a bad opinion of them.

True False

38. Wishful thinking or self-deception is when our beliefs square with reality.

True False

39. The Fallacy of Provincialism stems from the natural tendency to identify with our own group.

True False

40. According to the authors, human beings are not:

completely rational essentially rational partially rational usually rational

41. Which of the following clue words or phrases would not indicate a premise?

since because therefore the fact that

42. Good reasoning differs from:

men to women Europeans to non-Europeans adults to children all of the above none of the above

43. Which of the following best describes what the premises of an argument provide for the conclusion?

explanation background information statistical analysis evidence & support

44. The best description of an argument is:

a disagreement a strongly stated opinion a set of reasons supporting a belief a legal conviction

45. Reasoning by induction is another way of:

beating the odds developing new conclusions from old premises improving the probability of deductive validity learning from experience

46. Background beliefs can be

about matters of fact about values true false all of the above

47. All groups of sentences form arguments.

True False

48. In real life, arguments are labeled and divided from their surrounding rhetoric.

True False

49. Reasoning is either cogent or fallacious.

True False

50. The conclusion of an invalid argument is necessarily false.

True False

51. One's background beliefs should not be:

acquired carefully and critically ignored altered no matter what replaced every seven years

52. Scientific claims should be accepted:

because they are always true because they always work until relevant counter evidence is discovered until one becomes an adult

53. Denying the antecedent is a form of:

valid deductive reasoning invalid deductive reasoning denying the consequent all of the above

54. Affirming the antecedent is a form of:

invalid deductive reasoning invalid inductive reasoning both a and b neither a nor b

55. AIDS is a "gay plague" that only infects homosexuals.

True False

56. Deductive arguments never provide true conclusions.

True False

57. The authors claim that "on the whole" it is better to reason incorrectly to a right conclusion than it is to reason well to a false one.

TRUE fALSE
58. According to the authors, one can think of induction as a kind of patterning. True 59. Material implication is the same thing as causality.

True False

60. Cogent reasoning can be characterized in terms of:

the validity of the connection between premises and conclusion the believability of the premises discovery and use of relevant information all of the above

61. An argument is considered defective if it:

is valid but unsound is an advertisement contains an invalid inference contains false premises

62. A premise is questionable when:

anyone questions it someone questions it when it is deserving of question when everyone questions it

63. An argument that contains an invalid inference is defective.

True False

64. A valid argument cannot contain questionable premises.

True

False

65. Physicians are not experts in everything.

True False

66. According to the authors, lay people are often:

lazy unable to understand complicated arguments stupid all of the above

67. The authors accuse President George W. Bush of being:

a liar inconsistent with respect to his fiscal policies inconsistent with respect to his foreign policy all of the above

68. One is not guilty of the fallacy of appeal to authority if one claims they know that gravity exists because:

"my mother told me so, and she's a physicist" "my teacher told me so" "I read about in a physics book" a and c

69. One is arguing inconsistently when one:

assumes the truth of the premises assumes the falsehood of the conclusion

when the premises contradict each other all of the above

70. A variation on the ad hominem fallacy is the fallacy of:

ad womanum hominem totalium guilt by association guilt without association

71. There are times when it is simply true that:

false claims become true "two wrongs make a right" "Everything old is new again" fallacious reasoning is reasonable

72. "Traditional wisdom" is defined as:

being smart about tradition being wise overall believing something just because it has been a tradition believing something despite its overall acceptance

73. Irrelevant reason is a fallacious move similar to that of:

irrelevant premise irrelevant truth non-denominator non sequitur

74. According to the authors, many Americans were worried that anti-war protests would make America look:
soft

pacifist relativist like fighting machines

75. According to the authors, sometimes irrelevant arguments:

are actually relevant defy all logic are the right things to believe all of the above

76. Terms that only have meaning within a specific relative context are:

themselves only relative difficult to define properly absolutely inappropriate false

77. Misleading advertising sometimes lands corporations:

large sums of money big accounts with other corporations in legal trouble all of the above

78. Per the author's examples, attacks on one's character of credentials:

are sometimes justified are never justified are often justified if the arguer is a conservative politician

a and c

79. If the premises offered have absolutely no connection to the conclusion, the fallacy committed is: EQUIVOCATION NON SEQUITUR TU QUOQUE SLIPPERY SLOPE 80. According to the authors, some sorts of statistics are simply unknowable.

True False

81. According to the authors, "precise" official government statistics are, at best, approximations.

True False

82. According to the authors, experts must sometimes be called in to evaluate statistical evidence.

True False

83. According to the authors, it is not uncommon for questionable analogies to surface in the courtroom.

True False

84. The authors of the text offer a balanced number of liberal and conservative examples to test students' logical

skills.
True False

85. Too small a sample set creates the following:

a hasty conclusion a statistically small sample set the question of what counts as a sufficient sample size all of the above

86. If the sample does not represent the actual set being discussed the fallacy committed is called.

irrepresentative unrepresentative non representative anti-representative

87. According to the authors many people do not:

think understand the general way things work understand anything know what they are talking about

88. Not knowing basic science may lead one to draw questionable conclusions about:

why things work causes the actual connection between cause and effect all of the above

89. Most people are most loyal to:

other cultures other religious groups their own culture their own religious group

90. Belief provincialism:

stems from our natural tendency to identify with our own group teaches us to deviate from the beliefs we grew up with allows us to defy our own nature none of the above

91. Stereotyping someone from another cultural group:

is always right is always wrong allows one to think ill of others without reason is sometimes pragmatically reasonable

92. Prejudice leads one to hold all kinds of unverified:

beliefs about science hasty beliefs stereotypical beliefs verified beliefs

93. Intolerance and over-tolerance can both lead to:

prejudice scapegoating

partisan mind-sets all of the above

94. A partisan mindset is the same as a mentality of:

"us against them" "everyman for himself" "them against us" "our side is always wrong"

95. According to the authors, one ought to always maintain a mind:

committed to one's friends open to the truth committed to loyalty in general all of the above

96. Rationalization often leads to:

hasty generalization procrastination a heart full of darkness all of the above

97. A partisan mindset is one in which:

is very similar to what the authors do in their text one thinks in terms of unverified stereotypes both a and b neither a nor b

98. According to the authors, one ought to always maintain a mind:

committede to one's friends open to the truth committed to loyalty in general all of the above

99. Rationalization often leads to:

hasty generalization Procrastination a heart full of darkness all of the above

100. A partisan mindset is one in which:

is very similar to what the authors do in their text. one thinks in terms of unverified stereotypes. both A and B neither A nor B